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Research Article
The endemic plants of Mozambique: diversity and conservation status
expand article infoIain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake§, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermenegildo Matimele|, Clayton Langa|, Castigo Datizua|, Camila de Sousa|, Tereza Alves|, Alice Massingue#, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou¤, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten«
‡ Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, United Kingdom
§ Unaffiliated, East Dean, United Kingdom
| Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique, Maputo, Mozambique
¶ University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
# Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
¤ Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
« Herbarium, Meise, Belgium
Open Access

Abstract

An annotated checklist of the 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa (337 species) of vascular plants in Mozambique is provided. Together, these taxa constitute c. 9.3% of the total currently known flora of Mozambique and include five strict-endemic genera (Baptorhachis, Emicocarpus, Gyrodoma, Icuria and Micklethwaitia) and two near-endemic genera (Triceratella and Oligophyton). The mean year of first publication of these taxa is 1959, with a marked increase in description noted following the onset of the two major regional floristic programmes, the “Flora of Tropical East Africa” and “Flora Zambesiaca”, and an associated increase in botanical collecting effort. New taxa from Mozambique continue to be described at a significant rate, with 20 novelties described in 2018. Important plant families for endemic and near-endemic taxa include Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae s.s. There is a high congruence between species-rich plant families and endemism with the notable exceptions of the Poaceae, which is the second-most species rich plant family, but outside of the top ten families in terms of endemism, and the Euphorbiaceae, which is the seventh-most species rich plant family, but third in terms of endemism. A wide range of life-forms are represented in the endemic and near-endemic flora, with 49% being herbaceous or having herbaceous forms and 55% being woody or having woody forms. Manica Province is by far the richest locality for near-endemic taxa, highlighting the importance of the cross-border Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands shared with Zimbabwe. A total of 69% of taxa can be assigned to one of four cross-border Centres of Endemism: the Rovuma Centre, the Maputaland Centre sensu lato, and the two mountain blocks, Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue. Approximately 50% of taxa have been assessed for their extinction risk and, of these, just over half are globally threatened (57% for strict-endemics), with a further 10% (17% for strict-endemics) currently considered to be Data Deficient, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation of Mozambique’s unique flora. This dataset will be a key resource for ongoing efforts to identify “Important Plant Areas – IPAs” in Mozambique, and to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites and species, thus enabling Mozambique to meet its commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Resumo

Apresenta-se a lista das plantas vasculares de Moçambique, que compreende 271 taxa endémicos (235 espécies) e 387 taxa quase-endémicos (337 espécies). Estes taxa constituem cerca de 9,3% da flora total actualmente conhecida em Moçambique e incluem cinco géneros estritamente endémicos (Baptorhachis, Emicocarpus, Gyrodoma, Icuria e Micklethwaitia) e dois géneros quase-endémicos (Triceratella e Oligophyton). O ano médio das primeiras publicações destes taxa é 1959. Um aumento significativo na descrição de espécies novas foi verificado, relacionado com o início de dois projectos regionais, a “Flora of Tropical East Africa” e a “Flora Zambesiaca”, permitindo um esforço maior de colheitas botânicas. Novos taxa têm vindo a ser descritos a um ritmo significativo, com 20 novas espécies descritas em 2018 para a flora de Moçambique. As famílias Fabaceae, Rubiaceae e Euphorbiaceae, incluem importantes taxa endémicos e quase-endémicos. Existe uma estreita relação entre as famílias de plantas com elevado número de espécies e o grau de endemismo, excepção feita às Poaceae, que embora seja a segunda família mais rica em espécies não se posiciona no grupo das dez principais famílias em termos de endemismo. Por outro lado a família Euphorbiaceae, que é a sétima mais rica em espécies, posiciona-se em terceiro lugar quanto ao número de endemismo. A flora endémica apresenta diferentes formas de vida, sendo 49% das espécies herbáceas e 55% lenhosas. A Província de Manica é o local mais rico em taxa quase-endémicos, realçando assim a importância da área transfronteiriça Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) entre Moçambique e Zimbabwe. Refira-se ainda que 69% dos taxa encontra-se num dos quatro centros de endemismo transfronteiriços: o Centro do Rovuma, o Centro de Maputaland sensu lato e nas regiões montanhosas de Chimanimani-Nyanga e Mulanje-Namuli-Ribáuè. Cerca de 50% dos taxa foram avaliados quanto ao risco de extinção, estando mais da metade ameaçados globalmente (57% de endemismos) e 10% (17% de endemismos) foram incluídos na categoria Informação Insuficiente (DD), revelando que a maioria das plantas endémicas de Moçambique necessitam de conservação urgente. Este estudo fornece novos dados indispensáveis à identificação das “Áreas Importantes de Plantas – IPAs” em Moçambique, contribuindo ainda para implementar as estratégias de conservação anteriormente estabelecidas pela Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CBD).

Keywords

centre of endemism, checklist, conservation, flora, herbarium, IUCN Red List, range-restricted

Introduction

Endemic species are an important component of a country’s biodiversity stewardship and natural capital (Mapaura 2002). Narrowly restricted endemics are often amongst the species most sensitive to environmental change and disturbance, and so at highest risk of extinction (Crisp et al. 2001; Işik 2011; Borokini 2014; Abdelaal et al. 2018; Orsenigo et al. 2018). These species therefore form important components for a range of methods for identifying and conserving biodiversity priorities, such as Important Plant Areas (Darbyshire et al. 2017), Key Biodiversity Areas (IUCN 2016), and the site criteria of the Alliance for Zero Extinction (Ricketts et al. 2005; http://zeroextinction.org/the-alliance/about-the-alliance/). Furthermore, endemic species can be an important consideration when applying the mitigation hierarchy in environmental impact assessments associated with industrial or commercial development projects, particularly at the avoidance and offsetting stages. Therefore, it is important for countries to have an accurate record of their endemic flora, including how many and which species are endemic, and where they are found. At this time of unparalleled rates of biodiversity loss, it is essential to mobilise such information so that countries can effectively prioritise the conservation and sustainable management of their natural resources (Onana 2013). This paper presents the first detailed account of the endemic flora of Mozambique, a biodiversity-rich country in southern tropical Africa (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. 

Map of Mozambique showing the ten provinces and neighbouring countries. Provincial borders are shown in pale grey, country borders are in black.

Mozambique: species richness, phytogeography and centres of endemism

Despite its obvious diversity and interest, the flora of Mozambique has received only limited and patchy coverage, particularly when compared to the floras of neighbouring countries. Frodin (2001) estimated the total Mozambican flora as approximately 5,500 species, but noted this was likely to be an under-estimate as “many parts of the country remain imperfectly known” (p. 529). Da Silva et al. (2004) listed only 3,932 indigenous species in their SABONET checklist of Mozambique, of which 177 were noted as endemic. However, it was acknowledged that this list, compiled primarily using specimens held at the LMA and LMU herbaria in Maputo (herbarium acronyms follow Thiers [continuously updated]) with additional records from literature sources, was only provisional, and it has proven to be under-representative. As a good example, da Silva et al. (2004) record nine species of Barleria L. (Acanthaceae), but in the “Flora Zambesiaca” (F.Z.) account of Acanthaceae, 33 species of Barleria are listed for Mozambique (Darbyshire et al. 2015). In an independent, and more comprehensive analysis, Timberlake et al. (2006) documented 5,692 taxa and 251 endemics in Mozambique including cross-border range-restricted endemics, with an endemism rate of 4.4%. With F.Z. (1960–present) nearing completion, a more accurate measure of species richness in Mozambique is now possible. As of August 2019, the “Flora of Mozambique” website (Hyde et al. 2019a) and associated database of species records, which combine data from F.Z. with updates from relevant literature and field surveys, lists 6,157 native and naturalised species. This figure continues to grow at a rapid rate as targeted botanical surveys of new and botanically interesting areas are conducted, adding new records and new species to science. For example, during surveys of the coastal dry forests in the most north-eastern part of Mozambique in Cabo Delgado Province between 2003 and 2009, during which over 3,000 botanical collections were made, a total of 738 plant taxa were recorded. Of these, 68 were new records for Mozambique, and a further 36 taxa were either entirely new to science or previously known only from fragmentary material and so undescribed (Timberlake et al. 2011).

Mozambique (Fig. 1) derives its rich and varied plant life in part from its diverse geography, geology and climate, including the influence of its extensive Indian Ocean coastline. These factors have resulted in a wide range of habitats and complex biogeography. Thirteen terrestrial ecoregions are recorded in Mozambique (https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/; Olson et al. 2001; Burgess et al. 2004; Dinerstein et al. 2017). Moreover, Mozambique features several recognised Centres of Plant Endemism. The majority of the country is included within the Zambezian Regional Centre of Endemism (White 1983), which is widely distributed across southern tropical Africa. Of greater significance in terms of concentrations of range-restricted species, are four cross-border Centres of Endemism (Fig. 2). The first is the recently proposed Rovuma Centre (Burrows and Timberlake 2011) of northeast Mozambique and southeast Tanzania, an extension of the previously recognised Lindi Local Centre in Tanzania (Clarke 2001) or a part of the wider Swahelian Centre of Endemism in coastal East Africa (Clarke 1998). The Rovuma Centre extends along the Mozambique coast through Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Zambézia Provinces approximately as far south as the city of Quelimane (J. Burrows, pers. comm.). The second is the Maputaland Centre (van Wyk 1996; van Wyk and Smith 2001), shared with South Africa and eSwatini (formerly Swaziland), which extends along the coastal lowlands of southern Mozambique to the Limpopo River. This region has several recognised Sub-Centres including the Lebombo Mountains, which straddle the border of the three countries (van Wyk and Smith 2001; Loffler and Loffler 2005). In a wider sense, the Maputaland Centre potentially also extends further northwards from the mouth of the Limpopo River all the way to the mouth of the Save River in Inhambane Province, although this has also been proposed as a putative Centre of Endemism in its own right, the Inhambane Centre (J. Burrows, pers. comm.; A. Massingue, unpubl. data). The third cross-border Centre of Endemism is the Chimanimani-Nyanga (or Manica) Highlands that run along the border with Zimbabwe and form the north-eastern-most extent of the Great Escarpment of southern Africa (Clark et al. 2011). These mountains are well known for their rich floras and high plant endemism (Wild 1964; Mapaura 2002; Clark et al. 2017; Wursten et al. 2017; Cheek et al. 2018). The fourth comprises the larger massifs of the belt of inselbergs running from southern Malawi to Zambézia and Nampula Provinces of northern Mozambique (Bayliss et al. 2014). The most significant peaks are Mount Mulanje (including Mount Mchese) and the Zomba Plateau in Malawi, and Mounts Namuli, Mabu, Inago and the Ribaue Mountains in Mozambique – here shortened to the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains. Mount Mulanje is well established as a site of botanical importance with high endemism (Strugnell 2002, 2006), but the botanical importance of the Mozambique massifs and their links to Mulanje are also becoming increasingly evident (Timberlake et al. 2009, 2012; Harris et al. 2011; Bayliss et al. 2014; Downes and Darbyshire 2017). The latter two Centres form a part of the Africa-wide Afromontane Archipelago-like Centre of Endemism of White (1983).

Figure 2. 

Cross-border Centres of Plant Endemism in Mozambique. Note that the boundaries of these Centres of Endemism are only intended to be indicative; further research is required to more accurately delimit these centres. The two montane Centres (Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue) are drawn as continuous blocks for clarity, but in reality they are a discontinuous series of peaks.

As these four important Centres of Plant Endemism all cross national borders, it is clearly evident that the political boundary of Mozambique does not reflect species distributions and biogeographic patterns. When considering endemic taxa, therefore, it is pertinent to include within this review those cross-border range-restricted taxa that have a globally significant portion of their range in Mozambique, rather than restricting coverage to taxa that only occur within the political border. Hence the definition of the endemic plants is here extended to include all such relevant near-endemic taxa.

Motivation for the current study: conservation of the Mozambique flora

In order to address Mozambique’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the “National Strategy and Action Plan of Biological Diversity of Mozambique 2015–2035” (MITADER 2015) sets out a series of detailed national targets for documenting and conserving the biodiversity of Mozambique. Target 6 of this strategy aims to “by 2025, have at least 30% of habitats of endemic and/or threatened flora and fauna species with strategies and action plans for their conservation in place” with a series of related priority actions, including:

• Action 6.1: establish and implement coordinated programs for the systematic assessment of the conservation status of endemic and endangered species;

• Action 6.2: identify and describe the Areas of Plant Importance;

• Action 6.3: disseminate the Red data Book on national flora and fauna.

To address these targets, and to enable effective conservation of Mozambique’s plant diversity in light of increasingly severe pressure on natural resources, a number of botanical initiatives have been launched. A plant Red Listing programme and working group was established in 2011 through the IUCN-SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group, with the current aim to complete at least 400 new or updated plant species assessments in the period 2017–2020, focussing on strict-endemic and near-endemic species of Mozambique (IUCN SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group 2017; Matimele 2019). In 2015, the Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (the Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique – IIAM) and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Kew), together with in-country and international collaborators, launched the “Tropical Important Plant Areas: Mozambique" project (https://www.kew.org/science/projects/tropical-important-plant-areas-tipas-mozambique). This project aims to combine existing data and expertise with targeted field survey data to identify and document Important Plant Areas (IPAs) in Mozambique, and to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites. This builds on the provisional identification of IPAs through the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) programme (Smith 2005). Further, it draws on the series of extensive botanical surveys in sites of high biodiversity interest across Mozambique that have been conducted by IIAM, Kew and collaborators over the past 15 years. Documentation of the endemic taxa and where they occur is an important step in the IPA and Red Listing programmes, and so provides the motivation for the detailed checklist presented here.

Materials and methods

Key resources for compiling the checklist

Compilation of the checklist was based primarily upon extensive reviews of literature on the taxonomy and floristics of Mozambique and neighbouring countries, combined with reference to relevant herbarium collections (notably at BM, BNRH, EA, K, LISC, LMA, LMU, NH, P, PRE and SRGH; herbarium codes follow Thiers [continuously updated]), and the authors’ collective knowledge of the Mozambican flora. A key source for information on the plants of Mozambique, and the starting point for this current work, is the “Flora Zambesiaca” series (F.Z.; 1960–present; http://apps.kew.org/efloras/search.do). This Flora is currently c. 90% complete, with 13 volumes and 47 parts published to date (Exell and Wild 1960, Timberlake and Martins 2015). We have also had access to completed and partially completed accounts for the outstanding volumes: Apocynaceae (Part 2), Commelinaceae, Asteraceae (Compositae) in part, Cyperaceae, and Hyacinthaceae. However, it should be noted that Asteraceae may be under-represented in this checklist in view of the fact that this family has not yet been completed for F.Z.

The “Flora de Moçambique” project ran alongside F.Z. from 1969, but was discontinued in 1981. The accounts in this Flora were derived from F.Z., but with some additional specimen citations and Mozambique-relevant habitat information, thus providing useful additional information for the current work. However, Beentje (2016) estimates that this Flora is less than 40% complete. Other key published works used repeatedly are the recently published landmark volume “Trees and Shrubs [of] Mozambique” (T.S.M.; Burrows et al. 2018); the first national Plant Red List for Mozambique produced through the SABONET programme (S.R.D.L.; Izidine and Bandeira 2002); the field guide to wild flowers of southern Mozambique (Bandeira et al. 1997); and reports on recent botanical surveys and checklists of key localities in Mozambique (Timberlake et al. 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016a, 2016b; Bayliss et al. 2010; Harris et al. 2011; Müller et al. 2012; Clark et al. 2017; Wursten et al. 2017). The “Flora of Tropical East Africa” (1952–2012; Beentje 2012, 2016) was also an important source of information for many northern near-endemic species. Key online sources that were widely consulted are the “Flora of Mozambique and Flora of Zimbabwe” sites (Hyde et al. 2019a, 2019b), the African Plant Database (2019), the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2019), the Botanical Database of Southern Africa / Plants of Southern Africa (South African National Biodiversity Institute 2019), the Red List of South African Plants (South African National Biodiversity Institute 2017) and Plants of the World Online (POWO 2019).

Definitions of endemism and near-endemism

The taxa treated in the checklist are either strictly endemic to Mozambique (i.e. they only occur within its political borders – labelled E), or are “near-endemic” (NE), as defined by one or more of the following criteria:

(a) the majority of the taxon’s range lies within Mozambique, and they are scarce and/or highly range-restricted beyond (NE1); and/or

(b) the global range of the taxon is less than 10,000 km2 (NE2); and/or

(c) the taxon is known globally from five or fewer localities (NE3).

The aim is to include all taxa for which Mozambique has a particularly high responsibility for their global survival and protection, thus those taxa that have the majority of their range in Mozambique, but are also widespread and/or frequent in other parts of southeast tropical Africa are excluded. For example, Barleria repens Nees (Acanthaceae) is widely distributed along the East African coast, but with the majority of its distribution in Mozambique because of the vast length of the country’s coastline. However, we do include under (b) and (c) those taxa that do not necessarily have the majority of their range in Mozambique but, because of their highly restricted range and/or scarcity, the Mozambique portion of the population is of global significance to their future survival. We acknowledge that no definition of “near-endemic” is perfect, but we have tried to be as objective as possible when applying the criteria set out above. We have tried to be exhaustive, but our intention is to maintain this list and publish additions and amendments as they are uncovered.

Estimates of range size used in (b) above are based on mapping of known locality data. An offline BRAHMS database (https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/) of all known collections and sight records of endemic, range-restricted and threatened species is in advanced progress at RBG Kew and IIAM, with approximately 6,000 records compiled to date. Hence, for most of the species on the list we have an accurate measure of range size. For others, where the data are yet to be finalised, ranges have been estimated, aided where available by use of data available via the GeoCAT tool (http://geocat.kew.org/; Bachman et al. 2011); this includes access to relevant GBIF data (GBIF.org 2019). In most cases, the range size is based on the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) method commonly applied in the calculation of extent of occurrence (EOO) in the IUCN Red List criteria (Joppa et al. 2016; Bachman et al. 2011; IUCN 2012). However, in a few circumstances where species have highly disjunct distributions with unsuitable habitat in most of the intervening areas, we have estimated range based on the known localities. Of particular note are montane species that are found in the Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands along the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border, but which also extend to Mount Gorongosa, an isolated peak over 100 km to the east in Sofala Province. This usually results in a MCP range of over 10,000 km2 (depending on the distribution within the Manica Highlands), but as there is no suitable montane habitat in the intervening region, we treat this range as being less than 10,000 km2, and include these species as near-endemics.

Taxonomy and literature sources

Plant family circumscription follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV) classification for flowering plants (Stevens 2001 onwards; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016), the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG 1; 2016) classification for pteridophytes, and Christenhusz et al. (2011) for gymnosperms. Accepted names of species and infraspecific taxa generally follows the African Plant Database (2019; henceforth APD) except in rare cases where the APD has not been updated to the most recent name, or in the few cases where we disagree with the species circumscription adopted by APD, e.g. Elaeodendron fruticosum N.Robson, which is treated as a synonym of E. matabelicum Loes. in APD, but we follow Burrows et al. (2018) in recognising it as distinct. Where the taxonomic concept adopted is not universally accepted, or where a taxon has been very recently re-combined, the alternative name is given in brackets. Included on the checklist are all published endemic and near-endemic taxa, together with eight new taxa that are currently either in press or in the late stages of preparation (e.g. Cyanotis namuliensis Faden, Sericanthe chimanimaniensis Wursten & de Block) such that we are confident of their status. Only species, subspecies and varieties are included in this list; we do not include endemic or near-endemic forms. We have additionally compiled a list of undescribed taxa that are provisionally considered to be endemic or near-endemic to Mozambique, but that have not yet been studied in sufficient detail or are represented by incomplete specimens, for example Dicliptera spp. B, C and E of F.Z. (Darbyshire et al. 2015). These are not presented in the checklist, but are available on request from the corresponding author, and included in some of the analyses in the Results and Discussion. Highly doubtful and imperfectly known taxa are excluded. For example, both Acacia purpurea Bolle and Oxyanthus querimbensis Klotzsch were described from collections made in Mozambique by Wilhelm Peters in the mid-nineteenth century (Peters 1861), and are believed to have been destroyed during the bombing of the Berlin Herbarium in World War II. These species were treated in F.Z. as insufficiently known, and potentially conspecific with other, more widespread species (Brenan 1970; Bridson and Verdcourt 2003).

The date of the original publication (the protologue) is recorded for each taxon. As the aim is to chart the discovery of Mozambique’s endemic flora, it is the date of first publication of the taxon that is of importance, rather than the publication date of the currently accepted name. In many cases these are one and the same, for example Euphorbia angularis Klotzsch (in Peters 1861: 92) has been the accepted name ever since its first publication. However, many taxa have changed genus or taxonomic rank since they were first published; for example, the combination for the endemic Barleria setosa (Klotzsch) I.Darbysh. was first published in 2015 (Darbyshire et al. 2015), but is based on B. prionitis L. var. setosa Klotzsch, published in Peters (1861: 209), hence 1861 is the date of first publication of this taxon.

For each taxon, we include key references for further information on the plant and its distribution and ecology. Wherever relevant, we include the F.Z. volume and page number, and the page number in T.S.M. and S.R.D.L. For taxa that have been described since the relevant F.Z. volume, we cite the protologue. For those taxa that have changed name or taxonomic rank since F.Z. (for example, have been transferred to a different genus), we cite the relevant F.Z. volume and page number for the taxon account, but also cite the protologue for the currently accepted name.

Plant life-forms

The growth habit and life cycle of each species are recorded using a simple classification, with six main categories: tree, shrub, liana, herb, pteridophyte and cycad. The herb category is further subdivided into annual (a), perennial (p), succulent-perennial (s), epiphytic-perennial (e), climbing-perennial (c), geophyte (geo), graminoid (gram-a for annual and gram-p for perennial) and seagrass. Trees and shrubs also have a succulent subdivision. Species with variation in growth habit and/or life cycle are recorded in two or more categories.

Distribution and phytogeography

Taxa known only from the type specimen or type locality are noted. The distribution of each taxon within Mozambique is then recorded, first by scoring which of the provinces it is recorded in (Maputo City Province is included within Maputo Province, hence 10 provinces, Fig. 1), and second by recording key localities in Mozambique arranged by province. The latter are taken from the BRAHMS database noted above, and from additional site observations from the authors. We have attempted to standardise the Mozambican place names, but have used anglicised forms where they are in common use in the literature and/or in gazetteers (such as Mt Mabu and Ribaue Mts, rather than Serra de Mabu and Serra do Ribáuè), and we have avoided use of Portuguese accents on place names, as these are often inconsistently applied. This locality information is provided to help with future study of these species, and to assist with the identification and demarcation of Important Plant Areas. It is not intended to be exhaustive and should not be read as such.

For near-endemic species, the other country (or countries) in which the species occurs is recorded, together with a brief note of key localities; these are not intended to be exhaustive or specific, rather to show how far the species extends beyond Mozambique.

Finally, in order to provide phytogeographic context, the taxa are provisionally assigned where possible to botanical Centres of Endemism (see Introduction). We exclude the widespread Zambezian Regional Centre (White 1983), instead focussing on the more restricted cross-border Centres: (1) Rovuma; (2) Maputaland sensu lato, which we subdivide into (2a) Maputaland sensu stricto (coastal lowlands north to Limpopo River), (2b) Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre, and (2c) Inhambane (Sub-) Centre; (3) Eastern Afromontane, which we subdivide into (3a) Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands, and (3b) Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains.

Extinction risk using the IUCN Red List

Using the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2012, 2019), the extinction risk is recorded if the taxon has been assessed; the Red List provides additional information on these species, and so can be considered a further key reference. Red List assessments in need of updating are marked with an asterisk; in most cases these were assessed using an earlier version of the Red List criteria. Red List assessments that have been finalised, but not yet published are listed in italics. Only global Red List assessments are included; we do not list the national assessments of Izidine and Bandeira (2002), as these were highly provisional and are in the process of being re-evaluated on a global scale.

Results

An annotated checklist of the strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa of Mozambique is presented in Suppl. material 1, with a summary of the checklist provided in Appendix 1. It includes all taxa (species, subspecies and varieties) that have been described to date or are in the process of being described. In total, 658 taxa (572 species) are documented, comprising 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa (337 species) (Table 1, Fig. 3). In addition, 105 currently undescribed but potentially new taxa (98 species) that are believed to be strict-endemic or near-endemic are noted, but not included in Suppl. material 1 or Appendix 1. If the total number of native and naturalised vascular plant species in Mozambique is taken as ± 6,157 (as per Hyde et al. 2019a), then approximately 3.8% of the species are strict-endemics, whereas the strict-endemics and near-endemics combined account for 9.3% of the plants in Mozambique at the species rank, discounting undescribed taxa. If undescribed taxa are included then approximately 10% of the flora of Mozambique is endemic or near-endemic.

Table 1.

Summary of endemic taxa in Mozambique. Note that genera are not included in the “Total taxa” row.

Taxon rank Mozambique strictendemics Mozambique nearendemics Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics
Genus 5 2 7
Species 235 337 572
Subspecies 18 28 46
Variety 18 22 40
Total taxa 271 387 658
Figure 3. 

Examples of the strict-endemic and near-endemic plants of Mozambique. A Sclerochiton coeruleus, Maronga, Manica (I. Darbyshire) B Aloe ribauensis, Ribaue, Nampula (I. Darbyshire) C Streptocarpus brachynema, Mount Gorongosa, Sofala (B. Wursten) D Raphia australis, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele) E Vangueria monteiroi, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele) F Memecylon incisilobum, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele) G Jamesbrittenia carvalhoi, Tsetserra, Manica (J. Osborne) H Cryptostephanus vansonii, Mount Gorongosa, Sofala (B. Wursten) I Orbea halipedicola, Gorongosa National Park, Sofala (B. Wursten) J Helichrysum moorei, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) K Eriolaena rulkensii, Palma Bay, Cabo Delgado (T. Rulkens) L Barleria torrei, Njesi Plateau, Niassa (J. Osborne) M Xylopia torrei, Licuati Forest, Maputo (H. Matimele) N Aeschynomene grandistipulata, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) O Lobelia cobaltica, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) P Euphorbia crebrifolia, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) Q Dissotis pulchra, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) R Pavetta pumila, Cheringoma, Sofala (B. Wursten).

Mozambique currently has five strict-endemic genera, all of which are monospecific: Baptorhachis Clayton & Renvoize (Poaceae) from the granite inselbergs of Nampula Province; Emicocarpus K.Schum. & Schltr. (Apocynaceae) from sandy soils around Maputo Bay; Gyrodoma Wild (Asteraceae) widespread on alluvial plains, estuaries and margins of lagoons in coastal Mozambique from Zambézia Province southwards; and Icuria Wieringa (Fabaceae) and Micklethwaitia G.P.Lewis & Schrire (Fabaceae), both occurring as locally dominant trees in the coastal dry forests of northern Mozambique. A further two potential new strict-endemic genera in Asparagaceae (former Hyacinthaceae) are currently under research (T. Rulkens, pers. comm.). In addition, two monospecific genera are near-endemic to Mozambique: Triceratella Brenan (Commelinaceae), occurring in moist sands in coastal Zambézia Province, but also known from one locality in Zimbabwe; and Oligophyton H.P.Linder & G.Will. (Orchidaceae), restricted to the Chimanimani Mountains on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border. Two other genera have their sole African representative in Mozambique: Dolichandrone Fenzl (Bignoniaceae) and Eriolaena DC. (Malvaceae), both of which are predominantly Asian genera (Diniz 1988; Dorr and Wurdack 2018).

Of the near-endemic taxa, 179 are shared with Zimbabwe, 93 with Tanzania, 79 with South Africa, 59 with Malawi, 20 with eSwatini, two with Madagascar and one each with Kenya and Zambia.

Tables 26 provide further summaries of the findings presented in Suppl. material 1, namely the most important plant families for strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa (Table 2); the range of life forms of these taxa (Table 3); their geographic distribution by province in Mozambique (Table 4); their distribution within recognised and proposed Centres of Endemism (Table 5); and the extinction risk status of these taxa (Table 6). These tables exclude unpublished taxa. Figure 4 charts the history of publication of the currently accepted strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa in scientific literature.

Table 2.

Important plant families for published endemic taxa in Mozambique. The 10 plant families with the highest number of endemic taxa, with comparison to the ten most species-rich plant families for the total Mozambican flora (derived from Hyde et al. 2019a). Numbers refer to number of taxa; where two or more plant families share the same number of taxa, the “=” symbol is used to denote that these families have an equal standing in the table.

Mozambique strict-endemics Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics Total vascular plants of Mozambique
1. Fabaceae 40 1. Fabaceae 84 1. Fabaceae 759
2. Euphorbiaceae 26 2. Rubiaceae 71 2. Poaceae 445
3. Rubiaceae 23 3. Euphorbiaceae 42 3. Rubiaceae 377
4. Malvaceae 12 4. Lamiaceae 30 4. Asteraceae 352
5. Apocynaceae 11 5.= Apocynaceae 27 5. Orchidaceae 232
6.= Acanthaceae 10 5.= Asteraceae 27 6. Acanthaceae 219
6.= Lamiaceae 10 7. Acanthaceae 26 7.= Euphorbiaceae 194
8. Lythraceae 9 8.= Malvaceae 21 7.= Malvaceae 194
9.= Asphodelaceae 8 8.= Orchidaceae 21 9. Lamiaceae 185
9.= Melastomataceae 8 10. Asphodelaceae 20 10. Apocynaceae 156
Table 3.

Life forms (growth habits) of published endemic taxa of Mozambique. Note that species can fall under more than one habit category or sub-category. Numbers refer to number of taxa.

Life form (growth habit) Mozambique strict-endemics Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics
Tree Non-succulent 54 134
Succulent 2 9
Tree Total 56 143
Shrub Non-succulent 103 283
Succulent 19 27
Shrub Total 122 310
Liana 7 28
Woody life forms Total 144 363
Herb Annual 27 51
Perennial – non-succulent 67 175
Perennial -succulent 12 28
Perennial -epiphyte 1 4
Perennial – climber/twiner 4 12
Perennial – geophyte 14 43
Graminoid – annual 2 4
Graminoid – perennial 5 11
Seagrass 1 2
Herb Total 136 324
Pteridophyte 0 1
Cycad 4 11
Unknown 1 1
Table 4.

Summary of the geographic distribution of published endemic taxa in the ten provinces of Mozambique. The table is ordered alphabetically by Province; numbers refer to number of taxa.

Province Mozambique strict-endemics Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics Provincial endemics Strict-endemics and near-endemics restricted to one Province
Cabo Delgado (CD) 56 125 27 54
Gaza (G) 26 62 5 7
Inhambane (I) 48 93 15 17
Manica (Mn) 22 192 20 150
Maputo (Mp) 36 119 13 50
Nampula (Na) 86 154 29 38
Niassa (Ni) 19 40 10 21
Sofala (S) 47 105 16 21
Tete (T) 7 18 2 3
Zambézia (Z) 81 159 34 56
Table 5.

Number of published endemic taxa restricted to Centres and Sub-Centres of Endemism. For the Sub-Centres under (2) Maputaland and (3) [Eastern] Afromontane, taxa are only recorded if they are exclusive to that Sub-Centres.

Centre of Endemism code (Sub-) Centre of Endemism Mozambique strict-endemics Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics
1 Rovuma 55 110
2 Maputaland sensu lato (including Inhambane) 50 114
2a Maputaland sensu stricto 13 32
2b Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre 3 17
2c Inhambane (Sub-) Centre 20 20
3 [Eastern] Afromontane sensu lato 46 229
3a Chimanimani-Nyanga (Sub-) Centre 16 158
3b Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue
(Sub-) Centre
30 59
Table 6.

Summary of the extinction risk status of published endemic taxa in Mozambique. The “% of taxa” figure for “Total taxa assessed” is given as a percentage of all the endemic (left) and endemic plus near-endemic (right) taxa listed in Appendix 1; for each of the Red List categories (LC = Least Concern; NT = Near Threatened; VU = Vulnerable; EN = Endangered; CR = Critically Endangered; DD = Data Deficient), the “% of taxa” is given as a percentage of those taxa that have been assessed.

IUCN Red List Category Mozambique strict-endemics Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics
Number of taxa % of taxa Number of taxa % of taxa
Total taxa assessed 145 53.5 332 50.5
LC 33 22.8 107 32.2
NT 4 2.8 19 5.7
VU 32 22.1 86 25.9
EN 32 22.1 69 20.8
CR 19 13.1 19 5.7
DD 25 17.2 32 9.6
Figure 4. 

History of publication of the endemic taxa of Mozambique. Cumulative publication dates (basionyms) for currently accepted strict-endemic taxa (green line), and combined strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa (red line), 1840 to present. Also highlighted are the date ranges for the three relevant Tropical African Flora programmes: "Flora of Tropical Africa" (1868–1937), "Flora of Tropical East Africa" (1952–2012) and "Flora Zambesiaca" (1960–present).

In Suppl. material 2, we provide a list of taxa that were considered for inclusion in the checklist during its preparation but were ultimately excluded as they did not meet the criteria set out in the Methodology.

For the sake of brevity in the following Discussion, we refer to the combined strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa as “endemics”, whilst we refer to “strict-endemics” if referring only to those taxa unique to Mozambique; the two groups are separated out in the accompanying tables.

Discussion

Species richness and endemism in the flora of Mozambique

Based on extrapolation from the RAINBIO mega-database – one of the most comprehensive datasets for plant diversity in tropical Africa, with distribution data for 25,356 native species (Dauby et al. 2016) – Sosef et al. (2017) estimated species richness in Mozambique as between 5,220–5,309 and recorded a relatively high rate of endemism (8.4%, equating to c. 440 spp.) compared to neighbouring countries of southern tropical Africa (Malawi 6.5%, Zambia 7.2%, Zimbabwe 7.6%), although notably lower than Tanzania to the north (19.4%). Current evidence demonstrates that the RAINBIO figure for total species richness is a significant under-estimate, with the total vascular flora currently at 6,157 species (Hyde et al. 2019a), over 15% higher than the upper estimate of Sosef et al. (2017). The known strict-endemism rate of 3.8% is considerably lower than the predicted endemism of Sosef et al. (2017), but if we use the broader definition of endemism applied here to include cross-border near-endemics, then 9.3–10% of taxa are endemics (depending on omission or inclusion of unpublished taxa), which is comparable with the RAINBIO estimate. This figure is considerably higher than the 4.4% endemism rate earlier recorded by Timberlake et al. (2006).

Whilst new discoveries are likely to continue to be made in Mozambique (see below), the percentage endemism of the flora is unlikely to increase, and may even decline as the rate of new country records of non-endemic taxa outstrips the rate of new taxon discovery. For example, in the surveys of the coastal dry forests of northeast Cabo Delgado in 2003–2009, the 68 records of taxa new to Mozambique (Timberlake et al. 2011) included only six near-endemic taxa following the definition applied here. Hence, whilst the discovery of 36 putative new, endemic taxa during these surveys was quite exceptional for eastern tropical Africa in the twenty-first century, it was surpassed at the rate of 1.7:1 by the discovery of new country records of more widespread, non-endemic taxa.

Discovery of the endemic flora of Mozambique

There have been concerted efforts to document the tropical African flora for over a century and a half, with the first major sub-continental work – the “Flora of Tropical Africa” – dating back to 1868–1937 (Beentje 2016), and the first strict-endemic plant species described in Mozambique as early as 1849 [Fornasinia ebenifera Bertolini (1849) = Millettia ebenifera (Bertol.) J.E.Burrows & Lötter; see Burrows et al. 2018]. Given these facts, the relatively recent discovery and/or description of many of Mozambique’s endemic plants – the mean year of first publication being 1959, or 1967 for strict-endemics (Fig. 4) – is somewhat surprising. A marked increase in taxon description is observed post-1950, which coincides with the onset of the major eastern African Flora projects – the first fascicle of “Flora of Tropical East Africa” was published in 1952 and the first part of “Flora Zambesiaca” in 1960 (Beentje 2016). Coupled with these Flora projects was major regional-scale botanical exploration to collect herbarium material on which the Flora volumes could be based, and to fill the many gaps in our knowledge of these floristic regions. It was these combined efforts that resulted in the major discoveries of the Mozambique flora, a clear demonstration of how important an active Flora project can be in unlocking information on national and/or regional plant diversity. The completed Floras have, in turn, highlighted localities of high botanical interest, encouraging targeted collecting efforts in Mozambique particularly over the past two decades. Mozambique remains one of the African countries with the highest rates of new species publication. For example, in 2018, 20 new species and one new variety of vascular plants were described from the country, including eight new woody species in the “Trees and Shrubs [of] Mozambique” (Burrows et al. 2018), and four new species of Memecylon L. in the Melastomataceae family (Stone et al. 2018).

Of the published endemics, 60 (47 species, 3 subspecies, and 10 varieties) are known only from the type specimen and/or the type locality. This comprises nearly one quarter (22%) of the strict-endemics of Mozambique. A small number of these taxa are of somewhat doubtful status, for example Teclea crenulata (Engl.) Engl. (Rutaceae) from Zambézia Province, and some may be subsumed within other, more widespread taxa following further research. However, most are accepted in all relevant taxonomic and floristic works (African Plant Database 2019), and in many cases have been upheld in multiple treatments. The fact that these taxa are so poorly known demonstrates how limited our knowledge of the Mozambique flora remains, and reinforces the likelihood that further discoveries of narrowly range restricted endemics in Mozambique will be made through future botanical exploration.

Important plant families for endemic and near-endemic taxa in Mozambique

There is generally a high congruence between total species richness per plant family in Mozambique and those families that contain the highest number of endemics, with all but two of the families featuring in both lists of top ten families (Table 2). Fabaceae (Leguminosae) is the most species-rich plant family in Mozambique, and also has the highest number of published endemics. As in most of the African continent, the Fabaceae have diversified significantly in nearly all habitats and ecoregions of Mozambique, and display a large variety of life-forms (Lewis et al. 2005). This, coupled with the high rate of endemism, indicates that the Fabaceae may be considered a suitable proxy group for the study of vascular plant distribution and diversity in Mozambique. Other families that combine high species diversity and high rates of endemism include Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae. In total, the ten most endemics-rich families contain over half (56%) of the total endemic taxa.

Some species-rich families do not, however, feature prominently in the endemics list, most notably the Poaceae, which is the second largest family in Mozambique, but falls outside the top ten families (twelfth) for endemics. This phenomenon is not isolated to Mozambique, and high proportions of grass taxa globally are known to have large ranges. Linder et al. (2017) noted a range of ecological adaptations that enable grasses to successfully colonise and dominate many ecosystems, including effective long-distance dispersal through wind pollination and seed dispersal, ecological flexibility, resilience to disturbance, and an ability to modify environments by changing fire regimes and mammalian herbivory. Many of these factors could also facilitate wide ranges and abundance of individual grass species.

Conversely, some plant families feature more highly on the endemics list than in terms of total species richness. Euphorbiaceae is the third highest family for endemism, but only equal-seventh for total species richness; this is primarily a result of the high number of range-restricted Euphorbia species that occur in Mozambique, most of which are succulents (see Plant life forms below). Furthermore, three plant families feature on the list of families with the highest number of strict-endemics, but not amongst the most species-rich families. The first is Asphodelaceae, which is a result of the high number of Aloe L. species. Aloe is the single largest genus for endemics in Mozambique with many species being narrowly range-restricted in montane areas and inselbergs (Carter et al. 2011). This is a general trend amongst aloes: while a few species are widespread, the majority have restricted distribution ranges (Reynolds 1950; Grace et al. 2011). The second is Lythraceae, a result of the high number of Ammannia L. (including Nesaea Comm. ex Kunth.) species that typically occur as small herbs in seasonal wetlands and ephemeral pools. This genus is one of the few groups of aquatic plants to support large numbers of narrowly restricted endemics, with many species known from only one or few collections (see Fernandes 1978; Verdcourt 1994). Ammannia should be considered a priority for future study here and elsewhere in tropical Africa with targeted field surveys required in order to better understand the diversity and distribution of this group. The third is Melastomataceae, which is driven largely by the closely related genera Memecylon and Warneckea Gilg, both of which are primarily forest taxa with high numbers of narrowly range-restricted species throughout their global range (see Stone 2014). As an example, Burrows et al. (2018) note that Namacubi Forest (at Quiterajo in Cabo Delgado Province) is home to seven species in these two genera, three of which are known nowhere else, and a further three of which are strict-endemics or near-endemics to northern Mozambique.

Plant life forms

A wide range of plant life forms are represented in the checklist (Table 3). Overall, just under half (49%) of taxa listed are herbaceous or have herbaceous forms, whilst just over half (55%) are woody or have woody forms – the small overlap is due to taxa that can be either perennial herbs or shrubs/lianas. Such a range of life forms is unsurprising in view of the wide range of habitats containing endemic and near-endemic species. As with the endemic flora of Zimbabwe (Mapaura 2002), succulent taxa are well represented, with 58 taxa (c. 9%). This reflects the importance of rock outcrops and mountain ranges as key habitats for endemics, as these often support a specialised, drought-tolerant flora.

Geographic distribution of the endemic and near-endemic taxa of Mozambique

A detailed analysis of the geographic distribution of the endemic flora of Mozambique is premature until the collation of all the specimen and observation data is completed. However, some initial observations can be noted.

By far the most frequently recorded locality for endemics (see Suppl. material 1) is the Chimanimani Mountains (Manica Province, 128 taxa), which has more than double the number of these taxa when compared to the second-most frequently recorded site, Mount Namuli (Zambézia, 60 taxa). The Chimanimani Mountains were also noted as the principal locality in Zimbabwe for strict-endemic and near-endemic species (Mapaura 2002). Other localities rich in endemics, with over 20 taxa each, include Quiterajo, the lower Rovuma River, Quirimbas National Park, and Palma and environs (Cabo Delgado); Pomene and Vilanculos (Inhambane); Tsetserra (Manica); Maputo municipality and Inhaca Island (Maputo); Nampula and environs, and the Ribaue Mountains (Nampula); Gorongosa National Park including Mount Gorongosa (Sofala); and Mocuba and environs (Zambezia). All of these localities are of high national and global importance for their assemblages of endemic and range-restricted taxa, and are clear candidates for inclusion in the Important Plant Areas network, although some have been heavily degraded by man and so are in danger of losing their botanical value. The most notable example is the Maputo municipality, where intact habitats are now reduced to small and isolated pockets, or have been largely destroyed by the rapid expansion of the capital city. Such loss of habitat may have resulted in local extinction of important taxa or, as with Emicocarpus fissifolius K.Schum. & Schltr. (Matimele et al. 2016), potentially even global extinction.

There is considerable variation in the number of endemics at the provincial level (Table 4). When only strict-endemics are considered, Nampula and Zambézia provinces register the highest numbers. These two provinces are adjacent to one another and both combine significant stretches of coastal vegetation within the Rovuma Centre of Endemism and inselbergs and massifs associated with the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue belt of mountains. The wide range of associated habitats (including coastal dry forest and thickets, granite outcrops, submontane forest, montane grassland) are known to support significant numbers of endemic species. However, when near-endemics are included in the analysis, Manica is found to surpass Nampula and Zambézia in terms of both total numbers of taxa and taxa unique to a single province in Mozambique. This highlights the great importance of the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands for cross-border endemism. This also explains the high number of near-endemic taxa shared with Zimbabwe. The least rich province for endemics is Tete, despite being the third largest province in the country. Much of Tete is characterised by a prolonged dry season with extreme high temperatures, and with extensive stands of low-diversity mopane [Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) Léonard] woodland. However, it is of note that parts of Tete are amongst the least well-explored regions botanically in Mozambique, and so numbers of endemics may be under-represented in this province.

Approximately 69% of taxa (453) can be assigned with confidence to one of the Centres or Sub-Centres of Endemism (Table 5), highlighting the importance of these mainly cross-border regions in terms of their unique and rich floras. Further, the two sub-centres of the [Eastern] Afromontane phytochorion – the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands and the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains – are well-defined, with most species readily assigned to one or the other, strengthening the case for treating them as separate Centres of Endemism. The Lebombo Mountains Sub-Centre of Maputaland is also well-represented by endemics, with 17 of the endemics confined to that Sub-Centre. Similarly, there is support for recognition of the Inhambane Sub-Centre with 20 strict-endemics confined to that region, although there is also considerable overlap between Inhambane and Maputaland sensu stricto, with 42 of the endemics shared between the two regions. Further research may nevertheless conclude that both the Lebombo Mountains and the Inhambane region should be considered as separate Centres of Endemism in their own right. The most important Centre of Endemism for numbers of endemics is again that of the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands. However, the Rovuma Centre is also notable for its high number of strict-endemics, a reflection of the high rates of species turnover between dry coastal forest patches within this phytogeographic region (Timberlake et al. 2010, 2011), with many species restricted to few or even single forest blocks.

Extinction risk in the endemic flora of Mozambique

To date, the global extinction risk status has been assessed for 332 (approximately 50%) of the endemics of Mozambique using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012; Table 6). Of those assessed, 52% (57% of the strict-endemics) are considered to be globally threatened. The main causal factors behind this high rate of extinction risk are habitat loss and degradation driven by high population growth and resultant increasing demands for land, agricultural products and supplies of a range of natural resources, all of which place increasing pressure on natural habitats. This high rate of threat emphasises the urgent need for effective site-based conservation action and sustainable management to safeguard the future of Mozambique’s unique flora. Added to this is the fact that nearly 10% of the endemics (and over 17% of the strict-endemics) assessed are listed as Data Deficient, i.e. there is insufficient information on these taxa to provide a full assessment. This highlights how little is known about many of these apparently rare and poorly documented taxa, and the urgent need for targeted field surveys to gather information on range size, population size, and threats. It is quite possible that the percentage of threatened taxa will increase once these Data Deficient taxa are reassessed with more information to hand.

On a more positive note, approximately one third of endemics assessed are currently considered to be of Least Concern (LC) – i.e. they are not currently threatened on a global scale. Some of the endemics are widespread within Mozambique and can be locally abundant. For example, the strict-endemic Grewia transzambesica Wild (Malvaceae) has an extent of occurrence of c. 220,000 km2 and is frequent in the central lowlands of the country (Darbyshire et al. 2019). However, many of the LC species are much more range-restricted, but are not under threat owing to their habitat preferences. Many occur in rocky terrain and/or montane grasslands that are some of the least threatened habitats in Mozambique, due to a combination of remoteness, inaccessibility and limited agricultural value. A good example is the Chimanimani montane quartzite endemics, the majority of which are not significantly threatened (Timberlake et al. 2016b).

For the Mozambique flora as a whole, as of July 2019, 1,050 plant taxa (c. 17% of the total vascular flora) are listed on the IUCN Red List (https://www.iucnredlist.org). A total of 812 (77%) of these taxa are listed as LC, a much higher percentage than the equivalent for the endemics. Therefore, whilst there is still a long way to go before an exhaustive Red List can be achieved for Mozambique, the focus of the IUCN-SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group on the endemic flora appears to be an effective strategy in identifying the taxa in most urgent need of conservation action.

Conclusion: future priorities for the study of the endemic flora of Mozambique and its conservation

The checklist of endemic plants presented here provides a useful basis from which to build the evidence-base for effective conservation of the unique flora of Mozambique, for which the following next steps are underway:

• Complete the collation of existing data on endemic and near-endemic taxa, so that a detailed spatial analysis can be conducted to more accurately define Centres of Endemism and specific localities with concentrations of endemics. These results will allow for identification of critical knowledge gaps, and help effectively target sites for future field surveys.

• Complete a Red List of globally threatened species in Mozambique, with the eventual aims to assess the extinction risk for all endemic and near-endemic taxa, gather more information on species currently assessed as Data Deficient, and take active steps towards the conservation of all threatened species.

• Apply the accumulated plant distribution and Red List data, together with information on critical habitats, to identify and document Important Plant Areas. These data will also provide the botanical component for the identification of Key Biodiversity Areas.

Critical to the success of this work is the continued development of in-country capacity in field botany, taxonomy and conservation science in Mozambique, so that Mozambican practitioners are well placed to take forward the implementation of Mozambique’s commitments to protecting plant diversity under the CBD.

Acknowledgments

We thank the members of the IUCN-SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group (SAPSG) for their valuable contributions to the plant Red Listing and species conservation efforts in Mozambique. In particular, we thank Domitilla Raimondo of the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), former chair of SAPSG, who has been a great supporter of the conservation initiatives in Mozambique, and a great advocate for building in-country capacity in conservation planning. Lize von Staden is also thanked as the Red List Authority Co-ordinator for SAPSG, and has played a key role in reviewing Mozambican assessments and training Mozambican scientists in Red Listing. We are most grateful to the curators of the following herbaria for permitting us access to their collections: BM, BNRH, EA, K, LISC, LISU, LMA, LMU, P, PRE and SRGH. In particular, we thank Barbara Turpin at BNRH for kindly sharing data whenever requested, and Maria Cristina Duarte and Maria Romeiras for hosting research visits to LISC. We thank John Burrows (Buffelskloof Nature Reserve), Ton Rulkens (independent botanist), and Warren McCleland (ECOREX Consulting Ecologists) for sharing their expertise on the Mozambican flora. Kew and IIAM are deeply indebted to Oppenheimer Philanthropies and Stephen and Margaret Lansdown for their generous support of the Tropical Important Plant Areas: Mozambique project. The GBIF Biodiversity Information for Development (BID) fund kindly supported the project BID-AF-2017-0047-NAC (2017–2018): “Mobilize primary biodiversity data for Mozambican species of conservation concern (endemic and threatened) to support decision making and grow Mozambican expertise in biodiversity information management and Red Listing”, which enabled the compilation of data on endemic and near-endemic plants species held at the Maputo herbaria. I.D. would like to thank Elizabeth Radford (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, formerly Plantlife), Seona Anderson (formerly Plantlife), and Ben McCarthy (National Trust, formerly Plantlife) for generously sharing their advice and expertise on Important Plant Areas identification and conservation. Finally, we thank Ronell R. Klopper, Mervyn Lötter and Maria Romeiras for their review comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript, and Anthony R. Magee as the handling Editor for this manuscript.

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Appendix 1

Summary checklist of the endemic and near-endemic vascular plant taxa of Mozambique. Strict-endemic taxa are listed in bold. “Endemism” categories are abbreviated as follows: E = strict-endemic; NE1 = majority of range in Mozambique; NE2 = global range < 10,000 km2, NE3 = taxon known from five sites or fewer. Under “Life form”, (a) = annual; (c) = herbaceous climbing perennial; (e) = epiphytic perennial; (geo) = geophyte; (gram-a) = annual graminoid; (gram-p) = perennial graminoid; (p) = perennial (terrestrial, non-succulent); (par) = parasitic perennial; (s) = succulent. Under “Type only”, Y = known only from the type specimen or type locality. “Provinces” of Mozambique are abbreviated as follows CD = Cabo Delgado; G = Gaza; In = Inhambane; Mc = Manica; Mp = Maputo; Na = Nampula; Ni = Niassa; S = Sofala; T = Tete; Z = Zambezia. Under “Other Countries”, provinces of South Africa are abbreviated as follows: KN = KwaZulu Natal; LP = Limpopo; MP = Mpumalanga. Centres of Endemism (“CoE”) are coded as follows: 1 = Rovuma; 2 = Maputaland sensu lato; 2a = Maputaland sensu stricto; 2b = Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre; 2c = Inhambane (Sub-) Centre; 3 = [Eastern] Afromontane sensu lato; 3a = Chimanimani-Nyanga (Sub-) Centre; 3b = Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue (Sub-) Centre. See Materials and methods section for further explanation.

Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type only Provinces Other countries CoE
Pteridophyta
Pteridaceae Adiantum mendoncae Alston NE1 fern Mc, Na, S Zimbabwe
gymnospermae
Zamiaceae Encephalartos aplanatus Vorster NE2+3 cycad Mp eSwatini 2b
Zamiaceae Encephalartos chimanimaniensis R.A.Dyer & I.Verd. NE2+3 cycad Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Zamiaceae Encephalartos ferox G.Bertol subsp. emersus P.Rousseau, Vorster & A.E.van Wyk E cycad In 2c
Zamiaceae Encephalartos ferox G.Bertol subsp. ferox NE1 cycad G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Zamiaceae Encephalartos gratus Prain NE1 cycad Z Malawi 3b
Zamiaceae Encephalartos munchii R.A.Dyer & I.Verd. E cycad Mc 3a
Zamiaceae Encephalartos ngoyanus I.Verd. NE2 cycad Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN 2b
Zamiaceae Encephalartos pterogonus R.A.Dyer & I.Verd. E cycad Mc 3a
Zamiaceae Encephalartos senticosus Vorster cycad Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN, MP 2b
Zamiaceae Encephalartos turneri Lavranos & D.L.Goode E cycad Na, Ni
Zamiaceae Encephalartos umbeluziensis R.A.Dyer NE2 cycad Mp eSwatini 2b
Angiospermae: Magnoliids
Annonaceae Hexalobus mossambicensis N.Robson E shrub, tree CD, Na 1
Annonaceae Huberantha mossambicensis (Vollesen) Chaowasku E shrub Z 1
Annonaceae Monanthotaxis maputensis P.H.Hoekstra NE1 shrub, liana G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Annonaceae Monanthotaxis suffruticosa P.H.Hoekstra INED. NE1+3 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Annonaceae Monanthotaxis trichantha (Diels) Verdc. NE1 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Annonaceae Monodora carolinae Couvreur NE2+3 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Annonaceae Monodora stenopetala Oliv. NE1 shrub, tree S, T Malawi
Annonaceae Uvaria rovumae Deroin & Lötter E liana CD 1
Annonaceae Xylopia lukei D.M.Johnson & Goyder NE2 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Annonaceae Xylopia tenuipetala D.M.Johnson & Goyder E shrub, tree CD 1
Annonaceae Xylopia torrei N.Robson E shrub G, In, Mp, Na 2a, 2c
Angiospermae: Monocots
Amaryllidaceae Cryptostephanus vansonii I.Verd. NE1 herb (geo) Mc, S, Z Zimbabwe 3a, 3b
Amaryllidaceae Tulbaghia friesii Suess. NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Araceae Stylochaeton euryphyllum Mildbr. NE1 herb (geo) CD, Na Tanzania 1
Araceae Stylochaeton natalense Schott subsp. maximum (Engl.) Bogner & Haigh NE3 herb (geo) Mp Tanzania
Araceae Stylochaeton tortispathum Bogner & Haigh E herb (geo) Y CD 1
Arecaceae Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey NE1 tree Mp South Africa KN 2a
Asparagaceae Asparagus chimanimanensis Sebsebe shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asparagaceae Asparagus petersianus Kunth NE1 shrub CD, S, Z Tanzania
Asparagaceae Asparagus radiatus Sebsebe NE2+3 shrub Mp eSwatini 2b
Asparagaceae Chlorophytum pygmaeum (Weim.) Kativu subsp. rhodesianum (Rendle) Kativu NE2 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asparagaceae Dracaena pedicellata (la Croix) Byng & Christenh. (=Sansevieria pedicellata la Croix) NE1 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asparagaceae Dracaena subspicata (Baker) Byng & Christenh. (=Sansevieria subspicata Baker) E herb (s) Mp, Na, S, Z
Asparagaceae Eriospermum mackenii (Hook.f.) Baker subsp. phippsii (Wild) P.L.Perry NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodelaceae Aloe argentifolia T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista E shrub (s) CD
Asphodeleaceae Aloe ballii Reynolds var. makurupiniensis Ellert NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodelaceae Aloe cannellii L.C.Leach E herb (s) Mc 3a
Asphodelaceae Aloe decurva Reynolds E herb (s) Mc 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe excelsa A.Berger var. breviflora L.C.Leach NE2 tree (s) Na, Z Malawi
Asphodeleaceae Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var. hazeliana NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var. howmanii (Reynolds) S.Carter NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe inyangensis Christian var. kimberleyana S.Carter NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe marlothii A.Berger subsp. orientalis Glen & D.S.Hardy NE1 tree (s) G, Mp, S eSwatini, South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Asphodeleaceae Aloe mawii Christian NE1 tree (s) CD, Na, Ni, Z Malawi, Tanzania
Asphodelaceae Aloe menyharthii Baker subsp. ensifolia S.Carter E herb (s) Na, Z
Asphodelaceae Aloe mossurilensis Ellert E herb (s) Na 1
Asphodeleaceae Aloe munchii Christian NE2 shrub (s), tree (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe plowesii Reynolds NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodelaceae Aloe ribauensis T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista E herb (s) CD, Na
Asphodelaceae Aloe rulkensii T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista E herb (s) Na 3b
Asphodeleaceae Aloe suffulta Reynolds NE1 herb (s) Mp Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa KN
Asphodelaceae Aloe torrei I.Verd. & Christian E herb (s) Z 3b
Asphodeleaceae Aloe wildii (Reynolds) Reynolds NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloidendron tongaense (Van Jaarsv.) Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. (=Aloe tongaensis Van Jaarsv.) NE1 tree (s) In, Mp, S South Africa KN
Commelinaceae Aneilema arenicola Faden NE2 herb (a) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Commelinaceae Aneilema mossambicense (Faden) Faden INED. (=A. dregeanum Kunth subsp. mossambicense Faden) E herb (p) Na, Z 1
Commelinaceae Cyanotis chimanimaniensis Faden INED. NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Commelinaceae Cyanotis namuliensis Faden INED. E herb (p) Z 3b
Commelinaceae Triceratella drummondii Brenan NE3 herb (a) Z Zimbabwe
Cymodoceaceae Thalassodendron leptocaule Maria C.Duarte Bandeira & Romeiras NE2 herb (seagrass) Mp South Africa KN
Cyperaceae Cyperus longispicula Muasya & D.A.Simpson NE3 herb (gram-p) Mc Zimbabwe
Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon infaustum N.E.Br. E herb (a) Y Z
Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon mulanjeanum S.M.Phillips NE1+3 herb (a) Z Malawi 3b
Eriocaulaceae Mesanthemum africanum Moldenke NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Hydrocharitaceae Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook.f. subsp. linearis (Hartog) Hartog E herb (seagrass) In, Mp
Iridaceae Dierama inyangense Hilliard NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Iridaceae Dierama plowesii Hilliard NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Iridaceae Freesia grandiflora (Baker) Klatt subsp. occulta J.C.Manning & Goldblatt E herb (geo) Y Z
Iridaceae Gladiolus brachyphyllus F.Bolus NE2 herb (geo) Mp eSwatini, South Africa MP 2b
Iridaceae Gladiolus zimbabweensis Goldblatt NE1 herb (geo) Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a
Iridaceae Hesperantha ballii Wild NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Iridaceae Moraea niassensis Goldblatt & J.C.Manning E herb (geo) Y Ni
Iridaceae Tritonia moggii Oberm. E herb (geo) G, In, Mp, Z 2a, 2c
Orchidaceae Bonatea pulchella Summerh. NE1+3 herb (geo) Mp South Africa KN, LP, MP 2a
Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum ballii P.J.Cribb NE1 herb (e) Mc, Na, Z Zimbabwe 3a, 3b
Orchidaceae Cynorkis anisoloba Summerh. NE2 herb (geo) Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Cyrtorchis glaucifolia Summerh. E herb (e) Na
Orchidaceae Disa chimanimaniensis (H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Disa zimbabweensis H.P.Linder NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Disperis mozambicensis Schltr. E herb (geo) Y S
Orchidaceae Eulophia biloba Schltr. E herb (?geo) Y S
Orchidaceae Eulophia bisaccata Kraenzl. E herb (geo) Y
Orchidaceae Habenaria hirsutissima Summerh. E herb (geo) Na, Ni
Orchidaceae Habenaria mosambicensis Schltr. E herb (?geo) Y S
Orchidaceae Habenaria stylites Rchb.f. & S.Moore subsp. johnsonii (Rolfe) Summerh. NE2+3 herb (geo) Ni Tanzania
Orchidaceae Liparis hemipilioides Schltr. E herb (geo) Y S
Orchidaceae Neobolusia ciliata Summerh. NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Oeceoclades perrieri (Schltr.) Garay & P.Taylor NE3 herb (p) Mp, S Madagascar
Orchidaceae Oligophyton drummondii H.P.Linder & G.Will. NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Polystachya songaniensis G.Will. NE2 herb (e) Z Malawi 3b
Orchidaceae Polystachya subumbellata P.J.Cribb & Podz. NE2 herb (e) Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Polystachya valentina la Croix & P.J.Cribb NE1 herb (p) Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a, 3b
Orchidaceae Satyrium flavum la Croix NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Schizochilus lepidus Summerh. NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Poaceae Alloeochaete namuliensis Chippind. E herb (gram-p) Z 3b
Poaceae Baptorhachis foliacea (Clayton) Clayton E herb (gram-a) Y Na 3b
Poaceae Brachychloa fragilis S.M.Phillips NE2 herb (gram-a) Mp South Africa KN, LP 2a
Poaceae Brachychloa schiemanniana (Schweick.) S.M.Phillips NE1 herb (gram-p) G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Poaceae Danthoniopsis chimanimaniensis (J.B.Phipps) Clayton NE2+3 herb (gram-p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Poaceae Digitaria appropinquata Goetgh. E herb (gram-a) Y Z 3b
Poaceae Digitaria fuscopilosa Goetgh. E herb (gram-p) Y Mc 3a
Poaceae Digitaria megasthenes Goetgh. E herb (gram-p) Ni, Z
Poaceae Eragrostis desolata Launert NE2+3 herb (gram-p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Poaceae Eragrostis moggii De Winter NE1 herb (gram-p) In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Poaceae Eragrostis sericata Cope E herb (gram-p) In 2c
Poaceae Eriochloa rovumensis (Pilg.) Clayton NE1 herb (gram-a) Na, Ni, Z Tanzania
Poaceae Trichoneura schlechteri Ekman E herb (gram-p) In, Mp 2a, 2c
Restionaceae Platycaulos quartziticola (H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder & C.R.Hardy NE2+3 herb (gram-p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Velloziaceae Xerophyta argentea (Wild) L.B.Sm. & Ayensu NE2+3 shrub, herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Velloziaceae Xerophyta kirkii (Hemsl.) L.B.Sm. & Ayensu NE1 shrub, tree Ni, Z Malawi 3b
Velloziaceae Xerophyta pseudopinifolia Behnke NE1 shrub Na, Ni, Z Malawi
Velloziaceae Xerophyta splendens (Rendle) N.L.Menezes NE2+3 shrub, tree Z Malawi 3b
Xyridaceae Xyris asterotricha Lock NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Xyridaceae Xyris makuensis N.E.Br. NE2 herb (p) Z Malawi 3b
Zingiberaceae Siphonochilus kilimanensis (Gagnep.) B.L.Burtt E herb (geo) Na, S, Z
Angiospermae: Eu-Dicots
Acanthaceae Barleria delagoensis Oberm. NE1 herb (p), shrub G, In, Mp, S South Africa KN
Acanthaceae Barleria fissimuroides I.Darbysh. NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Acanthaceae Barleria fulvostellata C.B.Clarke subsp. mangochiensis I.Darbysh. NE2+3 herb (p), shrub Ni Malawi
Acanthaceae Barleria laceratiflora Lindau NE2+3 herb (p) Na Tanzania 1
Acanthaceae Barleria oxyphylla Lindau NE2 herb (p) Mp eSwatini, South Africa MP
Acanthaceae Barleria setosa (Klotzsch) I.Darbysh. E herb (p), shrub Na 1
Acanthaceae Barleria torrei I.Darbysh. E shrub Ni
Acanthaceae Barleria vollesenii I.Darbysh. NE2+3 herb (p) Ni Tanzania
Acanthaceae Blepharis dunensis Vollesen E herb (p) Na, Z 1
Acanthaceae Blepharis gazensis Vollesen E herb (p) G, S
Acanthaceae Blepharis swaziensis Vollesen NE2 herb (p) Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN 2b
Acanthaceae Blepharis torrei Vollesen NE2+3 herb (p) Ni Tanzania
Acanthaceae Cephalophis lukei Vollesen NE3 herb (p) S Kenya
Acanthaceae Dicliptera quintasii Lindau NE2 herb (p) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Acanthaceae Duosperma dichotomum Vollesen E herb (p), shrub CD 1
Acanthaceae Ecbolium glabratum Vollesen NE1 herb (p) G, Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN, MP 2a, 2b
Acanthaceae Ecbolium hastatum Vollesen E herb (p), shrub G, In, Mp 2a, 2c
Acanthaceae Isoglossa namuliensis I.Darbysh. & T.Harris E herb (p) Y Z 3b
Acanthaceae Justicia attenuifolia Vollesen NE1 herb (p) Ni Tanzania
Acanthaceae Justicia gorongozana Vollesen E herb (p) CD, S
Acanthaceae Justicia niassensis Vollesen E shrub CD, Na 1
Acanthaceae Justicia subcordatifolia Vollesen & I.Darbysh. (=J. hedrenii Vollesen) NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Acanthaceae Lepidagathis plantaginea Mildbr. NE1 herb (p) CD, Na Tanzania 1
Acanthaceae Sclerochiton apiculatus Vollesen NE1+2 shrub Mp South Africa KN 2a
Acanthaceae Sclerochiton coeruleus (Lindau) S.Moore NE1 shrub G, In, Mc, Na, Z Zimbabwe
Acanthaceae Sclerochiton hirsutus Vollesen E shrub Z 3b
Aizoaceae Trianthema mozambiquense H.E.K.Hartmann & Liede E herb Y Mp 2a
Amaranthaceae Caroxylon littoralis (Moq.) Akhani & Roalson NE2 herb (p), shrub In Madagascar, Europa Is.
Amaranthaceae Celosia nervosa C.C.Towns. E herb In, Mp, Na
Amaranthaceae Celosia pandurata Baker E herb S, Z
Amaranthaceae Salicornia mossambicensis (Brenan) Piirainen & G.Kadereit E herb (p) In 2c
Anacardiaceae Ozoroa gomesiana R.Fern. & A.Fern. E shrub, tree In 2c
Anacardiaceae Ozoroa obovata (Oliv.) R.Fern. & A.Fern. var. elliptica R.Fern. & A.Fern. NE1 shrub, tree G, In, Mc, Mp, S, T, Z Zimbabwe
Anacardiaceae Rhus acuminatissima R.Fern. & A.Fern. (=Searsia acuminatissima (R.Fern. & A.Fern.) Moffett) NE1 shrub, tree Na, Z Malawi
Apiaceae Afrosciadium rhodesicum (Cannon) P.J.D.Winter NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apiaceae Centella obtriangularis Cannon E herb (p) Mc 3a
Apiaceae Pimpinella mulanjensis C.C.Towns. NE2+3 herb (p) Z Malawi 3b
Apocynaceae Asclepias cucullata (Schltr.) Schltr. subsp. scabrifolia (S.Moore) Goyder NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Asclepias graminifolia (Wild) Goyder NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Aspidoglossum glabellum Kupicha NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Aspidoglossum hirundo Kupicha NE1 herb (geo) Na, Z Zimbabwe
Apocynaceae Ceropegia aloicola M.G.Gilbert INED. E herb (s) Mp 2b
Apocynaceae Ceropegia chimanimaniensis M.G.Gilbert INED. NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Ceropegia cyperifolia Bruyns E herb (geo) Ni
Apocynaceae Ceropegia gracilidens Bruyns E herb (geo) CD, Na, Z
Apocynaceae Ceropegia monteiroae Hook.f. NE1 herb (s) In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Apocynaceae Ceropegia muchevensis M.G.Gilbert INED. E herb (s) S
Apocynaceae Ceropegia nutans (Bruyns) Bruyns E herb (geo) Z 3b
Apocynaceae Ceropegia vahrmeijeri (R.A.Dyer) Bruyns NE1+2 herb (geo) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Apocynaceae Cynanchum oresbium (Bruyns) Goyder E herb (s) Na
Apocynaceae Emicocarpus fissifolius K.Schum.& Schltr. E herb (p) Mp 2a
Apocynaceae Huernia erectiloba L.C.Leach & Lavranos E shrub (s) CD, Na, Z
Apocynaceae Huernia leachii Lavranos NE1+2 herb (s) Mc Malawi
Apocynaceae Huernia verekeri Stent subsp. pauciflora (L.C.Leach) Bruyns E shrub (s) In, S
Apocynaceae Huernia volkartii Werderm. & Peitsch. var. repens (Lavranos) Lavranos NE2+3 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe
Apocynaceae Marsdenia cynanchoides Schltr. NE1 liana CD, S, Z Tanzania, Zimbabwe
Apocynaceae Marsdenia gazensis S.Moore NE2 liana Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Orbea halipedicola L.C.Leach E shrub (s) S
Apocynaceae Orbea longidens (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach NE1+2 herb (s) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Apocynaceae Pachycarpus concolor E.Mey. subsp. arenicola Goyder NE2 herb (geo) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Apocynaceae Raphionacme pulchella Venter & R.L.Verh. NE3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Secamone delagoensis Schltr. NE1 liana G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Apocynaceae Stapelia unicornis C.A.Luckh. NE2 herb (s) Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN 2b
Apocynaceae Stomatostemma pendulina Venter & D.V.Field (=Cryptolepis pendulina (Venter & D.V.Field) P.I.Forst.) E shrub Na, Z
Araliaceae Cussonia arenicola Strey NE1 shrub In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Asteraceae Adelostigma athrixioides Steetz [uncertain species] E herb In 2c
Asteraceae Anisopappus paucidentatus Wild NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Aster chimanimaniensis W.Lippert (=Afroaster chimanimaniensis (W.Lippert) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt) NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Bothriocline moramballae (Oliv. & Hiern) O.Hoffm. E herb (s), shrub (s) Na, Z 3b
Asteraceae Bothriocline steetziana Wild & G.V.Pope E herb (a) In, Na, Z
Asteraceae Chrysocoma mozambicensis Ehr.Bayer NE1 shrub In, Mp South Africa KN, MP 2a, 2c
Asteraceae Cineraria pulchra Cron NE2 herb (p), shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Distephanus inhacensis (G.V.Pope) R.G.C.Boon & Glen NE1 shrub, liana G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Asteraceae Gutenbergia westii (Wild) Wild & G.V.Pope NE1+2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Gyrodoma hispida (Vatke) Wild E herb (a) G, In, Mp, S, Z
Asteraceae Helichrysum acervatum S.Moore NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum africanum (S.Moore) Wild (=Calomeria africana (S.Moore) Heine) NE2+3 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum chasei Wild NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum lastii Engl. NE2 herb (p), shrub Z Malawi 3b
Asteraceae Helichrysum moggii Wild E herb (p) Mp 2a
Asteraceae Helichrysum moorei Staner NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum rhodellum Wild NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum silvaticum Hilliard herb (p) G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Asteraceae Kleinia chimanimaniensis van Jaarsv. NE2+3 herb (s), shrub (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Lopholaena brickellioides S.Moore NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Schistostephium oxylobum S.Moore NE2 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Senecio aetfatensis B.Nord. NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Senecio forbesii Oliv. & Hiern [uncertain species] E herb Y Unknown
Asteraceae Senecio peltophorus Brenan NE2+3 herb (p) Z Malawi 3b
Asteraceae Vernonia calvoana (Hook.f.) Hook.f. subsp. meridionalis (Wild) C.Jeffrey (=Baccharoides calvoana (Hook.f.) Isawumi, El-Ghazaly & B.Nord. subsp. meridionalis (Wild) Isuwami, El-Ghazaly & B.Nord.) NE2 herb (p), shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Vernonia muelleri Wild subsp. muelleri NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Vernonia nepetifolia Wild NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Balsaminaceae Impatiens psychadelphoides Launert NE1 herb (p) Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a, 3b
Balsaminaceae Impatiens salpinx G.M.Schulze & Launert NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Balsaminaceae Impatiens wuerstenii S.B.Janssens & Dessein E herb (p) S 3a
Bignoniaceae Dolichandrone alba (Sim) Sprague E shrub, tree G, In, Mp 2a, 2c
Boraginaceae Cordia mandimbana E.S.Martins E tree Y Ni
Boraginaceae Cordia megiae J.E.Burrows E tree S
Boraginaceae Cordia stuhlmannii Gürke E shrub, tree S, Z
Burseraceae Commiphora mombassensis Engl. NE3 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Burseraceae Commiphora schlechteri Engl. NE1 shrub, tree G, In, Mp South Africa KN, ?Zimbabwe 2a, 2c
Campanulaceae Lobelia blantyrensis E.Wimm. NE2 herb (a), herb (p) Z Malawi 3b
Campanulaceae Lobelia cobaltica S.Moore NE2+3 herb (a), herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia subaphylla (Baker) Thulin subsp. scoparia (Wild) Thulin NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Capparaceae Capparis viminea Hook.f. & Thomson ex Oliv. var. orthacantha (Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf NE2+3 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Capparaceae Maerua acuminata Oliv. NE1 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Capparaceae Maerua andradae Wild E herb (p), shrub CD 1
Capparaceae Maerua brunnescens Wild E shrub In, Mc, Mp, S, T, Z
Capparaceae Maerua scandens (Klotzsch) Müll.Berol. ex B.D.Jacks. E shrub, liana G, Na, T, Z
Capparaceae Maerua schliebenii Gilg-Ben. NE1 shrub Na Tanzania 1
Caprifoliaceae Pterocephalus centennii M.J.Cannon E shrub Y Mc 3a
Caryophyllaceae Dianthus chimanimaniensis S.S.Hooper E herb Y Mc 3a
Celastraceae Crossopetalum mossambicense I.Darbysh. E shrub CD 1
Celastraceae Elaeodendron fruticosum N.Robson E shrub, tree G, In 2a, 2c
Celastraceae Gymnosporia arenicola Jordaan NE1 shrub, tree G, In, Mp, S, Z South Africa KN
Celastraceae Gymnosporia gurueensis (N.Robson) Jordaan E shrub, tree Z
Celastraceae Gymnosporia markwardii Jordaan NE1 shrub In, Mp, Z South Africa KN
Celastraceae Gymnosporia oxycarpa (N.Robson) Jordaan NE2 shrub G South Africa LP
Celastraceae Maytenus chasei N.Robson NE1 shrub, tree Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a, 3b
Celastraceae Prionostemma delagoensis (Loes.) N.Hallé var. delagoensis (=Hippocratea delagoensis Loes.) NE1 shrub, liana G, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Celastraceae Salacia orientalis N.Robson NE1 shrub, liana CD Tanzania 1
Chrysobalanaceae Maranthes goetzeniana (Engl.) Prance NE1 tree Mc, Na, S, Z Zimbabwe, Tanzania 3a, 3b
Cleomaceae Cleome bororensis (Klotzsch) Oliv. (=Sieruela bororensis (Klotzsch) Roalson & J.C.Hall) NE1 herb (a) G, Mp, S, Z Tanzania, South Africa KN
Clusiaceae Garcinia acutifolia N.Robson NE1 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Combretaceae Combretum andradae Exell & J.G.García NE1 shrub, liana CD, Na, Ni Tanzania
Combretaceae Combretum caudatisepalum Exell & J.G.García E shrub CD, Na 1
Combretaceae Combretum lasiocarpum Engl. & Diels E shrub, tree Na, T, Z
Combretaceae Combretum lindense Exell & Mildbr. NE2+3 shrub, liana CD Tanzania 1
Combretaceae Combretum stocksii Sprague E shrub CD 1
Combretaceae Terminalia barbosae (Exell) Gere & Boatwr. (=Pteleopsis barbosae Exell) E tree CD, Na 1
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea ephemera Verdc. E herb (a) Na, Z
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea venosa (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. subsp. stellaris (Baker) Verdc. var. obtusifolia Verdc. E herb (p) Y Mp 2a
Convolvulaceae Turbina longiflora Verdc. E herb (c) CD, In, Mp
Crassulaceae Crassula leachii R.Fern. E herb (p) Mc
Crassulaceae Crassula maputensis R.Fern. NE1 herb (a), herb (p) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Crassulaceae Crassula morrumbalensis R.Fern. E herb (p) Y Z
Crassulaceae Crassula zombensis Baker f. NE2+3 herb (p) Z Malawi 3b
Crassulaceae Kalanchoe elizae A.Berger NE1 herb (s) Na, Ni, Z Malawi
Crassulaceae Kalanchoe fernandesii Raym.-Hamet E herb (p) Y Na 1
Crassulaceae Kalanchoe hametiorum Raym.-Hamet E herb (p) CD, Na, Z
Crassulaceae Kalanchoe velutina Welw. ex Britten subsp. chimanimaniensis (R.Fern.) R.Fern. NE2+3 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Cucurbitaceae Eureiandra eburnea C.Jeffrey NE1 herb (c) T Zambia, Zimbabwe
Cucurbitaceae Momordica henriquesii Cogn. NE1 herb (c) CD, Na Tanzania 1
Cucurbitaceae Momordica mossambica H.Schaef. E liana Y Na 1
Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum barbosae Torre NE1 shrub, liana CD, S, Z Tanzania
Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum deflexum (Klotzsch) Engl. NE1 shrub CD, In, Na Tanzania
Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum macrocarpum Engl. NE1 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Dilleniaceae Tetracera bussei Gilg NE3 shrub Ni Tanzania
Ebenaceae Diospyros rotundifolia Hiern NE1 tree G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Ebenaceae Euclea racemosa L. subsp. sinuata F.White NE1 shrub, tree In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Ericaceae Erica lanceolifera S.Moore NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Ericaceae Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var. blaerioides (Wild) R.Ross NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Ericaceae Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var. pleiotricha NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Ericaceae Erica wildii Brenan NE2+3 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Erythroxylaceae Nectaropetalum carvalhoi Engl. NE1+2 shrub, tree CD, Na Tanzania? - see note in F.T.E.A. Erythroxylaceae: 8 (1984) 1
Euphorbiaceae Croton aceroides Radcl.-Sm. E tree In 2c
Euphorbiaceae Croton inhambanensis Radcl.-Sm. E shrub, tree In 2c
Euphorbiaceae Croton kilwae Radcl.-Sm. NE1 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Euphorbiaceae Croton leuconeurus Pax subsp. mossambicensis Radcl.-Sm. E shrub, tree S, Z
Euphorbiaceae Crotonogynopsis australis Kenfack & Gereau NE2 tree Z Tanzania
Euphorbiaceae Erythrococca zambesiaca Prain NE2 shrub S Malawi
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia ambroseae L.C.Leach var. ambrosae E shrub (s) In, S, Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia ambroseae L.C.Leach var. spinosa L.C.Leach NE1 shrub (s) In, S, T Malawi
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia angularis Klotzsch E shrub (s) CD, Na 1
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia baylissii L.C.Leach E shrub (s) G, In, Mp 2a, 2c
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia bougheyi L.C.Leach E tree (s) CD, In, S, Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia citrina S.Carter NE2 shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia contorta L.C.Leach E shrub (s) Na, Ni, Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia corniculata R.A.Dyer E shrub (s) CD, Na, Ni
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia crebrifolia S.Carter NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia crenata (N.E.Br.) Bruyns (=Monadenium crenatum N.E.Br.) E herb (p) Y Mc
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia decliviticola L.C.Leach NE1+2+3 shrub (s), tree (s) Na, Z Malawi 3b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia depauperata A.Rich. var. tsetserrensis S.Carter NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia grandicornis Blanc subsp. grandicornis NE1 shrub (s) G, Mc, Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia grandicornis Blanc subsp. sejuncta L.C.Leach E shrub (s) Na
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia graniticola L.C.Leach E shrub (s), tree (s) Mc 3a
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia keithii R.A.Dyer NE2+3 shrub (s), tree (s) Mp eSwatini 2b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia knuthii Pax subsp. johnsonii (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach E shrub (s) Mp, S
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia knuthii Pax subsp. knuthii NE1 shrub (s) Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN, MP 2a, 2b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia marrupana Bruyns E shrub (s) Ni
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia mlanjeana L.C.Leach NE1+3 shrub (s) Na, Ni, Z Malawi
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia namuliensis Bruyns E shrub (s) Z 3b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia neohalipedicola Bruyns (=Synadenium halipedicola L.C.Leach) E shrub Y S
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia neorugosa Bruyns nom. inval. (=Monadenium rugosum S.Carter) NE2+3 herb (p) CD Tanzania 1
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia plenispina S.Carter E shrub (s) Mc
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia ramulosa L.C.Leach E shrub (s) Na, Ni, Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia schlechteri Pax E herb (p) G, Mp 2a
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia stenocaulis Bruyns E shrub (s) Y Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia torrei (L.C.Leach) Bruyns NE1 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia unicornis R.A.Dyer E shrub (s) CD
Euphorbiaceae Jatropha latifolia Pax var. subeglandulosa Radcl.-Sm. E herb (p) Y Mp 2b
Euphorbiaceae Jatropha scaposa Radcl.-Sm. E herb (p) Mp, Na, S
Euphorbiaceae Jatropha subaequiloba Radcl.-Sm. E shrub In 2c
Euphorbiaceae Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll.Arg. var. lindicus (Radcl.-Sm.) Radcl.-Sm. NE1 tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Euphorbiaceae Tragia glabrata (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. var. hispida Radcl.-Sm. E herb (c) Y Mp 2a
Euphorbiaceae Tragia shirensis Prain var. glabriuscula Radcl.-Sm. E herb (p) Y Na
Euphorbiaceae Tragia shirensis Prain var. shirensis NE1 herb (p) Z Malawi
Fabaceae Acacia latispina J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows (=Vachellia latispina (J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows) Kyal. & Boatwr.) E tree CD 1
Fabaceae Acacia latistipulata Harms (=Senegalia latistipulata (Harms) Kyal. & Boatwr.) NE1 shrub CD, Na, T Tanzania
Fabaceae Acacia quiterajoensis Timberlake & Lötter E shrub, tree CD 1
Fabaceae Acacia torrei Brenan (=Vachellia torrei (Brenan) Kyal. & Boatwr.) E shrub S
Fabaceae Adenopodia schlechteri (Harms) Brenan E liana, shrub G, Mp 2a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene aphylla Wild NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene chimanimaniensis Verdc. NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene grandistipulata Harms NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene inyangensis Wild NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene minutiflora Taub. subsp. grandiflora Verdc. E herb (a) Na, Z
Fabaceae Aeschynomene mossambicensis Verdc. subsp. mossambicensis E herb (a), herb (p) Na, Z
Fabaceae Aeschynomene pawekiae Verdc. NE2+3 herb (p) Ni Malawi
Fabaceae Baphia macrocalyx Harms NE1 tree CD Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Baphia massaiensis Taub. subsp. gomesii (Baker f.) Brummitt E shrub, tree CD, In, Na, Ni Tanzania?
Fabaceae Baphia ovata Sim (=Baphia kirkii Baker subsp. ovata (Sim) Soladoye) E shrub, tree G, In 2c
Fabaceae Baphia punctulata Harms subsp. palmensis Soladoye E shrub, tree Y CD 1
Fabaceae Bauhinia burrowsii E.J.D.Schmidt E shrub In 2c
Fabaceae Berlinia orientalis Brenan NE1 tree CD Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Brachystegia oblonga Sim E tree Na, Z 1
Fabaceae Bussea xylocarpa (Sprague) Sprague & Craib E tree Mc
Fabaceae Chamaecrista paralias (Brenan) Lock E herb (p), shrub, tree In, Na
Fabaceae Crotalaria assurgens Polhill NE3 herb (p) Ni Tanzania
Fabaceae Crotalaria dura J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans subsp. mozambica Polhill NE1 herb (p), shrub G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Fabaceae Crotalaria insignis Polhill NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. subsp. exigua Polhill NE1 herb (a), herb (p) Na, Z Malawi
Fabaceae Crotalaria misella Polhill E herb (a) CD Tanzania? 1
Fabaceae Crotalaria mocubensis Polhill E herb (a) S, T, Z
Fabaceae Crotalaria namuliensis Polhill & T.Harris E herb (a), herb (p) Z 3b
Fabaceae Crotalaria paraspartea Polhill E herb (a) Na
Fabaceae Crotalaria phylicoides Wild NE2+3 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Crotalaria schlechteri Baker f. NE1+2 herb (p) G, Mp South Africa MP 2a
Fabaceae Crotalaria schliebenii Polhill NE1+2+3 herb (a), herb (p) Na Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Crotalaria torrei Polhill E shrub Z 3b
Fabaceae Dialium schlechteri Harms NE1 tree G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Fabaceae Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. subsp. africana Brenan & Brummitt var. pubescens Brenan & Brummitt NE1 shrub, tree G, Mc, S Zimbabwe
Fabaceae Entada mossambicensis Torre E shrub Na
Fabaceae Entada stuhlmannii (Taub.) Harms NE1 liana CD, Na, Z Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Gelrebia rostrata (N.E.Br.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis (=Caesalpinia rostrata N.E.Br.) NE2+3 shrub, liana Mp South Africa MP 2a, 2b
Fabaceae Guibourtia sousae J.Leonard E tree Y In 2c
Fabaceae Icuria dunensis Wieringa E tree Na, Z 1
Fabaceae Indigofera cecilii N.E.Br. NE1 herb (p), shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Indigofera concinna Baker NE1 herb (a) CD, Na Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Indigofera emarginella A.Rich. var. marrupaënsis Schrire E shrub Y Ni
Fabaceae Indigofera erythrogramma Baker subsp. nampulensis Schrire NE1+3 herb (a) Na Malawi
Fabaceae Indigofera gobensis Schrire E herb (p) Mp 2b
Fabaceae Indigofera graniticola J.B.Gillett NE2+3 herb (a) Na Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Indigofera mendoncae J.B.Gillett E herb (p) G, In 2c
Fabaceae Indigofera namuliensis Schrire E herb (a) Z 3b
Fabaceae Indigofera nyassica Gilli var. brevior (J.B.Gillett) J.B.Gillett NE3 herb (a), herb (p) Ni Tanzania
Fabaceae Indigofera podophylla Harv. NE1 herb (p) G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Fabaceae Indigofera pseudomoniliformis Schrire E shrub Na, Ni, Z
Fabaceae Indigofera torrei J.B.Gillett E herb (p), shrub G
Fabaceae Indigofera vicioides Jaub. & Spach subsp. excelsa Schrire NE2+3 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Lotus wildii J.B.Gillett NE2 herb (p), shrub S Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Macrotyloma decipiens Verdc. E herb Y Na 1
Fabaceae Micklethwaitia carvalhoi (Harms) G.P.Lewis & Schrire E tree CD, Na 1
Fabaceae Millettia ebenifera (Bertol.) J.E.Burrows & Lötter E shrub, tree G, In 2c
Fabaceae Millettia makondensis Harms NE1 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Millettia mossambicensis J.B.Gillett E tree Na, S
Fabaceae Mimosa mossambicensis Brenan NE1 shrub, liana S, T Malawi
Fabaceae Ormocarpum schliebenii Harms NE1 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Otholobium foliosum (Oliv.) C.H.Stirt. subsp. gazense (Baker f.) Verdc. NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Pearsonia mesopontica Polhill NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Rhynchosia chimanimaniensis Verdc. NE2+3 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Rhynchosia clivorum S.Moore subsp. gurueensis Verdc. E herb (p), shrub Y Z 3b
Fabaceae Rhynchosia genistoides Burtt Davy NE2+3 shrub Mp South Africa MP 2b
Fabaceae Rhynchosia stipata Meikle NE2+3 herb (c), herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Rhynchosia swynnertonii Baker f. NE2 herb (c), liana Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Rhynchosia torrei Verdc. E shrub Z 3b
Fabaceae Scorodophloeus torrei Lock E shrub, tree Na, Z 1
Fabaceae Sphenostylis zimbabweensis Mithen NE3 herb (c), herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia chimanimaniana Brummitt NE1+2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia faulknerae Brummitt E shrub Na, Z
Fabaceae Tephrosia forbesii Baker subsp. forbesii NE1 herb (p) G, Mp South Africa KN 2a
Fabaceae Tephrosia forbesii Baker subsp. inhacensis Brummitt E herb (p) Mp 2a
Fabaceae Tephrosia gobensis Brummitt NE2+3 shrub Mp eSwatini 2b
Fabaceae Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var. drummondii (Brummitt) Brummitt NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var. swynnertonii (Baker f.) Brummitt NE2 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia miranda Brummitt E shrub Na
Fabaceae Tephrosia montana Brummitt NE2 shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia praecana Brummitt NE2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia reptans Baker var. microfoliata (Pires da Lima) Brummitt E herb (a) CD, Na, Z 1
Fabaceae Tephrosia whyteana Baker f. subsp. gemina Brummitt E shrub Z 3b
Fabaceae Xylia mendoncae Torre E shrub, tree In 2c
Gentianaceae Exacum zombense N.E.Br. NE1 herb (a) Mc, Na, Ni, Z Malawi 3a, 3b
Gentianaceae Faroa involucrata (Klotzsch) Knobl. E herb (a) Na, Z
Geraniaceae Geranium exellii J.R.Laundon NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Geraniaceae Pelargonium mossambicense Engl. NE2 herb (p) S Zimbabwe 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus acicularis I.Darbysh. & Massingue E herb (p) Y Mc 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus brachynema Hilliard & B.L.Burtt E herb S 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus erubescens Hilliard & B.L.Burtt NE2 herb Ni Malawi 3b
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus grandis N.E.Br. subsp. septentrionalis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt NE2 herb Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus hirticapsa B.L.Burtt NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus leptopus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt NE2 herb (p) Z Malawi 3b
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus michelmorei B.L.Burtt NE2 herb (p) Mc, S? Zimbabwe 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus milanjianus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt NE2+3 herb (p) Z Malawi 3b
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus montis-bingae Hilliard & B.L.Burtt E herb (p) Y Mc 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus myoporoides Hilliard & B.L.Burtt E herb (p) Na 3b
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus umtaliensis B.L.Burtt NE2 herb Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Acrotome mozambiquensis G.Taylor E herb (p) Mp 2a
Lamiaceae Aeollanthus viscosus Ryding NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Clerodendrum abilioi R.Fern. E herb (p) Y Na 1
Lamiaceae Clerodendrum cephalanthum Oliv. subsp. cephalanthum var. torrei R.Fern. E liana, shrub Y? CD 1
Lamiaceae Clerodendrum lutambense Verdc. NE1+3 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Clerodendrum robustum Klotzsch var. macrocalyx R.Fern. E herb (p) Y Mc
Lamiaceae Coleus caudatus (S.Moore) E.Downes & I.Darbysh. (=Plectranthus caudatus S.Moore) NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Coleus cucullatus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus cucullatus A.J.Paton) E herb (p), shrub Na 3b
Lamiaceae Coleus namuliensis E.Downes & I.Darbysh. E herb (p) Z 3b
Lamiaceae Coleus psammophilus (Codd) A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus psammophilus Codd) NE1 herb (p) In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Lamiaceae Coleus sessilifolius (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus sessilifolius A.J.Paton) NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Leucas nyassae Gürke var. velutina (C.H.Wright ex Baker) Sebald E herb (p) Ni
Lamiaceae Ocimum natalense Ayob. ex A.J. Paton NE2 herb (p), shrub G, Mp South Africa KN 2a
Lamiaceae Ocimum reclinatum (S.D.Will. & K.Balkwill) A.J.Paton NE2 herb (p) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Lamiaceae Orthosiphon scedastophyllus A.J.Paton NE2+3 herb (p) CD Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Plectranthus chimanimanensis S.Moore NE1 herb (p), shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Plectranthus guruensis A.J.Paton E herb (p) Z 3b
Lamiaceae Plectranthus mandalensis Baker NE2 herb (a), herb (p) Z Malawi 3b
Lamiaceae Premna hans-joachimii Verdc. NE2 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Premna tanganyikensis Moldenke NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Rotheca luembensis (De Wild.) R.Fern. subsp. niassensis (R.Fern.) R.Fern. E herb (p) Ni
Lamiaceae Rotheca sansibarensis (Gürke) Steane & Mabb. subsp. sansibarensis var. eratensis (R.Fern.) R.Fern. E shrub Y Na
Lamiaceae Rotheca teaguei (Hutch.) R.Fern. NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe
Lamiaceae Rotheca verdcourtii (R.Fern.) R.Fern. NE2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Stachys didymantha Brenan NE2 herb (p) Z Malawi 3b
Lamiaceae Syncolostemon flabellifolius (S.Moore) A.J.Paton NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Syncolostemon namapaensis D.F.Otieno NE2+3 herb (p) Na Tanzania
Lamiaceae Syncolostemon oritrephes (Wild) D.F.Otieno NE2+3 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Vitex carvalhi Gürke NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Vitex mossambicensis Gürke NE1 tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Lentibulariaceae Utricularia podadena P.Taylor NE2+3 herb (p) Ni Malawi
Linaceae Hugonia elliptica N.Robson E shrub, liana Z 1
Linaceae Hugonia grandiflora N.Robson NE3 shrub, tree, liana CD Tanzania 1
Linderniaceae Crepidorhopalon flavus (S.Moore) I.Darbysh. & Eb.Fisch. (=Lindernia flava S.Moore) NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Linderniaceae Crepidorhopalon namuliensis I.Darbysh. & Eb.Fisch. E herb (p) Z 3b
Loranthaceae Agelanthus deltae (Baker & Sprague) Polhill & Wiens E shrub (par) S, T, Z
Loranthaceae Agelanthus igneus (Danser) Polhill & Wiens NE1+3 shrub (par) CD, S, T, Z Tanzania
Loranthaceae Agelanthus patelii Polhill & Timberlake INED. NE2+3 shrub (par) Z Malawi 3b
Loranthaceae Englerina oedostemon (Danser) Polhill & Wiens NE2 shrub (par) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Loranthaceae Englerina schlechteri (Engl.) Polhill & Wiens E shrub (par) G, In, Mp 2a, 2c
Loranthaceae Englerina swynnertonii (Sprague) Polhill & Wiens NE2+3 shrub (par) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Loranthaceae Englerina triplinervia (Baker & Sprague) Polhill & Wiens NE3 shrub (par) CD, Na Tanzania 1
Loranthaceae Helixanthera schizocalyx T.Harris, I.Darbysh. & Polhill E shrub (par) Z 3b
Lythraceae Ammannia elata R.Fern. E herb (a) Y Z
Lythraceae Ammannia fernandesiana S.A.Graham & Gandhi E herb (p) In, S
Lythraceae Ammannia gazensis (A.Fern.) S.A.Graham & Gandhi E herb (a) Y G
Lythraceae Ammannia linearis (Hiern) S.A.Graham & Gandhi NE1 herb (a) Na, S, Z Tanzania
Lythraceae Ammannia moggii (A.Fern.) S.A.Graham & Gandhi E herb (p) Y Na 1
Lythraceae Ammannia mossambicensis (A.Fern. & Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi NE3 herb (a), herb (p) Na Tanzania, Zimbabwe
Lythraceae Ammannia parvula S.A.Graham & Gandhi E herb (a) Na
Lythraceae Ammannia pedroi (A.Fern. & Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi E herb (a) CD, Na 1
Lythraceae Ammannia polycephala (Peter) S.A.Graham & Gandhi E herb (p) S
Lythraceae Ammannia ramosissima (A.Fern. & Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi E herb (a) Y Ni ?Malawi
Lythraceae Ammannia spathulata (A.Fern.) S.A.Graham & Gandhi E herb (p) Y S
Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. linearifolius Launert NE1 shrub, tree, liana In, Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN 2a
Malpighiaceae Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. canescens (Engl.) Immelman NE2 shrub Mp South Africa MP 2b
Malpighiaceae Triaspis suffulta Launert E liana In 2c
Malvaceae Cola cheringoma Cheek E tree S
Malvaceae Cola clavata Mast. E tree S, Z
Malvaceae Cola mossambicensis Wild NE1 tree Mc, Na, S, Z Malawi, Tanzania
Malvaceae Corchorus velutinus Wild NE1 shrub G, In Zimbabwe, South Africa LP
Malvaceae Dombeya lastii K.Schum. E shrub Z 3b
Malvaceae Dombeya leachii Wild E shrub Na 3b
Malvaceae Eriolaena rulkensii Dorr E shrub, tree CD 1
Malvaceae Glyphaea tomentosa Mast. NE1 shrub, tree Na, S, Z Malawi
Malvaceae Grewia filipes Burret NE2+3 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Malvaceae Grewia hornbyi Wild NE1 shrub G, In, Mc, Mp, S, T Zimbabwe, South Africa KN
Malvaceae Grewia limae Wild E shrub, tree CD 1
Malvaceae Grewia occidentalis L. var. littoralis Wild E shrub G, In, Mp 2a, 2c
Malvaceae Grewia transzambesica Wild E shrub, tree CD, Na, S, Z
Malvaceae Hermannia micropetala Harv. NE1 herb (p), shrub G, In, Mp, S South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Malvaceae Hermannia torrei Wild E herb (p), shrub Y G 2c
Malvaceae Hibiscus burtt-davyi Dunkley NE3 shrub, tree Mc Malawi, Zimbabwe 3a, 3b
Malvaceae Hibiscus rupicola Exell E herb (p), shrub Y T ?Malawi
Malvaceae Hibiscus torrei Baker f. E herb (p), shrub Y Ni
Malvaceae Microcos microthyrsa (K.Schum. ex Burret) Burret (=Grewia microthyrsa K.Schum. ex Burret) NE1 shrub G, In, Mp South Africa KN, LP 2a, 2b, 2c
Malvaceae Thespesia mossambicensis (Exell & Hillc.) Fryxell E shrub, tree CD 1
Malvaceae Triumfetta kirkii Mast. NE1 herb (a) CD, Na, S Tanzania
Melastomataceae Antherotoma angustifolia (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) Jacq.-Fél. E herb (p), shrub CD, Na 1
Melastomataceae Dissotis johnstoniana Baker f. var. johnstoniana (=Dissotidendron johnstonianum (Baker f.) Ver,-Lib. & G.Kadereit var. johnstonianum) NE2+3 shrub Z Malawi 3b
Melastomataceae Dissotis pulchra A.Fern. & R.Fern. NE2+3 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Melastomataceae Dissotis swynnertonii (Baker f.) A.Fern. & R.Fern. (=Pseudosbeckia swynnertonii (Baker f.) A. Fern. & R.Fern.) NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Melastomataceae Memecylon aenigmaticum R.D.Stone E shrub Y CD 1
Melastomataceae Memecylon incisilobum R.D.Stone & I.G.Mona E tree G 2a
Melastomataceae Memecylon insulare A.Fern. & R.Fern. E shrub In 2c
Melastomataceae Memecylon nubigenum R.D.Stone & I.G.Mona NE1+2+3 tree Na, Z Malawi 3b
Melastomataceae Memecylon rovumense R.D.Stone & I.G.Mona NE2+3 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Melastomataceae Memecylon torrei A.Fern. & R.Fern. E shrub, tree CD, Na 1
Melastomataceae Warneckea albiflora R.D.Stone & N.P.Tenza E tree CD 1
Melastomataceae Warneckea cordiformis R.D.Stone E shrub, tree CD 1
Melastomataceae Warneckea parvifolia R.D.Stone & Ntetha NE2+3 shrub, tree Mp South Africa KN 2a
Melastomataceae Warneckea sessilicarpa (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) Jacq.-Fel. E shrub, tree Na 1
Melastomataceae Warneckea sousae (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) A.E.van Wyk NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na, S, Z Tanzania
Melianthaceae Bersama swynnertonii Baker f. NE2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Menispermaceae Albertisia delagoensis (N.E.Br.) Forman NE1 shrub, liana In, Mp, Na, S, Z South Africa KN
Menispermaceae Cissampelos hirta Klotzsch NE1 liana G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Menispermaceae Tinospora mossambicensis Engl. NE3 liana Unknown Tanzania
Moraceae Bosqueiopsis carvalhoana Engl. shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Moraceae Dorstenia zambesiaca Hijman E herb (p) Na, S
Moraceae Ficus muelleriana C.C.Berg E shrub Mc 3a
Myricaceae Myrica chimanimaniana (Verdc. & Polhill) Christenh. & Byng (=Morella chimanimaniana Verdc.& Polhill) NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Myrtaceae Syzygium komatiense Byng & Pahlad. NE2+3 tree Mp South Africa MP 2b
Myrtaceae Syzygium niassense Byng & J.E.Burrows NE1 tree CD, Na, Ni, S, Z Tanzania?
Ochnaceae Ochna angustata N.Robson E shrub, tree CD, Na, S, Z
Ochnaceae Ochna beirensis N.Robson E shrub, tree S
Ochnaceae Ochna dolicharthros F.M.Crawford & I.Darbysh. E shrub CD 1
Oleaceae Olea chimanimani Kupicha NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orobanchaceae Buchnera chimanimaniensis Philcox NE2 herb (a), herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orobanchaceae Buchnera namuliensis Skan E herb (a) S, Z
Orobanchaceae Buchnera subglabra Philcox NE2+3 herb (a) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orobanchaceae Buchnera wildii Philcox NE2 herb (a), herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe, ?Malawi 3a
Orobanchaceae Striga diversifolia Pires de Lima E herb (a) Y CD 1
Orobanchaceae Striga junodii Schinz NE1 herb (p) In, Mp South Africa KN, MP 2a, 2c
Passifloraceae Adenia dolichosiphon Harms NE1 herb (c) CD, Mc, S, Z Tanzania
Passifloraceae Adenia mossambicensis W.J.de Wilde E herb (c) Y Na
Passifloraceae Adenia zambesiensis R.Fern. & A.Fern. E herb (c) Y Z
Passifloraceae Tricliceras auriculatum (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) R.Fern. E herb (a) Na
Passifloraceae Tricliceras elatum (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) R.Fern. E herb (a) Na
Passifloraceae Tricliceras lanceolatum (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) R.Fern. E herb (a) Na, S
Passifloraceae Tricliceras longepedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. var. eratense R.Fern. E herb (p) Na
Penaeaceae Olinia chimanimani T.Shah & I.Darbysh. NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Peraceae Clutia sessilifolia Radcl.-Sm. NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus bernierianus Müll.Arg. var. glaber Radcl.-Sm. NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus manicaensis Jean F.Brunel ex Radcl.-Sm. E herb (p) Mc ?Zimbabwe 3a
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. var. orae-solis Radcl.-Sm. E shrub, tree Mp 2a
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus tsetserrae Jean F.Brunel ex Radcl.-Sm. E herb (p) Y Mc 3a
Podostemaceae Inversodicraea torrei (C.Cusset) Cheek E herb (p) Z 3b
Polygalaceae Carpolobia suaveolens Meikle E shrub, tree CD, In, Na, S, Z
Polygalaceae Polygala adamsonii Exell NE2+3 herb (a) Na, Z Malawi 3b
Polygalaceae Polygala francisci Exell E herb (p), shrub In, Mp ?Zimbabwe 2a, 2c
Polygalaceae Polygala limae Exell E herb (a) Y CD 1
Polygalaceae Polygala torrei Exell E herb (p) Y Mp 2a
Polygalaceae Polygala zambesiaca Paiva NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Primulaceae Lysimachia gracilipes (P.Taylor) U.Manns & Anderb. NE2+3 herb (p) S Zimbabwe 3a
Proteaceae Faurea racemosa Farmar NE1+3 tree Z Malawi 3b
Proteaceae Faurea rubriflora Marner NE2 tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Proteaceae Leucospermum saxosum S.Moore NE3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe, South Africa LP MP 3
Proteaceae Protea caffra Meisn. subsp. gazensis (Beard) Chisumpa & Brummitt NE2 shrub, tree Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Proteaceae Protea enervis Wild NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Putranjivaceae Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var. angustifolia Radcl.-Sm. E shrub, tree Y Mc
Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea mossambicensis (Brehmer) Alston NE1 shrub, tree CD, In, Mp Tanzania, eSwatini, South Africa KN
Rubiaceae Afrocanthium ngonii (Bridson) Lantz NE2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Afrocanthium racemulosum (S.Moore) Lantz var. nanguanum (Tennant) Bridson NE1 shrub, tree CD, Z Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Afrocanthium vollesenii (Bridson) Lantz NE3 shrub, tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Anthospermum ammanioides S.Moore NE1 shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Anthospermum vallicola S.Moore NE1 shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Anthospermum zimbabwense Puff NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Canthium oligocarpum Hiern subsp. angustifolium Bridson NE1 tree Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Catunaregam stenocarpa Bridson NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na, Ni, Z Tanzania
Rubiaceae Catunaregam swynnertonii (S.Moore) Bridson NE1 shrub, tree CD, G, Mc, Na, S, T, Z Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Chassalia colorata J.E.Burrows E shrub CD 1
Rubiaceae Coffea salvatrix Swynn. & Phillipson NE1 shrub, tree Mc, Z Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Coffea schliebenii Bridson NE2 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Conostomium gazense Verdc. E herb (p) Y G 2c
Rubiaceae Cuviera schliebenii Verdc. NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na, Z Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Didymosalpinx callianthus J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows NE1+2+3 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Empogona jenniferae Cheek NE2+3 tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Empogona maputensis (Bridson & A.E.van Wyk) Tosh & Robbr. NE2+3 shrub Mp South Africa KN 2a
Rubiaceae Heinsia mozambicensis (Verdc.) J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows E shrub Na 1
Rubiaceae Hymenodictyon austro-africanum J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows NE2 shrub, tree G South Africa LP
Rubiaceae Hyperacanthus microphyllus (K.Schum.) Bridson NE1 shrub, tree G, Mp, Na, S South Africa KN, ?Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Leptactina papyrophloea Verdc. NE1+3 tree CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Oldenlandia cana Bremek. NE2 herb (a) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Oldenlandia verrucitesta Verdc. E herb (a), herb (p) Y Z
Rubiaceae Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br. subsp. inyangana NE1+2 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br. subsp. parvifolia (Verdc.) Puff NE1+2 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Otiophora lanceolata Verdc. NE1+2 herb (p), shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Oxyanthus biflorus J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows NE1+2+3 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Oxyanthus latifolius Sond. NE1 tree G, In, Mp, S, Z South Africa KN
Rubiaceae Oxyanthus strigosus Bridson & J.E.Burrows NE1+2 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta chapmanii Bridson NE2 shrub, tree Z Malawi 3b
Rubiaceae Pavetta comostyla S.Moore subsp. comostyla var. inyangensis (Bremek.) Bridson NE1+2 shrub, tree Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Pavetta curalicola J.E.Burrows E shrub CD, Na 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta decumbens K.Schum. & K.Krause NE1 shrub CD, Na, S, Z Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta dianeae J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows E shrub CD, Na, Z 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta gardeniifolia A.Rich. var. appendiculata (De Wild.) Bridson E shrub, tree Ni, Z
Rubiaceae Pavetta gracillima S.Moore NE1 shrub In, Mc, S Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Pavetta gurueensis Bridson E shrub Z 3b
Rubiaceae Pavetta incana Klotzsch E shrub T
Rubiaceae Pavetta klotzschiana K.Schum. NE1 shrub CD, In, Mc, Na, S, T, Z Malawi, Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Pavetta lindina Bremek. NE1+2 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta micropunctata Bridson NE1+2 shrub Na Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta mocambicensis Bremek. E shrub CD, Na 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta pumila N.E.Br. E shrub S
Rubiaceae Pavetta tendagurensis Bremek. NE1 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta umtalensis Bremek. NE1+2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Pavetta vanwykiana Bridson NE2 shrub Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2b
Rubiaceae Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Vatke subsp. milangiana (Verdc.) Verdc. NE1 herb (p), shrub Na, Z Malawi 3b
Rubiaceae Polysphaeria harrisii I.Darbysh. & C.Langa E shrub Z 3b
Rubiaceae Polysphaeria ribauensis I. Darbysh. & C.Langa E shrub Na 3b
Rubiaceae Psychotria amboniana K.Schum. subsp. mosambicensis (E.M.A.Petit) Verdc. E shrub G, In, Mp 2a, 2c
Rubiaceae Psychotria angustibracteata (Verdc.) J.E.Burrows NE1 shrub, tree Mc, Na, S, Z Zimbabwe 3a, 3b
Rubiaceae Psydrax fragrantissimus (K.Schum.) Bridson NE1 shrub, tree Mp South Africa KN 2a
Rubiaceae Psydrax micans (Bullock) Bridson NE1 tree, liana CD, Na, S Tanzania
Rubiaceae Psydrax moggii Bridson E shrub, tree CD, G, In, Mp, Na, S
Rubiaceae Pyrostria chapmanii Bridson NE1+2+3 shrub, tree Na, Z Malawi 3b
Rubiaceae Rothmannia fischeri (K.Schum.) Bullock subsp. moramballae (Hiern) Bridson NE1 tree CD, In, Mc, Mp, S, Z South Africa KN; Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Rytigynia celastroides (Baill.) Verdc. var australis Verdc. NE1 shrub In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Rubiaceae Rytigynia torrei Verdc. E shrub CD, Na
Rubiaceae Sericanthe chimanimaniensis Wursten & De Block INED. NE1+2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Spermacoce kirkii (Hiern.) Verdc. E herb (a), herb (p) G, In, S, Z
Rubiaceae Spermacoce schlechteri K.Schum. ex Verdc. E herb (p) In, Na, S, Z ?Tanzania
Rubiaceae Tarenna longipedicellata (J.G.García) Bridson E shrub S, Z
Rubiaceae Tarenna pembensis J.E.Burrows E tree CD, Na 1
Rubiaceae Triainolepis sancta Verdc. E shrub In 2c
Rubiaceae Tricalysia coriacea (Benth.) Hiern subsp. angustifolia (J.G.Garcia) Robbr. NE1 shrub, tree Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Tricalysia ignota Bridson NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Malawi; Zimbabwe 3a, 3b
Rubiaceae Tricalysia jasminiflora (Klotzsch) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hiern var. hypotephros Brenan E shrub, tree Z
Rubiaceae Tricalysia schliebenii Robbr. NE1 shrub CD, Na, Z Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Tricalysia semidecidua Bridson NE1 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Vangueria domatiosa J.E.Burrows E tree CD 1
Rubiaceae Vangueria monteiroi (Oliv.) Lantz (=Lagynias monteiroi (Oliv.) Bridson) NE1 shrub, tree G, Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Rutaceae Teclea crenulata (Engl.) Engl. (=Todallia crenulata Engl.) E unknown Y Z
Rutaceae Vepris allenii I.Verd. E shrub, tree CD Possibly Tanzania 1
Rutaceae Vepris carringtoniana Mendonça NE1 shrub In, Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN, LP, MP 2a, 2b, 2c
Rutaceae Vepris drummondii Mendonça NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rutaceae Vepris macedoi (Exell & Mendonça) Mziray E tree Na 3b
Rutaceae Vepris myrei (Exell & Mendonça) Mziray NE1 shrub, tree In, S, T Malawi, Zimbabwe
Rutaceae Zanthoxylum delagoense P.G.Waterman E shrub, tree G, In, Mp, S 2a, 2c
Rutaceae Zanthoxylum tenuipedicellatum (Kokwaro) Vollesen NE2+3 shrub, tree Na Tanzania 1
Santalaceae Thesium chimanimaniense Brenan NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Santalaceae Thesium dolichomeres Brenan NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Santalaceae Thesium inhambanense Hilliard E herb (p) Y In Possibly Malawi 2c
Santalaceae Thesium pygmaeum Hilliard NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Santalaceae Thesium vahrmeijeri Brenan NE1 herb (a) In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Santalaceae Viscum littorum Polhill & Wiens E shrub CD 1
Sapindaceae Allophylus mossambicensis Exell E shrub G, In 2a, 2c
Sapindaceae Allophylus torrei Exell & Mendonça E shrub, tree CD, Na
Sapotaceae Synsepalum chimanimani S.Rokni & I.Darbysh. NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Sapotaceae Synsepalum muelleri (Kupicha) T.D.Penn. NE1 shrub, tree Na, Z Malawi 3b
Scrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia carvalhoi (Engl.) Hilliard NE2 herb (p), shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Scrophulariaceae Selago anatrichota Hilliard NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Scrophulariaceae Selago swynnertonii (S.Moore) Eyles var. leiophylla (Brenan) Hilliard NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Solanaceae Solanum litoraneum A.E.Gonç. E shrub In, Mp 2a, 2c
Solanaceae Solanum torreanum A.E.Gonç. NE1 herb (c) Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN MP 2a
Thymelaeaceae Gnidia chapmanii B.Peterson NE2+3 shrub Z Malawi 3b
Thymelaeaceae Struthiola montana B.Peterson NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Thymelaeaceae Synaptolepis oliveriana Gilg NE1 shrub, liana CD, G, In, Mp, Na, Z South Africa KN
Vahliaceae Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. macrantha (Klotzsch) Bridson E herb (a), herb (p) Mc, S, Z Possibly Madagascar
Verbenaceae Chascanum angolense Moldenke subsp. zambesiacum (R.Fern.) R.Fern. NE2+3 shrub, herb (p) In Malawi
Verbenaceae Chascanum schlechteri (Gürke) Moldenke var. torrei Moldenke E herb (p) Y Mp 2a
Verbenaceae Lantana swynnertonii Moldenke NE1 shrub Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a, 3b
Vitaceae Cissus aristolochiifolia Planch. NE1 herb (c) Na, Z Malawi 3b
Vitaceae Cissus bathyrhakodes Werderm. NE1 herb (p) CD, Mc, Z Tanzania
Vitaceae Cyphostemma barbosae Wild & R.B.Drumm. NE1 herb (geo) Mp eSwatini, South Africa KN, MP 2b

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1 

Annotated checklist of the endemic and near-endemic vascular plant taxa of Mozambique

Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermenegildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten

Data type: species data

Explanation note: Explanatory notes in addition to those for Appendix 1: For “Sources”, F.Z. = Flora Zambesiaca; S.R.D.L. = Southern African Plant Red Data Lists (Izidine and Bandeira 2002); T.S.M. = Trees and Shrubs of Mozambique (Burrows et al. 2018). For “IUCN Status”, assessments in italics are awaiting publication; those marked with an asterisk (*) require updating.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (136.13 kb)
Supplementary material 2 

Taxa that were considered for their potential status as near-endemics for Mozambique in preparation of the checklist but that do not meet the criteria set out in the Materials and methods

Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermenegildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten

Data type: species data

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (15.25 kb)
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