Research Article |
Corresponding author: Robert W. Scotland ( robert.scotland@plants.ox.ac.uk ) Academic editor: Leandro Giacomin
© 2020 John R. I. Wood, Pablo Muñoz-Rodríguez, Bethany R. M. Williams, Robert W. Scotland.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wood JR.I, Muñoz-Rodríguez P, Williams BR.M, Scotland RW (2020) A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World. PhytoKeys 143: 1-823. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.143.32821
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A monograph of the 425 New World species of Ipomoea is presented. All 425 species are described and information is provided on their ecology and distribution, with citations from all countries from which they are reported. Notes are provided on salient characteristics and taxonomic issues related to individual species. A full synonymy is provided and 272 names are lectotypified. An extensive introduction discusses the delimitation and history of Ipomoea arguing that a broad generic concept is the only rational solution in the light of recent phylogenetic advances. Although no formal infrageneric classification is proposed, attention is drawn to the major clades of the genus and several morphologically well-defined clades are discussed including those traditionally treated under the names Arborescens, Batatas, Pharbitis, Calonyction and Quamoclit, sometimes as distinct genera, subgenera, sections or series. Identification keys are provided on a regional basis including multi-entry keys for the main continental blocks. Six species are described as new, Ipomoea nivea J.R.I. Wood & Scotland from Peru, I. apodiensis J.R.I. Wood & Scotland from Brazil, I. calcicola J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. pochutlensis J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. zacatecana J.R.I. Wood & Scotland and I. ramulosa J.R.I. Wood & Scotland from Mexico, while var. australis of I. cordatotriloba is raised to specific status as I. australis (O’Donell) J.R.I. Wood & P. Muñoz. New subspecies for I. nitida (subsp. krapovickasii J.R.I. Wood & Scotland) and for I. chenopodiifolia (subsp. bellator J.R.I. Wood & Scotland) are described. The status of previously recognized species and varieties is changed so the following new subspecies are recognized: I. amnicola subsp. chiliantha (Hallier f.) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. chenopodiifolia subsp. signata (House) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. orizabensis subsp. collina (House) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. orizabensis subsp. austromexicana (J.A. McDonald) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. orizabensis subsp. novogaliciana (J.A. McDonald) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. setosa subsp. pavonii (Hallier f.) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. setosa subsp. melanotricha (Brandegee) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. setosa subsp. sepacuitensis (Donn. Sm.) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, I. ternifolia subsp. leptotoma (Torr.) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland. Ipomoea angustata and I. subincana var. angustata var. subincana (Choisy) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland of I. barbatisepala and I. brasiliana respectively. Attention is drawn to a number of hitherto poorly recognized phenomena in the genus including a very large radiation centred on the Parana region of South America and another on the Caribbean Islands, a strong trend towards an amphitropical distribution in the New World, the existence of a relatively large number of species with a pantropical distribution and of many species in different clades with storage roots, most of which have never been evaluated for economic purposes. The treatment is illustrated with over 200 figures composed of line drawings and photographs.
America, Batatas, Convolvulaceae, distribution, illustrations, keys, lectotypification, monograph, morning glory, new taxa, Pharbitis, Quamoclit, revision, storage roots, sweet potato, synonymy
This monograph of Ipomoea L. in the New World follows on from our monograph of Convolvulus (
We have developed the ‘foundation monograph’ concept at Oxford as an approach to overhauling the taxonomy of species-rich groups of tropical plants since many of these groups have never been studied across their entire geographical distribution as a consequence of the pragmatic and local nature of much taxonomy. Inevitably, these groups contain undiscovered species, high levels of undetected synonymy, and identification keys are absent or limited. A major challenge in monographing these groups is the size of the task given the number of species, their global distribution and extensive synonymy, the large and increasing number of specimens, the numerous and dispersed herbaria where specimens are housed and an extensive, scattered and often obscure literature. Our approach seeks to focus on those tasks that are tractable and can offer the maximum improvement in taxonomic knowledge in a given period of time. It is novel in the sense that we combine standard taxonomic techniques with the use of online digital images and molecular sequence data to focus on species level taxonomic problems across the entire distribution range of individual species. A detailed account of our approach is available in
Although there are some problems of species delimitation in Ipomoea, particularly in Clade A (Figure
Ipomoea as constituted by Linnaeus was based on Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. and contained various elements, including I. quamoclit and I. coccinea (Quamoclit Clade, page 556), I. triloba and I. lacunosa (Batatas Clade, page 387), I. violacea, I. alba and I. carolina as well as species of Merremia Dennst. ex Endl. and Jacquemontia Choisy and even a species of Hydrophyllaceae, I. nyctelea L. (=Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L.). It was not clearly defined and several species since treated as belonging to Ipomoea were placed in Convolvulus L. by Linnaeus including I. purpurea and I. pes-caprae.
Jacquin, Vahl, Willdenow and others of Linnaeus’ successors in the later part of the 18th century continued placing species of Convolvulaceae rather arbitrarily in either Convolvulus L. or Ipomoea. Only Cavanilles’ placements came close to coinciding with a modern concept of I.omoea. Some authors, like
Choisy’s system continued in use until the 1890s when it was essentially reproduced in the account of Convolvulaceae in Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (
Hallier’s system has endured with only a few, relatively minor changes for about 125 years. A handful of new genera were established to include small, morphologically distinct splinter groups from the Ipomoeeae such as Lepistemonopsis with fleshy scales at the base of the filaments and Pentacrostigma with a 5-lobed stigma and 5-locular ovary. On the other hand the genera Calonyction, Mina and Quamoclit, all recognized by Hallier, were gradually abandoned; none was recognized by O’Donell in his various publications (
Recent phylogenetic studies point towards the acceptance of a broad concept of Ipomoea to include all Hallier’s Echinoconieae. Initial studies by
Our own extensive studies (
An inevitable result of the situation described in the previous paragraphs is that all existing infrageneric classifications of Ipomoea are to a degree unnatural and many subgroups are neither monophyletic nor well-defined, something that goes far towards explaining the instability of all previous infrageneric classifications.
Apart from the repeated changes of status that these infrageneric taxa have undergone resulting in many groupings being re-graded from subgenus to section to series, the increasing multiplication of infrageneric taxa illustrates the difficulties of achieving a satisfactory classification. Apart from Quamoclit, Pharbitis, Calonyction, Old World Astripomoea and eventually Batatas (
The history of species recognition in Ipomoea is somewhat chequered. Good taxonomic decisions always require an awareness of previous publications as well as a good understanding of the relative value of different taxonomic characters. Access to a good range of specimens and images as well as field knowledge are also useful but only a few taxonomists have been able to benefit from these. Most have worked with limited material. The new species of early authors have not always stood the test of time (
The legacy of the most important 19th century expert on Ipomoea, the Swiss botanist Choisy, is very mixed and he was criticised even during his own lifetime. He saw a wide range of specimens in many European herbaria and was well aware of previous publications, but neither his generic nor his species concepts have lasted well. He described the same species under different names often in different genera (
The next major work was the account of Convolvulaceae prepared by
The inadequate species level taxonomy of Choisy and Meisner was not an inevitable consequence of the epoch in which they worked. Near contemporaries such as
From the mid-20th century onwards, the situation has improved, partly as the result of the outstanding achievement of the Argentinian botanist Carlos
After O’Donell’s premature death in 1954, there has been a slow but steady increment of new species from the Americas. Isolated species from different countries have been published by various authors but the contributions of Dan Austin and Andy McDonald are the most significant. Accounts of Ipomoea in Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela by
Inevitably the first species of Ipomoea to be recognized and catalogued from the New World were species of economic importance (I. batatas), of horticultural value (I. alba, I. indica, I. nil, I. purpurea), or were widespread conspicuous species of accessible habitats, such as I. pes-caprae, or I. violacea, which grow on seashores. All were known to pre-Linnean botanists and featured in Species Plantarum and other near contemporary works.
Geographically, the first region from where a reasonably comprehensive inventory of Ipomoea emerged was the eastern United States. Nearly all the localized species from this area had been found and described by around 1800, including species like I. pandurata, I. lacunosa and I. macrorhiza. The United States Southwest had to wait until the 1850s after the United States-Mexican war. It was only then that species from this region were discovered, principally by Wright, Lindheimer and Torrey. Most were described a quarter of a century later by
The Caribbean had been one of the earliest regions of botanical exploration and many of its endemic species including Ipomoea ternata, I. tenuifolia, I. repanda, I. digitata, I. clausa and I. desrousseauxii were discovered in the 18th century, as both Jamaica and Hispaniola were visited by botanists from different European countries. Cuba was somewhat different. Although Humboldt and Bonpland visited Cuba, they did not find any of its endemic species. A few were discovered by Sagra in the 1840s, but it was only in the 1860s that the rich diversity of Ipomoea in Cuba became known after
There were collections from Mexico in the Spanish colonial era but those of Sessé and Moçiño were not published until a hundred years later. Nevertheless, seeds sent to Spain by them and by Née were cultivated in Madrid enabling Cavanilles to describe several attractive and interesting Mexican species including Ipomoea tricolor, I. stans and I. bracteata at the end of the 18th century. The expedition of Humboldt and Bonpland constituted the next step forward in revealing the wealth of Mexican Ipomoea. Ipomoea cholulensis, I. suffulta and I. hastigera were amongst their discoveries, as was I. arborescens, the first tree Ipomoea to be described. During the first half of the 19th century Mairet, Andrieux, Hartweg and others added to the list of species known from Mexico, but the most important advance came with the collections of Galeotti, which greatly increased the number of known species. His discoveries were published in 1845 and included many well-known Mexican species such as I. lindenii, I. minutiflora, I. chenopodiifolia, I. pauciflora, I. suaveolens and I. proxima (
After 1845 there was a lull in the discovery of new Mexican species for almost fifty years. However, the end of the 19th century proved to be a golden age for botanical exploration in Mexico thanks to a series of collectors mostly from the United States, especially Palmer, Pringle, Purpus, Nelson and Brandegee, and the Mexican-Italian Casiano Conzatti. The number of recognized species doubled during this era. However, these collections did not exhaust the riches of Mexican Ipomoea and the 20th century has seen the regular discovery of new species by collectors from both Mexico and the United States, notably H.S. Gentry, G.B. Hinton and Rogers McVaugh from the United States and the Japanese-Mexican Eizi Matuda. This trend has continued into the new century with at least eight new species described since 2000. It is too early to say whether this trend is ending but it is perhaps significant that rather few new Mexican species has been found during the course of our studies in Ipomoea.
It was mostly during the 20th century that the Ipomoea flora of Central America was discovered and described. Although not as rich as the Mexican flora, there has been a steady increment of new species since the middle of the century including I. chiriquensis from Panama, I. magniflora from Costa Rica, I. riparum from Honduras, I. heterodoxa from Belize and I. steerei from Yucatán, mostly found by North American collectors. However, the inventory of species seems to be nearly complete, since, as with the Caribbean, nothing new has been reported since the turn of the 21st century.
The earliest collections from South America of any importance were made by Ruiz and Pavón in Peru at the end of the 18th century. They noted surprisingly few new species of Ipomoea but amongst them were I. ramosissima. Of far greater importance was the expedition of Humboldt and Bonpland. Having found new species in Mexico they went on to find a series of new species in the northern Andes including I. discolor and I. parasitica in Venezuela, I. capillacea in Colombia and I. abutiloides in Ecuador.
Essentially little more was discovered or described from the Andean region for well over a century apart from a few species from Venezuela (
This situation only changed after the Second World War initially as a result of O’Donell’s short career (
The 19th century, in contrast, was a golden age for plant discovery in Brazil, mostly under the stimulus of the production of Martius’ Flora Brasiliensis. The roll call of collectors finding new species of Ipomoea in Brazil is composed of most famous plant collectors in Brazil in the 19th century. They include the Germans Martius, Riedel and Sellow, the Brazilians Vellozo and Silva Manso, Blanchet and Glaziou from France, Regnell from Sweden, Gardner, Spruce and Burchell from Britain and Pohl from Austria, their achievement commemorated in species such as I. burchellii, I. regnellii, I. blanchetii, I. spruceana and I. pohlii, all still recognized Brazilian species. The result was that by about 1870 our knowledge of Ipomoea was greater in Brazil than elsewhere in South America.
After the publication of Flora Brasiliensis (
As in other aspects of its history, Paraguay (and neighbouring parts of Argentina) has followed a somewhat different trajectory. Until the 1870s, the flora of this region was essentially unknown. Then came a publication by
This monograph is based fundamentally on the study of herbarium specimens of Ipomoea informed by observations from morphology and molecular sequence data, fieldwork, photographs and information from literature and individual contacts throughout the Americas.
We have depended heavily on herbarium collections at Kew (K) and the Natural History Museum in London (BM), which together with material at Oxford (OXF) have formed the basis of our study. We have visited various European herbaria including Edinburgh (E), Leyden (L), Paris (P), Madrid (MA) and Stockholm (S) to view their collections of Ipomoea. During the course of visits to the United States we have seen material at (GH) and (A) at Harvard, the New York Botanical Garden (NY), the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (US), the Field Museum (F), Missouri Botanical Garden (MO) and Arizona University (ARIZ), including extensive material from Fairchild in Florida (FTG). Within Latin America, visits have been made to see herbarium collections in Cuba (HACB, HAJB), Mexico (IEB, MEXU), Ecuador (Q, QAP, QCA, QCNE, GUAY, LOJA), Peru (CIP, CUZ, USM), Bolivia (BOLV, HSB, LPB, USZ), Paraguay (FCQ, PY, SCP), Argentina (CTES, LIL) and Brazil (CEN, CPAP, HUEFS, IPA, JPB, MBM, PEUFR, R, RB, SP, UB). Help received from individuals in all these institutions is detailed in the acknowledgements at the end of this monograph. We have also received important loans of material from most of these institutions as well as from G and GOET. Photographs of herbarium specimens have also been a valuable source of information. The most important have been the images of types available through Jstor (www.jstor.org), but the websites of CRIA (splink.cria.org.br) and Reflora (reflora.jbrj.gov.br) and those associated with herbaria, including ARIZ (SEInet; swbiodiversity.org), B, BR, C, COL, E, F, MO, NY, P, PMA, US and W have all provided valuable information. We have also been sent images of important material from Geneva (G), Turin (TO), St Petersburg (LE), Vienna (W), Göttingen (GOET), Rancho Santa Ana (RSA), Montevideo (MVM) and Cambridge University (CGE). All cited acronyms are in accordance with the Index Herbariorum (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/).
Much of the material we have been loaned has been type material or old or rare specimens and this has had important limitations on our ability to provide complete and accurate descriptions. In particular, details of the habit of many species is missing and can only be inferred. Flower colour has often been lost or modified during the drying process. It is often impossible, or at least undesirable, to dissect corollas, where only one or two are present pasted to the sheet and fragile in nature. Finally, it must be emphasized that the fruit of many species is unknown.
It is important to stress that herbarium specimens are not only a source of basic taxonomic information and an indispensable tool for species delimitation but also an essential resource for phylogenetic, ecological and other information. We have been able to use specimens for DNA sequencing, even from collections over a hundred years old, if they have been rapidly dried and retain their natural colouring. More recent, heat-dried specimens nearly always yield high-quality DNA, but there are striking exceptions, such as specimens of Ipomoea chondrosepala, which have mostly resisted repeated attempts to extract DNA. Specimen labels are another invaluable source of data. They can provide information that is not apparent from the specimen, such as flower colour, habit and size. Label information can also contain information about the general and specific habitat of the plant and can provide important facts about flowering patterns and ecology. We have used all available information of this kind to inform our descriptions and notes.
The first author has had many years of fieldwork during which he has collected Ipomoea. However, it is only since about 2008 that he has made careful efforts to collect, photograph and study the genus. Most of his fieldwork in South America has been carried out in Bolivia but important visits have been made to Argentina with the help of Hector Keller, to Brazil with the help of Luciano de Queiroz and to Paraguay with the help of Rosa Degen. This fieldwork has been very important in enhancing our understanding of the variation in species and in providing details of their habit and habitat. A consequence is that Bolivia is the only country from where we have near complete molecular sampling, a near complete collection of photographs of living plants and a good understanding of the phenology of different Ipomoea species. It is fortunate that there are 109 recorded species in Bolivia making it the third most species-rich country for Ipomoea in the Americas after Mexico and Brazil.
We have also benefitted from observations and in particular images sent to us by individuals over the years. We are particularly grateful to Maira Tatiana Martinez, Alfredo Fuentes, Alexander Parada, Julia Gutiérrez, Modesto Zarate and Daniel Soto (Bolivia), Moises Mendoza and Hibert Huaylla (Bolivia and Brazil), Hector Keller and Keith Ferguson (Argentina), Gilberto Morillo (Venezuela), Regis E. Bastian, Teresa Buril and Ray Harley (Brazil), Mario Giogetta (Bolivia and Argentina), Erin Tripp (Mexico), Jhon Infante Betancour (Colombia), Rémi Girault (French Guiana), Ramona Oviedo and José Luis Gómez (Cuba). We have also benefitted from images of living plants shown on a number of websites, especially Tropicos (tropicos.org) and SEInet.
We have made full use of a wide range of literature as cited in the list of references. This includes regional, national and local floras and checklists (WCSP (1917), for example) as well as taxonomic works. We have consulted field guides and similar works when we have become aware of their existence. They often provide specific habitat and field identification information not readily available elsewhere. We have also made occasional use of information on the internet, but only if it seems reliable. We have scanned literature for examples of illustrations of species to supplement those prepared specifically for this project.
Perhaps the most significant element in our methodology has been the integration of morphological and molecular data. During the course of the five years that we have been studying Ipomoea we have been able to sequence 1,560 specimens and approximately 450 species of Ipomoea from all over the world for ITS and two chloroplast markers (matK and trnH-psbA), 3,035 DNA barcode sequences in total (
Nowhere in biology is the disparity between theory and practice more evident than at the level of species. In an influential and widely cited contribution Kevin de
We have tried to make use of so-called conservative characters in accepting species and the value of these is discussed in the notes that follow. Pollination syndromes as reflected in corolla shape and to some extent in colouring and the structure of the androecium are seen as important for species delimitation (
The concept of a subspecies is retained for taxa which are morphologically distinct throughout most of their range but whose characters overlap in regions where the ranges of the two taxa meet. We accept that some species recognized in the following account could have been treated as subspecies of a closely related species, but in many cases, the number of specimens seen is so few that it would be premature to make this decision. Subspecific status is, therefore, reserved pragmatically for taxa of which we have seen many examples. Subspecies are keyed out when there are three more recognized subspecies for a particular species.
Apart from subspecies, other infraspecific categories are not formally recognized in this account with the exception of two varieties. Most varieties, formas and subformas recognized by previous authors have little value and often do little more than recognize minor variations of corolla colour, indumentum or leaf shape. Some varieties, however, have long been recognized and, where these are historically significant or readily recognized, we have drawn attention to them in the notes that follow the species descriptions and made comments about their distinctive characters and distribution. We accept that some readers may wish to continue recognizing and using these varietal names. We understand varieties as morphologically distinct populations that occur sporadically over part or all of the range of a species. Although varieties may be restricted to a specific area they do not occupy a distinct geographical region with populations overlapping with those from another distinct geographical area. Sporadic occurrence is an important criterion in the recognition of varietal, rather than subspecific status.
In the following taxonomic account species are arranged in a linear order, reflecting phylogenetic relationships as far as is possible (
The process described above was not always straightforward as the resolution of some parts of the phylogeny is poor, particularly in Clade A (Figure
The accepted names of species and subspecies are given in bold italics, followed by their author and place of publication. Where a recognized taxon is based on a nomenclatural combination, the basionym is given in plain italics immediately following the accepted names. This is followed in chronological order by any other names based on the same basionym. Heterotypic synonyms are then listed in chronological order of their basionym, each followed by subsequent combinations based on each basionym. Finally any commonly used name misapplied to the species is listed but only very common misapplications are cited. Authorities are not cited in the notes and other discussion sections for taxa that are treated in the monograph unless needed to clarify some typification or nomenclatural issue.
Types are cited for all listed taxa. The location of all types is indicated by the appropriate acronym following Index Herbariorum (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/), the only exception being CIP (Centro Internacional de La Papa at Lima), whose herbarium is not included in Index Herbariorum but does contain some types. We have tried to indicate the holotype (or lectotype) in each case and we have seen all holotypes and lectotypes unless indicated with n.v. (not seen). We have not necessarily seen all isotypes but have listed herbaria where they are reported to be present. The list of isotypes may not be complete in every case and we have uncovered numerous isotypes during the course of our visits to different herbaria. Many more are likely to be found in herbaria we have not visited. We have designated lectotypes in many cases where no holotype existed or where it was ambiguous. It is hoped this will help achieve nomenclatural stability.
Descriptions all follow the same sequence and should be comparable although some details (fruits and seeds for example) are not always known. Subspecies are treated diagnostically following the main species description. With two exceptions varieties are not formally accepted and are included within the synonymy of individual species. However, those varieties we consider particularly significant are highlighted in bold in the notes that follow each species and we indicate what their distinctive characteristics are.
References are provided to illustrations after the descriptive text. These include all illustrations in the present work and selected illustrations from other publications. We have only selected illustrations from relatively recent publications with an emphasis on those from publications related to the Americas. However, we have included references to
Geographical information is provided country by country. Continental countries are ordered from south to north as follows: Eastern non-Andean, South America: Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana; Western South America northwards, Chile north to Venezuela and then northwards from Panama to Canada. The islands are ordered from Bermuda to Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Cuba, Cayman Islands and Jamaica, then from Haiti in an arc east and south to Trinidad, with the Netherlands Group at the end. Hawaii is placed in final position. Although apparently rather eccentric, this order ensures to a very large extent that plants whose range extends into adjacent countries or along mountain or island chains are arranged into logical distribution patterns.
Citations of occurrence are provided for all countries and, where possible, for major areas (states, provinces or departments), highlighted in bold face, in the larger countries. All South American countries except Uruguay and the Guianas are treated as “large countries”, together with Mexico, the United States and Canada. Major areas within larger countries are arranged alphabetically. The small Caribbean islands are treated as “major areas” of the Lesser Antilles. Citations are based on specimens seen or, in a few cases, identified by an established authority who is known to have understood the species well. Records from checklists and, especially data bases without images, have not been used as they contain many errors (
Ecological information is included within distributional information. Our knowledge of the ecology of individual species varies from zero to good. It is particularly poor in cases of very localized species. Many of the widespread species occur as garden escapes, weeds or adventives in and around settlements and by roads. The only Ipomoea species reported to be invasive is I. aquatica and that only in Florida and Cuba. No troublesome weed of cultivation has been noted.
Explanations for lectotypifications are provided separately from other notes. In cases where no explanation is provided, it should be assumed that the most complete specimen seen and cited by the original author was chosen.
Notes are mostly related to taxonomic issues. They often summarise distinctive characteristics of a species and indicate how it can be distinguished from other species with which it is often confused. Some information has been given about traditional and economic uses but this has not been a focus of attention in this monograph.
Results from molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have been of great value in our research at many levels (
DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis has been valuable at the species level too. It has confirmed the monophyly of many species and has also drawn attention to the existence of unrecognized new species. We have many examples of this, such as the “discovery” of Ipomoea kraholandica in Brazil or I. lactifera in Bolivia, this last especially interesting as DNA confirmed it as belonging to the Batatas Clade and sister to the Old World species, Ipomoea littoralis. Sequence data has shown some species thought to be distinct are conspecific with others from different geographical areas, for example, I. acanthocarpa from Africa is the same species as I. piurensis from America, while I. lindenii from mainland America is the same as the Jamaican endemic I. cyanantha. In both these examples multiple specimens of the supposedly distinct species form a largely unresolved single clade confirming our morphological observations that the species are indistinguishable. DNA has also demonstrated that some species pairs thought to be possibly conspecific are indeed different; I. paludicola is distinct from I. asarifolia, I. marginisepala from I. cardiophylla and I. pterocaulis from I. jalapa. In these examples specimens from the two species do not form a clade separate from all other species. DNA has also shown that Ipomoea indica is not monophyletic and so consists of more than one entity, although we have not yet been able to unravel this complex. It has highlighted misidentifications when wrongly named specimens appear in parts of the tree separate from the clade where they belong. It has also provided a phylogenetic context to enable the interpretation of incomplete specimens, which lack diagnostic morphological information. However, molecular sequencing using ITS has severe limitations which are well documented, not least lack of resolution and support. For this reason, we have always used our ITS phylogeny in conjunction with hypotheses based on morphological characters. Nevertheless, we have been reassured that all major clades identified in our ITS tree are also inferred from the analysis of single-copy nuclear regions and of whole chloroplast genomes (
Figure
Both NWC and OWC contain elements that were recognized previously as genera and appear as smaller clades within NWC or OWC. The only previously recognized genus that is represented by native species in both NWC and OWC is Turbina, although most of its species are in OWC. Turbina is polyphyletic containing several heterogeneous elements and is consequently rejected. Similarly, we reject the New World genus Exogonium as it was founded on a hypocrateriform corolla adapted for bird pollination and this character is homoplastic occurring in various different clades within NWC. In NWC, species formerly grouped under the names Arborescens, Batatas, Pharbitis, Calonyction and Quamoclit all form small clades which more or less coincide with their traditional circumscription and so are used by us as names for the corresponding clades. In OWC the generic names Argyreia, Astripomoea, Stictocardia and Lepistemon form clades of varying sizes and we continue to use these names for these distinct clades. Unlike the New World clades recognized above, these Old World clades vary considerably in size, Argyreia having around 125 species (including Rivea), Stictocardia around ten and Lepistemon only two so barely meriting recognition. All these nine clades which are assigned traditional names are more or less diagnosable using combinations of morphological characters.
NWC comprises about 450 species. Apart from a few species previously placed in Turbina, all species belong to Echinoconieae subgroup Ipomoeeae in
Our studies have revealed many smaller clades to which a traditional name cannot be readily attached. The two largest are both in Clade A of NWC and we refer to these as Clades A1 and A2. Some of the species in Clade A1 were treated as series Jalapa by Austin and Huáman, but in a very inconsistent way. It is found throughout the neotropics but is most diverse in South America. The Arborescens group form a small clade within A1. Clade A2 is also found throughout the neotropics but is particularly important in the Caribbean, as nearly all the 25 endemic species of that region belong to it. Elements of this clade were referred to as Microsticta by
Apart from Pharbitis, Calonyction and Quamoclit, there are several small clades which are more or less diagnosable morphologically within Clade B. There is a small clade (Species 328–334) of seven species centred on Ipomoea costellata assigned the name Pedatisecta by
Clade C also contains a number of small clades which are more or less diagnosable morphologically or geographically, although the best known species, Ipomoea pes-caprae, belongs to a clade of Australian species. A small clade of four species (Species 345–348) centred on I. asarifolia can be recognized by their very unequal, transversely muricate sepals. Another small clade of South American species consisting of perhaps eight species centred on I. maurandioides (Species 356–363) that can be recognized by their glabrous indumentum, unequal sepals and often trailing habit.
The Old World Clade (OWC) contains around 350 species mostly from the palaeotropics. It includes most species treated as Echinoconieae subgroup Argyreieae by Hallier including all species placed in Argyreia, Rivea (which is nested within Argyreia), Stictocardia and some species placed in Turbina. Only a few relatively small clades are composed of neotropical species. Much the largest is the clade of around 12 species centred on I. corymbosa but with morphologically very disparate elements, including I. ochracea, I. regnellii, I. crinicalyx, I. cuscoenesis and I. daturiflora.
There are important practical implications from our molecular results. Since there is no obvious or close correlation between morphological characters and the Ipomoea phylogeny, it is currently impossible to propose an infrageneric classification along traditional lines. Although most clades cannot be defined morphologically, they do have certain morphological tendencies, which we have highlighted and discussed in the notes that precede the description of the species in each clade. As noted above, some of the smaller clades are well-defined and, where this is the case, their distinctive morphological features are indicated. We have also tentatively used molecular results to inform the placement of individual species within clades.
It should be stressed that we have faced a problem that we share with previous botanists working on the classification of Ipomoea. Some species are not available for study or sequencing and so cannot be assigned unequivocally to a clade. In this situation, we have inferred the position of species from their morphology. Most placements will be uncontroversial but in a few cases they are little more than guesses. The notes following each species indicate where placement is particularly uncertain.
Ipomoea is a tropical genus and this is reflected in its distribution in the Americas with few species found north or south of 30 degrees latitude. The main exception lies in the Eastern United States where several species, I. coccinea, I. lacunosa, I. sagittata and I. pandurata, extend north to at least 35 degrees, I. repanda as far as 43°N in Ontario, Canada. The complete absence of Ipomoea from California in the west apart from a few introduced ornamentals (as well as in central Chile) suggests that it cannot tolerate a Mediterranean climate with arid summers and cool wet winters.
Within the neotropics Ipomoea is widely distributed but is noticeably less diverse in the equatorial region with relatively few species in Amazonia, Ecuador (
Most species of Ipomoea are relatively localized in their distribution often being found in a single region or country. However, there is a large set of species (I. alba, I. batatas, I. cairica, I. carnea subsp. fistulosa, I. corymbosa, I. hederifolia, I. indica, I. muricata, I. nil, I. purpurea, I. quamoclit and I. tricolor) that occur around cultivation or in disturbed places near settlements throughout the tropics and are found in almost every country of the Americas with a tropical climate. To this group should be added some other pantropical species that are also widespread but absent from many countries including I. acanthocarpa, I. aquatica, I. asarifolia, I. fimbriosepala, I. mauritiana, I. setifera and I. triloba. All these pantropical species occur sporadically, occasionally abundantly, in different neotropical countries but there is little geographical patterning to their distribution. A similar pattern can be observed in the palaeotropics. Of the 26 species recorded for the Flora of the Mascarenes (
Of species never found in the Old World, Ipomoea aristolochiifolia is probably the most widespread, being found from Argentina north to Mexico, although it is absent from the Caribbean islands. Other very widespread species include I. philomega, I. batatoides, I. ramosissima and I. regnellii but, apart from I. ramosissima, none extends into Argentina and all peter out as they enter Mexico. Two species, I. dumetorum and I. clavata extend along the Andean Chain from Argentina or Bolivia north to Mexico but are absent elsewhere. More frequent are species that extend from the United States or Mexico southwards to northern South America. These include I. capillacea, I. cholulensis and I. lindenii that are restricted to the mountain chains and I. minutiflora, I. meyeri, I. trifida and I. tiliacea which are common in the Caribbean (except I. minutiflora) and Central America extending into northern South America, in the case of I. tiliacea south along the eastern edge of Brazil almost to Uruguay. Of some interest are two upland species, I. plummerae and I. pubescens, common around the 20–30° latitude in both hemispheres but largely absent from intermediate equatorial regions.
Ipomoea plummerae and I. pubescens are not the only species with disjunct distributions. Ipomoea crinicalyx and I. amnicola are also amphitropical in distribution but there is suspicion that the latter has been introduced into the northern hemisphere. Several annual species like I. parasitica, I. heptaphylla, I. longeramosa and I. neurocephala are very scattered in their distribution, being known from many countries but, with the exception of I. longeramosa in NE Brazil, from only one or few collections in each case. The occurrence of the South American I. subrevoluta on the Isla de Juventud (Pinos) in Cuba and also on Trinidad is remarkable but it perhaps arrived as a result of the movement of migratory water birds. Ipomoea thurberi also has a curious distribution with isolated populations in Guatemala and Nicaragua which are disjunct from each other as well as from the main population in northern Mexico and Arizona. In South America remarkable disjunctions are noted for species found on isolated granite domes around the Amazon. Ipomoea chiquitensis and I. graniticola are known from a few locations separated by many thousands of kilometres (
Throughout the Americas many species are endemic to single countries with a good number of species endemic to single localities or to a very restricted area. Clearly the two largest countries, Brazil and Mexico, each with about 60 endemic species, have the greatest numbers of single country endemics. Scattered endemic species are found in most Andean countries with much the greatest numbers in Bolivia (c. 20) but the arbitrary nature of political boundaries tends to reduce the gross figures for individual countries. There are few species endemic to the small Central American republics although four are endemic to the Panama-Guatemala region. The large Caribbean islands are also major centres of endemism. We recognize 17 species as endemic to Cuba, seven to Hispaniola and four to Jamaica. Additionally there are a number of near endemics on these islands. In contrast, species endemic to small islands or island groups are few and we recognize only four, Ipomoea sphenophylla on St Eustatius, I. steudelii on Puerto Rico, I. tuboides on Hawaii and I. habelana on the Galapagos, the last two on several islands in their respective archipelagos and, perhaps coincidentally, both adapted for moth pollination.
It is harder to discern concentrations of endemic species in particular regions of the large continental countries, particularly in Mexico, where endemic species occur in scattered locations over much of the country. However, there is evidence that the greatest concentrations of endemics are in the seasonally arid regions of South West Mexico (
It is equally difficult to discern clear examples of endemism in particular biomes except for some extreme examples such as seashores. Clearly there are many species endemic to Seasonally Dry Forest and to Cerrado but as the former includes many distinct variants and the latter very different physiognomies from campo limpo to cerradão, the notion of endemism is not very easy to apply except in a very loose sense. Specific examples of habitat preferences are indicated after species descriptions, where these are reliably known.
Precise information about the ecology of many species is unavailable so it is difficult to provide anything approaching a comprehensive account of the habitat requirements of many neotropical species. Certainly, Ipomoea species grow in many different habitats and it is clear that most habitats host species specific to that habitat.
The most typical beach species are Ipomoea pes-caprae, I. imperati and I. littoralis (in Hawaii) but others occur on coastal sands including I. tiliifolia and some forms of I. batatas. There is some evidence that the fruits of some of these species can survive for long periods in salt water (
Some species are characteristic of freshwater habitats and are often specialized in their requirements. The only true aquatic is the introduced Ipomoea aquatica, which roots on mud and sometimes has extensive floating stems. Ipomoea subrevoluta usually grows by small streams in grassy plain whereas I. rubens is more typical of the borders of larger rivers or small lakes. Ipomoea paludicola, I. schomburgkii and I. pittieri favour flooded pampa whereas I. paludosa is characteristic of swampy hollows in the cerrados. Ipomoea fimbriosepala, I. setifera and I. neei are often found near water. The widespread species I. alba appears to favour disturbed scrubby gullies which are permanently or seasonally moist, when it grows as an apparently native species. The natural distribution of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is obscured by its presence as an escape from cultivation but it appears native in swamp in the Parana basin of South America and perhaps elsewhere.
The lack of diversity of Ipomoea in rain forest does not mean that there are no characteristic species in this habitat. The best indicator of rainforest in the genus is I. philomega, which is found in evergreen forest at low altitudes throughout the Americas. Other typical species that are more local in their distribution include I. amazonica, I. velutinfolia, I. santillanii, I. splendor-sylvae whereas I. aurantiaca, I. chondrosepala, I. regnellii, I. squamosa, I. batatoides and I. reticulata also occur in rainforest but are not restricted to this habitat. The near absence of several otherwise widespread species from the Amazon basin is also interesting. Ipomoea hederifolia and I. carnea subsp. fistulosa are almost completely absent from Amazonia.
Cloud forest is another wet forest habitat where Ipomoea is relatively poorly represented. Cloud forest occurs from slightly below 1000 m to at least 2500 m along the Andes from Bolivia northwards, in the Brazilian Atlantic forest and in Central America. Probably the most widespread cloud forest species is I. lindenii, which grows from Bolivia to southern Mexico with an outlying station in Jamaica. Other cloud forest species are much more local but include I. austrobrasiliensis from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, I. magnifolia, I. inaccessa and I. odontophylla from the Bolivian Andes, I. retropilosa from Colombia and Venezuela, I. chiriquensis, I. isthmica from Panama and Costa Rica and I. chenopodiifolia from Guatemala and Mexico. Other species may occur in coffee plantations, which are often created from areas of former cloud forest including the widespread I. aristolochiifolia.
High altitude species are even rarer and very few species occur above about 2500 m. The only species that might occur in paramo is Ipomoea capillacea while, in puna or at least subpuna, the only species recorded are I. plummerae and I. pubescens. Both have a disjunct amphitropical distribution occurring in Mexico and the United States Southwest as well as South America. Ipomoea plummerae reaches 4000 m in Bolivia.
Ipomoea species are tolerant of drought and several are recorded from desert. In South America I. incarnata is the best adapted to arid conditions occurring in the coastal deserts of Peru and the Colombian Guajira as well as the Caatinga of NE Brazil. Other indicators of very arid conditions in South America are I. nationis from Peru, I. verruculosa from Venezuela and I. sericosepala from Brazil and Bolivia. In North America,
Of some interest are morphological adaptations found in several species growing in dry habitats. One such occurs in the coastal lomas of Peru and the northern Atacama of Chile. Here forms of Ipomoea dumetorum, I. nil and I. purpurea occur with short, erect stems, very unlike the normal long twining stems found in other habitats. The Galapagos Islands comprise another arid habitat where there occur extreme forms of I. muricata and I. incarnata, once treated as distinct species under the names respectively of I. tubiflora and I. linearifolia. In the former the fleshy teeth of the stems are largely suppressed while the latter presents with very narrow leaves. In the Sonora Desert in Mexico, forms of I. cristuluta occur with erect, woody virgate stems, a facies very different from the normal herbaceous, twining stems. Perhaps the most remarkable is the dwarf form of the usually lowland I. platensis which grows in arid situations at over 2000 m in the Argentinian Andes. (Figure
Desert merges into dry grassland, particularly in North America. Erect and, less commonly, trailing species of Ipomoea are characteristic of grassland habitats. There are relatively few examples from North America, I. leptophylla being the only widespread prairie species but several other North American species are clearly adapted to the grassland habitat, including I. longifolia and the Mexican endemic I. durangensis. However, it is in the South American cerrados that a great number of grassland species have evolved. Erect species occur in different clades and include I. hirsutissima, I. malvaeoides and I. cuneifolia and several others from Clade A1, I. argentea and I. paulistana from Clade A2 and I. squamisepala and I. pinifolia from Clade C. Trailing species are also common including I. descolei, I. psammophila and I. langsdorfii, I. burchellii, I. goyazensis and I. procumbens.
Thorn scrub merging into seasonally dry forest is another important semi-arid habitat, which is common throughout much of tropical America. Ipomoea is at its most diverse in this habitat. In South America the relatively widespread species I. amnicola, I. megapotamica, I. incarnata and I. abutiloides are good indicators of this habitat. However, each of these dry forest regions has its own set of localized species, I. argentinica, I. oranensis and I. schulziana where the chaco meets the Andes, I. brasiliana, I. longibracteolata, I. marcellia and others in NE Brazil. Ipomoea verruculosa in the dry coastal woodland of Venezuela, I. pauciflora and I. velardei in Ecuador and Peru. Dry forest species are also noted from the Caribbean Islands, I. carolina from Cuba, for example, but it is in Mexico and Central America that very large numbers are recorded as growing in dry forest, usually pine or oak woodland, either wholly deciduous or partially so. All the tree species (from both North and South America), lianas like I. bombycina and numerous other species are recorded from this habitat. The roll call of dry forest species from Mexico is long and includes such relatively common species as I. orizabensis, I. pedicellaris, I. praecana, I. seducta, I. lobata and many others.
Ipomoea species tend to avoid closed forest but occur along streams, by tracks and roads and often favour rock outcrops where the forest cover is broken. Species diversity is greatest in deciduous forest, possibly because there is more plentiful light during the dry season (
Rocks provide a specialized habitat for some species. In Mexico, cliffs or “crags” are often cited as the habitat for Ipomoea rupicola, I. chilopsidis, I. teotitlanica, I. seeania and I. concolor whereas in South America the only species cited from a similar habitat is I. killipiana. The geological composition of the cliffs is not usually recorded but volcanic rocks are mentioned for I. seeania and limestone for I. teotitlanica. Limestone, however, is often cited for plants from the Caribbean including I. montecristina, I. praecox and I. fuchsioides from Cuba, the last two characteristic of limestone towers locally known as mogotes. It is also cited for several species from Hispaniola including I. digitata and I. desrousseauxii. Ipomoea luteoviridis is recorded from serpentine outcrops in Hispaniola but we are unaware of any other American species with this habitat preference. A few species are noted from lava flows, notably I. tuboides from Hawaii, but several Mexican species are recorded on pedregales including I. orizabensis and I. dumetorum. In South America the most commonly recorded specialized rock habitat consists of granite domes and platforms, which outcrop sporadically in dry forest and cerrados on the pre-Cambrian shield. The commonest species of this habitat are I. bonariensis and I. maurandioides, but neither is restricted to granite. More restricted geographically and geologically and often very disjunct in their distribution are I. caloneura, I. chiquitensis and I. graniticola, the last being found in isolated locations in Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. Ipomoea leprieurii is locally frequent on granite outcrops in French Guiana and neighbouring parts of Brazil while I. marabaensis, I. scopulina and I. fasciculata are currently known only as pin-point endemics.
Ipomoea species are also frequent in secondary scrub and in disturbed places around settlements. This is the kind of habitat where the widespread pantropical species are often found. Ipomoea indica, I. nil, I. hederifolia, I. purpurea and I. cairica are rarely found far away from human habitation and I. alba, I. cairica, I. tricolor, I. indica, I. quamoclit and I. carnea subsp. fistulosa are sometimes clearly garden escapes. The same is true for many species of the Batatas clade. Ipomoea tiliacea, I. triloba, I. cordatotriloba, I. australis, I. leucantha, I. grandifolia and I. trifida are all recorded as characteristic of disturbed bushy ground and are rare in truly natural habitats.
Many species have a distinct, relatively short flowering season. The only country where details are documented, albeit superficially is Bolivia (
Certain generalisations, however, are possible. The erect cerrado and grassland species with a stout xylopodium often come into flower soon after the start of the spring rains, possibly being stimulated into growth and flowering by the fire that often precedes the onset of rain. Annual species, in contrast, use the moist summer season for growth and come into flower towards the end of the summer, their flowers often persisting long into the winter dry season (see
There are many individual subtleties, which need careful observation and recording before any explanation can be provided. In Eastern Bolivia in areas of a similar altitude and climate, the first author has observed the following sequence, although these observations may be partially dependent on the date of the onset of rain. To see flowering specimens of I. hirsutissima, I. cerradoensis and I. psammophila, it is best to visit in October and November; to find I. schomburgkii, I. aprica, I. caloneura and I. paulistana it is best to look in December or January; to find I. graniticola and I. densibracteata February to early March would be best; March to early April would be good for I. amnicola, I. abutiloides and I. megapotamica; April to June would be good to find I. bonariensis, I. argentinica, I. rubens, I. bahiensis and I. cordatotriloba; to find I. ramosissima, I. setifera, I. paludicola or I. eriocalyx June or July would be best, while July or August might be best for I. regnellii, I. lactifera and I. cryptica. Finally you should note that you might find I. maurandioides in flower at almost any season.
Ipomoea species are commonly named “Morning Glory” because the flowers of several cultivated species, notably I. indica, open at dawn and close before midday. However, while this observation may be a useful generalization, it is only a partial truth. Much depends on the strength of the sun and many morning-flowering species will continue in flower well into the afternoon on a dull day. Conversely night-flowering species, such as I. alba, I. muricata and I. violacea may remain open during clouded, sunless days. These observations indicate that research suggesting different species flower for a specific number of hours (
Much the most important species of Ipomoea economically is I. batatas, the sweet potato, which is reported to be amongst the ten most important staple food crops worldwide (
Other species of Ipomoea produce root tubers but there are only occasional reports of their use, usually as a famine food. Amongst species whose tubers are reported to be used for food are I. leptophylla, I. pubescens, I. pandurata (
The leaves of some species of Ipomoea are used as a vegetable. Much the most important is I. aquatica, the water spinach or kangkong, which is widely used as a stir-fry vegetable in South East Asia, although it has not achieved much popularity outside the region. The leaves of other species are occasionally used as vegetables, including I. batatas itself and apparently I. littoralis (
Various species of Ipomoea are cultivated as garden ornamentals. In extra-tropical countries, relatively quick growing annual species are favoured, particularly I. indica, I. purpurea, I. nil, I. quamoclit and I. tricolor. In tropical countries, perennials are more common. The most conspicuous is I. carnea subsp. fistulosa, which is widely cultivated for its erect habit and profuse flowers. Ipomoea cairica is often planted to cover walls and unattractive bushes. Ipomoea alba and I. muricata are also sometimes grown in gardens and on boundary fences. Ipomoea horsfalliae is a widely planted liana that is grown in many tropical countries for its attractive red flowers, but is not reported to set seed and so is never naturalized. Ipomoea quamoclit and, less commonly, I. lobata are also grown quite frequently and sometimes become naturalised. There are occasional reports of the cultivation of other species including I. nervosa, I. pauciflora and I. intrapilosa but this is not common practice.
Various species of Ipomoea have had medicinal uses since pre-Colombian times, broadly for two purposes. The seeds of several species are known for their hallucinogenic properties as they contain small quantities of LSD-like substances (
In the following section we discuss the range of characters which have proved useful in species delimitation and have indicated some of the pitfalls in their use. Taxonomic decisions often have to be made using incomplete material. Many species of Ipomoea are extremely localized in their distribution and many of their morphological characters are unknown, particularly the roots and the fruit characters, which are unknown for perhaps a third of species.
Species of Ipomoea may be annual or perennial, herbaceous or woody, twining (or at least scrambling), erect, decumbent or prostrate. All of these characters are potentially useful in species delimitation and are used in the keys. It is useful, for example, to distinguish between lianas and scandent herbs or between prostrate or erect herbs but the distinctions need to be treated with caution. Many species have a woody rootstock and herbaceous stems, which may or may not be woody at the base. Stems may become somewhat woody with age. Twining plants may be trailing in the absence of shrubs to climb on. We have also avoided the use of the term vine as it is sometimes used to mean a woody climber (like the grape vine), so almost a synonym of liana, and sometimes to mean a relatively slender twining plant.
Annual species are characterized by having fibrous roots and typically flower in the late rainy season (tropical summer) as they require sufficient time to reach maturity after the onset of rains. In the herbarium, in the absence of roots, annuals can often be identified by their slender habit and the presence of mature capsules on flowering specimens. Perennial species, in contrast, are relatively stout and often lack mature capsules on flowering specimens or are almost entirely without corollas on fruiting specimens. It is possible that some normally annual species perenniate under suitable circumstances, especially in areas with no distinct dry season. There are no known erect annual species. Annual species are not found in Clades A1 or A2. In contrast they are well-represented in the Batatas (A3 in part), Pharbitis (B1 in part), Quamoclit (B2 in part) and the Pedatisecta Clades (B2 in part).
The majority of species are twining perennial herbs or lianas with petiolate, ovate, cordate leaves. The inflorescence is formed of pedunculate axillary cymes, the cymose structure usually being very obvious, although the cymes are sometimes reduced to single flowers. There is a tendency for some of the lianas to develop inflorescences on short leafy branchlets, rather than from the axils of the stem leaves.
Somewhat similar is a less well-defined assembly of essentially trailing plants. At one extreme these species root at the nodes and form extensive mats, in one case (Ipomoea aquatica) extending its stems to float on shallow water. Two widespread submaritime species, I. pes-caprae and I. imperati, are good examples of this growth form. More common are trailing species that do not root at the nodes. They usually grow in open, often sandy inland habitats. These trailing species often have shortly petiolate, elliptic leaves rounded to truncate at the base combined with axillary cymose inflorescences, these sometimes being shortly pedunculate. These trailing plants are, thus, apparently intermediate morphologically between the true climbers and the erect species. Some trailing species are morphologically indistinguishable from the climbers, the prostrate habit apparently the consequence of the absence of suitable plants to climb. Ipomoea maurandioides, a South American species principally of rock outcrops, is one such example.
The erect habit is usually associated with subsessile, oblong, lanceolate, or oblong-elliptic cuneate-based leaves with a terminal inflorescence, the upper leaves clearly bract-like and the pedicels and peduncles reduced so the inflorescence is subracemose or even subspicate in form. Species with this habit occur mostly in open grasslands and especially in the cerrados of South America. Most species produce annual stems from a tough woody perennial subterranean xylopodium, which is resistant to fire, a characteristic and perhaps defining feature of these habitats. Erect species are found in many different clades but are unknown in the Batatas, Quamoclit and Pharbitis Clades and rare in Clade B.
The erect habit is also associated with a number of shrubs and small trees often treated as Section Arborescens. These usually (always?) have white latex and often flower when leafless or nearly leafless. The inflorescence often develops on short branchlets and is not obviously axillary and cymose in structure. The corolla is white with a dark centre, subcampanulate to funnel-form in shape and possibly bat-pollinated (
Much the most widespread and common erect species, Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa fits none of the above characteristics, having ovate cordate leaves and pink flowers in axillary cymes but its uniqueness is perhaps a consequence of its close relationship with Ipomoea carnea subsp. carnea which is a characteristic climbing species, from which it is presumably diverged.
Although annual species are generally known to have fibrous roots, little reliable information is available about most of the perennial species. Erect species of the cerrado nearly always arise from a woody xylopodium but this is known to vary considerably in form and development from species to species. Ipomoea hirsutissima, for example, has very large somewhat woody tuberous roots. Similar storage roots are seen in other species in Clade A1 including I. lilloana (Figure
White latex is recorded as present in many species and is sometimes abundant, notably in trees and lianas, including species in the Arborescens and Calonyction Clades as well as in the aptly named Ipomoea lactifera. However, its presence often goes unrecorded and it may be more or less obvious according to climatic conditions.
Stems may be entirely herbaceous, woody in the lower parts and herbaceous above, or entirely woody except for the new growth. Stems may be glabrous or variously hirsute, the indumentum usually being similar to that of the peduncles, petioles and leaves, especially the abaxial surface of the leaves. There is a tendency for older stems to be somewhat glabrescent. Unusual features of the stem include distinct wings (Ipomoea pterocaulis, I. splendor-sylvae, I. subalata, I. kahloae), squamose dark glands (I. balioclada), warty protuberances (I. verruculosa, I. tuboides), spinules (I. spinulifera), soft spines (I. setosa), soft fleshy teeth (I. muricata, I. alba, I. parasitica) and granulose protuberances (I. granulosa).
Species may be glabrous or variously hirsute. There is a good deal of intra-species variation and this has often proved to be an unsatisfactory character in species delimitation. Many species or varieties have been recognized over the years based on the presence or absence of hairs and have subsequently been abandoned. Despite this important proviso, many species have a characteristic indumentum which is readily recognized. Species which are always glabrous in their vegetative parts form a long list, as do those which are characteristically sericeous or tomentose. A sericeous indumentum is characteristic of almost all species previously placed in Argyreia, Rivea, Turbina and Stictocardia as well as many that have always been included in Ipomoea. Some unusual indumentum types include:
• Stellate hairs. These are characteristic of certain species notably Ipomoea bonariensis from South America, I. scopulorum from Mexico and I. luteoviridis from Hispaniola. In cases where they are mixed with simple hairs they may be very difficult to observe and pass unnoticed. They are also characteristic of the Astripomoea Clade, which is restricted to Africa.
• T-shaped hairs. Ipomoea malpighipila was named on the basis of the presence of T-shaped hairs. They are not reported from other species, except the related I. aemilii, and are difficult to observe even in these species.
• Scattered long fine hairs. Ipomoea clavata, I. dolichopoda.
• Density and appearance. Many species are densely hairy especially on young stems and the abaxial surface of leaves but sometimes on all vegetative parts. Where hairs are dense the leaves are often white or grey in colour and characteristic of the species. This kind of indumentum is not always easy to define and is sometimes described as canescent, sericeous, tomentellous, tomentose or densely pubescent by different authors.
• Gland dots. Distinct gland dots are found in some species, especially on the abaxial leaf surface but sometimes on other vegetative parts or even the corolla. They usually appear as dark dots and are so characteristic of I. tiliifolia that they are often regarded as a defining characterstic of the Stictocardia Clade (
These have been reported in many species including Ipomoea alba, I. batatas, I. bonariensis, I. carnea, I. indica, I. leptophylla, I. mauritiana, I. muricata, I. pes-caprae and I. tuboides (
Leaves are exstipulate but a few species have pseudo-stipules (notably Ipomoea cairica, I. fissifolia and I. quamoclit), formed by modified leaves or prophylls. Leaf size can be distinctive but difficult to quantify diagnostically. Large leaves are a feature of a few species such as Ipomoea ampullacea, I. magnifolia and I. philomega whereas small leaves are characteristic of many annual species but also of some perennials such as I. hartwegii and I. rupicola.
Leaf shape is mostly related to habit with almost all climbing species having ovate to deltoid leaves with a truncate, cordate or sagittate base. Elliptic leaves are rare and mostly found in trailing species. Lanceolate, oblong or oblong-elliptic leaves are mostly a feature of erect species. Some unusual shapes occur, such as the strap-shaped leaves of I. tenuissima.
Leaves may be entire or variously divided. Pinnate leaves are only present in Ipomoea quamoclit, and pinnatifid to lyrate-dentate leaves in a few Mexican species (I. ancisa, I. sescossiana, I. tacambarensis, I. stans). A much larger number of species have leaves palmately lobed. The number of lobes, usually 3 or 5, occasionally more, and the depth of lobing are often characteristic of a particular species. However, leaf lobing is often an inconstant character, many species having entire-leaved forms or forms that intergrade with the normally lobed forms. The leaves of some, such as I. bonariensis, I. clausa, I. microdactyla or I. mauritiana are notoriously variable in form. A relatively small number of species have leaves palmately divided into separate leaflets and this character is usually constant. Species which present forms with both lobed leaves and leaves divided into separate leaflets occur in only a very few species (I. cairica, I. bonariensis, I. homotrichoidea).
The leaf base is sometimes distinctive, particularly in those species that have leaves with strongly cordate or strongly cuneate bases. Sagittate or hastate leaves are also often distinct but may intergrade with the more common cordate leaf base. Rounded leaf bases often intergrade with shallowly cordate or truncate leaf bases and are difficult to characterize.
The leaf margins are usually entire to slightly undulate but a few species have distinctly dentate leaves (I. odontophylla, I. schaffneri, I. noctuliflora, I. ignava, I. peruviana, I. descolei and I. erosa). A few species may have 1–several rather large teeth on the margins, usually towards the base (I. acanthocarpa, I. dumetorum, I. eriocalyx). In the majority of species the leaf apex is acute to acuminate, although the actual tip may be somewhat obtuse. The tips are commonly mucronate but in a few cases the midrib extends as a mucro several millimetres in length (I. walteri). In a few species the apex is distinctly retuse (I. pes-caprae).
In general, petiole length is of little significance except that short or absent petioles correlate with an erect habit and elongate leaf shape as noted earlier. One curious feature is the fusion of the petiole and the peduncle at least for part of their length (I. connata, I. bracteata, I. dumosa).
Most inflorescences consist of cymes that arise from the leaf axils. Cymes are nearly always solitary but are very variable in the number of flowers. In many species the cymes are reduced to a single flower while in others the cymes may be compounded with up to 15 or more flowers. The number of flowers in the cyme is often a useful although somewhat imprecise taxonomic character.
Not all inflorescences are obviously cymose in structure, some are more or less corymbose (especially in the Quamoclit Clade) or racemose (e.g. Ipomoea bombycina, I. reticulata, I. corymbosa) or umbellate (some forms of I. batatas), even appearing paniculate in some forms of I. lineolata or I. philomega. In quite a few species, the pedicels are very short so the inflorescence is subcapitate in form. In the Arborescens Clade and also in a number of woody lianas, the inflorescence arises on short leafy (bracteate) branchlets with no obvious cymose structure.
We have generally avoided using the term bract since in most twining or trailing species, the bracts are not clearly differentiated from the leaves, the cymes arising in the axils of the leaves which function as bracts. In the erect species and also in some or the arborescent species where the inflorescence is either terminal or borne on small branchlets bracts are more clearly differentiated from leaves, typically smaller and narrower and diminishing in size towards the branch tips and, in this situation, we have used the term bract. Some authors, however, use the term bract for the very different structures that arise at the inflorescence branching points or at the base of the pedicel in unbranched inflorescences. We refer to these as bracteoles, only rarely differentiating between primary bracteoles (at the first branching point) or secondary bracteoles (at the higher branching points) as these rarely differ in any significant way. In many species the bracteoles are inconspicuous and caducous (and have never been observed in a few species), but in others they are prominent and persistent, especially in the Pharbitis Clade, and occasionally even forming an involucre around the flowers where the pedicels are very short, notably in I. neurocephala and I. involucrata.
In the majority of species the bracteoles are small (< 3 mm long), often linear, lanceolate or scale-like and caducous. In a few species, Ipomoea blanchetii is an example, we have not observed bracteoles in any specimen available to us. In others, they are relatively persistent, particularly in species, with a subcapitate inflorescence. These include I. indica, I. villifera, I. mairetii, I. argentinica, I. asplundii, I. chrysocalyx, I. racemosa, I. amazonica, I. eriocalyx, I. setifera, I. fimbriosepala, I. burchellii, I. pohlii and I. mcvaughii. In a very few species the bracteoles are expanded, persistent and form an involucre around the inflorescence as in I. neurocephala, I. involucrata, I. bracteata and I. suffulta.
Peduncles may be short or long and the length is sometimes significant. Most species with a terminal inflorescence have very short peduncles and pedicels. However, some trailing or twining species are also remarkable for their relatively short peduncles. These include Ipomoea eriocalyx and a miscellaneous group of other species, such as I. lindenii, I. chapadensis, I. riparum and I. chrysocalyx but is most common in Clade A2. Species in this clade with very short peduncles include I. microdonta, I. lachnea and I. calophylla from the Caribbean, I. goyazensis from South America, I. isthmica and I. heterodoxa from Central America and I. pseudoracemosa, I. pruinosa, I. conzattii and I. tehuantepecensis from Mexico. Many of these species with short peduncles also have short pedicels so the whole axillary inflorescence is very compact. However, there is also a group of species with relatively long peduncles but a subcapitate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on short pedicels. This is particularly characteristic of the Pharbitis Clade (I. indica, I. neurocephala, I. mairetii, I. lambii and I. villifera) but is also noteworthy amongst many unrelated species including I. racemosa, I. amazonica, I. argentinica, I. bahiensis, I. eriocalyx, I. fasciculata, I. exserta and I. batatas. Species with pedunculate subcapitate inflorescences often but not always have a bracteolate inflorescence. Very long peduncles are also distinctive in species such as I. marcellia, I. macdonaldii, I. longibarbis, and I. austrobrasiliensis. Unusually long pedicels are rarely apparent but are a feature of I. pedicellaris and its allies which include I. regnellii, I. lindenii and I. tentaculifera, these inflorescences appearing very lax. Unusual features of the peduncle include the winged peduncles of I. decemcornuta and I. kahloae, the peduncle fused with the petiole for some of its length (I. connata, I. dumosa, I. bracteata) and the peduncle that passes through the leaf sinus (I. aristolochiifolia, I. huayllae). Very occasionally pedicels are unusually slender and coiled (I. heptaphylla, I. tenera).
The calyx is formed of five overlapping, free sepals. The two outer sepals are usually similar in size and form as are the two inner sepals, which often have relatively broad, scarious, glabrous margins. The middle sepal is intermediate in size and shape and is commonly asymmetrically scarious. The sepals are often of considerable taxonomic significance and constitute important conserved characters at the species level. The differences in size and shape between the inner and outer sepals are often of great significance. The apex is frequently especially diagnostic. Many species have mucronate sepals, but the mucros are often caducous so some or even all sepals may appear muticous or retuse. Also important is the abaxial surface of the outer sepals which may show all kinds of variation in indumentum, venation and surface which can be smooth, muricate or armed with soft spines. In a few species notably in the Arborescens Clade, the presence of hairs on the adaxial surface is significant. As observed by
Many sepals display unusual features including:
• Very unequal sepals: I. anisomeres, I. cryptica, I. squamosa, I. asarifolia, I. paludicola, I. maurandioides, I. macedoi.
• Adaxial (inner) surface hirsute: Arborescens Clade, I. longibracteolata, I. magna.
• Subterminal awns: all species in the Quamoclit Clade.
• Sepals terminating in a long awn: I. alba, I. muricata, I. nil, I. hederacea. Sepals of some other species, such as I. incarnata, may be interpreted as terminating in an awn.
• Sepals with fleshy spine-like trichomes: I. crinicalyx, I. echinocalyx, I. altoamazonica, I. silvicola, I. setosa, I. tentaculifera, I. lozanii (smaller than in other species),
• Sepals with a prominent abaxial appendage, I. rosea, I. bahiensis; I. decemcornuta.
• Sepals with swollen abaxial tumour: I. appendiculata.
• Sepals with 1–2 prominent black abaxial glands: I. hieronymi, I. megapotamica.
• Sepals muricate: I. plummeae, I. capillacea, I. madrensis, I. aristolochiifolia, I. pedicellaris, I. obscura, I. ochracea, I. cairica, I. asarifolia, I. paludicola, I. procurrens, I. coriacea.
• Sepals with prominent longitudinal ribs: I. fimbriosepala, I. setifera, I. parvibracteolata, I panduata.
• Sepals with fimbriate margins: I. tenera, I. sidifolia (sometimes).
• Sepals with a prominent cordate base: I. macedoi, I. apodiensis, I. pantanalensis, I. pubescens, I. lindheimeri.
The great diversity of sepal form is curious and not easily explained. It has been suggested that the development of coriaceous and large sepals may have evolved in response to the need to protect nectar glands from robber insects. (
Sepals of Ipomoea species. A I. setifera B I. dumetorum C I. aristolochiifolia D I. crinicalyx E I. plummerae F I. bahiensis G I. amnicola H I. appendiculata. Photographs of A (Wood et al. 27771) B (Wood et al. 27654) D (Wood et al. 27606) and G (Wood et al. 27706) by Beth Williams C (Wood 27926) H (Wood et al. 28024) by John Wood E by Mario Giorgetta F (Queiroz et al. 15950) by Hibert Huaylla.
Sepals of Ipomoea species. A I. pauciflora B I. bernoulliana C I. tentaculifera D I. hartwegii E I. murucoides F I. pantanalensis G I. hederacea H I. funis. Photographs of A (Harling et al. 15403) B (Standley 27496) C (Pringle 6702) D (Santos Martínez 2228 E (Pringle 6066) F (Pott 6399) G (McCarthy s.n.) H Andrieux 600 by John Baker.
Sepals of Ipomoea species. A I. racemosa B I. rosea C I. alba D I. hirsutissima E I. barbatisepala F I. ampullacea G I. gigantea H I. longeramosa. Photographs of A (R.A. & E.S. Howard 8863) E (González Ortega 874) and F (Lott & Wendt 2192) by John Wood; B (Harley et al. 54830); C (Fendler 589) and H (Pickersgill et al. RU72-400) by John Baker; D (Mendoza 4365) and G (Mendoza 4645) by Moises Mendoza.
Sepals of Ipomoea species. A Ipomoea descolei B I. paraguariensis C I. australis D I. purpurea (left), I. nil (right) E I. incarnata F I. pintoi G I. maurandioides H I. pubescens. Photographs of A by Hector Keller; B and G by T. Carruthers; C (Wood et al. 27708); E (Wood 27756) and H (Wood 27675) by Beth Williams; D by John Pink; F (Queiroz 15956) by Hibert Huaylla.
Sepals of Ipomoea species. A I. argyreia B I. tricolor C I. argentea D I. syringiifolia E I. eriocalyx F I. procurrens G I. tarijensis H I. regnellii. Photographs of A (Mendoza 4899); C (Mendoza 4705) and F (Mendoza 4900) by Moises Mendoza; B (Wood & Soto 27960) and H (Wood & Soto 27951) by Daniel Soto; D by Hector Keller; E (Wood et al. 27809) by Beth Williams; G (Wood 27920) by John Wood.
Sepals of Ipomoea species. A I. meyeri B I. ternifolia C I. cryptica D I. heterodoxa E I. sericosepala F I. splendor-sylvae G I. squamisepala H I. trifida. Photographs of A (Anderson 1895) B (Pringle 4439) C (Soto et al. 1331) E (Wood & Soto 27550) F (Wilkin 472) and H (Smith 1570) by John Baker; D (Wallnöfer 9506) by John Wood; G (Mendoza 4902) by Moises Mendoza.
The corolla is most commonly funnel-shaped, but is quite often campanulate, or hypocrateriform, or sometimes suburceolate, the limb usually prominent, entire or shallowly lobed but occasionally deeply lobed, or much reduced and present only as five indistinct teeth. The corolla exterior has five prominent midpetaline bands, which may be more darkly coloured and/or more pubescent than other parts of the corolla exterior. The corolla is very variable in size from less than 1 cm long in species like I. eriocarpa or I. minutiflora to over 10 cm in length in species like I. jalapa, I. megalantha, I. parvibracteolata, I. subalata and I. pterocaulis. Size is an unsatisfactory character at one level because of its variability within individual species, but is nonetheless often characteristic of a particular species.
Corollas showing variations in form (side view), size, limb lobing and stamen exsertion. A Ipomoea argentea B I. repanda C I. neei D I. electrina E I. habeliana F I. santillanii G I. nationis H I. rubriflora J I. longistaminea K I. megapotamica L I. megalantha M I. neriifolia N I. syringifolia P I. ramosissima Q I. elongata R I. mucronatoproducta. A from Wood et al. 25639 and photo; B from Whitefoord 5244; C from Skutch 2043; D from Breedlove 27626; E from Bentley 203; F from Bourgeau 3024; G from Saunders 987; H from Wood et al. 27678; J from Pastore et al. 2678; K from Wood et al. 28060; L from Hassler 9114; M from Rezende et al. 1011; N from Stutz 1426 and photo; P from Bang 2246; Q from Purpus 3904; R from Wood & Villarroel 25474. Drawn by Rosemary Wise.
Corolla shape is usually, perhaps always, related to pollination. The commonest corolla shape consists of a very short subcylindrical basal tube which is then gradually widened to the mouth. Corollas of this type are described as funnel-shaped, are usually, pink, sometimes blue or white, in colour and are apparently pollinated by bees. The limb is entire, undulate or shallowly (very rarely deeply) lobed. When the corolla is very short, the tube is more abruptly widened from the base and is campanulate in form. This is characteristic of some species in the Batatas Clade and also of small-flowered species with a cream corolla, such as Ipomoea reticulata, I. corymbosa and I. syringiifolia. This kind of corolla tends to intergrade with the common funnel-shaped corolla. The corolla of the Arborescens Clade and some other, mostly woody liana species is shortly funnel-shaped (almost campanulate), white or white with a dark purple centre. These flowers may be bat-pollinated (
Other corolla shapes are less common. A hypocrateriform or salver-shaped corolla in which the nearly cylindrical corolla tube is only slightly widened at the mouth is associated with red flowers, exserted stamens and bird pollination. This corolla type is characteristic of the Quamoclit Clade but is also fairly common in the Clade A2 in South America (Ipomoea exserta, I. longistaminea, I. ana-mariae, I. verruculosa), and especially the Caribbean (I. argentifolia, I. digitata, I. microdactyla, I. steudelii). In Mexico and northern South America it is more commonly associated with Clade B in the Pharbitis Clade (I. jamaicensis) and elsewhere (I. bracteata, I. dumosa, I. chenopodiifolia, I. retropilosa, I. tubulata). Occasionally the corolla limb is very deeply lobed as in I. repanda, I. hastigera, I. electrina (which is orange, rather than red). An occasional variation is the suburceolate corolla, in which the corolla tube is essentially cylindrical but somewhat swollen in the middle and with a short corolla limb consisting of small teeth. Ipomoea suburceolata from Bolivia, I. lobata and I. tehuantepecensis from Mexico and I. praecox from Cuba have flowers of this kind. nother variation is found in plants with a white or pale blue corolla in which the tube is exceptionally long. This type of corolla is associated with night-flowering hawk moth pollinated species. The best-known species of this type is I. alba but there are various others with similar corollas including I. habeliana, I. violacea, I. tuboides, I. scopulorum, I. riparum, I. santillanii, I. chiriquensis, I. ampullacea, I. macdonaldii and I. lottiae. Species with this kind of corolla are notably more common on oceanic islands and in Mesoamerica and Mexico than elsewhere.
Corolla colour. Field and herbarium observations of flower colour need to be treated with caution. Flowers change colour during the course of the day, most obviously in the case of Ipomoea nil, which is blue when fresh but turns pink as it ages and appears pink in herbarium specimens. Equally, one collector’s purple is another collector’s pink or lilac or even red. Although the great majority of species have a corolla colour that is generally described as pink, there are many exceptions. White flowers (often with a dark centre) are characteristic of the Arborescens Clade and of several other woody liana species, such as I. magna, I. longibracteolata, I. brasiliana and I. paradae, and are in some cases pollinated by bats. Night-flowering moth pollinated species typically with a hypocrateriform corolla, such as I. alba, I. santillanii, I. habeliana, I. violacea, I. ampullacea have pure white corollas. Campanulate or funnel-shaped white flowers are noted for many different species in different clades but are more common in the Batatas Clade (I. lactifera, I. lacunosa), Clade A1 (I. cerradoensis, I. macrorhiza, I. langsdorfii, I. vivianae, for example) and Clade A2 (I. proxima, I. suaveolens, I. pruinosa) but occasionally occur elsewhere (I. imperati). Many usually pink-flowered species are recorded as sometimes being white-flowered (I. acanthocarpa, I. bahiensis, I. carnea). Slightly different are those species with creamy or violet-tinged flowers such as I. lindenii, I. corymbosa, I. saopaulista, I. minutiflora and I. syringiifolia. Truly yellow flowers are rare in American Ipomoea but include I. ochracea, I. longeramosa and I. lutea. There are many subtle variations between red and pink. Red flowers being principally a feature of the Quamoclit Clade, some Caribbean species (I. montecristina, I. microdactyla, I. repanda and a few South American species notably I. cavalcantei). Some corollas are described as purple and include forms of I. indica, I. cuzcoensis and I. magnifolia. Blue flowers also occur and are often associated with a white corolla tube. I. hederacea, I. nil, I. aristolochiifolia, I. tricolor, I. marginisepala and I. cardiophylla are species with this corolla colour.
Corolla indumentum. The indumentum of the corolla exterior is best observed on buds as there is some evidence that hairs are caducous in some species as the corolla matures. Hairs are often difficult to see on open corollas but are best searched for at the tips of the midpetaline bands. Although previous studies have not seen corolla indumentum as particularly important taxonomically, we have found it of great significance both at species and clade level. It is nearly always constant in a particular species, exceptions being very rare and their existence raising doubts about the circumscription of the species in the few cases where it has been noted (Ipomoea lindenii, I. wolcottiana, I. brasiliana). All species of the Quamoclit and Batatas Clades have corollas glabrous on the exterior. All species in Clade A2 have coriaceous sepals and glabrous corollas (except I. discolor). All species in the very large Jalapa radiation (Species 1–83) have pubescent corollas.
The stamens are of little taxonomic value. They are always five and may be included or exserted. If they are included they are unequal with two noticeably longer than the other three but, if exserted or near exserted, they are subequal in length. The filaments are slightly expanded near the base but are occasionally thickened and subtriangular as in Lepistemon and some forms of Ipomoea batatoides. The filaments are always glandular pilose at the base. In a few species hairs are reported to extend upwards along the filament and this has been used as a diagnostic character in the Batatas Clade. (
The pollen of Ipomoea is always globose and pantoporate with large supratectal elements that form acute or blunt spines. The presence of these echinulate supratectal elements is the diagnostic synapomorphy for Ipomoea within Convolvulaceae. Within this general pollen-type subtle variations are visible in the size of the pollen grains, in the number and shape of pores, in the number and structure of the supratectal elements, in the structure of the area surrounding the pores, the presence or absence of ‘basal cushions’ sensu
Pollen of Ipomoea species. A I. hieronymi (Wood et al. 28055) B I. wolcottiana (Hughes et al. 1911) C I. bonariensis (Wood et al. 27871) D I. bahiensis (Queiroz 15975) E I. maurandioides (Krapovickas & Cristóbal 1573) F I. corymbosa (Jurgensen 612) G I. sericosepala (Wood 28122) H I. tiliifolia (Beddome 5581). Photos by Robert Scotland.
Pollen of Ipomoea species. A I. triloba (D’Arcy 317) B I. cryptica (Steinbach 6311) C I. purpurea (Parada & Rojas 2664) D I. alba (Wood et al. 27828) E I. dumosa (Hinton et al. 9479) F I. hederifolia (Queiroz 15975) G I. stans (Y. Mexia 275112) H I. suffulta (Pringle 4755). Photos by Robert Scotland.
Our own survey of Ipomoea pollen confirms these previous studies demonstrating continuous variation in pollen morphology with little, if any, discrete variation that correlates with phylogeny. The attempt by
In summary, the pollen of Ipomoea is characterised by echinulate supratectal elements, showing a number of features that vary continuously and some specific morphologies that are homoplastic.
The style is elongate, equalling or extended slightly beyond the anthers and nearly always glabrous, even in species with a hirsute ovary. The only exception we are aware of is Ipomoea sidifolia, in which the hairs extend for a short distance upwards from the ovary. The style is usually included in the corolla but is exserted in species with a hypocrateriform corolla. The stigmas are characteristically biglobose, that is they are bilobed with each lobe globose and appearing fused. They sometimes appear simply globose. Triglobose stigmas are characteristic of the Pharbitis Clade but are not reported from all species in the clade. Somewhat elongate stigmas are reported from African species placed in Astripomoea Clade but also occur in three species of the Arborescens Clade: I. pauciflora, I. populina and I. wolcottiana.
The ovary is narrowly ovoid in shape and usually glabrous. A pubescent or comose ovary is rare and only commonly found in the Batatas Clade. Most species have a bilocular ovary with two ovules in each chamber. This correlates with a biglobose stigma. A few species (Pharbitis Clade) have a trilocular ovary each chamber with two ovules, this correlating with a trilobed stigma. In species of the Quamoclit Clade, in Rivea, Stictocardia and most species placed in Argyreia, the ovary is 4-locular but with a single ovule in each chamber. Very rarely other arrangements are noted. In Ipomoea decasperma (and I. longituba Hallier f. from Madagascar) the ovary is 5-locular with two ovules per chamber but it is not clear whether this is constant in all examples of these species. Ipomoea gilana is reported to have a trilocular ovary.
The fruit may be an indehiscent, woody or somewhat fleshy structure or formed by a dehiscent capsule. In species with an indehiscent fruit, this is usually globose to ellipsoid in shape and may contain up to four seeds except in those species placed in Turbina where 1–2 seeds only are present. Indehiscent fruits are glabrous but some species placed in Argyreia have mealy fruits. In those species with a capsular fruit, the capsules may be globose, ovoid or conical in shape. Capsules are usually muticous but species with a prominent rostrate apex formed by the persistent style base are common. Most capsules are completely glabrous but in a few species, they are pubescent, pilose or comose, this correlating with a hirsute ovary (Ipomoea velutinifolia, I. dubia, I. sidifolia, I. dasycarpa, many annual species of the Batatas Clade). In the majority of species the capsule is bilocular with up to four seeds, though often less as a result of abortion. There are several exceptions. In the Pharbitis Clade capsules are usually trilocular and 6-seeded. Very rarely capsules have up to 10 seeds (I. decasperma). In the Quamoclit Clade the capsules are 4-locular but with only four seeds.
Seeds (Figure
Seeds of Ipomoea A I. peteri B I. murucoides C I. carolina D I. eggersiana E I. longibarbis (with and without marginal hairs) F I. clavata G I. violacea H I. acanthocarpa J I. parvibracteolata K I. meyeri L I. jujuyensis M I. cholulensis N I. minutiflora P I. tiliacea. A from Wallnöfer & Tut-Tesucun 9662; B from Pringle 6066; C from Gillis 12906; D from Urote 35; E from Killeen et al. 4199; F from Fuentes & Miranda 10895; G from Stearn 322; H from Wurdack & Monachino 39830; J from Silva et al. 18; K from Smith 1573; L from Rose et al. 23251; M from Hinton 11166; N from Stevens & Montiel 26592; P from Curtiss 249. Drawn by Rosemary Wise.
Keys are provided in a somewhat unconventional way and it is recommended that users follow the suggested steps in the order provided. Species in Steps 1–3 below also appear in the appropriate geographical keys. Note that species may enter several times in different places in the keys.
Step I. Does the plant fit any of the following distinct groups?
1. Plants of seashore (rarely inland in saline habitats): Ipomoea pes-caprae (pink flowers, retuse leaves), I. violacea (white to pale violet flowers, exserted stamens), I. imperati (white flowers, creeping herb), I. littoralis (Hawaii), I. sagittata (Caribbean and North American–sagittate lvs), I. macrorhiza (United States–white flowers, pubescent sepals).
2. Plants with a hirsute ovary and capsule: Ipomoea sidifolia, I. dasycarpa, I. velutinifolia, species in the Batatas Clade (page 387).
Step II. Is the plant one of the following very distinctive widespread common species?
An erect plant with ovate cordate leaves and pink flowers: 84b. I. carnea subsp. fistulosa.
A slender plant with pinnate leaves, pseudo-stipules and dark red corollas: 312. I. quamoclit.
A twining vine with pure white flowers, a narrowly cylindrical corolla tube and strongly awned sepals: 272. I. alba.
Step III. Does the plant belong to one of the following distinctive clades?
The Arborescens Clade (page 263). Trees, shrubs or lianas with white latex. Leaves entire. Sepals ovate or oblong, somewhat coriaceous. Corolla white, often with dark centre, glabrous or pubescent anthers included; seeds with long white marginal hairs.
The Batatas Clade (page 387) Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire or lobed. Sepals thin, often papery, usually distinctly mucronate. Corolla always glabrous, white or pink, often with a dark throat, often small and campanulate. Ovary and capsule often hirsute.
The Pharbitis Clade (page 430) Annual or perennial herbs, often hirsute. Leaves lobed or entire. Bracteoles often persistent. Sepals usually relatively large, usually with elongate, somewhat accrescent apex, sometimes leafy in texture. Corolla usually showy, pink, blue or violet, glabrous or (less commonly) pubescent. Stigma usually 3-lobed and ovary 3-locular. Capsule up to 6-seeded.
The Quamoclit Clade (page 556) Slender, twining usually annual, herbaceous herbs. Sepals characteristically awned, the awn subterminal on the abaxial surface, often equalling the sepal proper. Corolla red, orange or yellow, suburceolate or hypocrateriform, glabrous, stamens exserted or at least held at mouth of corolla. Ovary and capsule 4-locular.
Step IV. If your plant cannot be placed using Steps 1–3, go to the appropriate geographical key:
A. South American continent including the Galapagos Islands (page 54)
B. The North American Continent from Panama northwards (page 78)
C. The Caribbean Islands including Bermuda, Trinidad and the Netherlands Antilles (page 93)
D. Hawaii (page 99)
The two continental keys are divided into a series of subkeys to facilitate access as they would otherwise be very large. Some species can be accessed through different routes so individual species may occur in several subkeys.
Key A1: Species with soft fleshy spines on the sepals and/or peduncles
Key A2: Species with erect stems
Key A3: Species with leaves divided digitately to, or near the base, into five or more lobes or segments
Key A4: Species with very long sepals, mostly exceeding 2 cm in length
Key A5: Species with coriaceous, convex, usually glabrous sepals
Key A6: Species with a subcylindrical corolla tube and (usually) exserted stamens
Key A7: Species with small flowers, the corolla < 3 cm long
Key A8: Plants with a glabrous white corolla > 3 cm long (check buds).
Key A9: Plants with subcapitate inflorescences
Key A10: Trailing, climbing or twining plants with a pubescent corolla > 3.5 cm long
Key A1
Species with soft fleshy spines on the sepals and/or peduncles (Figure
1 | Leaves 3 (–5)-lobed | 2 |
– | Leaves entire | 3 |
2 | Outer sepals 14–17 mm long, covered in long white hairs and soft spines; corolla white | 411. I. altoamazonica |
Outer sepals 8–10 mm long, glabrous or with soft spines; corolla pink | 216. I. setosa | |
3 | Outer sepals 15–25 cm long; peduncles < 5 cm long; corolla white | 409. I. echinocalyx |
Outer sepals 12–14 cm long; peduncles 0.5–8 cm long; corolla pink | 408. I. crinicalyx |
Key A2
Erect species. Perennial herbs or subshrubs growing in open habitats. Leaves subsessile (petioles usually < 1 cm), linear, lanceolate, ovate or oblong in shape, base attenuate or cuneate, rarely rounded, never cordate. Sepals various. Inflorescence usually terminal on the stem, often subspicate or subracemose in form but occasionally branched and arising from the upper leaf axils. Corolla shape and colour varied but never hypocrateriform (except I. cavalcantei) or suburceolate. Capsule and seeds varied.
1 | Corolla glabrous on the exterior | 2 |
– | Corolla hirsute on the exterior at least in bud | 18 |
2 | Leaves divided nearly to the base into linear segments; sepals > 2 cm long | 13. I. theodori |
– | Leaves entire or shallowly lobed | 3 |
3 | Sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex | 4 |
– | Sepals equal or unequal, never coriaceous or convex | 7 |
4 | Leaves and stem glabrous | 5 |
– | Leaves and stem hirsute | 6 |
5 | Herb; leaves linear, 1–3 mm wide | 169. I. schomburgkii |
– | Subshrub; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 5–25 mm wide | 155. I. franciscana |
6 | Leaves green, pubescent, imbricate, diminishing in size upwards; corolla weakly lobed | 168. I. paulistana |
– | Leaves silvery-sericeous, especially below, not conspicuously imbricate or diminishing in size upwards; corolla lobed | 167. I. argentea |
7 | Sepals pubescent | 8 |
– | Sepals glabrous | 11 |
8 | Corolla hypocrateriform, deep red; stamens exserted | 96. I. cavalcantei |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, pink; stamens included | 9 |
9 | Outer sepals 6–10 mm long; leaves pubescent beneath | 10 |
– | Outer sepals 12–15 mm; leaves glabrescent beneath | 97. I. marabaensis |
10 | Leaves linear, 3–5 mm wide | 102. I. neriifolia |
– | Leaves mostly oblong, 5–14 mm wide | 101. I. queirozii |
11 | Leaves pubescent beneath | 101. I. queirozii |
– | Leaves glabrous | 12 |
12 | Stems conspicuously granulose | 368. I. granulosa |
– | Stems smooth | 13 |
13 | Sepals subequal (Guianas and Amapá) | 385. I. leprieurii |
– | Sepals markedly unequal | 14 |
14 | Sepals abaxially muricate | 15 |
– | Sepals abaxially smooth | 16 |
15 | Leaves oblong or ovate; plant only woody basally | 345. I. procurrens |
– | Leaves oblong-elliptic to suborbicular; woody subshrub | 344. I. coriacea |
16 | Outer sepals 7–11 mm long | 367. I. rupestris |
– | Outer sepals 2–6 mm long | 17 |
17 | Leaves linear, < 3 mm wide | 364. I. pinifolia |
– | Leaves oblong, > 5 mm wide | 363. I. squamisepala |
18 | Leaves all entire | 19 |
– | Leaves 3–5-lobed | 43 |
19 | Leaves linear to very narrowly oblong; inflorescence clearly terminal (I. campestris might key out here but inflorescence is axillary) | 20 |
– | Leaves oblong or ovate, > 5 mm wide; inflorescence clearly terminal only or with flowers also in the leaf axils | 23 |
20 | Leaves 16–27 cm long, coarsely tomentose | 6. I. aemilii |
– | Leaves 1.5–12 cm long, variously hirsute but not coarsely tomentose | 21 |
21 | Leaves acute, mucronate (widespread, cerrados) | 47. I. aprica |
– | Leaves obtuse, prominently mucronate | 22 |
22 | Leaves with 3 prominent longitudinal veins, abaxially floccose (Paraguay) | 49. I. oblongifolia |
– | Leaves with a single longitudinal vein, abaxially puberulent to subsericeous (Brazil) | 48. I. uninervis |
23 | Inflorescence of unbranched terminal spikes or poorly differentiated cymose clusters | 24 |
– | Inflorescence clearly branched, the lower part clearly cymose in structure, sometimes appearing paniculate | 38 |
24 | Leaves elliptic or ovate, up to three times as long as broad | 25 |
– | Leaves oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, at least three times as long as broad | 30 |
25 | Pedicels absent or very short so bracteoles immediately below calyx; peduncles 2.5–5 cm long | 50. I. guaranitica |
– | Pedicels 2–7 mm long, bracteoles arising at least 5 mm below calyx; peduncles | 26 |
26 | Sepals 6–8 (–10) mm long; flowers in cymes, rarely solitary | 27 |
– | Sepals 9–15 mm long; flowers usually solitary | 29 |
27 | Abaxial leaf surface and outer sepals densely silvery-tomentose; corolla pink (Paraguay) | 55. I. paraguariensis |
– | Abaxial leaf surface and outer sepals pubescent but not densely silvery-tomentose; corolla white or pink | 28 |
28 | Corolla white or pale pink; leaves 6 × 3.5 cm; plant ±herbaceous | 33. I. cerradoensis |
– | Corolla pink; leaves up to 15.5 × 7 cm; plant distinctly shrubby | 34. I. sp . B |
29 | Peduncles very short; leaves with white “highlighted” ciliolate margins (Amambay, Paraguay) | 54. I. estrellensis |
– | Peduncles 0.8–4 cm; leaves without distinct white margins (Cordillera, Paraguay) | 8. I. cordillerae |
30 | Plant inconspicuously hirsute, often appearing glabrous except when using a hand lens | 31 |
– | Plant conspicuously hirsute | 32 |
31 | Plant usually > 50 cm in height; flowers in compact cymes, rarely solitary; wet places in Argentina, Paraguay and the Pantanal | 9. I. paludosa |
– | Plant usually < 30 cm high; flowers mostly solitary; dry places in the Brazilian cerrados | 35. I. campestris |
32 | Bracts ±equalling leaves, nearly concealing flowers; leaves and bracts imbricate | 103. I. pohlii |
– | Flowers not concealed by bracts; leaves and bracts not imbricate, or, if somewhat imbricate, flowers and calyx clearly visible | 33 |
33 | Inflorescence elongate, up to 30 cm in length; leaves tomentose on both surfaces (Amambay, Paraguay) | 53. I. rojasii |
– | Inflorescence nor elongate, usually < 10 cm long; leaves not tomentose on both surfaces | 34 |
34 | Outer sepals mostly 15–20 × 5–7 mm, often somewhat foliose, much larger than inner sepals | 83. I. burchellii |
– | Outer sepals < 16 × 4 mm, usually much less, not conspicuously unequal | 35 |
35 | Sepals acute to acuminate | 36 |
– | Sepals obtuse | 37 |
36 | Inflorescence very compact, clustered at apex of stem; sepals 8–11 mm long (Sierra de Pireneus in Brazil) | 31. I. pyrenea |
– | Flowers not clustered at stem apex; sepals 12–16 mm long (widespread in cerrado) | 29. I. hirsutissima |
37 | Leaves lanceolate | 30. I. aurifolia |
– | Leaves oblong | 32. I. subspicata |
38 | Leaves abaxially white, appressed tomentellous | 38. I. argyreia |
– | Leaves greyish, usually tomentose with spreading hairs | 39 |
39 | Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, widest above the middle | 40 |
– | Leaves ovate, oblong elliptic or oblong, widest in the middle | 41 |
40 | Leaves mostly < 2 cm wide, densely pubescent adaxially; inflorescence simple, side branches absent or very short | 39. I. cuneifolia |
– | Leaves mostly 2–4 cm wide, thinly pilose to glabrous, adaxially; inflorescence with long side branches below | 40. I. haenkeana |
41 | Leaves slightly longer than broad, adaxially much less hirsute than abaxially | 41. I. virgata |
– | Leaves 3 or more times longer than broad, both surfaces equally hirsute | 42 |
42 | Sepals acute, 10–12 mm long; ovary and capsule glabrous | 42. I. verbasciformis |
– | Sepals acuminate, submucronate, ±15 mm long; ovary and capsule comose | 43. I. dasycarpa |
43 | Leaves divided to near the base into linear segments, all or most less than 3 mm wide | 44 |
– | Leaves shallowly lobed or, if lobed to near the base, segments oblong, not linear | 46 |
44 | All leaf segments < 5 cm long | 45 |
– | Some or all leaf segments 5–7 cm long | 15. I. itapuaensis |
45 | Sepals 5–8 mm, obtuse to rounded; inflorescence usually terminal and cymose in form | 17. I. angustissima |
– | Sepals 9–11 mm, acute; inflorescence axillary; flowers solitary in the leaf axils | 16. I. fiebrigii |
46 | Leaves shallowly lobed, often with some entire leaves | 47 |
– | Leaves deeply lobed into oblong segments | 49 |
47 | Plant roughly hirsute with long spreading hairs; flowers solitary; corolla very large, > 9 cm long | 28. I. megalantha |
– | Plant pubescent to subglabrous, hairs appressed; flowers usually in cymes; corolla < 6.5 cm long | 48 |
48 | Lower leaves entire, upper leaves usually 3-lobed | 10. I. morongii |
– | All leaves divided into 3–5 lobes | 11. I. malvaeoides |
49 | Inflorescence terminal, formed of few-flowered cymes | 7. I. malpighipila |
– | Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers, these occasionally in axillary cymes | 50 |
50 | Corollas 6–9 cm long | 51 |
– | Corollas 5–6 cm long | 11. I. malvaeoides |
51 | Sepals obtuse, mucronate; inner sepals 11–16 mm long | 14. I. sp. A |
– | Sepals acute; inner sepals 8–11 mm long | 12. I. pseudomalvaeoides |
Key A3
Digitate-leaved species with leaves divided to or near the base into 5 or more segments. Excluded are species with all or most leaves 3-lobed or divided to halfway or less.
1 | Corolla up to 3 cm long; plants slender annuals or perennials | 2 |
– | Corolla 3.5–9 cm long; plants perennial | 8 |
2 | Corolla 1–1.2 cm long; sepals apiculate; introduced weed in dry areas of Venezuela......... | 328. I. costellata |
– | Corolla 1.7–3 cm long; sepals not apiculate | 3 |
3 | Perennials from a bulb-like corm; sepals muricate, scarious margined (high altitude Andean species) | 4 |
– | Annual or perennial lowland herbs lacking a corm-like rootstock; sepals neither muricate, nor prominently scarious-margined; plants not usually occurring above 2500 m | 5 |
4 | Leaves imbricate, the segments filiform; sepals outer sepals 4–5 mm long; plant usually erect | 288. I. capillacea |
– | Leaves scarcely imbricate, the segments linear 1–3 mm wide; outer sepals 5.5–7 mm long; plant usually decumbent to ascending | 287. I. plummerae |
5 | Peduncle coiled or at least twisted; leaflets all arising from the same origin | 6 |
– | Peduncle straight or nearly so; leaflets pedate or some forked | 7 |
6 | Sepal base abruptly truncate, margin fimbriate below | 373. I. tenera |
– | Sepal base, rounded, margin entire, not fimbriate | 374. I. heptaphylla |
7 | Corolla yellow with violet centre; sepals > 7 mm long, acuminate; dry habitats | 383. I. longeramosa |
– | Corolla pink; sepals 3–3.5 mm, obtuse; wetlands in Venezuela and Colombia | 280. I. pittieri |
8 | Sepals with a prominent appendage on the abaxial surface (NE Brazil) | 90. I. rosea |
– | Sepals lacking an appendage on the abaxial surface | 9 |
9 | Leaf petioles with conspicuous pseudo-stipules | 392. I. cairica |
– | Leaf petioles clearly lacking pseudo-stipules | 10 |
10 | Leaf segments linear to oblong, ±parallel-sided, mostly < 5 mm wide | 11 |
– | Leaf segments elliptic, ovate or obovate, clearly not parallel-sided | 23 |
11 | Corolla glabrous | 12 |
– | Corolla pubescent | 16 |
12 | Sepals > 1.5 cm long | 13 |
– | Sepals 0.5–1 cm long | 14 |
13 | Sepals truncate at base; slender herb, variable in habit but never erect | 377. I. pantanalensis |
– | Sepals narrowed at base; erect herb | 13. I. theodori |
14 | Sepals obovate suborbicular, about as long as broad | 156. I. platensis |
– | Sepals ovate or oblong, twice as long as broad | 15 |
15 | Sepals ovate, apiculate, 5–6 mm long (stream sides) | 378. I. subrevoluta |
– | Sepals oblong, rounded, rounded (granite domes) | 89. I. graniticola |
16 | Twining plant | 18. I. revoluta |
– | Erect or ascending herbs | 17 |
17 | All or most leaf segments less than 3 mm wide | 18 |
– | All or most leaf segments oblong, not linear | 20 |
18 | All leaf segments < 5 cm long | 19 |
– | Some or all segments 5–7 cm long | 15. I. itapuaensis |
19 | Sepals 5–8 mm, obtuse to rounded; inflorescence usually terminal and cymose in form | 17. I. angustissima |
– | Sepals 9–11 mm, acute; inflorescence axillary; flowers solitary in the leaf axils | 16. I. fiebrigii |
20 | Inflorescence terminal, formed of few-flowered cymes | 7. I. malpighipila |
– | Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers, these occasionally in axillary cymes | 21 |
21 | Corolla 6–9 cm long | 22 |
– | Corolla 5–6 cm long | 11. I. malvaeoides |
22 | Sepals obtuse, mucronate; inner sepals 11–16 mm long | 14. I. sp. A |
– | Sepals acute; inner sepals 8–11 mm long | 12. I. pseudomalvaeoides |
23 | Sepals > 20 cm long, bracteoles large, persistent, often concealing the calyx | 107. I. gigantea |
– | Sepals < 1.5 cm, bracteoles small, caducous, never concealing the calyx | 24 |
24 | Corolla and sepals glabrous | 25 |
– | Corolla and sepals pubescent | 29 |
25 | Sepals papery, flat, subacute to mucronate | 95. I. killipiana |
– | Sepals coriaceous, convex, rounded | 26 |
26 | Inflorescence of compound, many-flowered axillary cymes, 10–30 cm in length (Peru) | 158. I. maranyonensis |
– | Inflorescence of simple or doubled axillary cymes, 10 cm long | 27 |
27 | Leaf lobes linear-oblong | 156. I. platensis |
– | Leaf lobes (oblong-)elliptic | 28 |
28 | Leaves large, 5–14 × 6–16 cm (wetlands in tropical lowlands) | 157. I. mauritiana |
– | Leaves relatively small, mostly 4–6 × 5–7 cm (mostly dry habitats in the inter-Andean valleys and the Chaco lowlands) | 159. I. cheirophylla |
29 | Leaves digitately lobed to base | 3. I. pampeana |
– | Leaves not digitately divided to base | 30 |
30 | Corolla almost glabrous; leaves 6–9-palmatisect with elliptic to oblanceolate lobes | 1. I. stuckertii |
– | Corolla conspicuously pubescent; leaves 3–5-palmatilobed with ovate lobes | 2. I. padillae |
Key A4
Species with very long sepals, mostly exceeding 2 cm in length
1 | Corolla pure white, the tube narrowly cylindrical, sepals with a long terminal awn | 272. I. alba |
– | Corolla pink, blue, or yellowish with a coloured tube, tube not cylindrical; sepals not awned | 2 |
2 | Leaves lobed or divided into segments | 3 |
– | Leaves entire, ovate, cordate | 6 |
3 | Leaf divided into linear-filiform segments; erect plant (Paraguay) | 13. I. theodori |
– | Leaf segments or lobes broad; trailing or climbing plant | 4 |
4 | Leaf divided into 5–10 oblong segments (Brazil) | 107. I. gigantea |
– | Leaf lobed, not divided into separate segments | 5 |
5 | Leaves and sepals glabrous; corolla purple (Cusco area, Peru) | 402. I. cuscoensis |
– | Leaves and sepals hirsute; corolla blue when fresh | 236. I. nil |
6 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior | 7 |
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior | 9 |
7 | Corolla pink; pedicels very short, < 10 mm long; bracteoles relatively persistent | 8 |
– | Corolla yellowish with purple tube; pedicels 10–25 mm; bracteoles short, caducous (Venezuela) | 109. I. yaracuyensis |
8 | Peduncles 3–5 cm long; corolla 6–7 cm long (Bolivia and Brazil) | 98. I. calyptrata |
– | Peduncles < 1.2 cm; corolla 12 cm long (Peru) | 113. I. nivea |
9 | Sepals obovate to suborbicular; stamens exserted from corolla | 269. I. mirandina |
– | Sepals lanceolate or oblong, much longer than broad; stamens included in corolla | 10 |
10 | Leaves sagittate with acute auricles; sepals with prominent longitudinal vein | 355. I. incarnata |
– | Leaves cordate with rounded auricles; sepals lacking prominent longitudinal veins | 11 |
11 | Leaves pubescent (Brazil) | 405. I. daturiflora |
– | Leaves glabrous | 12 |
12 | Sepals very unequal in size | 360. I. paranaensis |
– | Sepals equal or nearly so | 13 |
13 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); stem with scattered long spreading white hairs; corolla pale blue | 401. I. clavata |
– | Inflorescence a cyme of up to 7 flowers; stem glabrous; corolla pale lilac | 217. I. peruviana |
Key A5
Species with coriaceous sepals. Perennial erect, trailing or twining herbs or woody lianas, erect, trailing or twining, stellate hairs sometimes present. Leaves lobed or entire. Sepals coriaceous, convex, subequal, usually glabrous but sometimes indumentum from pedicels extends onto lower half of outer sepals. Corolla glabrous (except I. discolor), funnel-shaped with included stamens or hypocrateriform or suburceolate with exserted stamens. Capsule 4-seeded, seeds commonly with prominent, long marginal hairs.
1 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior (Venezuela and Guianas) | 172. I. discolor |
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior | 2 |
2 | Stellate (branched) hairs present on leaves and stem | 3 |
– | Hairs all unbranched | 6 |
3 | Stellate hairs conspicuous, unbranched hairs absent or very few | 4 |
– | Stellate hairs inconspicuous, mixed with and partly concealed by unbranched hairs | 5 |
4 | Stellate hairs with long branches 0.5–1.5 mm long | 163. I. homotrichoidea |
– | Stellate hairs with short branches <0.5 mm long | 162. I. bonariensis |
5 | Corolla funnel-shaped; stamens included | 164. I. oranensis |
– | Corolla hypocrateriform; stamens exserted | 165. I. exserta |
6 | Stems erect; petioles < 1 cm long; leaves linear, oblong or obovate | 7 |
– | Stems twining or trailing; petioles > 1 cm long; leaves varied but if oblong, plant a liana | 10 |
7 | Leaves and stem glabrous | 8 |
– | Leaves and stem hirsute | 9 |
8 | Herb; leaves linear, 1–3 mm wide | 169. I. schomburgkii |
– | Subshrub; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 5–25 mm wide | 155. I. franciscana |
9 | Leaves green, pubescent, imbricate, diminishing in size upwards; corolla weakly lobed | 168. I. paulistana |
– | Leaves silvery-sericeous, especially below, not conspicuously imbricate or diminishing in size upwards; corolla lobed | 167. I. argentea |
10 | Leaves 5–7-lobed to near base; vigorous cultivated liana of tropical gardens | 211. I. horsfalliae |
– | Leaves entire or lobed, but, if lobed, not lobed to near base or plant herbaceous; naturally growing herbaceous or woody climbers | 11 |
11 | Corolla suburceolate or hypocrateriform with a relatively narrow tube, sometimes leafless at anthesis; stamens exserted | 12 |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, leaves present at anthesis; stamens included | 16 |
12 | Stems and leaves glabrous | 13 |
– | Stems and leaves hirsute | 15 |
13 | Leaves dimorphic, commonly 3-lobed, often absent at anthesis; corolla limb with ovate lobes up to 5 mm long; stem often warted (Venezuela) | 171. I. verruculosa |
– | Leaves entire, uniform in shape, present at anthesis; corolla limb very short, the lobes < 3 mm long; stem not warted | 14 |
14 | Leaves oblong-elliptic, < 2.5 cm wide (Brazil) | 153. I. ana-mariae |
– | Leaves ovate, 4–8 cm wide (Bolivia) | 150. I. suburceolata |
15 | Leaves white canescent on both surfaces, usually absent at anthesis (Brazil) | 154. I. longistaminea |
– | Leaves adaxially green, present or absent at anthesis (Bolivia) | 165. I. exserta |
16 | Leaves all conspicuously 3–7-lobed | 17 |
– | Leaves entire or occasionally with a few leaves shallowly lobed | 23 |
17 | Leaves abaxially densely silvery sericeous; corolla campanulate, < 2.5 cm long, white | 176. I. eremnobrocha |
– | Leaves abaxially glabrous or thinly pubescent; corolla funnel-shaped > 4 cm long, pink | 18 |
18 | All or most leaves 5–7-lobed | 19 |
– | All or most leaves 3-lobed | 22 |
19 | Leaf lobes linear-oblong, not widest in the middle | 156. I. platensis |
– | Leaf lobes (oblong-)elliptic, widest in the middle | 20 |
20 | Inflorescence of compound, many-flowered axillary cymes, 10–30 cm in length | 158. I. maranyonensis |
– | Inflorescence of simple or doubled axillary cymes, 10 cm long | 21 |
21 | Leaves large, 5–14 × 6–16 cm; humid tropical lowlands | 157. I. mauritiana |
– | Leaves relatively small, mostly 4–6 × 5–7 cm; mostly dry habitats in the inter-Andean valleys and the Chaco lowlands | 159. I. cheirophylla |
22 | Leaves glabrous | 160. I. blanchetii |
– | Leaves pubescent | 161. I. caloneura |
23 | Inflorescence with large persistent bracteoles which conceal calyx and capsule | 170. I. densibracteata |
– | Bracteoles small, caducous or briefly persistent, never concealing calyx and capsules | 24 |
24 | Peduncles and pedicels very short, < 7 mm long | 148. I. goyazensis |
– | Peduncles and/or pedicels at least 1 cm long, usually much more | 25 |
25 | Leaves glabrous | 26 |
– | Leaves hirsute at least beneath | 31 |
26 | Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-obovate, base cuneate to weakly cordate; woody lianas of dry country | 27 |
– | Leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate, base truncate to cordate; plants of relatively moist areas, stems not obviously woody | 29 |
27 | Leaves oblong-ovate, base truncate to subcordate (Argentina and Bolivia) | 149. I. schulziana |
– | Leaves oblong-elliptic to obovate, base cuneate to attenuate, 0.7–2.5 cm wide (Brazil) | 28 |
28 | Leaves with 4–5 pairs of veins, apex rounded to emarginate | 152. I. serrana |
– | Leaves with 9–12 pairs of veins, apex acute to obtuse | 151. I. pintoi |
29 | Leaves 10–22 × 9–16 cm, commonly with a distinct angle or tooth on the margin; sepals 9–12 mm long (Southern Brazil) | 147. I. austrobrasiliensis |
– | Leaves mostly < 14 × 10 cm long, lacking a distinct marginal angle or tooth; sepals usually < 9 mm long | 30 |
30 | Widespread species of lowland forest; leaves ovate, usually entire | 145. I. batatoides |
– | Andean species; leaves subdeltoid, often shallowly 3-lobed | 146. I. volcanensis |
31 | Stem and leaves with stiff spreading bulbous white hairs | 142. I. pogonocalyx |
– | Stem and leaves variously hirsute but never as above | 32 |
32 | Leaf base broadly cuneate, leaves oblong-ovate | 143. I. sp . C |
– | Leaf base cordate; leaves ovate, sometimes lobed | 33 |
33 | Bracteoles caducous | 34 |
– | Bracteoles persistent (Amazonia) | 166. I. asplundii |
34 | Lowland species; indumentum usually sparse, stellate hairs absent | 145. I. batatoides |
– | Andean species (Bolivia and Argentina); indumentum dense with some stellate hairs | 164. I. oranensis |
Key A6
Species with a subcylindrical corolla tube and exserted stamens. Perennial or annual herbs of varying habit and leaf shape. Corolla subcylindrical, the tube scarcely widened upwards; stamens exserted.
1 | Corolla white or white flushed very pale blue | 2 |
– | Corolla variously coloured but never white or white flushed bluish | 6 |
2 | Corolla suburceolate, the limb very short | 423. I. scopulina |
– | Corolla hypocrateriform with a conspicuous limb | 3 |
3 | Sepals obtuse; peduncle very long, 22–40 cm | 82. I. marcellia |
– | Sepals awned or mucronate; peduncles < 20 cm long | 4 |
4 | Outer sepals with long awns 5–12 mm long; stems often with fleshy spines | 272. I. alba |
– | Outer sepals mucronate but lacking long awns; stems lacking fleshy spines | 5 |
5 | Leaves lanceolate, base rounded to cuneate (Galapagos Islands) | 390. I. habeliana |
– | Leaves ovate or suborbicular, cordate (widespread on coasts) | 389. I. violacea |
6 | Sepals terminating in a distinct awn; corolla bright red, yellow or orange; plants annual, slender | Go to Key to Quamoclit clade (page 556) |
– | Sepals obtuse or acute, sometimes mucronate, but the mucro < 1 mm long; corolla dark red, pink or purple; perennial herbs, lianas or subshrubs | 7 |
7 | Corolla pubescent at least on the exterior | 8 |
– | Corolla glabrous on theexterior | 9 |
8 | Sepals unequal, the inner 16–17 mm long; ovary and capsule hirsute | 404. I. sidifolia |
– | Sepals subequal, 10–12 mm long; ovary (and presumably capsule) glabrous | 96. I. cavalcantei |
9 | Leaves lanceolate, up to 1 cm wide (Peru) | 425. I . sp. D . |
– | Leaves of varied shape, usually ovate, at least 1.5 cm wide | 10 |
10 | Sepals coriaceous, convex; glabrous (Key A5) | 11 |
– | Sepals varied but nor coriaceous or convex, glabrous or pubescent | 14 |
11 | Leaves glabrous | 12 |
– | Leaves densely hirsute, especially abaxially | 13 |
12 | Leaves oblong-elliptic, < 2.5 cm wide (Brazil) | 153. I. ana-mariae |
– | Leaves ovate, 4–8 cm wide (Bolivia) | 150. I. suburceolata |
13 | Leaves white canescent on both surfaces, usually absent at anthesis (Brazil) | 154. I. longistaminea |
– | Leaves adaxially green, usually present at anthesis (Bolivia) | 165. I. exserta |
14 | Sepals obovate, 1.8–2.5 cm long (Venezuela) | 269. I. mirandina |
– | Sepals < 11 mm long, ovate, oblong or lanceolate | 15 |
15 | Corolla tube < 3.5 cm long (Peru and Ecuador) | 16 |
– | Corolla tube > 3.5 cm long (Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil) | 17 |
16 | Sepals very unequal, the outer 3–4 mm long | 310. I. alexandrae |
– | Sepals subequal 9–10 mm long | 309. I. nationis |
17 | Sepals obtuse to rounded; leaves commonly lobed; stems usually warted (Venezuela) | 171. I. verruculosa |
– | Sepals acute, usually mucronate; leaves always unlobed; stems not warted | 18 |
18 | Petioles < 2.2 cm; sepals unequal (Brazil) | 291. I. dumosa |
– | Petioles > 4 cm; sepals subequal (Venezuela and Colombia) | 265. I. retropilosa |
Key A7
Species with small flowers, the corolla < 3 cm long
1 | Leaves divided to base into 5 or more digitate segments | 2 |
– | Leaves entire, or, if divided, only 3-lobed, the lateral lobes sometimes forked | 8 |
2 | Corolla 1–1.2 cm long; sepals apiculate; introduced weed of dry areas in Venezuela | 328. I. costellata |
– | Corolla 1.7–3 cm long; Sepals various (apiculate only in I. longeramosa) | 3 |
3 | Perennials from a bulb-like corm; Sepals muricate, scarious-margined (High altitude Andean species) | 4 |
– | Annual or perennial lowland herbs lacking a corm-like rootstock; sepals neither muricate, nor prominently scarious-margined | 5 |
4 | Leaves imbricate, the segments filiform; outer sepals 4–5 mm; plant usually erect | 288. I. capillacea |
– | Leaves scarcely imbricate, the segments linear 1–3 mm wide; outer sepals 5.5–7 mm; plant usually decumbent to ascending | 287. I. plummerae |
5 | Peduncle coiled or at least twisted; leaflets all arising from the same origin | 6 |
– | Peduncle straight or nearly so; leaflets pedate or some forked | 7 |
6 | Sepal base abruptly truncate, margin fimbriate below | 373. I. tenera |
– | Sepal base, rounded, margin entire, not fimbriate | 374. I. heptaphylla |
7 | Corolla pale yellow with violet centre; sepals > 7 mm long, acuminate, apiculate; dry habitats | 383. I. longeramosa |
– | Corolla pink; sepals 3–3.5 mm, obtuse; wetlands in Venezuela and Colombia | 280. I. pittieri |
8 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior | 9 |
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior | 10 |
9 | Flowers arranged in dense heads surrounded by persistent bracteoles | 244. I. neurocephala |
– | Flowers not in dense bracteate heads | 311. I. velardei |
10 | Flowers in bracteolate clusters, the bracteoles 7–25 mm long, persistent | 305. I. meyeri |
– | Inflorescence clearly cymose or flowers solitary; bracteoles inconspicuous, often caducous | 11 |
11 | Corolla white, cream or yellowish, sometimes with a dark centre | 12 |
– | Corolla pink | 18 |
12 | Leaves 3-lobed | 13 |
– | Leaves entire | 14 |
13 | Outer sepals 13–20 mm, ovate, basally cordate and auriculate; flowers usually solitary | 375. I. macedoi |
– | Outer sepals 4–5 mm, oblong, basally cuneate; inflorescence of condensed axillary cymes | 176. I. eremnobrocha |
14 | Corolla c. 0.5 cm long; sepals 2–3 mm long | 336. I. minutiflora |
– | Corolla > 1.5 cm long; sepals 5–7 mm long | 15 |
15 | Sepals oblong, > 10 mm long | 403. I. corymbosa |
– | Sepals ovate or elliptic, < 10 mm long | 16 |
16 | Sepals white-margined; capsule strongly rostrate; cymes congested, the pedicels < 5 mm long | 382. I. acanthocarpa |
– | Sepals not white-margined; capsule muticous; cymes lax, the pedicels 5–15 mm long | 17 |
17 | Annual herb; sepals ovate, acute, often mucronate; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long (Caribbean) | 413. I. obscura |
– | Perennial herb: sepals elliptic, obtuse; corolla 2.3–3.5 cm long (moist forest, often Andean) | 87. I. reticulata |
18 | Leaves 3-lobed with the two laterals forked (Brazil) | 384. I. kraholandica |
– | Leaves entire or 3-lobed but, if 3-lobed, the laterals undivided | 19 |
19 | Low Andean herb; leaves cuneate, entire, bi- or trilobed | 287. I. plummerae |
– | Twining herbs; leaves ovate, cordate or 3-lobed | 20 |
20 | Whole plant softly grey-canescent (Bolivia near Brazil) | 387. I. deminuta |
– | Plant glabrous or pubescent, but never grey-canescent/tomentellous | 21 |
21 | Subshrub with somewhat succulent leaves; plant completely glabrous | 340. I. amnicola |
– | Slender herbs, not succulent; plants glabrous or variously hirsute | 22 |
22 | Sepals with dark blotches on abaxial surface | 281. I. dumetorum |
– | Sepals lacking dark blotches on abaxial surface | 23 |
23 | Peduncle passing through sinus of leaf base; sepals 3–5 mm long, corolla blue when fresh | 298. I. aristolochiifolia |
– | Peduncle not passing through sinus of leaf base; sepals mostly more than 5 mm long, but, if less, corolla pink when fresh | 24 |
24 | Sepals acute, not mucronate or aristate, lanceolate-deltoid; corolla, when fresh, blue with white throat | 255. I. marginisepala |
– | Sepals variously shaped (but never lanceolate-deltoid), always mucronate; corolla pink or pink with a dark throat | 25 |
25 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); sepals ovate, gradually narrowed to an aristate point | 26 |
– | Flowers usually several in axillary cymes; sepals variously shaped but not gradually narrowed to an aristate point | 28 |
26 | Completely glabrous trailing herb (Colombia) | 357. I. colombiana |
– | Stem, leaves and/or sepals variously hirsute (Bolivia and Brazil) | 27 |
27 | Leaves entire; stem glabrous; capsule rostrate | 406. I. chiquitensis |
– | Leaves commonly lobed; stem pilose; capsule acute, not rostrate | 407. I. melancholica |
28 | Capsule strongly rostrate; seeds pilose; sepals thick in texture with white margins; leaf auricles commonly acute | 382. I. acanthocarpa |
– | Capsule muticious, style rarely persistent; sepals thin in texture, lacking white margins; leaf auricles usually rounded (Batatas Clade) | 29 |
29 | Outer sepals broadly oblong-elliptic, usually glabrous; capsule glabrous or hirsute | 30 |
– | Outer sepals lanceolate or ovate, usually hirsute; capsule usually hirsute | 31 |
30 | Ovary and capsule glabrous; capsule compressed | 230. I. ramosissima |
– | Ovary and capsule pubescent; capsule conical | 231. I. cynanchifolia |
31 | Corolla < 1.8 cm long | 229. I. triloba |
– | Corolla 2–2.5 cm long | 228. I. grandifolia |
Key A8
Plants with a white or yellow glabrous corolla. Included are tree-like shrubs or lianas with white flowers and dark purplish or pinkish centres, which have not been keyed out earlier.
If sepals with fleshy spines go to Key A1.
If corolla with cylindrical tube and exserted stamens: Go to Key A6.
If corolla < 3 cm long go to Key A7.
If an erect plant with sessile/subsessile leaves go to Key A2.
If plant with coriaceous, convex sepals, go to Key A5.
1 | Sepals very unequal, the outer conspicuously shorter than the inner sepals | 2 | |
– | Sepals equal or only slightly unequal | 5 | |
2 | Stems trailing, often rooting at the nodes | 3 | |
– | Stems twining or clambering over vegetation or arborescent | 4 | |
3 | Leaves linear or oblong, rectangular or 5-lobed (coastal) | 388. I. imperati | |
– | Leaves ovate or subreniform | 347. I. asarifolia | |
4 | Leaves tomentellous to tomentose; outer sepals 10–12 mm long | 94. I. sulina | |
– | Leaves usually glabrous; outermost sepal <3 mm long | 381. I. anisomeres | |
5 | Small trees | 6 | |
– | Lianas or perennial somewhat woody climbers | 7 | |
6 | Leaves and sepals completely glabrous | 117. I. pauciflora | |
– | Abaxial leaf surface and sepals thinly pubescent | 119. I. wolcottiana | |
7 | Liana leafless at anthesis, flowers borne towards the apex of slender branches, many metres high | 116. I. juliagutierreziae | |
– | Plant with leaves present at anthesis, the flowers borne in axillary cymes, corymbs or racemes | 8 | |
8 | Corolla large, 9–12 cm long | 9 | |
– | Corolla < 6.5 cm long | 10 | |
9 | Corolla white with dark pinkish-purple centre; leaves abaxially greyish or whitish with prominent reticulate venation | 106. I. paradae | |
– | Corolla pure white or with a very pale pink centre; leaves abaxially pale green, not conspicuously reticulate-veined | 85. I. inaccessa | |
10 | Peduncles short, < 1.5 cm long so inflorescence appearing compact | 11 | |
– | Peduncles 1.5–8 cm long | 12 | |
11 | Sepals densely pubescent; pedicels 3–5 mm long | 110. I. chrysocalyx | |
– | Sepals usually glabrous; pedicels 7–27 mm long | 400. I. lindenii | |
12 | Bracteoles 2–3 cm long, persistent, asperous-pilose | 105. I. longibracteolata | |
– | Bracteoles < 1.5 cm long, usually caducous, glabrous | 13 | |
13 | Corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long | 14 | |
– | Corolla 3.5–5 cm long | 15 | |
14 | Sepals 10–14 mm long, spreading in fruit | 403. I. corymbosa | |
– | Sepals 5–7 mm long, not spreading in fruit | 87. I. reticulata | |
15 | Sepals obtuse or rounded, not mucronate; inflorescence commonly compound | 16 Sepals mucronate or very acute; inflorescence of simple axillary cymes | 17 |
16 | Pedicels very long, 1.5–2.5 cm; corolla campanulate, pendulous; plant glabrous | 371. I. syringiifolia | |
– | Pedicels mostly less than 1.5 cm long; corolla funnel-shaped, not pendulous; plant glabrous or hirsute | 86. I. saopaulista | |
17 | Slender annual herb with yellow flowers, usually somewhat hirsute at least abaxially on the leaves; white latex absent | 412. I. ochracea | |
– | Robust perennial with white flowers, sometimes with pink centre, almost completely glabrous; white latex usually abundant (Bolivia) | 223. I. lactifera |
Key A9
Plants with flowers in subcapitate inflorescences. Inflorescence pedunculate but flowers on reduced pedicels so clustered in a head-like inflorescence, the bracteoles often persistent.
1 | Corolla subcylindrical, suburceolate (Brazil) | 423. I. scopulina |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped with expanded limb | 2 |
2 | Corolla white; peduncle up to 40 cm long; trailing liana | 82. I. marcellia |
– | Corolla pink; peduncles usually < 10 cm long | 3 |
3 | Leaves, stem and sepals grey-tomentose | 4 |
– | Leaves, stem and sepals glabrous or pubescent | 5 |
4 | Bracteoles ovate-rhomboid, 2–4 mm wide; corolla with a few hairs at tips of midpetaline bands | 353. I. amazonica |
– | Bracteoles filiform, < 1 mm wide; corolla pubescent | 69. I. argentinica |
5 | Bracteoles forming a spathe-like involucre around the flowers | 6 |
– | Bracteoles narrow or broad but not forming a spathe-like involucre | 7 |
6 | Bracteoles basally united to form a boat-shaped involucre, paler basally but not prominently veined | 419. I. involucrata |
– | Bracteoles free at the base, not forming a boat-like structure, pale green with prominent dark veins | 244. I. neurocephala |
7 | Corolla glabrous | 8 |
– | Corolla pubescent at least in bud | 386. I. eriocalyx |
8 | Bracteoles inconspicuous, caducous or somewhat persistent, up to 5 mm long | 9 |
– | Bracteoles conspicuous, persistent, > 5 mm long | 10 |
9 | Sepals ovate, very shortly mucronate, abaxially pubescent, inconspicuously veined | 422. I. fasciculata |
– | Sepals oblong to oblong-elliptic, acuminate, conspicuously mucronate, ciliate-margined or glabrous, prominently veined | 220. I. batatas |
10 | Leaves glabrous; bracteoles narrowly ovate, boat-shaped; inflorescence hispid-pilose | 240. I. spruceana |
– | Leaves usually hirsute, at least abaxially; bracteoles linear, not boat-shaped; inflorescence pubescent but not hispid-pilose | 234. I. indica |
Key A10
Trailing, climbing or twining plants not in Keys A1–9 with corolla > 3.5 cm long, pubescent on the exterior. Buds should be checked carefully as pubescence is more obvious at this stage. On mature flowers check near the apex of the midpetaline bands.
1 | Leaf base truncate, rounded, cuneate or attenuate, never cordate or sagittate; plant trailing | 2 |
– | Leaf base cordate or sagittate; plant erect, climbing, twining or trailing | 21 |
2 | Leaves all or mostly 3-lobed | 3 |
– | Leaves all simple, rarely a few weakly 3-lobed | 8 |
3 | Leaves white-tomentose or sericeous at least on the lower surface | 4 |
– | Leaves pubescent or pilose but not whitish on either surface | 6 |
4 | Flowers solitary | 68. I. pseudocalystegia |
– | Flowers in cymes | 5 |
5 | Inner sepals obtuse; adaxial leaf surface green, thinly pilose; corolla 7–8 cm long (Bolivia) | 63. I. opulifolia |
– | Inner sepals acute; adaxial leaf surface thinly floccose-tomentose; corolla c. 4.5 cm long (Brazil) | 52. I. malvaviscoides |
6 | Sepals obtuse to subacute | 21. I. delphinioides |
– | Sepals finely acuminate | 7 |
7 | Flowers solitary; corolla 8.5–9.5 cm long | 28. I. megalantha |
– | Flowers in cymes; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long | 20. I. acutisepala |
8 | Flowers solitary or paired | 9 |
– | At least some inflorescences of 3- or more-flowered cymes | 12 |
9 | Leaves ovate to suborbicular | 23. I. chodatiana |
– | Leaves oblong to oblong-elliptic | 10 |
10 | Sepals finely acuminate (Paraguay) | 19. I. valenzuelensis |
– | Sepals obtuse to acute | 11 |
11 | Sepals acute; leaves broadly oblong, > 1.5 cm wide | 32. I. subspicata |
– | Sepals obtuse; leaves narrowly oblong, < 1.2 cm wide | 36. I. ensiformis |
12 | Leaves white-tomentose or sericeous abaxially | 13 |
– | Leaves hirsute but not whitish abaxially | 17 |
13 | Leaves white-sericeous on both surfaces | 26. I. altoparanaensis |
– | Leaves distinctly discolorous, the adaxial surface green even if with some white hairs | 14 |
14 | Leaves broadly ovate to elliptic, scarcely longer than broad | 15 |
– | Leaves narrowly ovate to oblong-ovate, 2–3 times longer than broad | 16 |
15 | Inflorescence from upper leaf axils only; leaves subrhomboid with petioles < 2 cm long (Andean Bolivia) | 56. I. mendozae |
– | Inflorescence clearly axillary; leaves ovate with petioles 1–4.5 cm long (Southern Brazil) | 22. I. uruguayensis |
16 | Leaves asperous-pilose (Brazil) | 51. I. langsdorfii |
– | Leaves white woolly, not asperous (Argentina) | 27. I. lanuginosa |
17 | Leaves all < 8 mm wide; sepals finely acuminate, 12–14 mm long | 37. I. attenuata |
– | Leaves all > 15 mm wide; sepals obtuse or acute, up to 12 mm long | 18 |
18 | Leaves glabrous or thinly pubescent | 19 |
– | Leaves conspicuously sericeous or pubescent, at least beneath | 20 |
19 | Petioles < 1 cm long; leaves completely glabrous; cymes simple (Bolivia) | 25. I. psammophila |
– | Petioles up to 4.5 cm long; leaves glabrous or thinly pubescent abaxially; cymes usually compounded (Argentina) | 24b. I. nitida subsp. krapovickasii |
20 | Leaves sericeous; sepals acute (Argentina) | 24a. I. nitida subsp. nitida |
– | Leaves pubescent; sepals obtuse to acute (Brazil) | 21. I. delphinioides |
21 | Leaves mostly 3-lobed to about halfway | 22 |
– | Leaves unlobed or a few leaves 2–3-lobed | 27 |
22 | Sepals 15–20 mm long, pale green, minutely puberulent | 5. I. cardenasiana |
– | Sepals < 15 mm long, grey-tomentose or pubescent | 23 |
23 | Sepals pilose with spreading hairs; plant of wetlands | 399. I. rubens |
– | Sepals appressed hairy to sericeous; plants of dry habitats | 24 |
24 | Leaves dimorphic with some entire and some lobed on the same plant; inflorescence subterminal | 4. I. prolifera |
– | Leaves all lobed on the same plant; inflorescence clearly axillary | 25 |
25 | Lobes acute to acuminate | 63. I. opulifolia |
– | Lobes rounded to obtuse, mucronate | 26 |
26 | Flowers solitary or subsessile at the apex of a long peduncle | 68. I. pseudocalystegia |
– | Flowers in cymes, clearly pedicellate | 67. I. mucronifolia |
27 | Leaves conspicuous grey- or white-tomentose or sericeous abaxially | 28 |
– | Leaves green abaxially, not strongly grey- or white-tomentose | 53 |
28 | Inflorescence borne on long peduncles 20–42 cm in length | 29 |
– | Inflorescence borne on peduncles < 25 cm long; corolla pink | 30 |
29 | Corolla white; stamens shortly exserted | 82. I. marcellia |
– | Corolla pink; stamens included | 100. I. descolei |
30 | Flowers all or mostly solitary (rarely up to 3) | 31 |
– | Flowers in axillary cymes of 3 or more flowers | 34 |
31 | Leaves mostly > 7 × 6 cm | 32 |
– | Leaves very small, < 5 × 5 cm | 33 |
32 | Trailing herb; sepals acute, not markedly accrescent in fruit (Bolivia) | 57. I. gypsophila |
– | Liana; sepals rounded to obtuse, accrescent to 2.8 cm (Galapagos) | 418. I. tiliifolia |
33 | Bracteoles caducous; pedicels 6–15 mm (Venezuela, Guyana) | 172. I. discolor |
– | Bracteoles persistent; pedicels very short, < 5 mm long (Brazil) | 44. I. geophilifolia |
34 | Sepals relatively large, > 14 mm long, especially in fruit; bracteoles usually > 15 mm long | 35 |
– | Sepals <13 mm long (sometimes more in glabrous leaved I. chondrosepala); bracteoles short, usually < 12 mm long | 39 |
35 | Leaves tomentellous adaxially; capsule large, 1.5–2 cm | 36 |
– | Leaves glabrous adaxially; capsule unknown | 37 |
36 | Bracteoles persistent adpressed to calyx; leaves grey-tomentose adaxially | 98. I. calyptrata |
– | Bracteoles caducous, not adpressed to calyx; leaves green-tomentose adaxially | 108. I. brasiliana var. subincana |
37 | Outer sepals 14–16 mm long | 38 |
– | Outer sepals 18–25 mm long | 396. I. pearceana |
38 | Leaves large, > 9 cm long; peduncles long, mostly > 15 cm long (Cultivated) | 393. I. nervosa |
– | Leaves small, < 6 cm long (Peru); peduncles < 4.5 cm | 114. I. mathewsiana |
39 | Sepals short, < 8 mm long | 40 |
– | Sepals 8–15 mm long | 42 |
40 | Sepals rounded, lacking black glands at base (Andes south to Peru) | 84a. I. carnea subsp. carnea |
– | Sepals acute to apiculate, commonly with dark glands at base | 41 |
41 | Vegetative parts all shortly and finely sericeous; ovary hirsute | 397. I. velutinifolia |
– | Vegetative parts, subglabrous, pubescent or appressed pilose but never uniformly sericeous; ovary glabrous | 61. I. megapotamica |
42 | Sepals with conspicuous spreading hairs | 43 |
– | Sepals appressed hairy, tomentose or sericeous | 44 |
43 | Bracteoles caducous; corolla c. 5 cm long (Wet places) | 399. I. rubens |
– | Bracteoles somewhat persistent; corolla c. 8 cm long (Dry places, Bolivia) | 70. I. longibarbis |
44 | Sepals glabrous or nearly so | 45 |
– | Sepals tomentose, sericeous or uniformly pubescent | 46 |
45 | Cymes simple; sepals ovate to elliptic | 73. I. jalapa |
– | Cymes commonly compounded and inflorescence subracemose or corymbose; sepals oblong or oblong-obovate | 394. I. abutiloides |
46 | Leaves obtuse with a 3 mm apical mucro | 66. I. walteri |
– | Leaves not as above | 47 |
47 | Bracteoles 12–20 mm long, persistent till after the flowers have fallen | 69. I. argentinica |
– | Bracteoles usually < 10 mm long, usually deciduous at anthesis | 48 |
48 | Leaves dimorphic, some lobed, some entire; inflorescence subtermina | 4. I. prolifera |
– | Leaves all entire; inflorescence axillary | 49 |
49 | Abaxial leaf surfaces with long appressed hairs; cymes usually few-flowered (Colombia) | 64. I. macarenensis |
– | Abaxial leaf surface tomentose but hairs not appressed nor long | 50 |
50 | Corolla large 9–11 cm long (Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela) | 73. I. jalapa |
– | Corolla 4.5–7 cm long | 51 |
51 | Sepals oblong; inflorescence often formed on leafy branchlets | 395. I. sericosepala |
– | Sepals ovate; inflorescence of leafless cymes | 52 |
52 | Sepals acute, not mucronate, eglandular, peduncles and pedicels usually short so inflorescence crowded (Central Brazil) | 65. I. sericophylla |
– | Sepals mucronate, usually with two large basal glands; inflorescence lax (Southern Andes) | 45. I. hieronymi |
53 | Corolla < 4 cm long (Ecuador and Peru) | 311. I. velardei |
– | Corolla > 5 cm long | 54 |
54 | Stem and inflorescence bearded with yellowish hairs; bracteoles persistent; pedicels < 10 mm long (Ecuador) | 245. I. harlingii |
– | Stem and inflorescence not bearded with yellowish hairs; bracteoles persistent or not; pedicels mostly > 10 mm long | 55 |
55 | Stem with fleshy teeth; corolla limb deeply lobed; violet with white tube | 270. I. parasitica |
– | Stem unarmed; corolla limb at most weakly lobed; tube coloured | 56 |
56 | Sepals lanceolate, much longer than broad | 57 |
– | Sepals ovate to elliptic, only slightly longer than broad | 58 |
57 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); peduncle < 5 mm long | 417. I. chapadensis |
– | Flowers in cymes; peduncles well-developed, usually exceeding 10 mm | 416. I. regnellii |
58 | Flowers solitary (very rarely up to 3); sepals strongly accrescent and enveloping the capsule | 418. I. tiliifolia |
– | Flowers several in cymes, rarely reduced to single flowers | 59 |
59 | Sepals with a prominent swollen abaxial appendage (Bolivia) | 58. I. appendiculata |
– | Sepals lacking a prominent swollen abaxial appendage | 60 |
60 | Trailing perennial with stout stem; leaves undulate to dentate (very dry inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia and Argentina) | 71. I. lilloana |
– | Twining or climbing perennials, stems stout to slender; leaves occasionally lobed but not undulate or dentate | 61 |
61 | Corolla very large, 7–12 cm long; sepals mostly > 10 mm long | 62 |
– | Corolla 4–6.5 cm long; sepals mostly < 8 m long | 65 |
62 | Sepals glabrous; stem often winged | 72. I. subalata |
– | Sepals thinly to densely pubescent; stems unwinged | 63 |
63 | Stems minutely spinulose, thinly pilose with long white hairs; abaxial surface of leaves glabrous apart from highlighted veins (Bolivia) | 46. I. spinulifera |
– | Stems smooth, lacking spinules and long white hairs; veins not highlighted on abaxial leaf surface | 64 |
64 | Sepals 10–15 mm long (Central America, Caribbean and Ecuador) | 73. I. jalapa |
– | Sepals 8–10 mm long (Brazil) | 59. I. cearensis |
65 | Sepals rounded to obtuse; base of calyx truncate (Brazil) | 62. I. decipiens |
– | Sepals acute; base of calyx cuneate to rounded | 66 |
66 | Inflorescence clearly cymose; corolla pink; old stems not corky | 61. I. megapotamica |
– | Inflorescence often subracemose; corolla usually white; old stems corky (Chaco) | 60. I. vivianae |
Key A11
Trailing and twining plants not in Keys A1–9 with a glabrous corolla, > 3.5 cm long.
1 | Creeping seashore plant with fleshy stems and leaves; leaves apically retuse; pedicel persistent on fallen capsule | 339. I. pes-caprae |
– | Plant not growing on seashores; leaves not apically retuse and rarely fleshy; pedicel not persistent on fallen capsule | 2 |
2 | Night flowering species with dull lilac, somewhat salver-shaped corolla; stems commonly armed with soft fleshy spines | 271. I. muricata |
– | Day flowering species with pink corolla; stems lacking soft spines | 3 |
3 | Leaf base cuneate to attenuate; trailing plants of the Cerrado | 4 |
– | Leaf base truncate, cordate, hastate or sagittate; plants of varying habit and habitat | 9 |
4 | Leaves linear or narrowly oblong, attenuate at base, the petiole not clearly differentiated | 5 |
– | Leaves oblong to ovate, cuneate at base, the petiole distinct from the lamina | 6 |
5 | Sepals narrowed at base; leaves linear, 0.5–1 mm wide; stem, pedicels and leaves glabrous | 365. I. graminifolia |
– | Sepals with a broad truncate base; leaves narrowly oblong, at least 2 mm wide; stem, pedicels and leaves with long white hairs | 420. I. dolichopoda |
6 | Sepals abaxially muricate | 7 |
– | Sepals abaxially smooth | 8 |
7 | Leaves oblong or ovate; plant only woody basally | 345. I. procurrens |
– | Leaves oblong-elliptic to suborbicular; woody subshrub | 344. I. coriacea |
8 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); inflorescence leafless | 366. I. procumbens |
– | Flowers in cymes, often somewhat leafy | 367. I. rupestris |
9 | Peduncle fused with petiole for part of its length | 92. I. connata |
– | Peduncles and petioles not fused | 10 |
10 | Sepals with a prominent abaxial appendage | 379. I. bahiensis |
– | Sepals smooth, ribbed or muricate but lacking a prominent abaxial appendage | 11 |
11 | Sepals with prominent abaxial muricate ribs | 12 |
– | Sepals abaxially smooth | 14 |
12 | Bracteoles linear 3 × 0.5 mm; corolla c. 10 cm long | 343. I. parvibracteolata |
– | Bracteoles 8–20 × 3–15 mm; corolla 2.5–8 cm long | 13 |
13 | Annual herb; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long | 341. I. fimbriosepala |
– | Perennial herb; corolla 5.5–8 cm long | 342. I. setifera |
14 | Sepals conspicuously truncate or cordate at base, often with a lateral tooth | 15 |
– | Sepals narrowed or rounded at base, lacking teeth | 16 |
15 | Sepals ovate, cordate; leaves entire or shallowly 3-lobed | 376. I. apodiensis |
– | Sepals deltoid, truncate; leaves usually 3–5-lobed to near the base, rarely ovate-deltoid | 377. I. pantanalensis |
16 | Sepals very unequal in length, the outer conspicuously shorter than the inner | 17 |
– | Sepals all equal or slightly unequal in length | 29 |
17 | Leaves and stem white-tomentellous (Peru) | 115. I. pulcherrima |
– | Leaves and stem not white-tomentellous | 18 |
18 | Abaxial surface of sepals commonly muricate; plants of seasonally wet areas | 19 |
– | Abaxial surface of sepals smooth; plants of dry or moist habitats | 20 |
19 | Leaves ovate, sagittate | 346. I. paludicola |
– | Leaves subreniform, hastate | 347. I. asarifolia |
20 | Outermost sepal very short, < 3 mm long; plant glabrous | 233. I. cryptica |
– | Outermost sepal > 5 mm long; plant glabrous or pubescent | 21 |
21 | Leaves tomentose on both surfaces, cordate | 144. I. mirabilis |
– | Leaves glabrous or thinly pubescent, sagittate or cordate | 22 |
22 | Sepals all < 10 mm long, the margins usually white | 380. I. squamosa |
– | Inner sepals usually > 10 mm long, often somewhat scarious but not distinctly white-margined | 23 |
23 | Inner sepals < 12 mm long; leaves ovate to deltoid | 24 |
– | Inner sepals > 13 mm long; leaves varied in shape | 25 |
24 | Inner sepals acuminate; corolla < 3. 5 cm long (Colombia) | 357. I. colombiana |
– | Inner sepals obtuse to rounded, mucronate; corolla 4–6 cm long | 356. I. maurandioides |
25 | Sepals relatively large, the inner 15–28 mm long;; leaves usually rounded at apex | 360. I. paranaensis |
– | Inner sepals < 16 mm long; leaves narrowed to an obtuse or acute apex | 26 |
26 | Leaves oblong, the margins undulate | 361. I. variifolia |
– | Leaves linear, lanceolate or ovate, the margin entire | 27 |
27 | Leaves narrowly oblong, the base hastate to sagittate; peduncles very short, < 2 mm long | 362. I. tacuaremboensis |
– | Leaves ovate-deltoid or linear, sagittate; peduncles mostly more than 2 cm long | 28 |
28 | Corolla lobes terminating in a distinct mucro 5–6 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate-deltoid with prominent deltoid auricles | 359. I. mucronatoproducta |
– | Corolla unlobed or lobes not terminating in a distinct mucro; lamina linear, similar to the auricles | 358. I. aequiloba |
29 | Flowers solitary; leaves deltoid with very slender pedicels | 370. I. longirostra |
– | Flowers several in axillary cymes; leaves ovate, cordate, not strikingly deltoid or with disproportionately slender pedicels | 30 |
30 | Sepals relatively short, all < 12 mm long | 31 |
– | Sepals relatively long, some > 12 mm long | 40 |
31 | Perennial or annual herbs; sepals always mucronate, usually of papery texture; corolla usually with a dark centre, 3.5–5.5 cm long; leaves lobed or not; ovary and capsule hirsute or not | Batatas Clade (Species 218–233) |
– | Perennial herbs or subshrubs; sepals mucronate or not but never papery in texture; corolla usually lacking a dark centre, 3.5–9 cm long; leaves unlobed; ovary and capsule glabrous | 32 |
32 | Stem, petioles or abaxial leaf surface tomentose, pubescent or puberulent | 33 |
– | Plant completely glabrous | 36 |
33 | Leaves dentate (Bolivia) | 299. I. odontophylla |
– | Leaves entire or undulate | 34 |
34 | Peduncle passing through sinus of leaf base; corolla pale blue (Bolivia) | 300. I. huayllae |
– | Peduncle not passing through sinus of leaf base; corolla pink | 35 |
35 | Leaves with overlapping auricles; stamens held at corolla mouth, 2.5 cm long; seeds lanate | 88. I. tarijensis |
– | Leaf auricles not overlapping; stamens held within corolla tube, 4–5 cm long; seeds tomentellous | 289. I. jujuyensis |
36 | Corolla blue with cream tube; sepals lanceolate, acute with white margins | 37 |
– | Corolla pink (rarely white), the tube similar or darker in colour; sepals of varied shape but mostly mucronate, always lacking white margins | 38 |
37 | Corolla < 4 cm long (Andean Argentina and Bolivia) | 255. I. marginisepala |
– | Corolla 5.5–7 cm (Mexico, but widely cultivated elsewhere) | 257. I. tricolor |
38 | Leaves usually sagittate; aquatic herb rooting at nodes on mud | 391. I. aquatica |
– | Leaves ovate, cordate; subshrubs climbing to several metres | 39 |
39 | Corolla 4–5.5 cm long | 340b. I. amnicola subsp. chiliantha |
– | Corolla < 3.5 cm long | 340a. I. amnicola subsp. amnicola |
40 | Leaves white-tomentose abaxially | 41 |
– | Leaves variously hirsute or glabrous, but if ±tomentose abaxially, indumenm not white or bracts linear, persistent | 43 |
41 | Pedicels 1–4 mm, bracteoles persistent, appressed to calyx | 99. I. veadeirosii |
– | Pedicels mostly > 10 mm, not appressed to calyx, caducous | 42 |
42 | Corolla 10–12 cm long; marginal hairs on seeds up to 20 mm long | 104. I. magna |
– | Corolla 5–8 cm long; hairs on seeds up to 5 mm long | 108. I. brasiliana |
43 | Bracteoles linear to oblong, persistent; sepals commonly tapered to an elongated apex; leaves 3-lobed or, less commonly, entire; ovary trilocular; often weedy hirsute species of disturbed places (Pharbitis Clade) | 44 |
– | Bracteoles filiform to linear, caducous; sepals varied but lacking an elongated apex; leaves unlobed; ovary bilocular, glabrous or hirsute herbs or subshrubs | 49 |
44 | Sepals deltoid with a distinct truncate base | 242. I. pubescens |
– | Sepals linear-oblong, narrowed at base | 45 |
45 | Sepals 15– 35 mm long, tapering to a long point, lanceolate with a broad base, often conspicuously pilose at base; leaves 3-lobed | 46 |
– | Sepals < 20 mm long, linear-oblong, pubescent but not conspicuously pilose near base; leaves simple or 3-lobed | 47 |
46 | Sepals with fleshy recurved tips (southern USA, adventive elsewhere) | 237. I. hederacea |
– | Sepals with erect, herbaceous tips (very widespread) | 236. I. nil |
47 | Leaves very large, 11–20 × 7–20 cm; corolla 7–9 cm long; bracteoles usually caducous (Bolivia and Peru) | 247. I. magnifolia |
– | Leaves < 11 × 11 cm; corolla 4–6 cm; bracteoles always persistent (widespread) | 48 |
48 | Vegetative parts softly pubescent; sepals oblong or lanceolate; corolla usually pink; leaves usually unlobed; flowers not clustered | 238. I. purpurea |
– | Vegetative parts usually hirsute but not softly pubescent; sepals ovate; corolla usually bluish-purple; leaves commonly lobed; flowers commonly clustered | 234. I. indica |
49 | Pedicels and sepals with long shaggy hairs | 105. I. longibracteolata |
– | Pedicels and sepals glabrous or shortly pubescent | 50 |
50 | Sepals acuminate to a fine point | 51 |
– | Sepals obtuse, rounded or retuse | 52 |
51 | Sepals prominently veined; leaves sagittate; plant glabrous | 355. I. incarnata |
– | Sepals not prominently veined; leaves cordate; plant thinly pubescent | 247. I. magnifolia |
52 | Stems winged (caatinga of Bahia) | 91. I. pterocaulis |
– | Stems not winged (moist forest) | 53 |
53 | Corolla bluish or greenish or yellow; sepals oblong-lanceolate; peduncles very short, usually < 1 cm long | 400. I. lindenii |
– | Corolla pink; sepals oblong, ovate or suborbicular; peduncles usually > 1 cm long or flowers borne on leafy side shoots | 54 |
54 | Corolla tube narrow, often constricted below limb; sepals opaque, commonly reddish; inflorescence often compound, much branched | 352. I. philomega |
– | Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, not constricted upwards; sepals somewhat transparent, pale green; inflorescence of simple cymes | 369. I. chondrosepala |
This key includes all species from continental North America from Panama northwards. For plants from the Caribbean islands, go to Key C and for plants from Hawaii, go to Key D.
Several North American species are notable for having dentate leaves, often in the form of one or two lateral teeth on otherwise entire leaves. The following species are noted as having dentate leaves, at least to some degree: Ipomoea tastensis, I. jicama, I. noctulifolia, I. schaffneri, I. ignava, I. stans, I. jacalana, I. tacambarensis, I. acanthocarpa, I. rupicola, I. calcicola, I. dumetorum (at least sometimes).
Note. Options in Keys B1 to B8 should be considered before proceeding to Keys B9–10.
Key B1: Species with oblong, lanceolate or elliptic leaves, the base narrowed, cuneate to rounded, margin entire or toothed, sometimes pinnatifid, or pinnate.
Key B2: Species with leaves divided digitately to, or near to the base, into five or more free or nearly free lobes or segments.
Key B3: Species with soft fleshy spines/protuberances on the sepals.
Key B4: Species with a subcylindrical corolla tube and (usually) exserted stamens
Key B5: Species with small flowers, the corolla < 3 cm long (or calyx < 5 mm long)
Key B6: Species with white, cream or yellowish flowers > 3 cm long
Key B7 Species with very long sepals, mostly exceeding 1.8 cm in length
Key B8: Plants with subcapitate inflorescences.
Key B9: Trailing, climbing or twining plants with pubescent or hirsute sepals < 1.8 cm long
Key B10. Trailing, climbing or twining plants with glabrous sepals <1.8 cm long.
Key B1
Species with oblong, lanceolate or elliptic leaves, the base narrowed, cuneate to rounded, margin entire or toothed, sometimes pinnate or pinnatifid. Leaves never cordate, hastate, sagittate or truncate or palmately lobed or palmately divided into leaflets. Stems commonly erect, less commonly trailing or climbing.
1 | Leaves pinnatifid or strongly dentate | 2 |
– | Leaves entire or obscurely dentate, serrate or crenate | 6 |
2 | Anthers exserted; leaves with pseudo-stipules | 312. I. quamoclit |
– | Anthers included; leaves lacking pseudo-stipules | 3 |
3 | Leaves oblong with lyrate-dentate margin, usually abaxially pubescent | 4 |
– | Leaves pinnatifid with narrow segments 1–2 mm wide, glabrous | 5 |
4 | Flowers solitary or paired from the leaf axils; sepals unequal; petioles < 5 mm long | 276. I. stans |
– | Inflorescence of terminal and axillary cymes with 5–15 flowers; sepals subequal; petioles 2–4.5 cm long | 277. I. tacambarensis |
5 | Leaf segments 1–6 cm long; peduncles 3–12 cm long at anthesis; corolla white or pale lilac | 278. I. ancisa |
– | Leaf segments 0.3–2.5 cm long; peduncles 0.8–3.5 cm at anthesis; corolla purplish-blue | 279. I. sescossiana |
6 | Low, often prostrate plants of high altitudes; stems short usually < 20 cm long; sepals muricate; leaves often dimorphic | 7 |
– | Erect or climbing plants; stems > 20 cm long; sepals smooth; leaves all similar in form | 8 |
7 | Corolla 5–5.5 cm long; sepals 6–10 mm long; leaves 2–10 cm long, commonly dimorphic with some simple, some forked and, occasionally, some lobed | 286. I. madrensis |
– | Corolla 2–3 cm long; sepals 4–6 mm long; leaves < 2 cm long, all of the same form | 287. I. plummerae forma adiantifolia |
8 | Corolla glabrous on the exterior | 9 |
– | Corolla pubescent on the exterior at least in bud | 15 |
9 | Leaves oblong-elliptic or ovate; plants decumbent, climbing or twining | 10 |
– | Leaves oblong or lanceolate; plants erect | 13 |
10 | Leaves abaxially appressed pilose, silvery in colour | 179. I. steerei |
– | Leaves glabrous | 11 |
11 | Woody liana; bracteoles 15–26 mm long, oblong-elliptic; peduncles very short, 2–8 mm long | 174. I. robinsonii |
– | Perennial herbs, woody at base; bracteoles < 3 mm long; peduncles up to 7 cm long | 12 |
12 | Corolla pink, trumpet-shaped (United States) | 349. I. shumardiana |
– | Corolla orange or yellow, funnel-shaped (Mesoamerica) | 173. I. aurantiaca |
13 | Sepals very unequal, the outer 10–16 mm long, the inner 16–23 mm long | 93. I. longifolia |
– | Sepals subequal, 5–12 mm long | 14 |
14 | Leaves pubescent, 4–8 × 1.5–2.5 cm | 128. I. petrophila |
– | Leaves glabrous, 3–10 × 0.5 cm | 348. I. leptophila |
15 | Peduncles very short, <5 mm long | 16 |
– | Peduncles >1.5 cm long | 17 |
16 | Leaves, 1 cm long; sepals 7–10 mm long, obtuse | 129. I. lenis |
– | Leaves 2–3.5 cm long; sepals 12–16 mm long, acuminate | 130. I. durangensis |
17 | Twining plant; leaves finely acuminate, well-spaced; corolla pink or lilac | 78. I. kruseana |
– | Erect undershrub; leaves acute or obtuse, imbricate; corolla white | 131. I. ciervensis |
Key B2
Species with leaves palmately divided into free or almost free leaflets. This key includes species where the leaflets are pedatisect. All species have glabrous corollas.
1 | Sepals elliptic to obovate, obtuse or rounded, coriaceous; robust lianas or perennials | 2 |
– | Sepals oblong, lanceolate or ovate, commonly acuminate and apiculate; plants mostly slender, annual or perennial herbs | 3 |
2 | Corolla red, > 4 cm long; cultivated woody liana | 211. I. horsfalliae |
– | Corolla greenish-white, <3.5 cm long; native perennial of Mesoamerica | 178. I. heterodoxa |
3 | Corolla ±salver-shaped; anthers strongly exserted; sepals awned | 313. I. fissifolia |
– | Corolla ±funnel-shaped; anthers included; sepals lacking a subterminal awn | 4 |
4 | Corolla 4.5–7 cm long, pink or white; leaves with or without pseudo-stipules | 5 |
– | Corolla usually < 4.5 cm, pink, white or yellow; leaves lacking pseudo-stipules | 8 |
5 | Decumbent or ascending plant with short stems, commonly < 10 cm long; leaves lacking pseudo-stipules, usually dimorphic with some palmately lobed and some entire or bifid | 286. I. madrensis |
– | Twining plants, stems usually much more than 25 cm long; leaves of one kind, with or without conspicuous pseudo-stipules | 6 |
6 | Cylindrical basal part of corolla > 2 cm in length; leaves without conspicuous pseudo-stipules | 285. I. tenuiloba |
– | Cylindrical basal part of corolla very short, < 5 mm long; leaves usually with conspicuous pseudo-stipules | 7 |
7 | Annual herb; leaves with up to 14 linear or ensiform leaflets | 332. I. diegoae |
– | Perennial herb; leaves usually with 5 oblong-elliptic leaflets | 392. I. cairica |
8 | Outer sepals with cordate base and prominent soft spines on abaxial surface | 333. I. sororia |
– | Outer sepals neither basally cordate nor with soft spines on adaxially surface | 9 |
9 | Peduncle coiled or twisted; sepals obtuse | 374. I. heptaphylla |
– | Peduncle straight or suppressed; Sepals acute or acuminate | 10 |
10 | Plants erect 5–20 cm high, not twining; leaf segments filiform, <1 mm wide | 288. I. capillacea |
– | Plants with twining or trailing stems; leaf segments at least 2 mm wide | 11 |
11 | Corolla < 1.2 mm long | 328. I. costellata |
– | Corolla > 1.5 cm long | 12 |
12 | Corolla entirely yellow | 329. I. chamelana |
– | Corolla pink, white or bluish | 13 |
13 | Leaves twice divided, the palmate lobes pinnatifid | 331. I. perpartita |
– | Leaf segments simple, not pinnatifid | 14 |
14 | Cylindrical basal part of corolla very short, often < 5 mm | 15 |
– | Cylindrical basal part of corolla elongated, often > 10 mm long | 285. I. tenuiloba |
15 | Outer sepals usually muricate, glabrous, obtuse to acute; root a globose tuber; corolla deep pink; leaf segments obtuse | 287. I. plummerae |
– | Outer sepals smooth, glabrous or pubescent, acute to acuminate; root a small tap root; corolla pale lilac; leaf segments acute | 334. I. ternifolia |
Key B3
Plants with sepals covered in soft slightly fleshy spines or protuberances
1 | Spines and protuberances present only on the sepals | 2 |
– | Spines present on petioles, peduncles and/or stem as well as on the sepals | 216. I. setosa |
2 | Sepals with abundant spreading soft spines, resembling fleshy trichomes | 3 |
– | Sepals with few to many fleshy protuberances, wings or similar structures, not resembling fleshy trichomes | 4 |
3 | Sepals up to 35 mm long; peduncles 0–0.4 cm long; pedicels 2–4 cm long | 410. I. silvicola |
– | Sepals 12–15 mm long; peduncles 0.5–8 cm long; pedicels 0.8–2.1 cm long | 408. I. crinicalyx |
4 | Pedicels short, < 4.5 mm; corolla 2.5–3 cm long; peduncle winged | 372. I. decemcornuta |
– | Pedicels elongate, > 15 mm long; corolla 5–8 cm long; peduncle unwinged | 5 |
5 | Flowers usually numerous, cymes often much branched; corolla pubescent in bud and at tips of midpetaline bands | 414. I. pedicellaris |
– | Flowers usually solitary, rarely paired, inflorescence simple; corolla glabrous even in bud | 6 |
6 | Peduncles 4.5–7.5 cm long; pedicels notably stouter than peduncle; sepals c. 8 mm long | 415. I. tentaculifera |
– | Peduncles < 4 cm long; pedicels similar to peduncles in width; sepals 12–14 mm long | 132. I. lozanii |
Key B4
Corolla tube cylindrical for at least half its length, often to the base of the limb; stamens equal or nearly so, anthers exserted or held at mouth of corolla.
1 | Leaves pinnate; pseudo-stipules present | 312. I. quamoclit |
– | Leaves not pinnate but if pinnatifid, pseudo-stipules absent | 2 |
2 | Sepals with a distinct subterminal awn; corolla red, orange or yellow | Go to the Quamoclit Clade (312–327) |
– | Sepals lacking a subterminal awn or, if awn present; corolla pure white or blue | 3 |
3 | Corolla white, blue or pale lilac | 4 |
– | Corolla pink or red | 16 |
4 | Corolla tube cylindrical to below the limb | 5 |
– | Corolla tube cylindrical for about half its length, then gradually expanded in upper half | 8 |
5 | Sepals terminating in a prominent awn | 272. I. alba |
– | Sepals acute or obtuse, sometimes with a short mucro but never terminating in a long awn | 6 |
6 | Sepals 16–23 mm long; anthers weakly exserted or included; sea shore species | 389. I. violacea |
– | Sepals <9 mm; anthers clearly exserted; inland species | 7 |
7 | Peduncle furnished with prominent setae at base; corolla limb undulate; sepals acute, mucronate | 421. I. discoidea |
– | Peduncle glabrous at base; corolla limb distinctly 5-lobed; sepals obtuse | 138. I. macdonaldii |
8 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior at least in bud | 9 |
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior even in bud | 11 |
9 | Sepals obtuse, equal; leaves weakly lobed, abaxially pubescent at least on the veins (Mexico) | 10 |
– | Sepals aristate, unequal; leaves entire, glabrous (Costa Rica) | 274. I. magniflora |
10 | Flowers solitary; peduncle < 2.5 cm long; sepals 13–16 mm long | 77. I. zimmermanii |
– | Flowers in cymes; peduncles very long, 11–20 cm; sepals 25–40 cm long | 248. I. ampullacea |
11 | Corolla blue orlilac; stems armed with soft spines; sepals with an aristate tip | 271. I. muricata |
– | Corolla white, occasionally pale lilac; stems unarmed; sepals sometimes mucronate but never aristate | 12 |
12 | Sepals < 7 mm long; anthers scarcely exserted | 13 |
– | Sepals > 10 mm long; anthers strongly exserted | 14 |
13 | Flowers solitary; leaves entire; corolla bluish (drying pink) | 307. I. expansa |
– | Inflorescence formed of cymes with up to 7 flowers; leaves 3-lobed; corolla white | 136. I. lottiae |
14 | Leaves with prominent lateral teeth; sepals 2–3 cm long | 297. I. tastensis |
– | Leaves entire or palmately lobed; sepals <1.6 cm long | 15 |
15 | Corolla pale blue; flowers solitary | 262. I. gilana |
– | Corolla pure white; flowers usually several | 273. I. santillanii |
16 | Corolla limb short and inconspicuous (except I. electrina), the tube cylindrical | 17 |
– | Corolla limb formed of broad obovate lobes, the tube often not strictly cylindrical | 21 |
17 | Flowers enclosed within two conspicuous persistent bracteoles forming a spathe-like inflorescence | 338. I. bracteata |
– | Flowers naked, bracteoles inconspicuous, often caducous | 18 |
18 | Exterior of the corolla conspicuously sericeous or pubescent | 181. I. concolor |
– | Exterior of the corolla glabrous or nearly so | 19 |
19 | Corolla lobes linear, > 15 mm long | 294. I. electrina |
– | Corolla lobes very short, ovate to elliptic, c. 5 mm long | 20 |
20 | Pedicels and sepals pubescent | 180. I. conzattii |
– | Pedicels and sepals glabrous | 182. I. tehuantepecensis |
21 | Sepals broadly obovate, 18–25 × 12–16 mm (Panama) | 269. I. mirandina |
– | Sepals lanceolate, ovate or oblong, < 6 mm wide | 22 |
22 | Leaves sagittate | 284. I. caudata |
– | Leaves ovate-cordate | 23 |
23 | Limb clearly lobed, the lobes short, c. 1.5 cm diameter | 293. I. tubulata |
– | Limb subentire, 3.5–5 cm diameter | 24 |
24 | Petiole and peduncle fused for part of their length, peduncle usually passing through leaf sinus; calyx usually concealed by folded lamina | 291. I. dumosa |
– | Petiole and peduncle free to their base; peduncle not passing through leaf sinus; calyx not concealed by folded leaf | 25 |
25 | Sepals lanceolate, 3–5 times longer than broad, unequal, the outer noticeably shorter than the inner | 266. I. chenopodiifolia |
– | Sepals ovate, only slightly longer than broad, subequal | 290. I. purga |
Key B5
Species with small flowers; this includes species with a calyx less than 5 mm long or a corolla less than 3 cm long. Mostly slender herbs but includes a few species of liana habit.
1 | Leaves palmatisect into separate segments | Go to Key B2 |
– | Leaves entire or lobed | 2 |
2 | Sepals very short, < 4 mm long | 3 |
– | Sepals > 4 mm long | 5 |
3 | Corolla purple; sepals with 3 distinctive wings/ protuberances | I. decemcornuta |
– | Corolla yellow; sepals smooth, unwinged | 4 |
4 | Corolla 4–5 mm long, not obviously lobed; stems pilose | 336. I. minutifolia |
– | Corolla 25–30 mm long, deeply lobed; stems glabrous or nearly so | 335. I. microsepala |
5 | Ovary and capsule pubescent | Go to key to Batatas Clade (218–232) |
– | Ovary and capsule glabrous | 6 |
6 | Sepals 10–15 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, nearly always with long, spreading stiff hairs; corolla blue | 258. I. barbatisepala |
– | Sepals glabrous or with a few short hairs, if more than 10 mm long, not narrowly lanceolate; corolla cream or pink | 7 |
7 | Corolla cream-coloured, ± campanulate; inflorescence often developing into a raceme-like structure; stems woody | 8 |
– | Corolla pink (rarely white), funnel-shaped; inflorescence of axillary cymes; stems herbaceous except at base | 9 |
8 | Sepals 5–7 mm long, deciduous in fruit | 87. I. reticulata |
– | Sepals 10–14 mm long, often persistent and speading in fruit | 403. I. corymbosa |
9 | Plant vigorous, somewhat fleshy, clearly perennial, completely glabrous; sepals oblong-elliptic, mucronate | 340. I. amnicola |
– | Plant relatively slender, not fleshy, annual or short-lived perennial; sepals not as above | 10 |
10 | Leaves strap-shaped (Florida) | 232. I. tenuissima |
– | Leaves variously shaped but never strap-shaped | 11 |
11 | Low perennial, decumbent, with short stems < 10 cm long; leaves cuneate | 287. I. plummerae |
– | Twining annual (?always) herbs, the stems usually at least 1 m long | 12 |
12 | Outer sepals obovate, mucronate; capsule depressed-globose, muticous | 230. I. ramosissima |
– | Outer sepals oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate; capsule ovate, rostrate | 13 |
13 | Sepals lanceolate or ovate, acute, the margins whitish, scarious | 14 |
– | Sepals not as above | 15 |
14 | Corolla blue with white tube; sepals lanceolate, 2–4 mm wide; pedicels relatively long, 1–3 cm; leaves lacking a lateral tooth | 256. I. cardiophylla |
– | Corolla pink (rarely white); sepals ovate, 3.5–7 mm wide; pedicels 2–5 mm long; leaves commonly with a lateral tooth | 382. I. acanthocarpa |
15 | Peduncle passing through leaf sinus; sepals often muricate, sometimes pubescent, never with dark spots | 298. I. aristolochiifolia |
– | Peduncle not passing through leaf sinus; sepals smooth, glabrous, the abaxial surface with dark spots | 281. I. dumetorum |
Key B6
Plants with white, cream or yellowish flowers more than 3 cm in length, often much more, the throat occasionally dark.
1 | Small trees or erect, woody, often multi-stemmed shrubs, often leafless at anthesis | Go to key to the Arborescens Clade (Species117–126) | |
– | Twining or trailing herbs or lianas | 2 | |
2 | Stamens exserted; corolla hypocrateriform or salverform or nearly so | Go to Key B4 | |
– | Stamens included; Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate | 3 | |
3 | Corolla campanulate, not more than 3.5 cm long | 4 | |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, hypocrateriform or salver-shaped, usually much more than 3.5 cm long | 5 | |
4 | Sepals 5–7 mm long, deciduous in fruit | 87. I. reticulata | |
– | Sepals 10–14 mm long, often persistent and spreading in fruit | 403. I. corymbosa | |
5 | Prostrate seashore plant rooting at the nodes; leaves shortly oblong, linear, lanceolate or 3–5-lobed, small, 1.5–3 × 0.8–2 cm | 388. I. imperati | |
– | Climbing herbs or lianas of inland areas; leaves ovate, mostly large or absen | t | 6 |
6 | At least some sepals 13 mm or more in length | 7 | |
– | All sepals < 13 mm in length | 12 | |
7 | Corolla and sepals tomentose or pubescent on the exterior | 8 | |
– | Corolla and sepals glabrous on the exterior | 9 | |
8 | Trailing herb of coastal regions of the United States; inflorescence clearly axillary Liana of Mexico and Central America; inflorescence arising on short shoots | 79. I. praecana | |
9 | Leaves 3-lobed; sepals aristate; inflorescence paniculate | 330. I. ramulosa | |
– | Leaves entire; sepals muticous or at most shortly mucronate; inflorescence of axillary cymes | 10 | |
10 | Cymes borne on long peduncles usually > 5 cm long | 259. I. chiriquensis | |
– | Cymes very shortly pedunculate; the peduncles usually < 1 cm long | 11 | |
11 | Pedicels very short, cymes dense, subcapitate; bracteoles conspicuous, persistent | 112. I. riparum | |
– | Pedicels 2–4 cm long, cymes relatively lax; bracteoles inconspicuous, caducous | 400. I. lindenii | |
12 | Bracteoles 1.5–2.5 cm long, oblong or oblong-elliptic, persistent; corolla relatively large, 7–8 cm long | 174. I. robinsonii | |
– | Bracteoles relatively small and inconspicuous, < 5 mm long, usually linear, filiform or squamose: corolla varied in size, often < 7 cm long | 13 | |
13 | Corolla orange or yellow; leaves ovate, unlobed, the base truncate | 173. I. aurantiaca | |
– | Corolla white or cream, sometimes with dark throat or blue-flushed; leaves ovate, usually cordate, sometimes lobed, sometimes absent at anthesis | 14 | |
14 | Corolla white with pink throat; sepals with prominent veins on abaxial surface; leaves often pandurate (United States) | 350. I. pandurata | |
– | Corolla white with a dark centre; sepals lacking prominent veins on abaxial surface; leaves entire, shallowly lobed; rarely pandurate | 15 | |
15 | Outermost sepal much shorter than inner sepals, <5 mm long | 16 | |
– | Sepals equal or nearly so, or if somewhat unequal, outer sepal at least 5 mm long | 17 | |
16 | Peduncles 5–10 cm long; bracteoles caducous; outer sepal c. 3 mm long, green | 381. I. anisomeres | |
– | Peduncles < 1 cm long; bracteoles persistent; outer sepal c. 5 mm long, whitish-green | 111. I. pochutlensis | |
17 | Sepals oblong to oblong-obovate, not coriaceous nor convex; flowers usually solitary (rarely up to 3); leaves typically very small < 4.5 cm long (if flowers several and sepals oblong-lanceolate see I. lindenii) | 133. I. hartwegii | |
– | Sepals ovate to elliptic, coriaceous, usually convex; flowers solitary or in cymes; some leaves > 4.5 cm long or leaves absent | 18 | |
18 | Corolla sericeous; plant leafless at anthesis, stem and leaves velutinous | 140. I. pruinosa | |
– | Corolla glabrous or almost so; Plant leafy or leafless at anthesis; stem and leaves glabrous or variously hirsute but not velutinous | 19 | |
19 | Stem, leaves, (and typically) pedicels and sepals pilose with stiff spreading, bristly hairs | 141. I. suaveolens | |
– | Hairs, if present, neither spreading nor bristly | 20 | |
20 | Sepals distinctly unequal; outer sepals oblong to oblong-elliptic, inner sepals up to 12 mm long; indumentum with at least some branched hairs | 135. I. scopulorum | |
– | Sepals equal or slightly unequal, varied in shape but about as broad as long; plants glabrous or with simple hairs | 21 | |
21 | Corolla hypocrateriform | 22 | |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped | 23 | |
22 | Leaves lobed; stem, leaves and sepals pubescent; peduncles < 3 cm long | 136. I. lottiae | |
– | Leaves entire; stem, leaves and sepals glabrous except on the leaf margins; peduncles > 10 cm long | 138. I. macdonaldii | |
23 | Woody lianas; leaves entire, never lobed | 24 | |
– | Perennial herb, leaves lobed or entire, or, if woody, absent at anthesis | 25 | |
24 | Leaves broadly ovate, 7–14 × 6–10 cm, pubescent | 134. I. cuprinacoma | |
– | Leaves obscurely puberulent | 118. I. populina | |
25 | Plant leafless at anthesis | 139. I. pseudoracemosa | |
– | Leaves present at anthesis | 26 | |
26 | Leaves pubescent, usually lobed; peduncles < 1 cm long | 27 | |
– | Leaves glabrous; peduncles > 3 cm long | 28 | |
27 | Leaves entire, usually glabrous; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 5–18 mm long; corolla often flushed violet | 400. I. lindenii | |
– | Leaves commonly lobed, usually pubescent; sepals ovate to orbicular up to 8 mm long; corolla white | 137. I. proxima | |
28 | Peduncles up to 13 cm long; leaves basally truncate; plant of central Mexico | 139. I. pseudoracemosa form | |
– | Peduncles usually 3–6 cm long; leaves basally cordate, flowers often pink; plant of southern Mexico | 145. I. batatoides |
Key B7
Plants with long sepals > 18 mm in length.
1 | Sepals covered in soft spines | 410. I. silvicola |
– | Sepals lacking soft spines | 2 |
2 | Sepals terminating in a prominent awn; corolla white, the tube long, narrow, cylindrical | 272. I. alba |
– | Sepals acute or obtuse, sometimes with a short mucro but never terminating in a long awn; corolla tube not long, narrow and cylindrical, white, blue or pink | 3 |
3 | Liana with winged stem; leaves palmatilobed; peduncles < 11 mm long; corolla subcampanulate, magenta | 127. I. kahloae |
– | Plants of varied habit but stems unwinged and corolla never magenta; peduncles usually > 15 mm long | 4 |
4 | Small trees or lianas; corolla white | 5 |
– | Perennial or annual herbs; corolla pink or blue, rarely white | 6 |
5 | Liana | 79. I. praecana |
– | Tree | 119. I. wolcottiana |
6 | Leaves with marginal teeth | 7 |
– | Leaves entire or lobed but lacking marginal teeth | 8 |
7 | Corolla 9–12 cm long, white; anthers exserted | 297. I. tastensis |
– | Corolla 5–6 cm, pale pink; anthers included | 296. I. jicama |
8 | Sepals distinctly pubescent or tomentose | 9 |
– | Sepals glabrous or nearly so | 18 |
9 | Corolla glabrous on the exterior | 10 |
– | Corolla pubescent, sericeous on tomentose on the exterior | 15 |
10 | Sepals with distinct white margins | 11 |
– | Sepals uniformly green | 12 |
11 | Leaves entire | 261. I. orizabensis |
– | Leaves deeply lobed | 261b. I. orizabensis subsp. collina |
12 | Flowers 1(–2); leaves usually 3–5 lobed; corolla pink | 13 |
– | Flowers usually of 2 or more flowers; leaves entire or shallowly lobed; corolla blue or pink | 14 |
13 | Corolla 7–9 cm long; sepals lanceolate, cuneate, much longer than broad | 243. I. lindheimeri |
– | Corolla < 5 cm long; sepals ovate, cordate, c. twice as long as broad | 242. I. pubescens |
14 | Corolla pink (rarely white or blue); sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; leaves entire or 3–5-lobed | 238. I. purpurea |
– | Corolla blue with a white tube (drying pink): sepals ovate with an elongate apex, notably accrescent in fruit | 236. I. nil |
15 | Base of sepals truncate or subcordate; leaves palmately lobed or entire | 253. I. laeta |
– | Base of sepals cuneate to rounded; leaves entire or 3-lobed | 16 |
16 | Flowers in cymes of 3–5; stigma 3-lobed; capsule 15 mm wide, not enclosed by accrescent sepals | 17 |
– | Flowers usually solitary, rarely 2–3; stigma bilobed; capsule subglobose, 20–25 mm wide, enclosed by accrescent sepals (near the sea) | 418. I. tiliifolia |
17 | Leaves entire; bracteoles deciduous | 250. I. mairetii |
– | Leaves 3-lobed; bracteoles persistent | 249. I. temascaltepecensis |
18 | Abaxial surface of outer sepals with prominent longitudinal veins | 19 |
– | Abaxial surface of outer sepals lacking prominent longitudinal veins | 21 |
19 | Bracteoles prominent, persistent; veins on sepals denticulate; corolla pink | 20 |
– | Bracts minute, deciduous; veins on sepals smooth; corolla white with a pink throat | 350. I. pandurata |
20 | Annual herb; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long | 341. I. fimbriosepala |
– | Perennial herb; corolla 5.5–8 cm long | 342. I. setifera |
21 | Inflorescence with large boat-shaped, chartaceous, oblong-elliptic bracteoles 2–2.5 × 0. 5–1.2 cm | 22 |
– | Inflorescence with small, inconspicuous, often caducous bracteoles | 23 |
22 | Corolla glabrous | 251. I. invicta |
– | Corolla pubescent | 252. I. lambii |
23 | Sepals broadly (ob)ovate, elliptic or suborbicular, scarcely longer than broad | 24 |
– | Sepals ovate, lanceolate or oblong, distinctly longer than broad | 25 |
24 | Corolla hypocrateriform; anthers exserted (Panama) | 269. I. mirandina |
– | Corolla funnel-form; stamens included | 352. I. philomega |
25 | Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; leaves lobed | 254. I. thurberi |
– | Sepals oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate; leaves usually entire | 26 |
26 | Sepals with prominent white hyaline margins | 261. I. orizabensis |
– | Sepals lacking distinct white hyaline margins | 27 |
27 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); inner sepals 22–30 mm long (Mexico southwards) | 28 |
– | Flowers several to many in cymes; inner sepals usually < 22 mm long (United States) | 350. I. pandurata |
28 | Flowers blue; stem thinly pilose with long white hairs | 401. I. clavata |
– | Flowers pink; stem glabrescent (puberlous when young) | 295. I. bernoulliana |
Key B8
Inflorescence subcapitate, flowers in compact heads, never solitary; bracteoles usually persistent.
1 | Corolla pubescent, at least in bud; bracteoles somewhat chartaceous | 2 |
– | Corolla glabrous, even in bud; bracteoles not chartaceous | 4 |
2 | Corolla, stem, bracteoles and leaves sparsely hairy | 252. I. lambii |
– | Corolla, stem, bracteoles and leaves densely hairy | 3 |
3 | Outer bracteoles ovate to suborbicular, 7–20 × 7–24 mm, pale green with darker veins | 244. I. neurocephala |
– | Outer bracteoles lanceolate to ovate, 20–25 × 5 mm, uniformly green | 246. I. villifera |
4 | Corolla white | 112. I. riparum |
– | Corolla pink or violet | 5 |
5 | Bracteoles linear/filiform, < 1 m wide | 305. I. meyeri |
– | Bracteoles expanded, ovate or oblong > 2 mm wide | 6 |
6 | Leaves forming a spathe-like structure around the terminal inflorescence | 268. I. mcvaughii |
– | Leaves not forming a spathe-like structure around the flowers; inflorescence clearly axillary | 7 |
7 | Bracteoles up to 2.5 cm long; sepals 20–23 mm long (Mexico) | 251. I. invicta |
– | Bracteoles up to 10 mm long; sepals 11–20 mm (widespread) | 234. I. indica |
Key B9
Plants not in Keys B1–8 with pubescent, pilose or tomentose sepals, < 18 mm long.
1 | Small erect trees or shrubs | 2 |
– | Perennial or annual herbs | 3 |
2 | Flowers pink; sepals < 6 mm long, densely tomentellous | 84b. I. carnea subsp. fistulosa |
– | Flowers white; Sepals > 5.5 mm long, sparsely pubescent | Go to Arborescens Clade (Species117–126) |
3 | Corolla glabrous on the exterior | 4 |
– | Corolla pubescent on the exterior at least when in bud | 13 |
4 | Sepals abruptly terminating in a distinct mucro; slender, usually annual herbs | Go to the Batatas Clade (Species 218–233) |
– | Sepals obtuse or narrowed into a terminal mucro, margin not clearly ciliate | 5 |
5 | Leaves dentate with conspicuous teeth | 6 |
– | Leaves entire | 7 |
6 | Leaf margin with numerous small teeth; sepals foliose, 1–4.5 cm long | 275. I. jacalana |
– | Leaf margin with few large teeth; bracteoles small, 3–7 mm | 302. I. schaffneri |
7 | Sepals pilose with conspicuous long spreading hairs | 8 |
– | Sepals pubescent or very shortly pilose | 11 |
8 | Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, > 9 mm long; corolla pink or blue | 9 |
– | Sepals elliptic, obtuse, < 8 mm long; corolla white | 141. I. suaveolens |
9 | Sepals glabrous in the upper half; leaves always entire; ovary bilocular | 306. I. mitchelliae |
– | Sepals hirsute to apex; leaves entire or lobed; ovary trilocular | 10 |
10 | Corolla blue, drying pink; sepals recurving, the tips strongly accrescent in fruit; leaves usually 3-lobed | 237. I. hederacea |
– | Corolla pink; sepals remaining erect, not strikingly accrescent in fruit; leaves entire or lobed | 238. I. purpurea |
11 | Pedicels 10–35 mm long, so inflorescence usually lax; leaves thinly pubescent | 12 |
– | Pedicels very short, < 12 mm, so inflorescence dense; leaves densely appressed white-pilose to tomentose abaxially | 177. I. peteri |
12 | Corolla pink; flowers in cymes; stamens included | 261. I. orizabensis |
– | Corolla pale blue; flowers solitary; stamens exserted (United States) | 262. I. gilana |
13 | Leaves absent at anthesis; corolla white with pink midpetaline bands | 140. I. pruinosa |
– | Leaves present at anthesis; corolla pink or lilac | 14 |
14 | Leaves polymorphic, some entire, some digitately 7-lobed | 75. I. leonensis |
– | Leaves all ± of the same shape, none digitately 7-lobed | 15 |
15 | Leaves slightly paler abaxially but essentially green on both surfaces | 16 |
– | Leaves distinctly discolorous; the abaxial surface whitish and strongly contrasting with the greenish adaxial surface | 20 |
16 | Leaves small, < 5 cm long and wide, margins undulate or dentate | 17 |
– | Leaves mostly > 5 cm long, margins entire | 18 |
17 | Sepals ovate, acuminate, subequal, all 12–13 mm long | 239. I. zacatecana |
– | Sepals oblong to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, unequal, the outer 8–10 mm long | 76. I. rupicola |
18 | Sepals oblong-lanceolate three times longer than broad, < 4 mm wide | 416. I. regnellii |
– | Sepals ovate to elliptic, > 4 mm wide | 19 |
19 | Flowers in cymes of 3 or more flowers; seeds long-pilose | 73. I. jalapa |
– | Flowers solitary; seeds densely pubescent | 260. I. decasperma |
20 | Sepals with prominent white margins; leaves deeply 3-lobed | 241. I. calcicola |
– | Sepals lacking prominent white margins; Leaves entire or shallowly lobed | 21 |
21 | Perennial herbs; sepals with spreading hairs | 22 |
– | Lianas; sepals sericeous with appressed hairs | 23 |
22 | Outer sepals < 10 mm long, grey-sericeous | 263. I. leucotricha |
– | Outer sepals > 10 mm long, shortly pilose | 399. I. rubens |
23 | Corolla urceolate, the tube greenish with pinkish midpetaline bands; seeds densely woolly | 24 |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, uniformly pink; seeds pubescent | 25 |
24 | Sepals 5–7 mm long; corolla 3–3.5 cm long | 81. I. bombycina |
– | Sepals 11–15 mm long; corolla c. 4.5 cm long | 80. I. gesnerioides |
25 | Bracteoles papery, persistent, 2.5–6 cm long; flowers several in cymes; sepals 12–16 mm long | 393. I. nervosa |
– | Bracteoles small, caducous; flowers usually solitary, rarely up to 3; sepals strongly accrescent to 4 cm in fruit | 418. I. tiliifolia |
Key B10
Plants not in Keys B1–8 with glabrous sepals < 18 mm long; i.e. sepals without hairs, but some species may have fleshy teeth
1 | Prostrate seaside plant, rooting at the nodes; corolla white; flowers solitary | 388. I. imperati |
– | Plants of various habits but if maritime, corolla pink, solitary or in cymes | 2 |
2 | Prostrate seaside plant with pink flowers and large somewhat fleshy rounded to retuse leaves | 339. I. pes-caprae |
– | Usually twining inland plants but if maritime, not as above | 3 |
3 | Corolla (buds) sericeous or pubescent | 4 |
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior even in bud | 6 |
4 | Leaves conspicuously white sericeous on lower surface (Panama) | 394. I. abutiloides |
– | Leaves green abaxially | 5 |
5 | Corolla 6–8 cm long, pink; stem always lacking soft spines; flowers numerous; sepals often winged or muricate | 414. I. pedicellaris |
– | Corolla 2.5–4 cm long, bluish with white tube; stem often with scattered soft spines; flowers few; sepals abaxially smooth, occasionally with a few hairs | 270. I. parasitica |
6 | Sepals aristate with a long attenuate mucro up to 7 mm in length; corolla lilac or bluish, open at night; stem muricate with soft spines | 271. I. muricata |
– | Sepals varied in shape, sometimes acuminate but not aristate; corolla pink or white, not lilac; stem not muricate with soft spines | 7 |
7 | Peduncles very short, < 1.5 cm long; corolla dark violet (or creamy); sepals elongate, with scarious margins | 400. I. lindenii |
– | Peduncles short or long, but if short, corolla not dark violet or creamy, nor sepals elongate with scarious margins | 8 |
8 | Pedicels very short, < 1.5 cm, calyx concealed or not by leaves or bracteoles | 9 |
– | Pedicels at least 1.5 cm long, usually much longer, the calyx exposed | 18 |
9 | Flowers in compact cymes with small, inconspicuous bracteoles | 10 |
– | Flowers solitary or, if numerous, with conspicuous large bracteoles | 12 |
10 | Leaves abaxially white, sericeous or tomentose | 11 |
– | Leaves abaxially green | 305. I. meyeri |
11 | Leaves entire | 175. I. isthmica |
– | Leaves deeply lobed | 176. I. eremnobrocha |
12 | Bracteoles ovate to suborbicular, spathe-like, completely enclosing the calyx | 13 |
– | Bracteoles not spathe-like, calyx concealed by leaves or large bracteoles | 14 |
13 | Inflorescence pedunculate, axillary | 337. I. suffulta |
– | Inflorescence terminal on the branches, subsessile | 268. I. mcvaughii |
14 | Corolla white; flowers numerous | 112. I. riparum |
– | Corolla pink; flowers in cymes of 1–4 | 15 |
15 | Corolla hypocrateriform; stamens exserted, flowers in cymes of 1–5 flowers | 291. I. dumosa |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped; stamens included; flowers solitary | 16 |
16 | Leaves partially enclosing the calyx; peduncle and petiole fused basally; leaves 1–6 cm long, acuminate | 292. I. seducta |
– | Leaves distant from calyx; peduncle and petiole not fused; Leaves < 2 cm long, obtuse | 17 |
17 | Leaves rounded in outline, the margin with large teeth | 267. I. noctulifolia |
– | Leaves broadly ovate, margin entire or obscurely dentate | 304. I. eximia |
18 | Leaves with large marginal teeth | 303. I. ignava |
– | Leaves entire or lobed but lacking marginal teeth | 19 |
19 | Sepals very unequal in length | 20 |
– | Sepals equal or only slightly unequal in length | 26 |
20 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); leaves strongly sagittate; corolla gradually widened from a narrow base | 21 |
– | Flowers several in cymes, rarely solitary; leaves varied in shape but, if sagittate, corolla not widened as above | 22 |
21 | Corolla funnel-shaped, 4–7 cm long; sepals oblong-elliptic, 3–7 mm wide, smooth | 351. I. sagittata |
– | Corolla very narrowly funnel-shaped, 6–10 cm long; sepals lanceolate to oblong, < 3 mm wide, muricate | 301. I. elongata |
22 | Sepals up to 10 mm long, abaxially smooth | 23 |
– | Inner sepals 8–15 mm long; outer sepals often transversely muricate | 25 |
23 | Corolla pink; outermost sepal at least 5 mm long | 380. I. squamosa |
– | Corolla white; outermost sepal 2–5 mm long | 19 |
24 | Outer sepals < 3 mm long, obtuse to rounded; corolla 5–6 cm long | 381. I. anisomeres |
– | Outer sepals 2–5 mm acute; corolla 3.5–4 cm long | 308. I. puncticulata |
25 | Leaves ovate, sagittate; corolla pink 7–8.5 cm long | 346. I. paludicola |
– | Leaves subreniform, usually hastate; Corolla, white with dark centre or pale pink, 5–6 cm long | 347. I. asarifolia |
26 | Aquatic plant rooting at the nodes; leaves usually hastate or sagittate | 391. I. aquatica |
– | Terrestrial plants, usually climbing, not rooting at nodes | 27 |
27 | Flowers solitary, rarely paired | 28 |
– | Inflorescence formed of cymes of 3 or more flowers | 31 |
28 | Sepals with dark blotches, ovate, 3–8 mm long | 29 |
– | Sepals lacking dark blotches, oblong or, if ovate > 12 mm long | 30 |
29 | Corolla 4–6 cm long, reddish-purple with pale tube | 283. I. miquihuanensis |
– | Corolla 2.5–4.5 cm long, blue | 282. I. simulans |
30 | Sepals oblong to oblong-obovate, < 10 mm long, abaxially smooth; corolla white or pale pink | 133. I. hartwegii |
– | Sepals ovate, 12–14 mm long, abaxially often with a few teeth; corolla reddish-purple | 132. I. lozanii |
31 | Outer sepals scarious, papery in texture | 218. I. splendor-sylvae |
– | Outer sepals varied in texture, but not papery | 32 |
32 | Sepals oblong-deltoid, dark green with white margin; corolla blue with yellowish throat and white tube | 257. I. tricolor |
– | Sepals and corolla not as above | 33 |
33 | Sepals thin in texture, flat, conspicuously mucronate | 34 |
– | Sepals coriaceous, elliptic, usually obtuse and convex, inconspicuously mucronate | 35 |
34 | Flowers in a lax cyme | 221. I. tiliacea |
– | Flowers in a subumbellate pedunculate inflorescence | 220. I. batatas |
35 | Leaves palmately lobed | 157. I. mauritiana |
– | Leaves entire | 36 |
36 | Corolla pink | 37 |
– | Corolla white | 134. I. cuprinacoma |
37 | Sepals broadly oblong to elliptic, rounded, not more than twice as long as broad, usually < 8 mm long | 145. I. batatoides |
– | Sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 times longer than broad, usually 8–12 mm long | 266. I. chenopodiifolia subsp. bellator |
1 | Erect undershrub, usually cultivated | 84. I. carnea subsp. fistulosa |
– | Trailing or twining herbs or lianas | 2 |
2 | Leaves pinnate | 312. I. quamoclit |
– | Leaves entire, lobed or digitately divided into leaflets | 3 |
3 | Leaves borne on short brachyblasts, very small, <3 cm long | 4 |
– | Leaves not borne on brachyblasts, usually much > 3 cm long | 7 |
4 | Leaves digitately lobed (Cuba, Jamaica) | 5 |
– | Leaves reniform, bilobed, or some leaves trifoliate, the terminal leaflet bilobed (Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles) | 6 |
5 | Leaves divided into 3 leaflets; corolla red (Cuba) | 201. I. microdonta |
– | Leaves divided mostly into 5–7 leaflets; corolla with green tube and pale pink limb (Jamaica) | 204. I. tenuifolia |
6 | Corolla funnel-shaped (Virgin Islands to Barbuda) | 202. I. eggesiana |
– | Corolla hypocrateriform (Puerto Rico) | 203. I. steudelii |
7 | Leaves palmately divided almost to or completely to the base, the leaflets free or joined only near the base | 8 |
– | Leaves entire, or shallowly lobed but, if palmately 3-lobed, divided to not more than three quarters of their length and bracteoles persistent, prominent | 21 |
8 | Sepals lanceolate, oblong, acute to mucronate, clearly longer than broad, not coriaceous | 9 |
– | Sepals elliptic to obovate, occasionally mucronate but never acute, about as broad as long, coriaceous | 12 |
9 | Corolla 4–5 cm long, pink | 10 |
– | Corolla < 3 cm long, pink or creamy yellow | 11 |
10 | Petioles usually with pseudo-stipules at base; leaflets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate | 392. I. cairica |
– | Petioles lacking pseudo-stipules; leaflets linear to narrowly oblong (Cuba, Trinidad) | 378. I. subrevoluta |
11 | Corolla creamy yellow with dark centre; peduncle usually straight; sepals acuminate and mucronate | 383. I. longeramosa |
– | Corolla pink; peduncle twisted and commonly coiled; sepals obtuse | 374. I. heptaphylla |
12 | Corolla white or greenish-white, sometimes with pale pink lobes | 13 |
– | Corolla pink or red | 15 |
13 | Leaflets filiform; corolla small, < 2 cm long (Hispaniola) | 207. I. nematoloba |
– | Leaflets relatively broad oblong-elliptic, ovate or elliptic; corolla 3–5 cm long | 14 |
14 | Leaflets 7.5–14 cm long; leavesalways 3-lobed (Jamaica) | 212. I. ternata |
– | Leaflets < 7 cm long, leaces 3–5-lobed (Hispaniola) | 215. I. clausa |
15 | Corolla 2.5–4 cm; sepals 4–6 mm long; (Hispaniola) | 16 |
– | Corolla > 4 cm long; some or all sepals > 7 mm long | 17 |
16 | Sepals red-margined; leaflets oblong | 214. I. digitata |
– | Sepals green margined; leaflets oblanceolate | 213. I. desrousseauxii |
17 | Leaflets completely sessile or partially fused at base; plant cultivated or growing in disturbed places | 18 |
– | Leaflets with a short but distinct basal petiole; plants growing in natural situations | 19 |
18 | Woody liana, cymes commonly compound | 211. I. horsfalliae |
– | Trailing or climbing herb; cymes usually simple | 157. I. mauritiana |
19 | Corolla 5–6 cm long; leaflets usually broadest towards the base or in the middle, mostly oblong-elliptic (Jamaica) | 210. I. lineolata |
– | Corolla 4–5 cm long; leaflets mostly oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, rather narrow and broadest near apex | 20 |
20 | Leaflets up to 6.5 × 2.2 cm long; peduncles stout < 4 cm long (Cuba and Bahamas) | 208. I. carolina |
– | Leaflets up to 11 × 3.5 cm long; peduncles (Hispaniola) | 209. I. furcyensis |
21 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior (best seen in bud) | 22 |
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior | 30 |
22 | Weedy annual herb with subsessile cymes, the peduncles < 10 mm long; corolla 7–9 mm long | 398. I. eriocarpa |
– | Annual or perennial herbs, relatively robust in habit; inflorescence pedunculate; corolla > 2.5 cm long | 23 |
23 | Sepals 5–7 mm long | 24 |
– | Sepals at least 8 mm long, often much more in fruit | 25 |
24 | Sepals about as broad as long, uniformly pubescent; corolla pink, 6–7 cm long | 84a. I. carnea subsp. carnea |
– | Sepals longer than broad, nearly glabrous but with a few scattered hairs; corolla blue with white tube, 2.5–4 cm long | 270. I. parasitica |
25 | Bracteoles caducous, absent at anthesis; corolla relatively large, > 5 cm long, usually much longer | 26 |
– | Bracteoles relatively persistent, conspicuous, 1.5–4 cm long; corolla < 5 cm long | 28 |
26 | Corolla white, cream or bluish; sepals narrowly ovate, much longer than broad; sepals and leaves usually glabrous (Jamaica) | 400. I. lindenii |
– | Corolla pink; sepals broadly ovate or ovate elliptic, not much longer than broad; sepals and leaves pubescent or sericeous | 27 |
27 | Woody liana; flowers solitary (rarely to 3); sepals strongly accrescent in fruit and enclosing the capsule | 418. I. tiliifolia |
– | Perennial herb; flowers usually in cymes of 3–5 flowers (sometimes more); sepals not strongly accrescent in fruit | 73. I. jalapa |
28 | Leaves borne in fascicles; flowers subsessile, borne on peduncles < 1.5 cm long | 205. I. lachnaea |
– | Leaves solitary, petiolate; flowers in pedunculate cymes | 29 |
29 | Bracteoles papery, pale yellow-green; sepals 12–16 mm long, elliptic to obovate (cultivated or an escape) | 393. I. nervosa |
– | Bracteoles not papery, reddish to mauve in colour; sepals 18–25 mm, ovate to lanceolate (Cuba and Hispaniola) | 354. I. racemosa |
30 | Corolla 8–11 cm long; anthers at least weakly exserted | 31 |
– | Corolla < 8 cm long; anthers included or exserted | 32 |
31 | Sepals lanceolate, terminating in a long awn-like structure | 272. I. alba |
– | Sepals elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse, sometimes shortly mucronate | 389. I. violacea |
32 | Sepals pubescent or tomentose; perennials with coriaceous, obtuse sepals and densely sericeous or pubescent leaves | 33 |
– | Sepals glabrous or, if hirsute, plants annual and weedy, leaves glabrous or pubescent; sepals acute to strongly mucronate | 39 |
33 | Corolla yellow-green; indumentum of stellate hairs (Hispaniola) | 206. I. luteoviridis |
– | Corolla pink or purple; indumentum of unbranched hairs (Cuba) | 34 |
34 | Stamens strongly exserted; corolla hypocrateriform | 35 |
– | Stamens included; corolla funnel-shaped | 37 |
35 | Plant leafless at anthesis; inflorescence of axillary clusters; sepals reddish, pubescent near base only (Cuba) | 193. I. praecox |
– | Plant leafy at anthesis; onflorescece cymose; sepals uniformly tomentose, grey | 36 |
36 | Leaves basally subcordate; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, not foliose (Cuba | 195. I. jalapoides |
– | Leaves basally cuneate; bracteoles obovate to oblanceolate, foliose (Cuba) | 192. I. argentifolia |
37 | Leaves 3-lobed (Cuba) | 188. I. passifloroides |
– | Leaves entire | 38 |
38 | Sepals pubescent only near base; flowers several in cymes (Cuba) | 196. I. montecristina |
– | Sepals uniformly tomentose; flowers solitary (Cuba) | 194. I. calophylla |
39 | Sepals elliptic to obovate, obtuse to rounded, coriaceous, glabrous; plants perennial | 40 |
– | Sepals varied, usually lanceolate, ovate or oblong, acute to acuminate, often mucronate, glabrous or hirsute; plants annual or perennial | 54 |
40 | Corolla greenish-yellow to white | 41 |
– | Corolla red, purple or pink | 45 |
41 | Leaves dentate, abaxially pubescent (Cuba) | 186. I. erosa |
– | Leaves entire or lobed but not dentate; glabrous | 42 |
42 | Stamens exserted; leaves lobed with acute lobes (Cuba) | 184. I. cubensis |
– | Stamens included; leaves entire or variously lobed | 43 |
43 | Corolla 3.5–6 cm long; seeds with long marginal hairs | 44 |
– | Corolla 1.5–1.7 cm long; seeds uniformly pilose (Cuba) | 185. I. merremioides |
44 | Leaves ovate to ovate elliptic, rarely shallowly lobed (Cuba) | 183. I. alterniflora |
– | Leaves usually deeply lobed or palmately divided into leaflets but if entire, ovate-deltoid (Hispaniola) | 215. I. clausa |
45 | Leaves pubescent or sericeous | 46 |
– | Leaves glabrous | 49 |
46 | Leaves green, pubescent or pilose abaxially; sepals often reddish | 47 |
– | Leaves silvery sericeous abaxially; sepals not reddish | 48 |
47 | Leaves large, 4–16 cm long; peduncles 3–7 cm long | 190. I. clarensis |
– | Leaves small, 1.2–5.5 cm long; peduncles < 0.6 cm long | 197. I. fuchsioides |
48 | Leaves large 5–12 cm long, cordate, sericeous below but not silvery; sepals completely glabrous | 189. I. hypargyreia |
– | Leaves up to 6.5 cm long, cuneate to weakly cordate, silvery; sepals pubescent near base | 196. I. montecristina |
49 | Stamens included | 50 |
– | Stamens exserted | 51 |
50 | Stem, peduncles and petioles with conspicuous squamose glands (Eastern Cuba) | 187. I. balioclada |
– | Plant lacking conspicuous squamose black glands (Western Cuba | 183. I. alterniflora |
51 | Corolla limb deeply divided into oblong lobes (Hispaniola) | 199. I. repanda |
– | Corolla limb entire or undulate | 52 |
52 | Leaves oblong, mostly absent at anthesis; flowers in dense clusters (Cuba) | 191. I. incerta |
– | Leaves of varied shape, present at anthesis; flowers in lax cymes | 53 |
53 | Leaves wedge-shaped (St. Eustatius) | 200. I. sphenophylla |
– | Leaves usually ovate, somewhat polymorphic (Cuba, Bahamas, Florida) | 198. I. microdactyla |
54 | Corolla hypocrateriform; stamens exserted | 55 |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate; stamens included | 56 |
55 | Sepals c. 3 mm long with a subterminal awn of similar length | 321. I. hederifolia |
– | Sepals 10–15 mm long, without a prominent subterminal awn (Jamaica) | 235. I. jamaicensis |
56 | Trailing plants rooting at the nodes growing in wet places near the sea or in and around cultivation | 57 |
– | Twining, climbing or trailing plants, not rooting at the nodes and not usually found in wet places or on sea shores | 61 |
57 | Leaves ovate, suborbicular, linear, oblong, rectangular or 5-lobed, not, or scarcely, basally cordate; seashore plants | 58 |
– | Leaves lanceolate, ovate, subreniform or suborbicular but with cordate or sagittate base, plants of freshwater or dry habitats | 59 |
58 | Leaves shortly oblong, linear, lanceolate or 3–5-lobed, small, 1.5–3 × 0.8–2 cm; sepals very unequal; corolla white, 3.5–4 cm long | 388. I. imperati |
– | Leaves ovate to suborbicular, rounded or emarginate, 3.5–9 × 3–10 cm; sepals subequal; corolla pink, 4–5 cm long | 339. I. pes-caprae |
59 | Sepals strongly mucronate, usually ciliate or pilose; plant of cultivation or waste ground | I. batatas |
– | Sepals not mucronate, glabrous; plants usually of wetland | 60 |
60 | Sepals subequal, smooth; leaves acuminate, sagittate or hastate | 391. I. aquatica |
– | Sepals very unequal, often transversely muricate; leaves rounded, obtuse or acute, never acuminate | 347. I. asarifolia |
61 | Sepals with prominent abaxial muricate ribs; bracteoles prominent, 8–20 × 3–15 mm | 62 |
– | Sepals abaxially smooth; bracteoles prominent or not | 63 |
62 | Annual herb; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long | 341. I. fimbriosepala |
– | Perennial herb; corolla 5.5–8 cm long | 342. I. setifera |
63 | Flowers grouped into bracteolate clusters | 64 |
– | Inflorescence clearly cymose, but, if clustered, bracteoles caducous | 65 |
64 | Corolla 2–3 cm long; stigma bilobed; capsule 4-seeded | 305. I. meyeri |
– | Corolla 5–6 cm; stigma trilobed; capsule 6-seeded | 234. I. indica |
65 | Sepals more than 10 × 10 mm in size, commonly reddish; plant a vigorous liana | 352. I. philomega |
– | Sepals < 10 mm wide, not reddish; plant herbaceous | 66 |
66 | Sepals glabrous | 67 |
– | Sepals hirsute, or at least ciliate | 74 |
67 | Corolla white or cream, rarely bluish; sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate | 68 |
– | Corolla pink or blue; Sepals variable in shape | 69 |
68 | Corolla campanulate, 2.5–3 cm long; sepals oblong, nearly completely scarious, < 15 mm long | 403. I. corymbosa |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, 5–6 cm long; sepals oblong-ovate, scarious only on the margins, often exceeding 14 mm (Jamaica) | 400. I. lindenii |
69 | Sepals < 11 mm long, equal in length or nearly so | 70 |
– | Sepals > 12 mm long or if less, very unequal in length | 71 |
70 | Sepals lanceolate, acute but not mucronate, scarious-margined; corolla blue with white tube and yellowish throat (cultivated or an escape) | 257. I. tricolor |
– | Sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, conspicuously mucronate, not scarious-margined; corolla pink, often with a dark centre | 221. I. tiliacea |
71 | Flowers usually solitary; leaves strongly sagittate to hastate | 72 |
– | Flowers usually several in cymes, very rarely solitary; leaves cordate or sagittate | 73 |
72 | Sepals lanceolate, 17–21 mm long, acuminate, subequal with prominent longitudinal veins (Netherlands Antilles) | 355. I. incarnata |
– | Sepals oblong-elliptic, rounded, < 12 mm long, unequal in size, not prominently veined | 351. I. sagittata |
73 | Corolla bluish; peduncles short, usually < 1.5 cm; sepals narrowly ovate acute to acuminate (Jamaica) | 400. I. lindenii |
– | Corolla usually pink or pale pink; peduncles 4–12 cm; sepals obovate to suborbicular, (Hispaniola, Trinidad) | 380. I. squamosa |
74 | Corolla white, yellow or cream, sometimes with a dark centre | 75 |
– | Corolla pink, blue or purplish | 77 |
75 | Ovary and capsule pilose; corolla white | 224. I. lacunosa |
– | Ovary and capsule glabrous; corolla yellowish, sometimes with a dark centre | 76 |
76 | Corolla large, 3–4 cm long | 412. I. ochracea |
– | Corolla small, 1.5–2.5 cm long | 413. I. obscura |
77 | Sepals obtuse, acute or acuminate but not mucronate; stigma 3-lobed; capsule 6-seeded, glabrous | 78 |
– | Sepals oblong or lanceolate, distinctly mucronate; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 4-seeded, often pilose | 80 |
78 | Corolla pink (rarely white or blue); sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; leaves entire or 3–5-lobed | 238. I. purpurea |
– | Corolla blue with a white tube (drying pink): sepals ovate with an elongate apex, notably accrescent in fruit | 79 |
79 | Corolla < 3.5 cm long; sepals < 2 cm long at anthesis, the tips recurving; peduncle very short | 237. I. hederacea |
– | Corolla 4–4.5 cm long; sepals c. 3 cm long at anthesis, the tips erect; peduncles long or short | 236. I. nil |
80 | Corolla < 2.5 cm long; plants annual, always slender | 81 |
– | Corolla > 2.5 cm long; plants perennial or annual, usually relatively robust | 82 |
81 | Sepals oblong, 5–6 mm long | 229. I. triloba |
– | Sepals lanceolate, 10–14 mm long | 225. I. leucantha |
82 | Slender, 1–2-flowered herb with pubescent strap-shaped sagittate leaves (Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola, Mona Island) | 232. I. tenuissima |
– | Slender or robust herbs, 1–many-flowered; leaves not strap-shaped, rarely sagittate, but, if so, completely glabrous | 83 |
83 | Sepals oblong-lanceolate; sepals chartaceous even at anthesis, unequal, the outer shorter than the inner | 219. I. trifida |
– | Sepals obovate, ovate or elliptic; sepals not chartaceous at anthesis, equal in length or nearly so | 84 |
84 | Annual herb, not rooting at nodes; cymes always lax and few-flowered, never umbellate in form | 226. I. cordatotriloba |
– | Perennial herb, often decumbent and rooting at the nodes; cymes compact, umbellate or subcapitate in form | 220. I. batatas |
1 | Leaves pinnate | 312. I. quamoclit |
– | Leaves simple or palmately lobed | 2 |
2 | Erect undershrub to c. 3 m; corolla pubescent | 84b. I. carnea subsp. fistulosa |
– | Trailing or twining herbs; corolla glabrous except in. I. tiliifolia | 3 |
3 | Leaves 5-lobed to or near the base | 4 |
– | Leaves entire or shallowly 3-(5)-lobed | 5 |
4 | Woody liana; leaves lacking pseudo-stipules; corolla orange-red | 211. I. horsfalliae |
– | Twining herb; Leaves with cnspicuous pseudo-stipules; corolla pink | 392. I. cairica |
5 | Corolla hypocrateriform, red, white or pale blue; stamens exserted or held at corolla mouth; twining plants | 6 |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, pink, yellowish or white, stamens included; twining or prostrate plants | 8 |
6 | Corolla red; leaves usually shallowly lobed | 321. I. hederifolia |
– | Corolla white or pale blue, usually entire | 7 |
7 | Sepals terminating in a prominent awn 5–12 mm in length; habitats with fresh water | 272. I. alba |
– | Sepals obtuse, sometimes mucronulae; saline habitats | 389. I. violacea |
8 | Corolla yellowish, white or lilac tinged | 9 |
– | Corolla pink, sometimes with a dark centre | 11 |
9 | Corolla yellowish; capsule rostrate; twining anual herb | 413. I. obscura |
– | Corolla white or lilac tinged; usually trailing perennial herbs | 10 |
10 | Creeping seashore plant, rooting at the nodes; leaves linear to oblong usually basally truncate | 388. I. imperati |
– | Prostrate or twining plant of lava flows; leaves simple or lobed but characteristically cordate at base | 264. I. tuboides |
11 | Leaves rounded to retuse; creeping seahore species | 339. I. pes-caprae |
– | Leaves obtuse, acute or acuminate; plants of varied hábitats | 12 |
12 | Corolla pubescenrtin bud; leaves grey-tomentose when young, dotted with black glands beneath; sepals strongly accrescent and enclosing the capsule | 418. I. tiliifolia |
– | Corolla glabrous; leaves eglandular, rarely grey-tomentose, not gland-dotted beneath; sepals not strongly accrescent in fruit | 13 |
13 | Creeping freshwater aquatic herb | 391. I. aquatica |
– | Twining or prostrate herb, but if creeping, not growing in freshwater aquatic habitats | 14 |
14 | Stigma 3-lobed; sepals obtuse to acute but not mucronate | 15 |
– | Stigma bilobed; sepals mucronate | 16 |
15 | Flowers clustered in a subcapitate bracteolate inflorescence; pedicels very short | 234. I. indica |
– | Flowers in lax cymes; pedicels > 10 mm long; bracteoles linear, inconspicuous | 238. I. purpurea |
16 | Twining annual herb; corolla < 2.5 cm long | 229. I. triloba |
– | Perennial herb, usually prostrate; corolla > 2.5 cm long | 17 |
17 | Flowers in subumbellate pedunculate clusters; sepals usually ciliate; plant often pubescent; cultivated or escaped from cultivation | 220. I. batatas |
– | Flowers in 1–3-flowered cymes; sepals and leaves glabrous or nearly so; native species of seashores or near the sea | 222. I. littoralis |
Acmostemon
Pilg., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 106. 1936. (
Adamboe
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 79. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Amphione
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 79. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Apopleumon
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 72. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Argyreia
Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 95, 134. 1790. (
Argyryon
St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon. 7: 120. 1880. (
Astripomoea
A. Meeuse, Bothalia 6: 709. 1958. (
Astrochlaena
Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 120. 1894 [pub. 1893]. (
Batatas
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 434 [52]. 1833 [pub. 1834]. (
Blinkworthia
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 430 [48]. 1833 [pub. 1834]. (
Bombycospermum J. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 137.1835. (Presl 1831–5: 137). Type. Bombycospermum mexicanum J. Presl (= Ipomoea bombycina (Choisy) Benth. & Hook f.).
Bonanox
Raf., Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 8: 272. 1821. (
Calboa
Cav., Icon. 5: 51. 1799. (
Calonyction
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 441. 1833. [pub. 1834]. (
Calycanthemum
Klotzsch in W.C.H. Peters, Naturw. Reise Mossambique 6 (Bot. 1): 243. 1861. (
Cleiemera
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 77. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Cleiostoma
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 80. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Clitocyamos
St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 128. 1880 (
Coiladena
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 12 1836 [pub.1837]. (
Cryptanthela
Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 14: 24. 1950. (
Decaloba
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 76 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Diatremis
Raf., Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 8: 271. 1821. (
Dimerodiscus
Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 14: 25. 1950. (
Doxema
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 75. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Elythrostamna
Bojer ex Desjardins, Rapp. Annuel Trav. Soc. Hist. Nat. île Maurice 1: 31. 1836. (
Euryloma
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 75. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Exallosis
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 83 1836 [pub.1838]. (
Exocroa
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 80. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Exogonium
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 443. 1834. (
Fraxima
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 83. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Gynoisa
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 75 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Kolofonia
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 73 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Latrienda
Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 81. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Legendrea
Webb & Berth, Hist. Nat. Iles. Canar., Bot. 3, 2: 26. 1844. (
Lepistemon Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 722. 1826. (Blume 1826: 722). Type. Lepistemon flavescens Blume (= Ipomoea binectarifera (Wall.) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland).
Lepistemonopsis
Dammer, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C: 331. 1895. (
Lettsomia
Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 75. 1824. (
Marcellia
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 10: 443. 1844. (
Melascus
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 81 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Mina
Cerv. in La Llave & Lexarza, Nov. Gen. Descr. 1: 3. 1824. (
Modesta
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 76. 1836 [1838]. (
Moorcroftia
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 431. 1833 [pub.1834]. (
Navipomoea
Roberty, Boissiera 10: 147. 1964. . (
Neorthosis
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 125 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Ornithosperma
Raf., Fl. Ludov.: 149. 1817. (
Paralepistemon
Lejoly & Lisowski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 56: 196. 1986. (
Pentacrostigma
K. Afzel., Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 23: 181. 1929. (
Pharbitis
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 438. 1833 [pub.1834]. (
Plesiagopus
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 78. 1836 [1838]. (
Pseudipomoea
Roberty, Boissiera 10: 147. 1964. (
Quamoclit
Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4(3). 1754. (
Quamoclita
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 74. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Rivea
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 407. 1833 [pub.1834]. (
Samudra
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 72 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Stictocardia
Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 159. 1894 [pub. 1893]. (
Stomadena
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 12 1836 [pub.1837]. (
Tereietra
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 124 1836 [pub.1838]. (
Tirtalia
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 71. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Turbina Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 81. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.
Annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, lianas, shrubs or small trees, very varied in habit but, most commonly, twining, less commonly decumbent or erect; vegetative parts glabrous or variously hirsute. Leaves without true stipules, alternate, usually petiolate, entire, lobed or compound with separate leaflets; pseudostipules sometimes present. Inflorescence characteristically of axillary cymes, but sometimes very dense and subcapitate or reduced to single flowers or corymbose to foliose paniculate in form, or subterminal and racemose to spicate in erect species; peduncles variable in length, rarely absent; bracts usually indistinguishable from leaves except in species with a terminal inflorescence; bracteoles very small to large, persistent or caducous, scarious, chartaceous or foliaceous, occasionally forming an involucre; pedicels short or long, rarely absent; calyx of five equal or unequal sepals, very variable in texture, coriaceous, herbaceous, scarious, persistent, often enlarging in fruit; corolla ±often showy, small or (usually) large, commonly funnelform, sometimes hypocrateriform, campanulate or suburceolate, pink or white with 5 distinct darker midpetaline bands, the limb distinct from the tube; stamens 5, usually included, equal or unequal in length, dilated and glandular-pilose at base, inserted near base of corolla tube; anthers usually narrowly oblong; pollen spheroidal, pantoporate, echinulate, the grains relatively large; disc annular, ovary 2(–5) locular, 4 (–10)-ovulate, glabrous or pubescent; style simple, filiform; stigma subglobose, 2(–3)-lobed, rarely (Astripomoea and some species in the Arborescens Clade) lobes somewhat elongate. Fruit a globose, 4 (–10) valved capsule or indehiscent; seeds (1–)4–6(–10), triquetous, ovoid or subglobose, glabrous or variously hirsute.
A mainly tropical genus, which is almost absent from temperate regions. In its widest circumscription (that is including Argyreia and Stictocardia), it is about equally common in all three tropical regions although the greatest numbers are found in the Americas. A feature of the genus is the existence of a group of around 30 species which are pantropical in distribution, many as the result of early or prehistoric dispersal. There are significant numbers of endemic species on some large islands including Cuba, Hispaniola, Madagascar and Australia but endemics on small islands or island groups are uncommon.
••• Clade A. (Species 1–233). This enormous clade includes over half the species found in the Americas. There is no obvious morphological character that unites the clade but it divides into three smaller clades. Species in the first two of these, Clade A1 (species 1–127) and Clade A2 (Species 128–215), appear always to have pollen with relatively few echinulae (Figure
•• Clade A1 (Species 1–127) is very heterogenous morphologically although notable for the absence of annual species and of species with a hypocrateriform corolla and exserted stamens. It includes a number of smaller clades, which are indicated in the text, as well as the following major, principally South American, radiation, which we refer to as the Jalapa radiation after its most widespread species.
• The Jalapa radiation (Species 1–83) is centred on Paraguay, Bolivia, southern Brazil and the extreme north of Argentina. It is very poorly represented in North America. The exact boundaries of the radiation are unclear but evidence suggests that Ipomoea carnea (Species 84) and subsequent species should be excluded (
The radiation appears to be actively evolving and there are several clusters of species, which are difficult to delimit or are bridged by intermediates. To date molecular studies have not shed much light on these relationships or on species monophyly. Most species are unresolved with samples of some species, notably Ipomoea malvaeoides and I. hirsutissima appearing in several places, although in other cases samples from multiple accessions indicate monophyletic species. Results from the few species for which we have extensive sequence data confirm some species relationships suggested by morphology such as Ipomoea malvaeoides with I. paludosa, or I. argentinica with I. longibarbis but raise serious questions over others that are suggested by morphology, such as I. megapotamica with both I. hieronymi and I. opulifolia or I. nitida with I. psammophila.
ARGENTINA. Córdoba, Dept. Tulumba, B. Balegno 1199 (lectotype LIL001355, designated here; isolectotype LIL).
Perennial with napiform rootstock and usually trailing, rarely twining, lanate stems, which become sparsely pilose when old. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–11 × 2.5–8 cm, deeply palmatisect with 6–9 narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate crenate acute lobes, both surfaces tomentose to thinly pilose, base cuneate; petioles 2.5–4 cm, white-pubescent. Flowers 1–3 in axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 7–18 mm, pubescent; bracteoles deltoid. 2–3 mm long, caducous; pedicels 2–10 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 8–11 × 4–6 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, white-pubescent, the inner with glabrous margins; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous or with a few short hairs in bud, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules 15 × 15 mm, subglobose, rostrate; seeds 7–8 mm, long-pilose.
Endemic to the sub-Andean region of NW Argentina, growing on rocky mountains at around 1000 m, apparently most common in Córdoba.
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: La Paz, J. Brizuela 108 (P). Córdoba: sine data, E. Fielding (BM); camino de Carlos Paz a Pampa de Achala, 12 km antes de Copina, A.L. Pastore 367 (P, SI, US); Copina, A. Burkart 7460 (SI); San Alberto, T. Stuckert 10762 (CORD). San Luis: Ayacucho, Ruta 146 a S de Luján, R. Kiesling 4736 (SI); C. Galander s.n. [15/3/1882] (CORD). Santiago del Estero: Choya, A.T. Hunziker & A.E. Cucucci 17909 (CORD).
The palmatisect leaves, lanate stems and pubescent sepals are distinctive.
ARGENTINA. Misiones, Dept. Candelaria, Gramajo, G.J. Schwarz 5552 (lectotype LIL001267, designated here; isolectotypes LIL, P, S, SI).
Prostrate perennial herb; stems trailing, several metres long, pilose, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–17 × 3–20 cm, 3–7-palmatilobed, the segments elliptic to obovate, narrowed towards the base, apex obtuse and mucronate, base shallowly cordate, both surfaces thinly pubescent, the lower sometimes sericeous; petioles 1–11 cm. Inflorescence of 1–8-flowered, axillary, pedunculate often compounded cymes; peduncles 2–18 cm long; bracteoles 3–5 mm long, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–5 mm; pedicels 9–30 mm long; sepals 7.5–10 × 4–6 mm, subequal, ovate, acute and mucronate, sericeous, the inner with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 7–8 mm wide, glabrous; seeds not seen.
An uncommon plant of degraded cerrado in NE Argentina (Misiones) and neighbouring Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.
ARGENTINA. Misiones: Leandro, A. Krapovikas et al. 15023 (CTES); Candelaria, Posadas-Bonpland, W.A. Archer 4611 (US); Ruta Nacional 12.2 km del peaje, M.E. Rodríguez & A. Gachez (CTES, FCQ); Apóstoles, H. Keller & Franco 4907 (CTES); Concepción, H. Keller & Franco 5732 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Roque Gonzales, Rincão Vermelho, P.P.A. Ferreira & J. Durigon 590 (S); São Borja caminho para Garruchos, P.P.A. Ferreira & J. Durigon 582 (CTES).
The palmatilobed pubescent leaves and sericeous exterior of the corolla help to identify this species.
S. Heinonen et al. 117 (CTES) collected in Corrientes, Dept. Ituzaingo at Puerto Valle may represent an undescribed related species. It has trifurcate, thinly appressed pilose leaves divided to near the strongly truncate base. The leaf lobes are oblong, 3–5.5 × 0.5–1.2 cm, the flowers are solitary, borne on a 3–4 cm long, pubescent peduncle with caducous bracteoles and 5–7 mm long pedicels. The corolla is pubescent and the sepals narrowly ovate, 7–8 × 3 mm, subacute and pubescent. The leaf base is very different from that of Ipomoea padillae and other species with trifurcate leaves, such as I. delphinioides.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, Manoel Viana, P.P.A. Ferreira 279 (holotype ICN, isotypes K, P, SP).
Perennial twiner to 3 m, stems woody, grey-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, divided palmately to the base into five segments, 4–10 × 0.7–3 cm, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse and mucronate, the basal lobes sometimes only lobed, noticeably larger, both surfaces grey-tomentose; petiole 2–5 cm long, grey-tomentose. Inflorescence of compound axillary cymes; peduncles 2–13 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 3–6 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2.5 cm; pedicels 7–10 mm, tomentose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 10–12 mm, ovate, acute, grey-tomentose, inner 11–13 mm, the margins glabrous; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, sericeous, pink with purple throat, limb 5–6 cm diam. Capsules 11–12 × 10 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds black, shortly tomentose, 7–8 mm long.
Grassy pampa. Endemic to the area around Manoel Viana in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul (
This species is probably close to Ipomoea padillae and the species represented by Heinonen et al. 117 discussed after I. padillae.
BOLIVIA. Vallegrande, on descent to Pampa Negra, J.R.I. Wood, M. Martinez & G. Aramayo 28441 (holotype USZ, isotypes LPB, OXF).
Perennial herb, clambering over shrubs or, less commonly, decumbent; stems up to c. 3 m long, pubescent with long appressed hairs. Leaves petiolate, dimorphic; upper leaves and bracts 2.5–8 × 2–10 cm, diminishing in size upwards, entire, broadly ovate-elliptic to suborbicular, rounded, base shallowly cordate to truncate, margins undulate; lower leaves 7–13 × 7–14 cm, 3–5-lobed to about halfway (rarely unequally bilobed), the lobes oblong, obtuse to acute, base shallowly cordate; both leaf forms adaxially dark green, pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 2.5–7.2 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes usually with 7–8 flowers, mainly near the branch tips, somewhat proliferating; peduncles (0.5) –3–4.5 cm, pubescent, often somewhat bent or twisted, diminishing in length towards apex; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.5–2 cm; pedicels 13–20 mm, pubescent, often bent; sepals subequal, 8–9 × 5–6 mm, oblong-elliptic, densely pubescent, outer rounded with narrow scarious margins, inner with rounded or retuse with broader scarious margins; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink, pubescent, limb c. 4 cm diam.; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A narrow endemic restricted to seasonally very arid spiny bushland on descent to Pampa Negra in Vallegrande Province in Bolivia between 1650 and 1800 m.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28443 (LPB, OXF, USZ).
A scrambling or decumbent species with dimorphic leaves and stems which distinctly proliferate.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul, Urucúm, M. Cárdenas 4448 (holotype LIL001235).
Vigorous twining perennial to 3 m; stems stout, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 3–8 cm, mostly 3-lobed to half way with acute lobes but some leaves ovate with one or two marginal teeth, base broadly cordate, apex shortly acuminate and mucronate, adaxially glabrous apart from veins pubescent near base, abaxially paler, pubescent especially on the veins; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2–5 cm, stout, glabrous; bracteoles c. 5 mm long, oblong, muconate, papery, caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 0.8–1.5 cm; pedicels 5–10 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 15–20 × 10–12 mm, ovate, narrowed to an obtuse apex, minutely puberulent, pale green; inner sepals 18–22 × 12 mm, elliptic, acuminate to an obtuse apex, sericeous, palid; corolla 7–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink, pubescent in bud, limb 5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 15 × 10 mm, glabrous, brown, enclosed by sepals; seeds 11 × 6 mm (possibly immature), brown, pilose with very long marginal hairs.
A narrow endemic restricted to the Bolivia-Brazil border around Corumbá and Puerto Suárez at the edge of the Pantanal where it is locally common on scrubby roadsides around 100–150 m.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, Dorrien Smith 80 (K); Estrada da Codrasa, Ladãrio, Bartolotto et al. 8 (MBM).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, Puerto Suárez area, J.R.I. Wood & D. Villarroel 25902 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); J.R.I. Wood et al. 27885 (K, LPB, USZ).
A very distinctive species because of its large corolla, acutely 3-lobed leaves and large pale green sepals.
Ipomoea malpighipila var. aemilii
O’Donell, Arq. Mus. Paranaense 9: 228. 1952. (
Ipomoea aurita
Hassl., nom. nud., Add. Plantae Hasslerianae 18. 1917. (
Based on Ipomoea malpighipila var. aemilii O’Donell
Perennial of a pale green colour from a woody xylopodium; stems erect to 1 m high, apparently unbranched, densely hirsute with somewhat rough mostly appressed hairs. Leaves sessile, 16–27 × 0.4–0.8 cm, narrowly oblong, slightly narrowed to a cuneate base, apex obtuse and mucronate, coarsely tomentose on both surfaces, abaxially prominently 3–5-veined. Inflorescence terminal, rather short and dense < 7 cm long, formed of (1–)3-flowered cymes in the axils of leaf bracts; bracts 2–6.5 cm long, diminishing in size upwards, apparently deciduous and absent from uppermost cymes; peduncles 2–4 mm, relatively stout, densely hirsute; bracteoles c. 3 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, almost hidden by the indumentum; pedicels 5–7 mm, densely hirsute; sepals 7–8 × 4–5 mm, broadly elliptic, densely hirsute, slightly unequal, outer obtuse, inner rounded to retuse with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, densely pubescent on mid-petaline bands, limb 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules glabrous; seeds not seen.
Endemic to Paraguay. In sabanas in the area north of Hernandarias, especially in the Reserva Tatí Yupí.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Reserva Tatí Yupí, Itaipú Binacional 1046 (MO); G. Caballero Mamori 1423 (CTES); Com. Puerto Palma, C. Romero Pereira 14 (SCP); Pirá Pytá, A. Schinini et al. 18152 (CTES).
Distinguished from Ipomoea malpighipila by the simple leaves and distinct indumentum.
ARGENTINA. Misiones, Dept. San Ignacio, Gob. Roca, 22 Nov. 1947, G.J. Schwarz 2338 (holotype LIL001259).
Erect perennial herb or subshrub from a xylopodium, stems 0.5–1 m long, usually simple, distinctly angled, adpressed pubescent with t-shaped hairs. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3-fid from near base, lobes 7.5–15 × 0.2–1.2 cm, narrowly oblong, shortly mucronate, base attenuate, both surfaces adpressed-pubescent, abaxially prominently veined; petioles 1–1.5 cm. Inflorescence elongate (to 10 cm), terminal, formed of shortly pedunculate cymes from the axils of leaf-like bracts, these absent in the upper part of inflorescence; peduncles 0.4–1.5 cm, adpressed pubescent; bracteoles ovate, caducous; pedicels 3–8 cm, adpressed pubescent; sepals equal, 6–8 × 4–6 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse and often mucronate, subsericeous; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, adpressed pubescent. Capsules 7–10 × 7–8 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 6 × 4 mm, blackish-brown, margins lanate.
Almost endemic to the province of Misiones in Argentina where it grows in seasonally flooded grassy pampa. There appear to be no recent records from Paraguay or Brazil.
ARGENTINA. Misiones: San Ignacio, D. Giambaggio s.n. (SI); G.J. Schwarz 5334 (E, LIL, S); M.E. Rodríguez & A. Gochez 1179 (MA); H. Keller et al. 6464 (CTES); J.E. Montes 458 (LIL, S).
PARAGUAY. Itapúa: Encarnación, T. Rojas 29 (SCP).
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Agusto s.n. (ICN18804), fide
The T-shaped hairs are difficult to observe but are distinctive. Ipomoea malpighipila is usually easily identified by the terminal inflorescence and obscurely pubescent, trifid leaves with narrowly oblong lobes.
Ipomoea malveoides var. ovata
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7(5): append. 1: 152. 1899. (
Based on Ipomoea malveoides var. ovata Hallier f.
Erect subshrub to at least 50 cm; stems woody below, ± glabrescent; above herbaceous, softly white-tomentose. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 2.4–7 × 3.2–5 cm, ovate, oblong or oblong-elliptic, acute and mucronate, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, both surfaces softly pubescent, abaxially more densely so, paler, adaxially somewhat glabrescent on very old leaves; petioles 0–4 mm, densely pubescent to villous. Inflorescence usually of solitary, pedunculate axillary flowers forming a long terminal raceme; occasionally of axillary cymes with up to five flowers from the uppermost leaf axils; bracts leaf-like except the uppermost of which are much reduced; peduncles 0.8–4 cm, densely white-pubescent; bracteoles 6 mm long, linear filiform; pedicels 0.6–7 cm, densely pubescent; sepals with a dark gland near base, somewhat unequal, outer 9–15 × 2–4 mm, narrowly to broadly ovate, acuminate or acute and mucronate, tomentose, inner similar bur with broad scarious margins; corolla 6–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules c. 1.2 × 0.8 cm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, blackish, glabrous.
Figure
Ipomoea cordillerae. A habit (flowering plant) B adaxial leaf surface C abaxial leaf surface D habit (fruiting plant) E portion of stem and leaves F outer sepal G inner sepal H seed J form with branched inflorescence. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A–C from Hassler 8714 (GH); D–H from Balansa 4391: J from Hassler 485. Drawn by Rosemary Wise.
Endemic to Paraguay and growing in forest clearings (fide Balansa 4391). PARAGUAY. Cordillera: E. Hassler 285 (K, P), 1903 (K, P), 8714 p.p. (BM, K).
Characterised by the relatively long acuminate or acute and mucronate sepals usually around 12 mm in length combined with the softly tomentose indumentum and ovate-elliptic leaves. In the type the leaves are silvery beneath but this is less obvious in the other cited collections. Ipomoea paraguariensis differs in the much shorter silvery sepals and more strictly terminal inflorescence and I. estrellensis differs in the shorter, obtuse to subacute sepals, the shorter peduncles and the ciliolate leaf margins. We have seen no modern collections of this species.
Specimens of Hassler 8714 are mixed, those at BM and K are this species but some specimens with this number are Ipomoea paraguariensis. They are all labelled as from Villarrica where Ipomoea paraguariensis grows but the specimens of I. cordillerae presumably came from the Pirebebuy area.
• Speces 9–18 form a complex in which Ipomoea malvaeoides is the best-known and most common species.
Ipomoea malvaeoides var. integrifolia
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2, 5: 690. 1905. (
Ipomoea malvaeoides forma apiculata var. uliginosa forma apiculata
], Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 691. 1905. (
Ipomoea malvaeoides var. uliginosa
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2, 5: 691. 1905. (
Ipomoea paludosa var. uliginosa
(Chodat & Hassl.) O’Donell, Lilloa 26: 373. 1953. (
ARGENTINA. Misiones, Dept. San Ignacio, Gob. Roca, G. J. Schwarz 5283 (lectotype LIL001271, designated here; isolectotypes CTES, LIL).
Erect undershrub 0.5–1.5 m from a woody rhizome, stems glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, sparingly branched, often simple. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.5–11 × 0.6–2.2 cm, oblanceolate, acute or rounded and strongly apiculate, cuneate at base, adaxially glabrous to thinly adpressed pilose, abaxially adpressed pilose, veins prominent on both surfaces, esp. abaxially; petioles 0.5–1 cm long, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence long, terminal, raceme-like, formed of mostly2–3-flowered cymes, commonly reduced to single flowers; bracts leaf-like but diminishing in size upwards; peduncles 0.2–3 cm long; bracteoles 3–4 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–10 mm, pubescent; sepals 5–8 mm, ovate, acute to obtuse and apiculate, sericeous to pubescent, inner sepals similar but obtuse and with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 3.5–5.5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous on midpetaline bands, limb 2–2.5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules c. 8 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds long-pilose.
Flooded plain in the Paraná basin in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. ARGENTINA. Misiones: San Ignacio, F.O. Zuloaga & M. Kostlin 9948 (SI); Candelaria, H. Keller & Paredes 10563 (CTES); Bonpland, E.L. Ekman 1432 (K, S); Capital, T.M. Pedersen 13661 (C, CTES).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Est. Río Bonito, E. Zardini & Vieira 41978 (FTG, PY). Amambay: Est. Carmen de la Sierra, N. Soria 4725 (CTES, FCQ). Caaguazú: Coronel Oviedo, A. Krapovickas et al. 13848 (CTES). Caazapá: Enramadita, I. Basualdo 001902 (FCQ, MO, FTG). Canindeyú: Reserva Mbaracuyú, B. Jiménez & G. Marín 1962 (BM, MA). Central: A. Schinini 5717 (CTES). Concepción: Est. Ybyraty, F. Mereles 8580 (CTES, FCQ). Cordillera: Peribebuy, B. Balansa 4392 (P); Tobatí, R.O. Vanni et al. 185 (CTES, PY). Guairá: Cordillera de Ybyturuzú, F. Mereles 3724 (FCQ). Itapúa: Yacyreta Island Reserve, E. Zardini & Gamarra 55715 (ARIZ); Trinidad, M. Ortiz 850 (FCQ). Paraguarí: 3 km antes de Caballero, Calviño et al. 3774 (FCQ). San Pedro: Est. San Antonio, N. Soria 5363 (CTES, FCQ).
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: Faz. Campo Alto, Corumbá, A. Pott et al. 5576 (CPAP, CTES); Hatschbach et al. 76514 (MBM).
Plants from Argentina are relatively uniform but in Paraguay they are more variable, the leaves sometimes strongly apiculate and/or the inflorescence rather lax and few-flowered.
Ipomoea malvaeoides var. trifida
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (5), append. 1: 52. 1899. (
Ipomoea malvaeoides var. heterophylla
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (5), append. 1: 52. 1899. (
Ipomoea malvaeoides forma intermedia var. heterophylla forma intermedia
], Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 690. 1905. (
PARAGUAY. [Central], Luque, T. Morong 303 (holotype NY00319204, isotypes GH, MO, PH, US, WIS).
Erect undershrub to 1.2 m, stems below woody, glabrous, reddish above herbaceous, densely puberulent. Leaves petiolate, lower leaves 9–10 × 2–4 cm, entire, ovate obtuse to acute and mucronate, base cuneate, upper leaves (2–)3-lobed with the laterals much shorter than the central lobe which is usually lanceolate, acuminate, the uppermost leaves noticeably smaller and with narrower lobes, both surfaces finely tomentellous, abaxially paler; petioles1–2.5 cm, puberulent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate cymes from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 2–4 (–9) cm, puberulent; bracteoles 3–4 × 1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 0.7–1.8 cm; pedicels 6–10 mm, puberulent; sepals subequal, tomentellous, outer 7–9 × 5–6 mm, ovate, acute to obtuse, inner similar but with scarious, less hirsute margins; corolla 4.5–6.5 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped; limb 3–5 cm diam., entire. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figures
A–D Ipomoea malvaeoides. A habit B abaxial leaf surface C seed D leaves (var. lineariloba). E–J Ipomoea morongii. E habit F outer sepal G inner sepal H corolla opened out to show stamens J ovary and style. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A, B from Krapovickas et al. 412477; C from Schinini 30429; D from St. Hilaire 2703, E–J from Hassler 3307.
Endemic to the area around Lago Ypacaraí in Central and Cordillera departments in eastern Paraguay.
PARAGUAY. Central: Ypacaraí, E. Hassler in Rojas 11473 (BM, K, NY). Cordillera: Emboscada, I. Basualdo 1021 (CTES, FCQ); Emboscada hacia Nueva Colombia, R. Degen 1385 (CTES, FCQ); Nueva Colombia, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28147 (FCQ); costa del Lago Ypacaraí, C. Quarin et al. 1488 (CTES); San Bernardino, E. Hassler 3307 (P), T. Rojas 1694 (LIL, SI), T. Rojas 14136 (SCP).
Ipomoea morongii is heterophyllous on the same plant with some leaves entire and some trifurcate. In lectotypifying the synonyms of Ipomoea morongii, we have endeavoured to choose specimens which show heterophylly and at least some trifurcate leaves. G00174972 is the only specimen at G annotated trifida by Hallier, although he also, confusingly, annotated it as I. heterophylla. The portion in the envelope which is clearly trifid should be treated as the lectotype in the event of any dispute. The specimen G00174971 of Hassler 1796 is designated as the lectotype of Ipomoea malvaeoides var. heterophylla because it has some trifurcate leaves even though it was not annotated by Hallier.
Although this species is clearly closely related to I. malvaeoides and could possibly be treated as a variety of it, it is usually easily distinguished by the trifurcate tomentose stem leaves with broad segments conspicuously fused in their lower half. The type is less hairy than most specimens.
Ipomoea malvaeoides var. digitata
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (5), append. 1: 53. 1899. (
Ipomoea malvaeoides var. lineariloba
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (5), append. 1: 53. 1899 (
Ipomoea malvaeoides var. albiflora
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (5), append. 1: 53. 1899. (
Ipomoea malvaeoides var. argentea
O’Donell, Lilloa 29: 179. 1959. (
Ipomoea pinifolioides
Arachav., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 7: 197. 1911. (
BRAZIL. [Rio Grande do Sul, between Rio Santa Bárbara and Alegrete], F. Sello(w) 3386 (Photo F ex B, holotype†), epitype Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, A. St Hilaire 2714 (P00746402), designated here).
Erect (rarely decumbent) undershrub to 50 cm; stems puberulent, rootstock tuberous. Leaves shortly petiolate, numerous, mostly 3–5(–7)-fid to near base (some lower leaves entire and up to 2.5 cm wide), lobes 4–9 × 0.15–1.5 cm, oblong to narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse and mucronate, tapering at base, abaxially (greyish-)sericeous to pubescent only on the veins; petioles 0.2–1.5 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate cymes, from the upper leaf axils,these often reduced to solitary flowers in many populations; peduncles 0.7–2.5(–4)cm, glabrous or puberulent, rarely glabrous; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm, puberulent or glabrous; sepals somewhat unequal, outer (5–)7–8(–10) × 3–6 mm, ovate, obtuse to subacute, thinly to very densely pubescent, inner sepals elliptic, rounded, very slightly shorter, pubescent but with scarious glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, thinly pilose, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules 1.3 × 0.7 cm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 5 mm, blackish, glabrous.
Figures
Cerrado and cerrado-like pampas in NE Argentina, southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and Uruguay, probably declining in frequency throughout its range.
URUGUAY. F. Felippone s.n. (SI).
ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Ituzaingó, Santa Rita, A. Krapovickas et al. 41247 (CTES, K); Mburucuyá, Est. Santa Teresa, T.M. Pedersen 198 (C, P, S); Manantiales, T.S. Ibarrola 3678 (LIL, S); Capital, Riachuelo, A. Schinini 30429 (CTES, MA). Misiones: Posadas, M.E. Rodríguez 1177 (CTES); A. Barbero (SCP); E.L. Ekman 1424 (S).
PARAGUAY. Caaguazú: Arroyo Yakare’i, E. Zardini & Aguayo 10744 (FCQ). Canendiyú: B. Jiménez et al. 1873 (CTES); Mbaracayú Natural Reserve, E. Zardini & Benítez 51288 (ARIZ). Central: Campo Grande de San Lorenzo, T. Rojas 10351 (SCP); Limpio, Ribera de Río Salado, F. Mereles 3886 (FCQ); road to Luque, L. Pérez et al. 32 (PY). Concepción: 3.2 km NW of Loreto, M. Dematteis et al. 3137 (CTES, FCQ); Est. Villa Sana, R. Degen 2280 (CTES, FCQ). Cordillera: E. Hassler 6116 (BM, G); Piribebuy, N. Soria 3212 (FCQ); Tobatí, E. Zardini & Velázquez 26714 (FCQ); Caacupé, Bordas 4078 (CTES). Itapúa: Isla Yaciretá, M. Pena-Chacarro et al. 1789 (BM, FCQ). Misiones: 12 km W of San Ignacio, M.M. Arbo et al. 1917 (CTES, MO). Paraguarí: Colonia Achotei, Est. Lago Ypoá, F. Mereles et al. 8050 (CTES, FCQ); Ybicuí, Bernardi 18086 (BM, G). San Pedro: Est. Chaparral, S. Keel & L. Spinzi 1793 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: São Francisco de Assis, L.P. Queiroz & M.C. Machado 12612 (HUEFS); ibid., P.P.A. Ferreira 488 (NY); Santana de Livramento, E. Barbosa et al. 2542 (MBM, RB).
None of the syntypes of Ipomoea malvaeoides var. lineariloba are annotated with this name by Hallier but we have selected the Geneva specimen, G00175984, of Balansa 1073 as it is only sheet we have seen with any annotation by Hallier. However, in the case of Ipomoea malvaeoides var. albiflora, we have designated the Paris specimen as none of the syntypes are annotated by Hallier and the Paris specimen of Balansa 4395 is much the best available.
Ipomoea malvaeoides is a notoriously variable species, especially in Paraguay, and a number of varieties have been recognised. Variation is most marked in the length and width of the leaflets, their indumentum and in the degree of branching of the inflorescence. The type and most specimens from Argentina have solitary axillary flowers whereas most specimens from Paraguay have a branched cymose inflorescence. Plants from Corrientes in Argentina were recognised as var. argentea by O’Donell and can be recognised by the relatively broad leaflets which are silvery-pubescent on the abaxial surface. These plants occur rarely in Paraguay. Very narrow-leaved forms are found in Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul and in Paraguay and can be recognised as var. lineariloba Hallier f. There is some variation in sepal size; Pena-Chacarro et al. 1789, for example, has longer sepals than usual but forms from eastern Paraguay with consistently longer sepals are treated below as Ipomoea pseudomalvaeoides.
Ipomoea pseudomalvaeoides forma sericea
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 691. 1905. (
Ipomoea pseudomalvaeoides forma palmata
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 691. 1905. (
Ipomoea pseudomalvaeoides forma trispathulata
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 691. 1905. (
PARAGUAY. San Pedro, Río Corrientes, E. Hassler 5857 (lectotype G00175058, designated here; isolectotypes, F, G, K, NY, P, UC).
Erect herb to 0.75 cm from a xylopodium; stems adpressed pilose. Leaves subsessile, mostly trifurcate but occasionally simple above, base cuneate, segments (and simple leaves) 4–10 × 0.5–1.7 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, acute, mucronate, adaxially with scattered long, appressed hairs, abaxially the veins and margins pilose with white appressed hairs, the intercostal areas glabrous; petioles 0–6 mm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of solitary pedunculate flowers from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 0–35 mm, diminishing in length upwards, adpressed pilose; bracteoles early caducous, not seen; pedicels 4–5 mm, very constant in length, adpressed pilose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 9–15 × 3–4.5 mm, ovate, acute, adpressed pilose, inner similar but with broad, glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 7–9 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb 5–6 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Scrubby cerrado. Probably endemic to Canindeyú and neighbouring parts of San Pedro departments in Paraguay.
PARAGUAY. Canindeyú: Mbaracayú Natural Reserve, E. Zardini & I. Chaparro 50723 (ARIZ, AS, MO), 60302 (MO), 60327 (MO); E. Zardini & S. Ramírez 51089 (ARIZ, AS, MO), 51288 (ARIZ, AS, MO); A. Schinini & M. Dematteis 33313 (CTES, FCQ, MO); Reserva de Campo Comunal del asientamiento Mandu’ara, O.A. Torres Figueredo 43 (FCQ); 25 km W of Curuguaty, J.R.I. Wood & G. González 28465 (FCQ). San Pedro: south of Arroyo Gasory, S. Keel & L. Spinzi 1738 (FCQ).
The exact location of Apepú is uncertain. The name refers to a citrus fruit and appears as a place name for a number of different locations.
Ipomoea pseudomalvaeoides is very close to I. malvaeoides and may prove to be only a variety of it but it has distinctive longer sepals and is restricted geographically to Canindeyú and the surrounding area.
PARAGUAY. Caaguazú, Estancia Primera, April 1927, T. Rojas 5036 (holotype LIL001288).
Perennial herb, stems erect or decumbent, glabrous, to 50 cm long. Leaves subsessile, (1–)3 partite almost to base, segments linear, acute, 3–7 × 0.1–0.2 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary, long-pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 6–10 cm, glabrous; bracteoles 1.5–1.7 cm, linear, caducous; pedicels 10–16 mm, relatively stout; sepals subequal, outer 20–23 × 6–8 mm, broadly lanceolate, acute, glabrous, inner slightly narrower; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, the limb 4 cm diam., unlobed; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Paraguay. Known only from the type.
PARAGUAY. Caaguazú: the type collection.
Outstanding for the large sepals and glabrous vegetative parts. It is only distinguishable from the following, unnamed species by the very long sepals.
Erect perennial undershrub from a xylopodium; stems several, below woody, glabrescent, above, herbaceous, thinlysoftly pilose. Leaves shortly petiolate, mostly 3-lobed almost to base but a few lower leaves entire, base cuneate, segments 4–13 × 0.2–0.6, linear-oblong, obtuse to acute, shortly mucronate, both surfaces thinly pilose to subglabrous; petioles 2–10 mm. Inflorescence of solitary pedunculate axillary flowers; peduncles 2.5–10 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 10–15 mm, slightly thickened upwards; sepals subequal to unequal, outer 8–15 × 5–6, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, thinly pubescent to subglabrous, inner larger, 11–16 mm, ovate to elliptic, mucronate, more densely pubescent but with broad, glabrous margins; corolla 6–8 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb 4–6.5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Caaguazú in Paraguay and recorded as growing in cerrado.
PARAGUAY. Caaguazú: Río Yhú, E. Hassler 9689 (BM, K), 9689a (BM, K), 9689b (NY); Vic. Caaguazú, E. Hassler 9229 (BM, K, NY); Colonia Pindo, camino entre Itakyry y Curuguaty, A. Schinini & G. Caballero Mamori 30164 (CTES, K).
This plant comes from the same region as Ipomoea theodori and may eventually prove to be only a form of it. It differs in the somewhat broader leaflets and the distinctly shorter calyx, although the calyx is still longer than other species in this group.
PARAGUAY. March 1931, P. Jorgensen 4662 (holotype US, isotypes F, GH, S).
Perennial herb from a woody base; stems 30–40 cm long, probably erect, woody below, subglabrous but with a few adpressed trichomes arranged bifariously. Leaves subsessile, lamina subdigitately divided into (3–)5(–7) linear segments 2–7 × 0.1–02 cm, apex acute (apiculate), both surfaces glabrous (or abaxially pubescent on midvein and margins); petioles 2–4 mm long, glabrous (thinly pubescent). Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 2.5–3.8 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 3–7 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6–7 × 3.5–5 mm, ovate-elliptic, slightly convex, apex obtuse, mucronulate, the margins glabrous, inner elliptic-suborbicular, mucronate, rounded, 7–8 × 3.5–6 mm. pubescent in central area, margin glabrous, scarious; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, pink or white, funnel-shaped, densely pubescent in bud; limb 3.5–4 cm diam., unlobed; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Paraguay, where it grows in cerrado grassland on the border area between Itapúa and Caazapá.
PARAGUAY. Caazapá: Reserva Tapytá, B. Jiménez 208 (FCQ); ibid., M. Vera 167 (FCQ). Itapúa: Alta Verá, A. Parra et al. 116 (FCQ), ibid., Parra et al. 117 (FCQ); P.N. San Rafael, G. Caballero Marmori 3906 (MBM).
This species resembles Ipomoea theodori and I. fiebrigii in the subsessile, digitately divided leaves with linear segments. From the former it is distinguished by the pubescent (not glabrous) corolla and much shorter sepals, which in I. theodori are 20–24 mm long. From I. fiebrigii it is readily distinguished by the glabrous (not pilose), stem, leaves, peduncles and sepals and by the much longer peduncles, which scarcely reach 5 mm in I. fiebrigii.
PARAGUAY. Río Alto Paraná, Ñucañy, Feb. 1908, K. Fiebrig 5675 (holotype LIL001244, isotypes SI, US).
Perennial from a xylopodium, stems erect, 30–60 cm high, pilose. Leaves with very short internodes, subsessile, divided into 5–7 segments, segments 2–4.5 × 0.1–0.3 cm, linear, acute, pilose, strongly inrolled; petioles 0–1 mm. Inflorescence of solitary, shortly pedunculate, axillary flowers, peduncles 2–3 mm; bracteoles 4 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 3–7 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 9–11 × 4–4.5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, pubescent with white hairs, inner sepals c. 5 mm wide, oblong-ovate, obtuse, densely white-piloset, the margins slightly scarious; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentose with long white hairs outside, limb 4.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, c. 10 mm wide, glabrous; seeds glabrous.
A rare species endemic to eastern Paraguay.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Itakyry, K. Fiebrig 6706 (LIL); Reserva Tatí Yupí, Itaipú Binacional 1081 (MO).
This species is distinguished by its linear, almost filiform leaf segments, shortly pedunculate axillary flowers and the white-pilose indumentum of the corolla and inner sepals.
BRAZIL. Goiás, 16 km N of Alto Paraíso Gates & Estabrook 106 (holotype RB223038, isotype FTG).
Perennial herb to 40 cm from a tuberous rootstock, apparently unbranched or branched near the base only; stems erect, asperous-pubescent. Leaves sessile or very shortly petiolate, 1–7 segments radiating out from the base, segments 0.8–5 × c.0.1 cm linear, acute, 1-veined, thinly pilose to ±glabrous; petioles 0–2 mm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence terminal consisting of single flowers or compact few-flowered cymes from the uppermost leaf axils; peduncles 1–9 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 3 × 1.5–2 mm, oblong, rounded to retuse, thinly pubescent, margin scarious, caducous; pedicels 3–7 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 5–8 × 5–6 mm, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, pubescent except for the scarious margins, outer sometimes mucronulate, reddish, margins narrow, inner more rounded with broader scarious margins; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., somewhat lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Campo húmedo at relatively high altitudes in the Chapada dos Veadeiros. BRAZIL. Goiás: Alto de Paraíso area, H.S. Irwin et al. 32976 (MO, NY); ibid., Gates & Estabrook 106 (FAU, RB223038); ibid., J.R. Pirani et al. 1765 (K, SPF); c. 65 km due N of Brasilia, R.M. Harley et al. 11361 (K); ibid., M.J. Graziela & A. Lima 829-68 (IPA, OXF); Mun. Cavalcante, frente entrada a Faz. Vicente, J.F.B. Pastore et al. 816 (CEN).
This species is often identified as Ipomoea fiebrigii in error but is immediately distinguished by the terminal inflorescence, shorter, rounded or obtuse sepals and the absence of long white hairs on the inner sepals and corolla. It is also sometimes identified as Ipomoea stenophylla (= I. campestris) but differs in the terminal inflorescence and elliptic, rounded, not acute sepals. The upper part of stem and peduncles appear to be sticky as granules of sand stick to the hairs, the stem appearing superficially to be granulose.
J.R. Pirani et al. 1765 differs from other specimens in having some entire, lanceolate or ovate, ±obtuse leaves 1.5–3.5 × 0.3–0.8 cm. R. Romero et al. 4796 (SP) from P.N. Serra de Canastra, São Roque de Minas, Minas Gerais might also belong to this species but the inflorescence is axillary and is only known to us from an image.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul, Serra de Maracaju, 17 Feb. 1970, G. Hatschbach 23761 (holotype MBM, isotypes CTES, F, MICH, S).
Slender twining liana of unknown height; stem woody, c. 2–3 mm thick, pale brown, shortly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into 5–7 free leaflets; leaflets 5–9 × 0.15–0.4 cm, linear, attenuate to a mucronate apex, basally tapered, margin inrolled; adaxally glabrous, midvein strongly impressed; abaxially white-tomentose, the midvein prominent, nearly glabrous; petioles 8–13 mm, thinly pubescent;. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 7–9 mm, very thinly pubescent with scattered hairs; bracteoles c. 1 mm long, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 8–10 mm long, very thinly pubescent with scattered hairs; sepals subequal, 8–10 × 6–7 mm, ovate to elliptic, acute to shortly mucronate, sericeous with narrow, scarious, glabrous margins, inner sepals white-sericeous with wider scarious margins; corolla 5–6 cm long, pink, sericeous in bud, funnel-shaped from a short basal cylindrical tube, limb c. 2 cm diam., lobes rounded. Capsules ovoid, apiculate, c. 10 mm long (immature), glabrous, ±enclosed by the sepals; seeds not known.
Apparently endemic to the Serra de Maracaju in Mato Grosso do Sul, where it grows on sandstone rock outcrops.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: G. & M. Hatschbach & J.M. Silva 60724 (MBM).
This species is almost certainly related to Ipomoea malvaeoides and its allies but is distinguished from all of these by its twining (not erect) habit and distinctly petiolate leaves. Related species in which the leaves have linear leaflets, such as I. fiebrigii, I. itapuaensis and I. theodori, have sessile or near sessile leaves. The linear leaflets recall those of the unrelated Ipomoea subrevoluta, which it has been wrongly named in many herbaria. It is easily distinguished from that species by the sericeous exterior of the corolla and the large, abaxially pubescent sepals.
Ipomoea valenzuelensis forma glabrescens
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2: 5: 687. 1905. (
PARAGUAY. Dept. Cordillera, Valenzuela, Jan. 1900, Hassler 7036 (? holotype G n.v., isotypes BM, F, GH, K, LIL, MO, MPU, NY, P, S, UC).
Trailing perennial with densely coarsely hirsute stems. Leaves shortly petiolate, 5–12 × 2–5 ovate, ovate-deltoid to oblong-elliptic (rarely shallowly 3-lobed), acute, base cuneate to rounded, densely hirsute on both surfaces, abaxially paler; petioles 5–13 mm, hirsute. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–11 cm, hirsute; bracteoles filiform, 5–12 mm, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm, hirsute; sepals 14–18(–20) × 4–8 mm, slightly unequal, ovate, caudate, densely hirsute, inner with subglabrous, slightly scarious margins; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, densely pubescent, limb 4.5–5 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules 11 × 8 mm, ovoid, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds 6 × 3.5 mm, ovoid, blackish-brown, glabrous.
Endemic to Paraguay where it grows in cerrado-like vegetation. PARAGUAY. Sine data, Jorgensen 3475 (F, S). Cordillera: Valenzuela, R.O. Vanni et al. 1154 (MO, CTES, K). Guairá: Villarrica, E. Hassler 8577 (BM), 8827 (BM); Villa Rica-Independencia, N. Soria 4233 (FCQ, MA, MO); F. Mereles & M. Soloaga 7561 (CTES, FCQ); Cordillera del Ybytyrusú, E. Zardini & A. Aguayo 14896 (FTG, MO, FCQ).
We have not seen specimens of the type nor of var. glabrescens at Geneva, so have not made any lectotypifications.
This species is characterised by its decumbent habit, coarsely hispid indumentum and long, caudate sepals. It is similar to Ipomoea pseudocalystegia but the leaves are simple, the sepals and bracteoles are shorter and the pedicels much longer. It also somewhat resembles Ipomoea langsdorffii but the flowers are often solitary and never in many-flowered cymes, and the leaves are not whitish beneath.
ARGENTINA. Misiones, G.J. Schwarz 5098 (lectotype LIL001225, designated here; isolectotypes LIL, P).
Decumbent (rarely climbing) perennial with stems to 4 m long; stems thinly hispid. Leaves shortly petiolate, 5–11 × 1–10, elliptic to obovate in outline, 3-lobed to about halfway, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse to rounded, strongly mucronate, both surfaces thinly to densely hispid; petioles 0.5–2.5 cm, hispid pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, compact axillary cymes with up to c. 8 flowers; peduncles 3–12 cm, hispid; bracteoles 5–15 × 0.5–1 mm, linear or lanceolate, acuminate, hispid, margins scarious; secondary peduncles very short or absent, up to 1 cm long; pedicels 3–8 mm, hispid; sepals subequal, 10–16 × 3–4 mm, lanceolate to ovate, finely acuminate, densely hispid-pilose; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pilose; limb c. 4 cm diam.; stigma bilobed with globose lobes. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Scattered over southern Brazil and neighbouring parts of Argentina and Paraguay.
ARGENTINA. Misiones: Dept. Candelaria, Rodríguez 1187 (CTES); Posadas, E.L. Ekman 1417 (LIL, S).
PARAGUAY. Itapúa: Trinidad, A. Krapovickas et al. 46153 (CTES, K).
BRAZIL. Paraná: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 39719 (CTES, FTG, K), 40802 (CTES, FTG); P. Dusen 2661 (S); Campo Largo, G. Hatschbach 3674 (US). Parque Iguaçu, L. R. Landrum 4045 (ARIZ, MO, NY); Jaguariaíva, T.B. Cavalcanti et al. 3675 (CEN); A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 38237 (CTES); J.C. Lindeman & J.F.M. Valls 9502 (CTES, ICN); B. Rambo 34977 (S), 51633 (S). Santa Catarina: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 42007 (CTES, FTG), 43574 (CTES); L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 8116 (S); L. B. Smith & R. Reitz 8632 (US), 9048 (MO, US); Mafra, R. Reitz 5370 (US). São Paulo: A. St. Hilaire 1525 (P).
Similar to Ipomoea valenzulensis but the leaves are trifurcate and the inflorescence is many-flowered. It differs from Ipomoea langsdorffii in the trifurcate leaves, which are not whitish beneath, and from I. delphinioides in the finely acuminate sepals. Landrum 4045 has some leaves entire, some trifurcate.
O’Donell’s concept of this species contained elements of Ipomoea megalantha as he identified Hassler 9114 as I. acutisepala in 1953. Consequently, in the protologue he provided larger sepal and floral dimensions than are correct. The type (Schwarz 5098) itself is mostly 1-flowered and is not characteristic of the species.
P. Dusen 7385 (F, GH, MICH, P, S) from Serrinha, Paraná State is similar to Ipomoea acutisepala except for the subacute sepals. It is thus intermediate with I. delphinioides and has been identified with both species on different occasions.
Ipomoea polymorpha var. delphinioides
(Choisy) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 252. 1869. (
Convolvulus campestris
Vell., Fl. Flumin.74. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Ipomoea trifurcata
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8(1): 53 [131]. 1838. (
Ipomoea polymorpha var. heteromorpha
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 252. 1869. (
Ipomoea aspersa
Mart. ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 368. 1845. (
Ipomoea polymorpha var. calvescens
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 252. 1869. (
BRAZIL. São Paulo, Taubaté, N. Lund 771 (holotype G00135575).
Perennial with prostrate to ascending, appressed pubescent stems, rootstock tuberous with subcylindrical tubers. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.5–6.5 × 0.8–3.5 cm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to rounded, mucronulate, base cuneate, usually 3-lobed to half way (occasionally entire, rarely 5-lobed more deeply), finely pubescent on both surfaces; petioles 0.1–1.2 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes, often reduced to solitary flowers; peduncles 0.3–6 (–13) cm, pubescent; bracteoles filiform, 4 mm, caducous; pedicels 5–10 mm, pubescent; sepals 7–12 mm, subequal, narrowly ovate, subacute to obtuse, pubescent, the inner with broad, scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 5–6 cm long, white or pale pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous, limb c. 3–4 cm diam. Capsules c. 11 × 7 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Endemic to Brazil, where it is recorded principally from cerrados in Paraná, São Paulo and Minas Gerais states but is perhaps most common in São Paulo and Paraná.
BRAZIL. sine data, W.J. Burchell A285 (K); sine data, J.B. Pohl (OXF). Minas Gerais: A.F. Regnell Ser. 3, 203 (K); C.W. Mosén 4286 (S); M.M. Arbo et al. 3936 (CTES, SPF); P. Clausen s.n. (K); Santa Bárbara, L. Duarte 969 (HB, K). Paraná: Laranjeiras do Sul, G. Hatschbach 15546 (MB, US); Sengés, J.R.V. Iganci et al. 751 (ICN, S); Mun. Tibagí, Fda. Monte Alegre, Harmonia, G. Hatschbach 2984 (US); Parque Vila Velha, G. Hatschbach 13107 (F); Mun. Arapoti, G. Hatschbach 8370 (US); ibid., Rio das Perdizes, G. Hatschbach 18838 (CTES, F); Mun. Castro, Carambei, Rio São João, L. B. Smith et al. 14475 (US); ibid., R. Reitz & R.M. Klein 17887 (F, P, US). Rio Grande do Sul: Sengés, J.R.V. Iganci et al. 751 (S). São Paulo: I.S. Gottesberger 930 (FTG); L. Riedel 1672 (LE, K); Botucatu, G. Edwall 3386 (SP); Mun. Itarare, V. Souza 4482 (SPF, CTES); Jabaquara, M. Kuhlmann 10.440. (K); Congonhas, W. Hoehne 13706 (F, K); Cachambu, J. Weir 338 (BM, K).
This species was aptly named Ipomoea polymorpha by Meisner because of the very varied leaf form. It is usually with 3-lobed leaves but in specimens with entire leaves, the leaves are oblong. Hatschbach 8370 is abnormal in being nearly glabrous. The obtuse sepals are a useful distinguishing feature. Entire-leaved forms (I. aspersa) may resemble I. uruguayensis but can be recognised by the pubescent leaves which are not grey-tomentose beneath (or only very slightly so), and the inner sepals which have broad, glabrous, scarious margins. They are more common in Paraná State.
Ipomoea megapotamica var. pauciflora
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 259. (
Ipomoea lurida
Hassl., nom. nud., Addenda ad Plantas Hasslerianas 18. 1917. (
URUGUAY or SOUTHERN BRAZIL. J. Tweedie s.n. (lectotype K000899637, designated here).
Trailing perennial (but appears to be able to climb fide Rambo collection labels); stems at least 1 m long, shortly crisped-pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 5–13 × 2.5–9 cm, ovate or ovate-elliptic, rounded, truncate or broadly cuneate, apex subacute and mucronate, adaxially pubescent, abaxially paler, more densely pubescent; petioles 1–4.5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence od long-peduculate (1–)3(–4)-flowered axillary cymes, very occasionally branched and compound; peduncles 5.5–16 cm long, pubescent; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 6–8 mm long; pedicels 6–30 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 10–12 × 5–7 mm, elliptic, acute and shortly mucronate, densely pubescent, inner sepals white tomentose with scarious subglabrous margins; corolla c. 5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb c. 3.5 cm diam., apparently lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Apparently restricted to southern Brazil and adjacent eastern Paraguay.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: K. Fiebrig 6346 (GH, US); cerca de Hernandarias, junto al arroyo Pirapitá, Fernández Casas et al. 7326 (NY); Reserva Biológica Tatí Yupí, Itaipú Binacional, G. Caballero Marmori 1421 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: C. Gaudichaud, Herb. Imp. 668 (P), 672 (P); O. Bueno 10668 (CTES, F); Fox 62 (K); Morro da Gloria, B. Rambo 70 (LIL); Morro de Polizia, near Puerto Alegre, B. Rambo 39193 (LIL), Fazenda do Arroio, near Osorio, B. Rambo 45240 (P); Mun. Lagoa Vermelha, A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 41934 (CTES); Porto Alegre, P. Ferreira 119 (CTES).
In choosing a lectotype for this species, we have selected the only extant Tweedie collection. No suitable material was found at B, BR or M.
This species is characterised by the inflorescence that consists of long-pedunculate, usually 3-flowered cymes and by the large ovate leaves, pubescent to subtomentose on both surfaces.
Ipomoea uruguayensis var. glabrata
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2: 5: 693. 1905. (
Ipomoea uruguayensis forma retusa
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2: 5: 693. 1905. (
Ipomoea uruguayensis var. sericea
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2: 5: 693. 1905. (
Ipomoea uruguayensis var. elliptica
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2: 5: 693. 1905. (
Ipomoea polymorpha var. discolor
Hassl., Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.9: 155. 1911. (
Ipomoea polymorpha forma canescens Hassl. [as var. discolor forma canescens], Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.9: 155. 1911. (
Ipomoea polymorpha forma argentea Hassl. [as var. discolor forma argentea], Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.9: 155. 1911. (
Ipomoea polymorpha subforma elliptica (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl. [as var. discolor forma argentea subforma elliptica], Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.9: 155. 1911. (
Ipomoea polymorpha subforma sericea (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl. [as var. discolor forma argentea subforma sericea], Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.9: 156. 1911. (
PARAGUAY. Canindeyú, Ygatimí, E. Hassler 4681 (isotypes BM, F, G, GH, K, P).
Trailing or climbing perennial; stems 1–2 m long, pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3.5–10 × 1.5–7 cm, ovate, obtuse to retuse, mucronate, base rounded to weakly cordate, adaxially green, pubescent, abaxially white-sericeous with long hairs, the veins prominent and mostly without hairs; petioles 3–23 mm, densely pubescent. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedunculate; peduncles (0.5–)3–8 cm, thinly pubescent; bracteoles 2 mm, lanceolate, pubescent, caducous; pedicels 4–13 mm, densely pubescent; sepals subequal, 9–12 mm, ovate or ovate-elliptic, subacute, mucronate, sericeous, base with a conspicuous gland, inner sepals more densely hairy centrally but margin scarious and nearly glabrous; corolla 6–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, midpetaline bands sericeous; limb 4–4.5 cm diam., somewhat lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Apparently endemic to Canindeyú in eastern Paraguay, where it appears to be very rare:
PARAGUAY. Canindeyú: Col. Ita Poty, I. Basualdo 5609 (FCQ).
We have not seen specimens of the type or of the infraspecific taxa at Geneva, so have not made any lectotypification. The Geneva specimens may, in fact, serve as holotypes.
Resembles Ipomoea nitida but the flowers are solitary and the leaves strongly discolorous and abaxially silvery.
Ipomoea malveoides var. nitida
(Griseb.) Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (5), append. 1: 52. 1899. (
ARGENTINA. Entre Ríos, weiden bei Concordia, 15 Feb. 1876, Lorentz 719 (holotype GOET002520, photo of isotype from B† at F).
Trailing perennial; stems 1–3 m long, glabrous to pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–18 × 1.5–17 cm, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-rhomboid, base truncate to cuneate, apex subacute to rounded, mucronate, both surfaces green, subglabrous, adpressed pubescent to sericeous; petioles 1.3–4.5 cm, glabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary, usually compounded cymes with up to 8 flowers; primary peduncles 1–11 cm, glabrous or pubescent; secondary peduncles 2.5–6.7 cm; tertiary peduncles sometimes present; bracteoles lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm, nearly glabrous to sericeous, caducous; pedicels 8–23 mm, glabrous or pubescent; sepals subequal, 8–10 × 5–6 mm, outer sepals ovate, acute, pubescent, inner sepals oblong-elliptic, obtuse, more densely pubescent with nearly glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–6.5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pubescent; limb 4–5 cm diam.,undulate. Capsules 10–13 × 9 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 6–7 × 3.5 mm, black, obscurely pubescent.
This species is divisable into two relatively well-marked geographical subspecies based principally on leaf shape and inflorescence development.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4.5–11 × 1–3.5 cm, base cuneate, both surfaces finely sericeous; inflorescence of 1–3-flowered cymes.
Apparently endemic to the Department of Entre Ríos in Argentina.
ARGENTINA. Entre Ríos: Concordia, Meyer 10997 (LIL); ibid., A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 46563 (CTES); ibid., Parque Rivadavia, A. Burkart & Gamerr 21873 (K, SI); Federación: A. Burkart 26713 (F); ibid., Santa Ana, A. Burkart & S. Crespo 23090 (SI).
This subspecies is very localised and morphologically uniform.
ARGENTINA. Prov. Corrientes, Depto. Santo Tomé, 16 km N de Santo Tomé, A. Schinini 19971 (holotype CTES, isotypes K, MO).
Diagnosis. Resembling subsp. nitida but leaves 7–18 × 4.5–17 cm, elliptic-rhomboid, base truncate to very broadly cuneate, adaxially usually glabrous, abaxially usually thinly pubescent, sometimes densely so or glabrous. Inflorescence commonly of compounded cymes with up to 8 flowers.
In “hilly” grassland in NE Argentina and adjacent parts of Brazil. ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Ituzaingó, H. Keller et al. 5366 (CTES); Mercedes, T.M. Pedersen 5359 (A, C, K, S); San Martín, Medina et al. 289 (CTES, K); Santo Tomé, T.S. Ibarrola 1597 (LIL, S). Misiones: Capital, H. Keller et al. 12033 (CTES); Apóstoles, C. Cristóbal et al. 1910 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: 7 km de Ponta Pora, a Dourados, A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 34289 (CTES). Rio Grande do Sul: 11 km E of Sâo Borja, J.C. Lindemann & A. Pott 21094, (CTES, F); Sâo Borja, P.P.A. Ferreira & J. Durigon 575 (K); ibid., P.P.A. Ferreira 270 (CTES).
This subspecies is very variable in indumentum and the number of flowers per cyme but is never sericeous on both surfaces of the leaf and the leaves are characteristically elliptic-rhomboid. It might merit recognition as a distinct species.
Krapovickas et al. 18066 (CTES) from Ituzaingo in Corrientes (Argentina) is near glabrous but the leaves are often 3-lobed so approaching forms of Ipomoea padillae, another indication of introgression in this clade.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Chiquitos, entrando hacia Motacú por San Juanama, near Santiago de Chiquitos, J.R.I. Wood, D. Soto, P. Pozo, W. Hawthorne & D. Villarroel 25122 (holotype USZ, isotypes K, LPB, UB).
Vigorous trailing perennial herb; rootstock, woody, forked; stems angled, obscurely bifariously puberulent, glabrescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–7.5 × 1–4.5 cm, ovate, elliptic to suborbicular, apex emarginate and mucronate, obtuse or rounded, base truncate to very shallowly cordate, margin entire, green and glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 3–9 mm, glabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence of (1–)3(–5)-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–9 cm, glabrous to very thinly pubescent; secondary peduncles (when present) 7–8 mm; bracteoles 1.5 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, obtuse, caducous; pedicels 3–10 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 11–12 mm long, outer sepals narrowly ovate, obtuse to subacute, puberulent to pubescent, inner sepals ovate-elliptic, thinly to densely pubescent, c. 1 mm longer, margins scarious; corolla 5 –7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, in bud pubescent, limb c. 7 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules c. 13 × 10 mm, ovoid, rostrate with mucro 1.5 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7 × 3.5 mm, oblong, brown, obscurely puberulent but appearing glabrous, minutely scaly on margin.
Figure
Endemic to Bolivia, where it grows in cerrado on sandy soil in two areas of Santa Cruz Department.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, around Santiago de Chiquitos R. Guillén et al. 4799 (MO, USZ); J.R.I. Wood et al. 20171 (BOLV, K, LPB, USZ); south of Taperas J.R.I. Wood et al. 23578 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); south of San José de Chiquitos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 29159 (LPB, USZ).
Resembles Ipomoea nitida subsp. krapovickasii, but the leaves are glabrous or obscurely pubescent, their base cordate to truncate, rather than truncate to cuneate, the petioles very short (0.3–0.9 cm, not 2–4 cm), the cymes usually 1–3-flowered (not up to 7-flowered) and the sepals green, pubescent, rather than grey-tomentellous, 11–12 mm (not 7–9 mm) long. Molecular data suggest the two species are not closely related.
Ipomoea paranaensis
Hassl., nom. nud. Add. Plantae Hasslerianae 18. 1917. (
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná, K. Fiebrig 5812 (holotype LIL001231, isotype GH, K, SI).
Trailing perennial; stems stout, densely tomentellous. Leaves petiolate. 5–11 × 2–8 cm, ovate to elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, margin entire to slightly undulate, base broadly cuneate to shallowly cordate, both surfaces sericeous-tomentose, the venation highlighted; petioles 2–5 cm,tomentose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate 3–5-flowered cymes; peduncles 5–19 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 9–10 × 2.5 mm, tomentose, caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 2–4.5 cm; pedicels 6–25 mm, densely tomentose; sepals subequal or interior slightly shorter, 10–14 × 8–11 mm, broadly elliptic to subglobose, obtuse and mucronate, tomentose; corolla 7–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentose, limb 5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Paraguay and only known from two collections. It grows in open cerrado.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Hernandias, Prop. Takurú Pukú de la Itaipú Binacional, M. Vera et al. 2384 (FCQ).
Very distinct are the silvery sericeous leaves with highlighted veins. It is very like forms of Ipomoea nitida from Corrientes but with the distinct sericeous-tomentose indumentum.
ARGENTINA. Misiones, San Ignacio, 31 March 1948, C. O’Donell 5611 (lectotype LIL001249, designated here).
Decumbent perennial with thick root tubers, stems 3–6 m long, densely lanate but eventually glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 1.5–4.5 cm, broadly to narrowly ovate-elliptic, usually simple, sometimes weakly 1–2-lobed, rarely 5-partite, obtuse to acute, base rounded to cuneate, both surfaces woolly, the lower surface densely so; petioles 1–2(–6) cm. Inflorescence of compact pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 4–12 (–20) cm, lanate; bracteoles 5–12 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, lanate, moderately persistent; secondary peduncles, if present, 2–4.5 cm; tertiary peduncles (if present) up to 2.5 cm; pedicels often short, 0 –13 mm, densely lanate; outer sepals 10–14 mm, elliptic, lanate, obtuse; corolla 5–8 cm long, pink, the tube purplish inside, midpetaline bands woolly, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules glabrous; seeds densely tomentose, black.
A very rare, possibly extinct species known from single locations in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. Not recorded from Paraguay since 1943 or from Argentina since 1949 despite search in the San Ignacio area by Hector Keller. Probably a cerrado species.
ARGENTINA. Misiones: San Ignacio, E.L. Ekman 1420 (NY, S); ibid., G. J. Schwarz 5446 (K, P).
PARAGUAY. Itapúa: Encarnación, Spagazzini 23/1/1907 (LPS); ibid., L. Jiménez 37 (SCP).
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Hagelund 3300C (ICN), fide
This species is characterised by the white lanate indumentum, very short, densely lanate pedicels and the moderately persistent, relatively large bracteoles.
PARAGUAY. In viciniis Caaguazú, E. Hassler 9114 (holotype BM00089494, isotypes, G, K, MO, NY, P, SI, S, US).
Perennial subshrub; root a woody xylopodium of unknown size but at least 2 cm thick and 8 cm long; stems decumbent or ascending, woody, pilose, glabrescent when old, 10–40 cm long. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1.5–9.5 × 0.5–5, oblong to ovate, obovate or elliptic, often trifurcate on the same plant, apex obtuse or acute, mucronate, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margin entire, both surfaces pilose, more densely so on the veins; petioles 2–9 mm, pilose. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers arising from towards the base of the stem; peduncles 2.5–6 cm, pilose; bracteoles 13–27 × 1–3 mm, linear-lanceolate, pilose, persistent; pedicels 3–11 mm, pilose; sepals slightly unequal, lanceolate, finely acuminate, outer 17–20 × 3–6 mm, abaxially pilose, inner up to 22 mm long, the central area pilose, the margins scarious, glabrous; corolla 8.5–9.5 cm long, ±funnel-shaped, gradually widened from base, midpetaline bands densely pilose; limb 5–6 cm, diam., unlobed. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Only known from the Department of Caaguazú in Paraguay, where it grows in cerrado.
PARAGUAY. Caaguazú: B. Balansa 1174 (P); P. Jorgensen 4859 (A, F, S); A. Krapovickas et al. 45769 (CTES, K).
Ipomoea megalantha is distinguished by its large corolla about 9 cm in length. It is similar in habit and indumentum to I. hirsutissima but also differs in its trifurcate leaves. Ipomoea acutisepala has longer trailing stems, leaves with petioles 1–3 cm long, shorter, somewhat caducous bracteoles, a usually branched inflorescence, shorter sepals (13–17 mm long) and shorter corolla.
Ipomoea chrysotricha
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 243. 1869. (
Ipomoea chrysotricha var. ovata
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 243. 1869. (
Ipomoea chrysotricha var. boliviana
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 243. 1869. (
Ipomoea punicea var. rariflora
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 242. 1869. (
Ipomoea hirsutissima var. integrifolia
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2: 5: 688. 1905. (
Ipomoea hirsutissima var. repens
Glaz. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57, mém. 3e: 481. 1910. (
BRAZIL. Goiás, Mision of Duro, Oct. 1839, G. Gardner 3355 (lectotype K000612806, designated by
Erect herb to about 40 cm with a large woody tuberous root, the whole plant densely pilose with rather stiff white hairs swollen at the base. Leaves subsessile, 3–8 × 1–3.5 cm, oblong–obcuneate, obtuse, base cuneate, both surfaces pilose, green; petioles 0–2 mm. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired), pedunculate axillary flowers arising from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 1–4 cm; bracteoles 10–25 × 1–1.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, caducous; pedicels 3–6 mm; sepals slightly unequal, narrowly ovate, acuminate, pilose, 13–16 × 4 mm, inner sepals similar but with broad, glabrous margins; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, gradually widened from base, pink, pilose, the hairs with dark bases, limb c. 5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules 12 × 5 mm, narrowly ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 2–3 mm, dark brown, glabrous except for shortly pilose angles.
Widely distributed in the cerrados of Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia but nowhere very frequent.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: G. Caballero s.n. (G). Canindeyú: type of Ipomoea hirsutissima var. integrifolia.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: Brasilia, E. Pereira 4854 (RB). Goiás: A.F.M. Glaziou 21791a (K); Serra dos Pireneus, H.S. Irwin et al.10815 (MO, NY); Alto Paraíso, da Silva et al. 2428 (IBGE, K); c. 5 km de Niquelândia, M.L. Fonseca et al. 1234 (IBGE, K); Mimosa de Goiás, M. Mendoza 4365 (CEN); Minacú, B.M.T. Walter 793 (CEN); Mun. Água Fria, G. Hatschbach et al. 58314 (MBM). Mato Grosso do Sul: A. Pott 15189 (UFMA). Minas Gerais: Serra da Anta, c. 2 km N of Paracatú, H.S. Irwin 26055 (NY). Pernambuco: Petrolândia, E.P. Heringer et al. 12822 (NY). São Paulo: type of Ipomoea chrysotricha.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Santiago de Chiquitos, J.R.I. Wood & E. Guzmán 17405 (K, LPB, USZ); Germán Busch, Cerro Mutún, I.G. Vargas et al. 3240 (F, NY).
A very distinct species because of its erect habit, subsessile leaves and stiff spreading hairs, which cover almost all parts of the plant including the corolla.
Ipomoea stenophylla var. aurifolia
(Dammer) Hallier f., Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 16, beiheft 3: 54. 1899. (
BRAZIL. Goiás, Rasgão, Corumbá [de Goiás], A.F.M. Glaziou 21798 (holotype B†, photo F, isotypes BR, G, R).
Erect, usually branched perennial from woody xylopodium 20–40 cm high, stem asperous-pilose especially when young. Leaves subsessile, 3–6.5 × 0.5–2 cm, lanceolate to narrowly oblong-ovate, obtuse and mucronate, cuneate at base, densely adpressed asperous pilose on both surfaces. Flowers 1–3 (often solitary) in shortly pedunculate, dense axillary cymes from the uppermost leaf axils, all parts densely hirsute; peduncles 0.5–2 cm; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, acuminate 8–20 × 2–3.5 mm, persistent; pedicels 0–2 mm; sepals subequal, 8–10 mm, ovate, obtuse, densely pilose with stiff golden hairs, inner more obtuse, the margins glabrous, scarious; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, densely stiffly adpressed pilose; limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Brazil, growing in cerrado in and around the Distrito Federal and neighbouring parts of Goiás.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed./ Goiás: 12 km E of Brazlândia on road to Brasilia, 1225 m, 22 Nov. 1965, H.S. Irwin et al.10585 (NY, MO); Pereira 861 (RB); Luzuânia, E.P. Heringer 14887 (UB); IBGE Reserva Ecológica, E.P. Heringer et al. 5912 (IBGE, K); Faz. Água Limpa, G. Kirkbride 1573 (F).
Similar in general facies to Ipomoea hirsutissima with which it may intergrade but often more slender in habit, the indumentum appressed, rather than spreading, leaves lanceolate, flowers mostly in the uppermost leaf axils the sepals rounded to obtuse (never acuminate to a fine point) and densely covered in golden hairs.
BRAZIL. Goiás, Serra dos Pyreneus, Ule 3011 (holotype B†, isotypes HBG 506564, P03551472, R000040279).
Erect subshrub to c. 30 cm from a woody xylopodium, stem densely asperous-pilose. Leaves subsessile, 2.5–5 × 0.3–0.7 cm, narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, base narrowly cuneate, apex acute and mucronate, thinly but roughly pilose on margin and veins of both surfaces; petioles <2 mm long. Inflorescence congested, terminal, the flowers solitary, subsessile, from the uppermost leaf axils; peduncles 0–4 mm; bracteoles 7–8 mm, linear-lanceolate, thinly pubescent, ±equalling the sepals; pedicels absent; sepals subequal, 8–10 × 4 mm long, ovate, acuminate, appressed-pilose, inner obtuse to subacute and mucronate, the margins scarious, subglabrous; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, appressed pilose, limb c. 2 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to the Serra de Pireneus in Goiás State, Brazil, growing at relatively high altitudes of 1000–1300 m.
BRAZIL. Goiás: Serra de Pireneus, A.Macedo 3501 (NY); ibid., H.S. Irwin et al. 24377 (NY); ibid., W.R. Anderson et al. 34376 (FTG, NY, SP); ibid., G. Hatschbach et al. 70081 (MBM); ibid., D.P. Saraiva et al. 275 (RB, SP).
Somewhat similar to Ipomoea aurifolia, but leaves oblong, rather than lanceolate, narrower (<7 mm wide) and much more thinly hairy, outer sepals acuminate and the inflorescence more strictly terminal.
Ipomoea virgata var. subspicata
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 241. 1869. (
Based on Ipomoea virgata var. subspicata Meisn.
Erect undershrub to 80 cm with tuberous rootstock, stems densely pubescent, glabrescent, branched at base but otherwise simple. Leaves subsessile, 2–6 (–9) × 0.5–2 (–3.5) cm, broadly oblong to oblong-elliptic, subacute (sometimes mucronulate), entire or undulate, base broadly cuneate, thinly to densely pubescent on both surfaces but especially below; petioles 0–3 mm, pubescent. Flowers in a leafy terminal raceme, solitary or in 2–3 flowered cymes, peduncles 2–6 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 1–3 mm long, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 4–7 mm, pubescent; sepals 7–12 mm, almost equal, lanceolate to oblong, obtuse to subacute, tomentose, the inner with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, deep pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous in bud and on midpetaline bands, limb unlobed, 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules 9–10 × 6 mm long, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm long, lanate with reddish marginal hairs.
An uncommon cerrado species from south-central Brazil.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: Freitas & Freitas s.n. [1996] (UB). Minas Gerais: C.W. Mosén 958 (S), 4290 (S); Paracatu, A. Glaziou 21788 (K, P); Caldas,); ibid., W.H. Stubblebine et al. 503 (UEC), 598 (UEC); ibid., Leitão Filho et al. 1916 (UEC); P.N. Grande Sertão Veredas, D. Alvarenga et al. 1129 (IBGE, OXF). Paraná: G. Hatschbach 13291 (RB). São Paulo: near Brotas, Weir 153 (K); C.W. Mosén 4289 (S); A. Saint-Hilaire 1068 (K, P); Mun. Moji-Guaçu, G. Eiten & Machado de Campos 1493 (NY, SP); ibid., J. Mattos 9629 (SP).
This species resembles Ipomoea hirsutissima in habit and leaves but lacks the spreading hairs and has less acute sepals. It was treated as Ipomoea campestris in
R.M. Harley et al. 24982 (FTG, K) from Minas Gerais, Mun. Buenópolis, Serra do Cabral in Brazil is very similar but appears to be be prostrate and may represent a different taxon.
Two collections from Santiago de Chiquitos in Bolivia (A. D’Orbigny 927, P035360730, and J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 23444 [K, USZ]), collected about 170 years apart, are also similar in facies to Ipomoea subspicata. The leaves of these specimens somewhat resemble those of I. psammophila but the habit and more acute sepals suggest an affinity with I. hirsutissima and the indumentum is somewhat intermediate between these two species. As these are the only two species from this clade occurring at Santiago, it is possible that these collections represent a hybrid, something possibly corroborated by the nuclear data which places Wood & Soto 23444 as sister to I. psammophila. If this supposition eventually proves correct, hybridisation could turn out to be a factor complicating species delimitation in a number of the species clusters in this clade.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Velasco, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, la meseta, camino al Camp. Huanchaca 2, J.R.I. Wood, D. Villarroel & M. Mendoza 27017 (holotype K, isotypes USZ, LPB).
Erect or ascending herb to 50 cm, rootstock a woody xylopodium with small tubers, stem adpressed pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–6 × 1–3.5 cm, ovate to elliptic, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex obtuse to rounded, minutely mucronate, margin entire, both surfaces densely pubescent with slightly asperous hairs, abaxially paler with prominent dull red veins; petiole 2–5 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes, commonly reduced to 1–2 flowers; peduncles 1–15 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–3 × 1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–4 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, outer 6–7 × 4–5 mm, ovate, acute to obtuse, mucronulate, pubescent, inner 6 × 4–5 mm, ovate-suborbicular, obtuse, mucronulate, pubescent, margin narrow, scarious; corolla pubescent in bud, somewhat glabrescent, white (rarely very pale pink), 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, limb c. 3 cm diam, indistinctly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Open cerrado (campo sujo) with scattered shrubs, often near rock outcrops on the serranias and chapadas of the Precambrian shield of Bolivia and Brazil between 700 and 1000 m.
BRAZIL. Goiás: Serra do Caiapó H.S. Irwin & T.R. Soderstrom 7399 (NY); Chapada dos Veadeiros, H.S. Irwin et al. 24544 (NY); Goiânia, A. Luna Peixoto et al. 746 (RB); Cavalcante, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 5772 (CEN). Minas Gerais: Selviria, O. Tiritan & M. Paiva 436 (RB). Rondônia: Velhena, M.G. Veira et al. 783 (US).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Velasco, P.N. Noel Kempff Mercado, Las Gamas, R. Guillen & T. Centurión 859 (MO, USZ).
A relatively distinct cerrado species with the characteristically shortly petiolate leaves of an erect or ascending species. It is similar to Ipomoea hirsutissima and I. aurifera in habit but is distinguished by the pubescent indumentum, ovate leaves and sepals, and shortly pedicellate white flowers borne in small axillary cymes.
The Rondônia collection, Veira et al. 783, is somewhat anomalous having slightly larger sepals and pink flowers (according to the collection label). In habit and other details it fits Ipomoea cerradoensis and is probably correctly placed here unless further collections from Rondônia prove otherwise.
Subshrub 1–1.5 m high; stems adpressed pubescent. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 4–15.5 × 1.5–7 cm, ovate to ovate-elliptic, apex obtuse and shortly mucronate, base broadly cuneate, both surfaces thinly pubescent, green, abaxially slightly paler; petioles 0–5 mm, puberulent. Inflorescence of axillary cymes, occasionally compounded or reduced to single flowers; peduncles 0.8–3.8 cm, stout, puberulent; bracteoles 1–2 mm long, ovate, caducous, puberulent; secondary peduncles 0.3–1.8 cm; pedicels 4–14 mm, puberulent; sepals subequal, ovate-elliptic, outer 6–7 × 3.5–4 mm, obtuse and shortly mucronate, puberulent with narrow scarious margins; inner c. 1 mm longer, rounded, pubescent with broad, glabrous, scarious margins; corolla c. 6 cm long, pink, funnel-saped, pubescent in bud; limb 4–4.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Only known from a single collection.
PARAGUAY. Cordillera: E. Hassler 6760 (BM, F, MO, P, S).
Ipomoea sp. B is most similar to Ipomoea cerradoensis but is easily distinguished by its pink corollas, woody stems, much larger leaves and, sometimes, compounded inflorescence. It also resembles Ipomoea paludosa in the simple leaves and form of the sepals but is distinguished by the clearly woody stems, large, ovate leaves and, especially, by the lateral, not terminal inflorescence. It was originally named I. malvaeoides var. ovata by
Ipomoea virgata var. angustata
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 241. 1869. (
Ipomoea stenophylla
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 240. 1869. (
?Ipomoea stenophylla var. laciniata Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 249. 1869. (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa, E. Warming s.n. (lectotype BR0000005307203, designated here; isolectotypes P, NY).
Erect or decumbent subshrub with woody xylopodium, stems somewhat woody, pubescent to pilose, eventually glabrescent. Leaves subsessile, ±imbricate, 4–10 × 0.1–1 cm, linear or oblong, acute, mucronate, base broadly cuneate, adaxially thinly pubescent to glabrous, abaxially thinly pubescent, veins somewhat prominent; petioles 1–3 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate cymes from the upper leaf axils, these often reduced to single flowers; peduncles 2–15 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 1–2 mm, triangular, acute, caducous; pedicels 3–9 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, 8–11 × 3–4 mm, oblong-ovate, finely acute, thinly pubescent, inner with scarious margins, pubescent along midrib only, strongly mucronate; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb c. 2 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A cerrado species of central Brazil, apparently rare and with few modern collections.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: Rio Belchior, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 7291 (CEN). Goiás: Cocalzinho de Goiás, H.S. Irwin 18770 (NY). Minas Gerais: G. Hatschbach 27787 (MBM, RB), P. Clausen 290 (P); A. Saint-Hilaire B1/1949 (K, P), C1-1060 (P); Lagoa Santa, Palacios et al. 3224 (LIL); Serra de Cipó, H.S. Irwin 20554 (NY); ibid., A. Duarte 2170 (RB); ibid., L.S. Kinoshita & J.C. Galvão 220 (UEC); São Roque da Minas, R. Romero 4956 (HUFU).
In designating a lectotype of Ipomoea stenophylla, we have chosen the NY specimen as it appears to have a label in Meisner’s handwriting annotated as “Ipomoea stenophylla nob. (29./12./67.)”
This species is distinguished by its linear to oblong, acuminate, mucronate leaves and distinctly acute sepals. The type of Ipomoea stenophylla represents a form with very narrow, linear leaves.
The type of Ipomoea stenophylla var. laciniata is very similar to Hassler 5023a (NY, P) from Río Tapiraguay (Canindeyú, Paraguay), which was also treated as this variety by
BRAZIL. Goiás, 5 km Alto Paraíso, Chapada dos Veadeiros, 1450 m, Gates & Estabrook 4 (holotype UB62303, isotypes MICH, RB).
Procumbent perennial herb, stems thinly pubescent, to 50 cm; rootstock a knotted woody xylopodium. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2–6 × 0.3–1.2 cm, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, base rounded, apex subacute to obtuse, very shortly mucronate, margin entire to undulate, glabrescent, the very young leaves pubescent; petioles 1–4 mm, puberulent. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired), axillary flowers borne on slender peduncles; peduncles 1.4–3.2 cm, slender, puberulent; bracteoles 3 × 1 cm, ovate, acuminate, relatively persistent; pedicels 5–6 mm, thinly puberulent; sepals subequal, outer 6–7 × 2.5–3 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, glabrous, inner similar but narrowly oblong-ovate, 7–8 mm long, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent centrally; corolla 3–4 cm long, pink, very sparsely pubescent on midpetaline bands, funnel-shaped, limb 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Goiás State in central Brazil. It is one of several Ipomoea species, which are apparently restricted to the Chapada dos Veadeiros and, like Ipomoea graminifolia, was found at the exceptionally high altitude of 1450 m.
BRAZIL. Goías: only known from the type collection.
Notes. Similar to Ipomoea campestris Meisn. but prostrate, glabrescent (pubescent only on young parts), the leaves petiolate (not subsessile), with an obtuse apex (not strongly acute). The sepals are < 8 mm long, the outer glabrous (not 8–11 mm long, pubescent). The corolla is smaller (3–4 cm long) and relatively widely funnel-shaped.
This has the appearance of a nearly glabrous prostrate form of Ipomoea campestris. Ipomoea campestris is quite variable in leaf shape but is always readily distinguished by the longer, narrower corolla, which reaches 6 cm, and the conspicuous pubescent indumentum of the inflorescence and corolla.
BRAZIL. Distrito Federal, Loc. Gama, BR 60, ca. 8.2 km do Tevo, DF-180 SO, disturbed campo sujo, dispersed locally, 15.5756S, 48.1059W, 1030 m, 26 Feb. 2015, M. Mendoza, J.B.A. Brugel, A.A. Santos, T. Reis & T.K.M. Arquelão 4802 (holotype UB, isotypes CEN, K).
Perennial herb; rootstock a woody xylopodium; stems up to 80 cm long, 2 mm diam., decumbent, weakly ascending or, fide field notes, climbing, pubescent with relatively long, often twisted spreading and appressed hairs. Leaves shortly petiolate, 4–10 × 0.3–0.7 cm, narrowly oblong, entire, apex acute and shortly mucronate, base cuneate, both surfaces thinly pubescent but more densely abaxially; petioles 3–7 mm long, pubescent. Inflorescence of lax, compounded axillary cymes from the middle and upper leaf axils; cymes up to 15 cm long, rather narrow, diminishing in size upwards, irregularly racemose in form; peduncle 2–7 cm long, often extending into a rhachis, pubescent; primary bracteoles foliose, 9–12 × 1–3 mm, linear, acuminate, persistent; secondary peduncles 0.5–2 cm long, thinly pubescent; ultimate bracteoles 4–7 × 0.5–1 mm, linear lanceolate, finely acuminate, persistent; pedicels very short, 3–5 mm long, a few scattered hairs present; calyx ovate in outline; sepals subequal, 11–14 × 4–5 mm, ovate with distinct truncate base and long-attenuated acuminate apex, glabrous, the inner very slightly longer than outer sepals; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or reddish-purple, pubescent on the midpetaline bands, limb c. 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules 13–15 × 8 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 3.5 mm, ellipsoid, blackish-brown, glabrous except for pubescence along the angles.
Figure
Endemic to the Distrito Federal and Goiás State in Brazil, where it appears to be a rare species of cerrado.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: type collection. Goiás: Samambaia, Rio Corumbá, E.P. Heringer 11283 (NY); Mun. Luziânia, Santo Antonio do Descoberto, R.C. Mendonça 93 (IBGE, NY); Serra dos Pireneus, c. 20 km S of Corumbá de Goiás, H.S. Irwin et al. 11019 (NY).
The attenuate sepal tips raise doubts about this tentative placement as this shape is atypical of species in this clade. Ipomoea attenuata has generally been treated in herbaria as Ipomoea campestris Meisn. because of the similar leaves and the pubescent exterior of the corolla, but is readily distinguished by the distinctive ovate sepals with truncate base and long attenuate apex. Additionally the inflorescence is of elongate complex cymes, somewhat racemose in form and with distinctive persistent linear-lanceolate bracteoles. The form of the inflorescence (axillary cymes) combined with the oblong leaf shape strongly suggests this is essentially a decumbent species even though this is not indicated in field notes.
Rivea argyreia
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 327. 1845. (
Ipomoea argyreia var. burchellii
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 196. 1911. (
Based on Rivea argyreia Choisy
Erect subshrub to 1.5 m of grey appearance, stem woody, white-villous above, pubescent below. Leaves sessile, numerous, imbricate, sometimes appearing opposite or verticillate, 2.5–6 × 0.5–2 cm, oblong to oblanceolate, base cuneate, apex acute and mucronate, adaxially minutely tomentellous, abaxially shortly silvery-grey tomentellous. Flowers aggregated above into a terminal racemose inflorescence simple or branched, 5–15 cm long, flowers solitary or in few-flowered pedunculate cymes, peduncles 0.5–2 cm long, tomentellous; bracteoles 4–6 mm, ovate, acute, deciduous; pedicels 3–6 mm, grey-tomentellous; sepals nearly equal, 7–8 × 3–6 mm, ovate to elliptic, grey-tomentellous, inner sepals similar but with broad scarious margins; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb lobed, c. 2 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 5–9 mm long, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds c. 5 × 2.5 mm, black with long silky marginal hairs.
Figure
Almost endemic to the Distrito Federal and Goiás State in Brazil. It appears to grow always in campo rupestre from around 800 m to over 1100 m. It is recorded from Mato Grosso in
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: 4 km W of Rio Preto G. Kirkbride 7383a (FTG). Goiás: 7–20 km E of Pireopolis. Serra de Pireneus, M.M. Arbo et al. 3793 (CTES, FTG); 35 km N of Formosa on road to São Gabriel, H.S. Irwin et al. 14198 (NY, FTG); Chapada dos Veadeiros, H.S. Irwin et al. 24670 (NY, FTG); 13 km S of São Joao de Alianca, W.R. Anderson 7581 (NY, FTG); 13 km E of Cristalina, W.R. Anderson 8310 (NY, FTG); Serra Dourada, 20 km S E, of Goiás Velho, H.S. Irwin et al. 11778 (FTG, NY, MO); Serra dos Cristais, 10 km W of Cristalina, 4 March 1966, H.S. Irwin et al. 13464 (FTG, NY); Serra dos Pirineus (Mun. Pienopolis), P.I.Oliveira & W.R. Anderson 465 (MBM, FTG); Mun. Planaltina, 16 km N de São Gabriel, G. Hatschbach & Silva 59993 (CTES, MBM, S). Minas Gerais: Cabeceira Grande, A.A.Santos & J.B. Pereira 1814 (CEN).
Ipomoea cuneifolia var. acutifolia
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 245. 1869. (
BRAZIL. Goiás, 17/1/1829, W.J. Burchell 8501-2 (holotype BR0000006972578, isotype K).
Erect undershrub to 1.5 m, stem woody, hispid-pilose with multicelular hairs, roots tuberous. Leaves subsessile, 3–6 × 1.2–2 cm oblong-oblanceolate, apex rounded and mucronate, base cuneate and slightly asymmetric, adaxially densely grey-pubescent, abaxially hispid-hirsute and gland-dotted; petioles 0–5 mm. Inflorescence terminal, simple, short to somewhat elongate, formed of shortly pedunculate cymes from the uppermost leaf axils; peduncles 0.5–1 cm, diminishing in size upwards; bracteoles up to 6 × 2 mm, linear-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 3–5 mm so cymes congested; sepals 5–7 mm, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, grey-tomentellous, similar, slightly accrescent in fruit; corolla c. 4 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, appressed pilose, limb c. 3 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules c. 10 × 6 mm, narrowly ovoid, glabrous; seeds woolly.
Scattered through the cerrados of central Brazil (most common in Mato Grosso), extending west to a single location in eastern Bolivia.
BRAZIL. Goiás: Aragarças, D. Philcox & Ferreira 4030 (K); Novo Alegre-Taguatinga, J.R.Pirani et al. 1909 (K, SPF); G. Gardner 3904 (K); Natividade, G. Gardner 3353 (K); H.S. Irwin et al. 32032 (NY). Mato Grosso: C.A.M. Lindman 3313 (S); G. Hatschbach 34008 (MBM); J. Ratter et al. 4129 (E); Novo Mundo, P. Est. Cristalino, D. Sasaki et al. 1907 (K); Santa Cruz do Xingu, J.H. Piva & V. Marine 56 (K, RB); Xavantina, D. Philcox et al. 3170 (K, MO, P), 3604 (K, MO, NY, P), 4367 (K, MO, P, S); ibid., R.M. Harley & Souza 11048 (K). Mato Grosso do Sul: Pott & Pott 6701 (CPAP); Coxim, G. Hatschbach 34008 (MBM, MO). Tocantins: Reserva Indigena Krahó, A. Amaral-Santos 722 (CEN); Paraná, G. Pereira-Silva 11546 (CEN). In
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: P.N. Noel Kempff Mercado, E. Gutiérrez 1144 (ARIZ, USZ).
Close to Ipomoea haenkeana but leaves < 2 cm wide, densely pubescent adaxially and inflorescence simple, side branches absent or very short so raceme-like in form.
BOLIVIA. “Cochabamba”, T. Haenke (lectotype BR006973261, designated here; isolectotype BR).
Erect perennial to 2 m, branched towards the apex, stems woody, tomentellous. Leaves subsessile, mostly 3–6 × 2–4 cm, oblong-obovate, apex rounded and apiculate, base rounded to truncate, slightly asymmetric, adaxially dark green and thinly pilose to subglabrous, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 0–4 mm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate cymes from the uppermost leaf axils forming a terminal panicle of raceme-like branches ; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles 9–12 × 1–2 mm, lanceolate, acute, ± persistent; pedicels 2–5 mm (so cymes very dense); sepals subequal, 7–9 × 3–4 mm, oblong-ovate, acuminate to shortly apiculate, grey-sericeous; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink with a darker centre, pubescent outside, the limb 2.5–3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not known.
Figure
Locally common in cerrados in Santa Cruz Department in Bolivia and adjacent areas of Mato Grosso extending sporadically eastwards to Minas Gerais.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Cuaibá, L. Riedel (NY); Serra de Roncador, H.S. Irwin et al. 16026 (NY); Córrego da Palha, D.L. Amaral 175 (LE, RB); Parque Estadual Cristalina, D. Sasaki 11907 (RB). Mato Grosso do Sul: G. Hatschbach 58891 (CTES, MBM, SP). Minas Gerais: Lagoa Santa, E. Warming (NY, P); Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 665 (BM, NY). São Paulo: Fazenda Campininha, O. Handro 448 (UEC).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, Santiago de Chiquitos, J.R.I. Wood 17972 (K, LPB, USZ); Florida, Laguna Volcánes near Bermejo, A. Fuentes 348 (LPB, NY, USZ); Guarayos, Ascensión de Guarayos, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 31838 (CTES, FTG); Ichilo, Buenavista, J. Steinbach 5583 (GH, LPB, NY, F); Ñuflo de Chávez, 40 km S. of Concepción, T.J. Killeen 2345 (LPB, NY, F, MO, USZ). Sara, N.of La Bélgica, M. Nee & M. Sundue 52213, (LPB, NY, USZ); Ángel Sandoval, San Matías, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 36185 (G, LIL); Velasco, San Ignacio hacia El Recreo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24788 (K, LPB, UB, USZ).
Ipomoea haenkeana is most likely to be confused with I. cuneifolia which has narrower leaves and a much shorter, more compact, unbranched terminal inflorescence.
The cited type locality of “Cochabamba” must be wrong as this is a plant of lowland cerrado vegetation, not inter-Andean dry valleys.
Ipomoea virgata var. paniculata
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 241. 1869. (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, A.F. Regnell Ser. 3, 192 (lectotype BR0000005305797, designated by
Ascending or erect undershrub from a woody xylopodium, stems woody, somewhat lanate. Leaves sessile, 3–7 × 2.5–5 cm, broadly ovate to narrowly elliptic, obtuse and apiculate, broadly cuneate at base, adaxially pubescent, abaxially whitish-floccose. Inflorescence of lax axillary cymes, forming an elongate terminal raceme, often somewhat compound below with branches to 7 cm in length, so appearing paniculate; peduncles 1–4.5 cm, villous; bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate, caducous; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, 8–12 mm, ovate, acute, grey-tomentose; corolla 3–6 cm long, subcampanulate to broadly funnel-shaped, white(?), densely pilose with appressed hairs, limb 2.5–3.5 cm diam. Capsules (immature) 6–7 × 3–4 mm, narrowly ovoid, glabrous.
Apparently uncommon in both the cerrados of Brazil and Bolivia. In Bolivia only known from a single collection and in Brazil from scattered collections, mostly old, from three states.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Santa Ana da Chapada, Robert 674 (BM), 701 (BM), 715 (BM). Minas Gerais: St Hilaire 354 (P); A.F.M. Glaziou 2179 (P); A. Macedo 1329 (S); Uberlandia, A. A. Barbosa 31776 (HUFU). São Paulo: Gaudichaud 316 (P); C.W. Mosén 1498 (P, S); A.F. Regnell 192 (S), 4289 (P).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Velasco, P.N. Noel Kempff Mercado, S. Jiménez & E. Gutiérrez 1274 (USZ).
A little known species with a paniculate inflorescence distinguished from Ipomoea haenkeana by its more woolly indumentum, ovate leaves and longer sepals.
Ipomoea virgata var. verbasciformis
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 241. 1869. (
Based on Ipomoea virgata var. verbasciformis Meisn.
Erect undershrub to 1.5 m, the whole plant tomentose. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–5.5 × 1–2.5 cm, diminishing in size upwards, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate, broadly cuneate to subtruncate at base, paler abaxially, tomentose on both surfaces; petioles 2–5 mm, tomentose. Inflorescence terminal, elongate, formed of dense, few-flowered pedunculate cymes from the middle leaf axils, often with solitary flowers from the upper axils; peduncles 1–6 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 5–12 mm, ovate, acute, persistent; pedicels 0–5 mm, densely tomentose; sepals subequal, 10–12 × 5 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute,submucronate, lanate, inner with paler hyaline margins; corolla 5–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pilose; limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Possibly endemic to Minas Gerais in Brazil, gowing in cerrado.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: C.W.H. Mosén 4288 (S); J.F. Widgren 226 (S); Santa Rosália, Caldas, L.S.K. Gouvea et al. 776 (IPA); São José de Barreiro, entrando por Babilônia, R. Simão-Bianchini & S. Bianchini 1203 (NY, SP); São Roque de Minas, J.N. Nakajima 1731 (HUFU).
Meisner cited three syntypes, Regnell Ser.1, 305, Widgren 304 and Widgren 226. The Regnell specimen from Martius’ herbarium at Brussels is here selected as lectotype. It must be presumed to have been seen by Meisner and is excellent material, duplicated at R and US.
This species is distinct because of the erect habit and the persistent ovate bracts, which almost clasp the calyx as the pedicels are very short.
BRAZIL. Goiás, P.N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, ca. 1100 m, perto da sede do parque, J.R. Pirani, R.M. Harley, B.L. Stannard, A. Furlan & C. Kameyama 1715 (holotype SPF00049438, isotype K).
Erect perennial subshrub to 1 m, rootstock unknown, presumably a xylopodium, stem densely tomentose with white hairs. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 2.5–11 × 1–3.5 cm, oblong to narrowly-oblong-elliptic, margin entire, base cuneate, apex acute, mucronate, the mucro often bent, adaxially green, tomentose, abaxially whitish, tomentose, veins prominent; petioles 2–5 mm, tomentose. Inflorescence terminal formed of shortly pedunculate, 3-flowered cymes arising in the axils of the reduced uppermost leaves; peduncles 1–5.5 cm, grey-tomentose; lower bracteoles 15–20 × 4–7 mm, foliose, elliptic, acuminate to a fine point and ±mucronate, tomentose, persistent; upper bracteoles similar, but slightly smaller; pedicels 0–11 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, outer 15–18 × 6–8 mm, ovate, acuminate, submucronate, tomentose, inner 14–15 × 5–7 mm, tomentose with broad glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentose in bud, limb c. 4 cm diam., entire. Capsules 9 × 5 mm, ovoid, muticous, comose with shaggy, somewhat deciduous hairs; seeds 6 × 3 mm, glabrous apart from the fine white marginal hairs c. 5–6 mm long.
Figure
Ipomoea dasycarpa. A habit B leaves and stem C adaxial leaf surface D abaxial leaf surface E outer sepal F inner sepal G fruiting inflorescence with fallen bracteoles H apex of capsule J seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A–D from J.R. Pirani et al. 1715; E, F, H J from H.S. Irwin et al. 32875; G from H.S. Irwin et al. 24946.
Endemic to relatively high altitudes between 1000 and 1250 m in the Chapada dos Veadeiros in Goiás, Brazil, apparently growing in rocky cerrado.
BRAZIL. Goiás: Chapada dos Veadeiros, c. 20 km W of Veadeiros, H.S. Irwin et al. 12407 (FTG114226); 10 km S of Alto do Paraíso, H.S. Irwin et al. 24946a (FTG114228); 18 km N of Alto do Paraíso, H.S. Irwin et al. 32875 (FTG114227); perto da sede do Parque, J.R. Pirani et al. 1715 (K, SPF).
Ipomoea dasycarpa appears close to Ipomoea verbasciformis but is distinguished by the larger dimensions of the leaves, bracteoles and sepals, by the strongly mucronate leaves, acuminate, submucronate (not obtuse) sepals and the comose (not glabrous) ovary. Hirsute capsules are rare in Ipomoea and found outside the Batatas Clade in only a few species such as the unrelated I. sidifolia and I. velutinifolia.
BRAZIL. Distrito Federal, Cabeça do Veado, March 1961, E.P. Heringer 8029 (whereabouts unknown, possibly number cited erroneously, neotype E.P. Heringer 8030 (UB), designated here).
Relatively slender twining or trailing herb, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2 –5.5 × 2–5 cm, ovate to suborbicular, mucronate, cordate with narrow basal sinus, pubescent to subtomentose on both surfaces, paler beneath; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm, pubescent. Flowers in 1–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 2–3 cm; bracteoles linear, 6–10 mm, pilose, persistent; pedicels c. 5 mm, densely pubescent; sepals subequal, 12–16 × 4–6 mm, densely pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate, inner paler and less hairy on paler margins; corolla 5–6.5 cm long, pilose, pink, funnel-shaped, the tube purple within, limb 4 cm diam., slightly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A local endemic species of cerrado in the Brazilian planalto at around 1100–1200 m near Brasilia.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: H. Irwin et al. 12261 (FTG, NY, MO); Campo Experimental UB, G. Kirkbride 1444 (F, K); E.P. Heringer 15396 (FTG). Goiás: Mun. Cristalina, G. Hatschbach & J. Cordeiro 51799 (MBM); H.S. Irwin et al. 13773 (FTG).
Afzelius cited Heringer 8029 as the type but as this is neither at S nor UB, it is possible the number was cited erroneously. Heringer 8030 was cited as a paratype and is at UB, so is here designated as neotype.
This species is distinguished by its relatively slender habit, suborbicular leaves, persistent bracteoles and lanceolate sepals 12–16 mm long.
Mouroucoa hieronymi
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 217. 1898. (
Argyreia megapotamica
Griseb., Symb. Fl. Argent. 263. 1879. (
Ipomoea kurtziana
O’Donell, Lilloa 14: 179. 1948 (
Ipomoea hieronymi var. kurtziana
(O’Donell) O’Donell, Lilloa 29: 163. 1959. (
Ipomoea hieronymi var. calchaquina
O’Donell, Lilloa 29: 165. 1959. (
Based on Mouroucoa hieronymi Kuntze
Vigorous perennial, sometimes growing as a liana, stems pubescent to tomentellous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10(–15) × 4–10(–15) cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex rounded and mucronate to acute or very shortly acuminate, adaxially dark green and densely puberulent, abaxially white-tomentose; petioles 2–11 cm, densely puberulent or tomentose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate axillary cymes, usually 3–5-flowered; peduncles 3–20 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 5 mm long, ovate, caducous; secondary peduncles mostly 6–10 mm; pedicels 5–12 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, 9–11 × 6–7 mm, ovate, grey-tomentose, often with a dark gland at base, acute to obtuse, inner slightly shorter with scarious margins; corolla 4.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentellous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 8–10 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7–8 mm long, glabrous except sericeous angles.
Common in the Andean region of northwestern Argentina extending into the south of Bolivia. It is found from around 700 to 2000 m in scattered locations by roadsides and along forest margins.
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Santa Rosa, Alijilán, S. Pierotti 28348 (BM); E. Wall s.n. [29/11/1946] (S). Córdoba: Pierotti s.n. [27/1/1944] (LIL, S); Yacanto Calamuchita, Tirel 60 (G, P); Punilla, G. Seijo 1902 (CTES). Jujuy: Tumbaya, Volcán, J.G. Hawkes et al. 3758 (C, MO); Capital, A.L. Cabrera et al. 29926 (MO, SI). La Rioja: General Belgrano, F.N. Biurrun & E. Pagliari 2659 (CORD). Salta: La Caldera, L.J. Novara 6043 (G). San Luis: Villa Carmen, D.O. King 549 (BM); Chacabuco, R. Pozner & M.J. Belgrano 206 (CTES, SI). Tucumán: Burragaco, Cerro del Campo, S. Venturi 10346 (BM, MO); Tafí, T.M. Pedersen & J. Hjerting 921 (MO).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Calvo, 31 km SW of Cuevo, M. Mendoza et al. 2739 (USZ). Tarija: Cercado, K. Fiebrig 2655 (BM, NY, P). Gran Chaco, Serranía San Alberto, R. Chávez & R. Meneses 2954 (LPB). O’Connor, Cuesta de San Simón, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 38036 (CTES, LPB).
This species resembles Ipomoea argentinica and similar species in having leaves abaxially white-tomentose. It is close to I. megapotamica, the sepals often with a dark gland near the base, but differs in the tomentose leaves and longer sepals, which are about 10 mm in length.
BOLIVIA. Tarija, Prov. O’Connor, on descent from Caneletas to Narvaéz, on road from Tarija to Entre Ríos, J.R.I. Wood 27923 (holotype LPB, isotypes K, LPB).
Very vigorous liana-like perennial to 5 m; stems relatively stout, thinly pilose with long white hairs, spinulose with short triangular spines on angles. Leaves petiolate, 9–11 × 8–10 cm, ovate, base cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute to shortly mucronate, margin entire, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially paler, veins pilose and highlighted with whitish hairs, intercostal regions glabrous; petioles 5–9 cm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, lax, compound cymes comprising 5–10 flowers; primary peduncles very long, 17–21 cm, thinly pilose and with a few scattered stalked glands and spinules; secondary peduncles 3–3.5 cm, pilose; tertiary peduncles 2–3 cm; bracteoles 1.5 × 0.5 mm, oblong, caducous; pedicels 12–23 mm, densely white-pilose, bearded below flower; outer sepals 10–11 × 7 mm, ovate, obtuse to retuse, dark green when fresh, pubescent at centre near base, glabrous upwards and at margins, the scarious margins thin; inner sepals 10–11 × 8 mm, broadly elliptic, glabrous except near base, scarious margins broad; corolla 7.5–9 cm long, gradually widened from base, pink, in bud pubescent, limb c. 5 cm diam., undulate to weakly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to the Andes in Tarija Department, Bolivia, where it is locally common between 1600 and 2100 m in scrub and forest relics derived from former moist Tucuman-Bolivian forest.
BOLIVIA. Tarija: Arce, M. Serrano et al. 6038 (ARIZ, MO); O’Connor, J. Villalobos et al. 1307 (OXF, HSB, MO); J.R.I. Wood et al. 28047 (LPB, USZ).
Ipomoea spinulifera appears to be related to I. hieronymi but is distinguished by the dark green, near glabrous sepals, very large corolla 7.5–9 cm long and spinulose stems.
M.A. Negritto et al. 502 (MA, CORD, n.v.) from an unspecified location in Prov. Arce in Tarija Department appears to be intermediate between this species and Ipomoea jujuyensis. It was identified by the collectors as I. lilloana to which it would key following
Ipomoea angustifolia
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 355. 1845. (
Ipomoea angustifolia var. villosula
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 249. 1869. (
Based on Ipomoea angustifolia Choisy
Erect undershrub from a xylopodium to c. 75 cm, stems strigose, woody, not usually branched. Leaves sessile, rather numerous, 1.5–12 × 0.2–0.5 cm, linear to narrowly oblong, base cuneate, apex acute and mucronate, adpressed pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, usually short (c. 5 cm long) with a distinct rhachis, somewhat compact; flowers solitary from the upper leaf axils or in very shortly pedunculate cymes; peduncles 0–5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles c. 2 mm, lanceolate, fugacious; pedicels 3–10 mm, pubescence more spreading than on peduncles; sepals subequal, 4–6 mm (accrescent to 7 mm in fruit), ovate to suborbicular, obtuse to subacute, densely pubescent, the inner c. 1 mm longer than outer, rounded with wide, glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, adpressed pilose, limb 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 5–7 mm long, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds not seen.
A characteristic cerrado species, which is quite common in central Brazil but very localised in Paraguay and Bolivia.
PARAGUAY. Amambay: E. Zardini & Baez 52211 (ARIZ); Hahn 1707 (FTG, MO, PY), L. Bernardi 18972 (G); M.S. Ferrucci et al. 1445 (CTES, MBM); Cerro Corá, N. Soria 7386 (CTES, FCQ, MO); ibid., F. Mereles 3440 (FCQ); R. Fortunato et al. 922 (PY). Canindeyú: Reserva Natural, Bosque Mbaracayú, A. Schinini & M. Dematteis 33269 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: A.F.M. Glaziou 17710 (K); E.P. Heringer et al. 2982 (NY). Goiás: Caldas Novas, A. Macedo 3532 (NY, S); ibid., N.L. Menezes 643 (SPF, K). Serra dos Cristais, H.S. Irwin et al. 13310 (NY). Mato Grosso: Mun. Rio Brilhante, G. Hatschbach 26117 (RB). Mato Grosso do Sul: Bela Vista, Faz. Novo Recanto, A. Pott 14025 (CGMS). Minas Gerais: P. Clausen, 1840 (BM, K); B.M.T. Walter et al. 5088 (CEN); A.F. Regnell Ser. 3, 196 (S); Serra do Ouro Branco, A.M. Giulietti et al. 13766 (K, USF); Serra da Anta, H.S. Irwin et al. 26036 (NY); Niquelândia, H.S. Irwin et al. 34880 (NY).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Velasco, P.N. Noel Kempff Mercado, A. Soto et al. 415 (FTG, MO, USZ).
We have designated the NY specimen of Riedel 1368 as lectotype of Ipomoea angustifolia var. villosula as a suitable lectotype at LE could not be found.
This species might be confused with Ipomoea schomburgkii because of its linear-oblong leaves but both the corolla and sepals are hirsute. From I. pinifolia, it is distinguished by the subequal sepals and hirsute corolla and sepals.
BRAZIL. Distrito Federal, próximo ao posto Colorado Chacara FTRC, Centro Oeste, 15°41'S, 47°52'W, 6 Feb. 1999, C. Proença, R.S. Oliveira, C.M. Clemente, J.F. Ribeiro 2074 (holotype UB8208-2, isotype E).
Perennial undershrub; stems erect, to 1.2 m, sparingly branched, grey-puberulent to subsericeous. Leaves subsessile, 4–12 × 0.1–0.5 cm, linear to narrowly oblong, obtuse, shortly mucronate, both surfaces grey-puberulent to subsericeous, abaxaially paler with one prominent longitudinal vein; petioles 0–3 mm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of few-flowered cymes from the upper leaf-axils, forming a terminal usually elongate inflorescence up to 15 cm in length; bracts formed of reduced leaves, caducous so inflorescence appearing naked; peduncles 1–4 mm, grey-tomentellous; bracteoles 1.5 mm, linear, tomentellous, caducous; pedicels 3–7 mm, grey-tomentellous; sepals subequal, 7.5–8 × 3–4 mm, broadly oblong, obtuse to rounded, grey-tomentose, the inner with broad glabrous, scarious margins; corolla c. 4.5 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped; limb c. 4 cm diam.; ovary conical. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to the Distrito Federal and Goiás State in Brazil, where it appears to be a rare species of cerrado.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: type collection. Goiás: Cristalina, 5 km along estrada para Paracatu, 16°46'S, 47°37'W, 1050 m, J.R. Pirani et al. 1560 (SPF, K).
Ipomoea uninervis appears close to I. aprica but differs in the grey-tomentellous, oblong outer sepals 7.5–8 mm long (these are green-tomentose, broadly ovate to suborbicular and 5–6 mm long in I. aprica) and the elongate inflorescence with deciduous bracts so appearing naked (not leafy with persistent bracts). It is also close to Ipomoea oblongifolia but differs in the 1-veined leaves and oblong, not elliptic bracts and relatively long inflorescence.
Ipomoea argyreia var. lanata
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 196. 1911. (
Ipomoea argyreia forma oblongifolia Hassl. [as var. lanata forma oblongifolia], Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 196. 1911. (
Ipomoea argyreia forma linearifolia Hassl. (as var. lanata forma linearifolia], Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 196. 1911 (
Based on Ipomoea argyreia forma oblongifolia Hassl.
Erect perennial herb or subshrub from a xylopodium; stems to 0.75 cm, unbranched or branched at the base, yellow-brown, woody and glabrous below, pubescent above. Leaves subsessile, 3–12 × 0.5–1.2 cm, oblong, base cuneate, apex obtuse and strongly mucronate with a deflexed falcate tip, shortly floccose on both surfaces, adaxially grey-green, abaxially paler, prominently 3–5-veined; petioles 0–2 mm. Inflorescence terminal, compact and subcapitate, 3–5 cm long, composed of 1–3-flowered subsessile cymes; bracts rarely present, linear, foliose, < 1.5 cm long, peduncles 2 mm, white-tomentose; bracteoles 2 × 1 mm, obovate, retuse, papery, caducous; pedicels 4–5 mm, denselytomentose; sepals subequal, 7–7.5 × 7 mm, suborbicular to broadly elliptic, rounded, densely white tomentose; corolla 4–5 cm long, pink, broadly funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb 5 cm diam., unlobed.
Endemic to the Sierra de Amambay.
PARAGUAY. Amambay: Alredores de P.J. Cabellero, camino a Cerro Corá, A. Schinini et al. 36029 (CTES, PY); ibid., Ruta 5, A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 44964 (CTES).
The oblong, shortly floccose, abaxially prominently veined leaves with deflexed mucronate apex, compact terminal inflorescence with tomentose suborbicular sepals are distinctive.
Ipomoea patula var. villosa
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 240. 1869. (
Ipomoea cornucopia
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 688 (
PARAGUAY. Canindeyú, Ipé hú, Yerbales, Sierra de Maracayu, Oct. 1898, E. Hassler 5008 (lectotype G00174894, designated by
Erect undershrub to 1 m with a stout stem, the whole plant densely grey-tomentose. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 10–14 × 3–6 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, obovate or narrowly elliptic, subacute, very shortly mucronate, cuneate at base; petioles 2–3 mm. Flowers solitary, arising in the upper leaf axils; peduncles 2.5–5 cm; bracteoles 1.5–3.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, born below the calyx; pedicels absent or nearly so; sepals subequal, 18–22 mm, narrowly ovate to elliptic, obtuse, densely villous-tomentose; corolla 7–9 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pilose on midpetaline bands, limb 6 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Eastern Paraguay and neighbouring parts of Brazil in “campo”. There have been no records from Paraguay for about a hundred years.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: K. Fiebrig 6037 (GH). Caaguazú: B. Balansa 1075 (P); Río Yhu, E. Hassler 9510 & 9510a (MO, BM, P, S). Canindeyú: type collection.
BRAZIL. Paraná: km 127, Laranjeiras do Sul, G. Hatschbach et al. 23119 (MO, NY, S, US).
Rio Grande do Sul: entre Panamba & Palmeiras, Lima 64-4234 (IPA); Neu Württemberg, Palmeraquelle, A. Bornmüller 768 (GH); Palmeira, B. Rambo 51964 (S). Santa Catarina: 8–13 km W. of Chapecó, L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 14056 (NY, US).
This species is distinguished by the dense floccose indumentum, obovate –oblanceolate leaves, and the long pedunculate solitary flowers lacking pedicels.
Ipomoea elegans
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 244. 1869. (
Ipomoea patula var. monticola
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 240. 1869. (
Ipomoea monticola
(Meisn.) O’Donell, Lilloa 26: 371. 1953. (
BRAZIL. “Rio de Janeiro”, Langsdorff (holotype P03560903 ex Herb. Richard).
Trailing perennial herb; stems asperous-hirsute, at least 80 cm long. Leaves shortly petiolate, 4–10 × 2–4 cm, broadly oblong, less commonly ovate, apex obtuse and mucronate, base broadly cuneate to rounded, both surfaces roughly pubescent, abaxially whitish; petioles 0.6–1.6 cm, hirsute. Inflorescence of rather compact, pedunculate cymes arising in the axils of leaf-like bracts towards the apex of the stems; bracts resembling small leaves diminishing markedly in size towards the tips; peduncles 0.5–9 cm, sometimes extended to form the rhachis of a racemose inflorescence; bracteoles 12–15 mm, linear, finely acuminate, persistent, hirsute with white or reddish hairs; secondary peduncles c. 5 mm; pedicels 5–12 mm, hirsute; sepals subequal, 12–18 × 4–5 mm, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, densely villous, outer densely brownish villous, inner paler the central hairs brownish, the marginal hairs whitish; corolla 4–5 cm long, white with dark centre, funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb c. 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Apparently endemic to Minas Gerais State in Brazil, where it grows in cerrado.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: P. Clausen s.n. (BM); Bello Horizonte, Villa Cruzeiro do Sul, M. Barreto 2312 (F); Betim, Contagem, Faz. do Cabuí, L.O. Williams 5101 (GH); San Francisco, M. Weddell 1175 (P), 1912 (P); Serra do Itabirito, 45km SW of Belo Horizonte H.S. Irwin et al. 19706 (FTG).
See
This species resembles Ipomoea valenzuelensis but the leaves are whitish abaxially and never lobed, and the cymes are usually more than 3-flowered.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Caldas, A.F. Regnell Ser. 3, 202 (holotype BR00005837670, isotypes S, US, ?P03524169).
Twining herb to 1 m, stems tomentellous and somewhat glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–6.5 × 2.5–5.5 cm, entire and ovate or 3-lobed to half way with the sides almost parallel, base weakly cordate or truncate with rounded auricles, apex rounded on central lobe, acute on laterals, strongly mucronate, adaxially thinly tomentose, greenish, abaxially densely white-tomentose with long appressed hairs; petioles 2.5–5 cm, densely pubescent. Inflorescence of moderately dense, few-flowered, axillary cymes, peduncles 4–9 cm, tomentellous; bracteoles 8–12 mm, linear to linear-lanceolate, tomentellous, somewhat persistent; pedicels 2–14 mm, tomentellous; sepals subequal, 9–13 mm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, densely softly pilose, inner with pale, glabrous margins; corolla c. 4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent; limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Apparently endemic to Minas Gerais State in Brazil.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: only known from the type collection.
Resembling Ipomoea verbasciformis in the short pedicels and indumentum, but twining in habit, the leaves 3-lobed and distinctly petiolate and the inflorescence clearly axillary, not terminal. The parallel-sided leaves are also distinctive.
The Paris specimen cited above is ambiguously labelled but is probably an isotype.
PARAGUAY. Sierra de Amambay, Rojas in Hassler 10752 (lectotype G00175159, designated here; isolectotypes BM, G, K, NY, F, MVM, P, S, UC).
Erect perennial undershrub to 1 m, stems stout, white-lanate. Leaves subsessile, 4.5–12 × 1.5–2 cm, oblong, apex falcate, acute and strongly apiculate, base attenuate, softly tomentose on both surfaces, veins beneath prominent; pedicels 0–5 mm. Inflorescence terminal, elongate, up to 30 cm long, flowers in sessile or shortly pedunculate few-flowered cymes, (often solitary) in the axils of leaf-like bracts which diminish in size upwards; peduncles 0–0.7 cm; bracteoles 7–11 mm, linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, deciduous; pedicels 3–10 mm, densely tomentose; sepals slightly unequal, 9–12 × 6–7 mm, ovate, acute, mucronate, densely white-tomentose, inner sepals broader and slightly shorter; corolla 5.5–7.5 cm long, pink, densely pilose in bud and on midpetaline bands, limb c. 4 cm diam., entire. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A cerrado species endemic to the Sierra de Amambay.
PARAGUAY. Amambay: Rojas in Hassler 10891 (F, P, BM); A. Schinini & M. Dematteis 33798 (FCQ, CTES); Cerro Coro, D.R. Brunner 1416 (MO, PY); camino a la Colonia Naranja Hai, N. Soria 7667 (FCQ, MO, G); camino al Cerro Muralla, N. Soria 6377 (FCQ); Cerro Alambique, N. Soria 6400 (FCQ).
Distinguished by the prominently mucronate, falcate (and bent down) leaf tips, oblong, tomentose laminas, and elongate inflorescence with shortly pedunculate flowers with short pedicels.
Ipomoea chrysotrichoides
Hassl., nom. nud., Add. Plantae Hasslerianae 18. 1917. (
PARAGUAY. Amambay, Cabecera Estrella, Pedro Juan Caballero, Sept. 1933, T. Rojas 6260 (holotype LIL190807).
Subshrub with erect stems from a xylopodium to c. 60 cm, stems pilose with long soft hairs. Leaves subsessile, ovate to broadly elliptic, acute and mucronate, rounded to subcordate at base, prominently veined especially abaxially, both surfaces densely adpressed asperous-pilose, the hairs bulbous-based; borders highlighted, densely white-ciliolate; petioles 2–3 mm, pubescent. Flowers solitary from the upper leaf axils; peduncles suppressed or very short, 0–4 mm, pilose; bracteoles 6–7 mm, linear; pedicels 4–8 mm, pilose; sepals 10–13 × 4 mm long, subequal, ovate, acuminate, sericeous, similar but inner subacute and mucronate, c. 5 mm wide; corolla 6–9 cm long, pink, midpetaline bands sericeous, limb 4–6 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to the Sierra de Amambay in Paraguay, where it was probably found growing in cerrado. There have been no confirmed records for over eighty years.
PARAGUAY. Amambay: T. Rojas 6362 (LIL); E. Hassler 9819 (BM), 10052 (BM, G, K, P).
Characterised by the subsessile, broadly elliptic leaves with highlighted ciliolate margins and the solitary axillary flowers, the peduncles nearly suppressed and the pedicels short.
U. Eskuche & Z. Ahumada 06177 (G) from 36 km N of San Estansilao in Dept. San Pedro may belong to this species but differs in the longer peduncles (mostly 6–10 mm).
Ipomoea argyreia var. paraguariensis
(Peter) Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 689. 1905. (
Ipomoea argyreia forma paraguariensis var. discolor forma paraguariensis
], Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 195. 1911. (
Ipomoea argyreia forma grandiflora
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 689. 1905. (
Ipomoea argyreia forma intermedia Chodat & Hassl. [as var.
paraguariensis forma intermedia], Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 689. 1905. (
Ipomoea argyreia forma salicifolia Chodat & Hassl. [as var. paraguariensis forma salicifolia], Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 68. 1905. (
Ipomoea nitens
Chodat & Hassler, Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2 5: 689. 1905 (
Ipomoea argyreia forma nitens (Chodat & Hassler) Hassl. [as var. discolor forma nitens]., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 196. 1911. (
Ipomoea argyreia var. martii
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 195. 1911. (Hassler (
I.omoea. argyreia var. discolor Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 195. 1911. (1911: 195). Type. PARAGUAY. [Canindeyú], Yerbales de Sierra de Maracayu, 1898/9, E. Hassler 5748 (lectotype G00175069, designated here; isolectotypes BM, G, K, NY, P).
PARAGUAY. Villarrica, B.Balansa 1074 (lectotype GOET005546, designated by
Erect subshrub from a woody rhizome, stems tomentose, eventually glabrescent. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 1.5–5 × 0.7–2.5 cm, oblong-elliptic or ovate-elliptic, mucronate, base rounded to cuneate, adaxially densely pubescent, green, abaxially silvery tomentose with long appressed hairs, veins moderately prominent; petioles 2–3 mm long. Inflorescence terminal, panicle-like formed of 1–3-flowered cymes; peduncles up to 1.5 cm; bracteoles 5–9 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–7 mm; sepals 6–8(–10 mm in fruit), ovate to suborbicular, obtuse, mucronate, tomentose, inner with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentose, limb 3.5 cm diam. Capsules 10–12 × 7 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous seeds 5–6 × 3.5 mm, blackish, pilose on margins, the hairs c. 8 mm long, deciduous.
Figure
Endemic to cerrados in Paraguay and recorded from three departamentos but apparently rare.
PARAGUAY. Caazapá: Est. Nu Pyajhú, próximo a San Juan Nepomuceno, C.V. Pavetti s.n. (SCP); Coronel Oviedo, T. Carruthers et al. 105 (FCQ). Canindeyú: Curuguaty, T. Carruthers et al. 99 (FCQ). Guairá: Villarrica, B. Balansa 1074 (P), ibid., Jorgensen 4297 (F), ibid., Jorgensen 4297 (S); Col. Independencia, A. Schinini & E. Bordas 25218 (CTES); ibid., F. Mereles 3376 (FCQ, G); ibid., R. Degen et al. 4010 (FCQ).
Characterised by the discoloured elliptic leaves. Hassler 4599 (BM, G, NY), the type of Ipomoea argyreia forma salicifolia Chodat & Hassler (1905: 689), is very close to Ipomoea rojasii but the leaves are discoloured, narrowly ovate and shortly acuminate, reaching only to 6.5 cm long, and the sepals are shorter. It looks like an intermediate between Ipomoea rojasii and I. paraguariensis.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Vallegrande, Guadalupe, 350 m de la represa sobre senda a La Estancia Collana, M. Mendoza & E. Calzadilla 416 (holotype USZ, isotypes K, LPB).
Perennial herb, stems decumbent or ascending, 0.5–1.5 m long, relatively stout and slightly woody, densely white-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 5–11.5 × 2.5–7 cm, ovate to subrhomboid, acute and shortly mucronulate, base truncate to broadly cuneate, adaxially grey-green, densely pubescent with long hairs, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 0.5–2 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence subterminal formed of pedunculate 1–3(–5)-flowered cymes from the upper leaf axils; bracts similar to the leaves but smaller, diminishing in size upwards, peduncles 6–12 cm, white-tomentose; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; bracteoles 5–8 mm, linear to filiform; pedicels 5–12 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, 8–10 × 3–4 mm, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, outer densely tomentose, the inner similar but with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, in bud tomentose on exterior, at maturity somewhat glabrescent but with pubescent midpetaline bands, limb 5.5–6 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to the Vallegrande area in the Bolivian inter-Andean valleys where it is uncommon in open grassy scrubland on hillsides from 1900 to 2200(–2500) m.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Vallegrande area, I. Vargas 33 (NY); road to Tierras Nuevas, M. Nee et al. 37406 (NY); on descent to Piraimiri, J.R.I. Wood et al. 21743 (LPB); Vallegrande-Postrervalle, G.A. Parada et al. 5326 (MO, USZ).
This appears to be a rather isolated species morphologically. The subterminal inflorescence suggests it is essentially erect or ascending in habit, as indicated by most field notes, but it is unlike most erect species in South America in its broad leaves and Andean habitat.
BOLIVIA. Tarija, Prov. Aniceto Arce Ruiz, La Merced, 30 km de Padcaya hacia Bermejo, S.G. Beck, R. Kiesling & D. Metzing 22139 (holotype LPB, isotypes SI n.v., K [leaves only]).
Stout trailing or weakly ascending plant; stems lanate. Leaves petiolate, 7–10 × 6–10 cm, ovate, base cordate with rounded overlapping auricles, apex acute, adaxially appressed white-villous, abaxially densely white lanate-tomentose; petiole 3–6 cm. Flowers 1(–3) in pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 5–7 cm, lanate, straight or nearly so; bracteoles 2–3 mm, lanceolate, somewhat persistent; pedicels 8 mm; sepals subequal, 15 × 5 mm, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, obtuse, lanate; corolla 7–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, uniformly pink, tomentose at base and on midpetaline bands, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Southern Andean Bolivia at around 2000 m; rare and only known from five collections.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Zudañez, between Puca Pampa and Presto, J. Gutiérrez et al. 2863 (HSB, OXF). Tarija: Cercado, Yesera, T. Meyer 17334 (LIL), 17981 (LIL); E. Bastian 416 (LPB).
This species bears a superficial resemblance to Ipomoea descolei O’Donell but is Andean in distribution and immediately distinguished by the indumentum of the corolla, sepals, stem and peduncles, which is appressed, not spreading. The leaves are not strongly reticulate beneath, have white hairs on both surfaces (not dark green above) and the flowers are usually solitary and the peduncles reach only 7 cm long.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Gran Chaco, 10–20 km from Villamontes towards Palos Blancos, J.R.I. Wood, D. Villarroel & B. Williams 27607 (holotype USZ, isotypes OXF, K, LPB).
Vigorous liana climbing over other plants to c. 3 m, stems woody, pale brown, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, slightly succulent and often transversely folded, 5–7 × 4–5 cm, broadly ovate, shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate to a mucronate apex, margin entire, both surfaces pale green and glabrous; petioles 2–3.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes with up to five flowers; peduncles 2–3.5 cm, rigid, glabrous; bracteoles 2–4 × 1 mm, lanceolate, boat-shaped, scurfy puberulent, caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 1–2.5 cm; pedicels (1–)2.2–3 cm, straight, glabrous below, upwards thickened, scurfy puberulent; sepals subequal, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, ovate, puberulent, each with two swollen glabrous appendages on each side towards the base, outer sepals acute to obtuse, mucronate, inner sepals obtuse to rounded, minutely mucronate, margins scarious, glabrous; corolla 6.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, uniformly pink, puberulent in bud, glabrescent at anthesis, limb 5 cm diam., undulate but not lobed. Capsules ovoid, 6 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds 1.6 × 1 mm. ovoid, obtuse, brown, glabrous.
Endemic to southern Bolivia where it grows in chaco scrub between Villamontes and Palos Blancos in the Andean foothills at 500–650 m.
BOLIVIA. Tarija: Prov. Gran Chaco, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28024 (LPB, USZ), 28027 (LPB, OXF, USZ).
This species shows some similarity to Ipomoea amnicola Morong in the somewhat succulent leaves, these often being deciduous on herbarium species, and also to I. tarijensis O’Donell in the commonly folded leaves. The 5–6 mm long sepals are shorter than those of I. hieronymi and lack the dark glands sometimes found in that species and in I. megapotamica. The distinctive swollen appendages on the dorsal surface of the sepals immediately separate this species from all others known to us.
BRAZIL. Ceará, Salvarão, A. Löfgren 158 (holotype S07-4422).
Vigorous liana-like twiner of unknown height; stems stout, herbaceous, glabrous to thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 10–12 × 8–13 cm, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, mucronate, base cordate with rectangular sinus and rounded auricles, margin entire to obscurely undulate; both surfaces glabrous or abaxial veins thinly pubescent; petioles 6–8.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes, sometimes compound, peduncles 1.3–7.5 cm, glabrous; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 2.5–8 cm; tertiary peduncles up to 6.5 cm; pedicels 6–26 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous or almost so, outer 8–9 × 5 mm, elliptic, mucronate, the margin narrow, scarious; inner 9–10 × 7–8 mm, the margins broad, scarious; corolla 11–12 cm long, pale pink with darker centre, funnel-shaped, pilose on the midpetaline bands, limb 8–9 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A rare species of northeastern Brazil.
BRAZIL. Ceará: type of Ipomoea cearensis. Maranhão: Mun. Lorêto, Ilha de Balsas, G & L. T. Eiten 4077A (K, NY, SP).
Clearly part of the Ipomoea megapotamica complex but immediately recognised by its very large corolla. The (near) glabrous sepals are also distinct.
ARGENTINA. Salta, Dept. Rivadavia, Pluma del Pato, 13 Feb. 2005, V. Solis Neffa, J.G. Seijo, J.G. Grabiele & W. Reynoso 1985 (holotype CTES0013270, isotypes LIL, SI).
Twining perennial liana to at least 3 m, stems glabrous or sparsely pubescent when young, becoming woody with corky bark when old. Leaves petiolate, 2–4 × 2.5–5.5 cm, broadly ovate to subreniform, abruptly acuminate, shallowly cordate, glabrous or very thinly pubescent, abaxially somewhat paler; petioles 2–4 cm, slender. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes, often raceme-like on short side branches; peduncles short, 1–2 cm, commonly somewhat woody; bracteoles 2 mm, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–10 mm; pedicels 10–16 mm; sepals subequal, outer 6–8 × 3–4 mm, ovate-elliptic, subacute, thinly pubescent, inner sepals c. 1 mm longer, rounded, the central part pubescent but with glabrous scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, sometimes with pink centre, pubescent in bud and on midpetaline bands, limb 3–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 8 × 6 mm, glabrous, rostrate, the style base persistent; seeds 5 mm long, long-pilose.
A western Chaco species found in NW Argentina, western Paraguay and southern Bolivia.
ARGENTINA. Formosa: T.M. Petersen 12909 (C, CTES, G). Salta: type of Ipomoea vivianae.
PARAGUAY. Boquerón: Mayor Pedro Lagerenza, Schinini & Bordas 15091 (CTES); Col. Fernheim, Filadelfia, August & Ulmke 48 (CTES); Picada 104, Ruta Transchaco, R. Degen & F. Mereles 2979 (FCQ); Colonia 4 de Mayo, F. Mereles & R. Degen 5148 (CTES, FCQ).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Prov. Cordillera, A. Fuentes & G. Navarro 2418 (BOLV, LPB, NY, MO, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, P. Zuñiga et al. 175 (HSB).
Some of the cited paratypes of this species including Krapovickas & Cristóbal 44938 (CTES), 44944 (CTES, SI), 45042 (CTES, SP) and Schinini et al. 29283 (CTES) from Amambay in eastern Paraguay are Ipomoea megapotamica. Plants from the true Chaco in western Paraguay, Argentina (Salta, Formosa) and Bolivia (Tarija, Santa Cruz) differ in the nearly glabrous leaves, usually white corolla, distinctly corky stems and, in particular, the often raceme-like inflorescence that develops on short shoots. These characters serve to separate Ipomoea vivianae from I. megapotamica but this species may eventually be shown to be only an adaptation of I. megapotamica to the arid climate of the Chaco. Krapovickas seems not to have known Ipomoea megapotamica.
Argyreia megapotamica var. puberula
Griseb., Symb. Fl. Argent. 263. 1879. (
“URUGUAY” (possibly south Brazil fide
Twining perennial herb reaching 2 m, stems thinly pubescent to subglabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 4–10 cm, broadly ovate, cordate, acute and apiculate, minutely scabridulous to thinly appressed pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially paler, often dark gland-dotted, sometimes densely appressed pilose and somewhat velutinous; petioles 2.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of long pedunculate, many-flowered, lax, compound cymes; peduncles 2.5–20 cm, glabrous to puberulent; bracteoles linear, 3–4 mm, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–5.5 cm; tertiary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; quaternary peduncles 0.5–1 cm; pedicels 3–5 mm long, puberulent; sepals subequal 5–7.5 × 3.5–4.5 mm, ovate, acute to shortly apiculate, the apex erect (often slightly bent backwards), tomentellous, often dotted with dark glands, inner elliptic, obtuse to subacute, the margins scarious; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, pale pink with a darker centre, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb 3–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 7 × 6 mm, rostrate with mucro c. 3 mm long, glabrous; seeds 4 × 2 mm, long pilose on margins with hairs to 8 mm.
Figures
Ipomoea megapotamica subsp. megapotamica. A habit B abaxial leaf surface C outer sepal D inner sepal E corolla opened out to show anthers F ovary and style G Young fruit and calyx showing glands at base of sepals. Ipomoea megapotamica subsp. velutina. H leaf J abaxial leaf surface. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A, B from G. Hatschbach 23711; C–G from Fernández Casas & Molero 4302; H–J from A. Fernández-R. et al. 9612.
Ipomoea megapotamica is widely distributed in the South American lowlands and quite variable. Specimens from the southern part of its range have leaves abaxially glabrous to thinly pubescent while those from Venezuela and NE Brazil have leaves abaxially softly appressed pilose. These two forms are here recognised as subspecies, which intergrade in central Brazil, for example in Mato Grosso (D. Philcox 3722 (K, NY, RB) from Xavantina and B. Dubs 1840 (ARIZ, S, Z) from the Chapada dos Guimarães).
Ipomoea megapotamica var. cordifolia
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 157. 1911. (
Ipomoea riograndensis
P.P.A. Ferreira & Miotto, Kew Bull. 66(2): 290. 2011. (
This subspecies is distinguished by its leaves, which are abaxially glabrous to thinly pubescent. The sepals are relatively long, usually 6–7.5 mm in length.
Found around the north and east of the Chaco in Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil and, like a number of Chaco species, also present in NE Brazil. In Bolivia it has been mostly found at low altitudes along the line of the new road from Santa Cruz to Brazil and was notably more common immediately following its construction, becoming less common in subsequent years.
ARGENTINA. Salta: Rivadavia, A. Maranta & P. Arenas 118 (CTES); ibid., M.E. Suarez 12 (CTES).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Fortín Teniente Martínez, Fernández Casas & Molero 4302 (G, MA, NY); P.N. Defensores del Chaco, E. Zardini & J. Godoy 50415 (ARIZ, MO); ibid., F. Mereles et al. 8899 (FCQ). Amambay: Cerro Corá, Fernández Casas & Molino 6017 (G, NY), ibid., 6081 (G, NY); Krapovickas & Cristóbal 44944 (CTES, FCQ), 45042 (CTES, FCQ). Boquerón: Filadelfia, R.O. Vanni et al. 2521 (CTES, G); Colonia Fernheim, P. Arenas 3311 (FCQ). Presidente Hayes: Com. Armonia, O. Aquino et al. 436 (FCQ); camino a Riacho González, R. Degen 3467 (FCQ). San Pedro: Com. 25 de Diciembre, J.R.I. Wood & G. González 28471 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: Irwin et al. 12043 (NY, MO). Mato Grosso do Sul: V.J. Pott 229 (CPAP, CTES); Rondonopolis, G. Hatschbach 34061 (CTES). Minas Gerais: Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 673 (S), 1701 (MO, RB). Pernambuco: E.P. Heringer et al. 478 (RB, UB); P. Gomes 463 (RB). Rio Grande do Norte: A.C. Sarmento 761 (NY, RB). Rio Grande do Sul: type of Ipomoea riograndensis. Sergipe: R. Simão-Bianchini 1757 (ASE).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, San José de Chiquitos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 22862 (HSB, K, LPB, USZ); Germán Busch, Rincón del Tigre, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27269 (K, LPB, USZ); ibid., near Puerto Suárez, J.R.I. Wood & D. Villarroel 25516 (K, LPB, UB, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, near Palos Blancos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27617 (OXF, LPB, USZ).
Ipomoea nyctaginea var. cordifolia
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 369. 1845. (
BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Tapera, B. Pickel 3037 (holotype RB, isotypes NY, P).
Diagnosis. Leaves adpressed pilose on the abaxial surface; sepals usually only 5–6 mm long.
The principal variety in NE Brazil and the only variety in Venezuela. BRAZIL. Alagoas: Pão de Açucar, Lyra-Lemos et al. 6889 (RB). Ceará: Planalto de de Ibíapaba, Figueirido 574 (RB). Maranhão: P. Martins 18/4/79 (RB). Paraíba: Coêlho de Moraes 2126 (MO, US). Pernambuco: Serra Talhada, E.P. Heringer et al. s.n. (RB). Piauí: Rizzini s.n.12/4/74 (RB); Caracol, P.N. Serra das Confusões, G. Martinelli et al. 16358 (RB).
VENEZUELA. Sine data: Moritz 497. Cojedes: Las Peonías, Delascio 3401 (FTG). Guarico: Mesa de el Sombrero, H. Pittier 12486 (US). Monagas: Mun. Freitas, Fernández et al. 9612 (US). Portuguesa: Araure, orillas del Río Auro, G. Aymard & Ortega 3078 (NY).
Ipomoea megapotamica is, usually recognisable by the much-branched but clearly cymose structure of the inflorescence and the sepals with distinct dark glands near their base. It differs from Ipomoea hieronymi in the shorter sepals and distinctly branched, compound inflorescences. The sepals, pedicels and, sometimes, the leaves are gland-dotted. This species is also close to Ipomoea opulifolia but it is almost always distinguished easily by the entire (rarely very shallowly lobed) leaves which, in subsp. megapotamica, are relatively small and sparsely pubescent beneath.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Congonhas do Campo, A.F.M. Glaziou 13100 (holotype B†, photo F, isotypes G, K, P, R).
Twining perennial herb of unknown height, stems thinly pubescent to glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–13 × 4–10.5 cm, broadly ovate, cordate, acute or subacute and apiculate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, glabrous, thinly pubescent or puberulent on the veins only; petioles 2–9 cm, glabrous below, puberulent upwards. Inflorescence of pedunculate, many-flowered, lax, compound cymes; peduncles 2.5–9 cm, glabrous; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, spreading at right angles to the peduncle; tertiary peduncles 0.5–1.5 cm; pedicels 7–13 mm long, pubecent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6–7 × 3–4 mm, ovate, obtuse to rounded, thinly pubescent, inner 7–11 × 6–7 mm, obovate, rounded, nearly completely scarious, glabrous; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb 4–4.5 cm diam., unlobed, midpetaline bands ending in a point. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A rare species of Caatinga in the the Brazilian planalto.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: type collection. Bahia: Rodovia BR-116, 34 km N de Poções en trecho a Jequié, S.A. Mori et al. 9540 (CEPEC, NY).
Obviously part of the Ipomoea megapotamica complex differing principally in the obtuse outer sepals and rounded scarious inner sepals. The subtruncate base of the calyx and sparse indumentum should also be noted.
BOLIVIA. M. Bang 2506 (lectotype NY00319206, designated here; isolectotype US).
Vigorous twining species 3–4 m high, stems relatively stout, adpressed pilose; rootstock large tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 5–14 × 4–16 cm, 3-lobed to about half way, apex shortly acuminate and mucronate, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate to weakly cordate with rounded auricles, central lobe slightly narrowed to base, adaxially punctate with hair bases and scattered hairs, abaxially softly adpressed silvery-grey pilose, usually gland-dotted; petioles 2–11 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of lax pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2–10 cm, densely pubescent; bracteoles 2 mm, scale-like, silvery-pilose, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5 cm; pedicels 7–8 mm, densely silvery-pilose; sepals slightly unequal, sericeous, outer 10–11 × 4–6 mm, ovate, acute, grey-sericeous, the inner sepals c. 6 mm wide. oblong-elliptic, rounded to truncate, the margin scarious and glabrous; corolla 7–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, mauve, sericeous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not known.
Endemic to NW Bolivia. This is a local species of moist forest and forest relics in the Andean foothills below 700 m.
BOLIVIA. Beni: Ballivián, east of Puente Quiquebey, J.R.I. Wood 16278 (HSB, K, LPB, USZ); Marbán: San Pablo, J.P. Coulleri et al. 166 (CTES); Cercado, T.C.O. Ibiato, M. Martinez 9 (USZ); Yacuma, Est. Biológica del Beni, E. Gutiérrez et al. 1567 (FTG, MO, USZ). Cochabamba: Chapare, P.N. Isiboro-Sécure, E. Thomas 699 (BOLV, LPB, K). La Paz: Iturralde, Alto Madidi, A. Gentry & S. Estensoro 70653 (LPB, MO, SP); San Buenaventura, A. Fuentes 4387 (BOLV, LPB, MO, USZ); Larecaja, Guanay, H.H. Rusby 1999 (MICH, NY).
The syntype from Guanay (NY 00319205) is labelled as holotype but this is not correct. We have selected Bang 2506 (NY00319206) as lectotype as Rusby clearly states that the description of the flowering plant is based on this collection and it is, in any case, a much better specimen.
This species is morphologically close to Ipomoea megapotamica differing by the acutely 3-lobed leaves and the silvery-grey appressed pilose abaxial surface of the leaves. Coulleri et al. 166 differs in the spreading indumentum of the sepals and the more persistent bracteoles, so approaching Ipomoea macarenensis.
COLOMBIA. Meta, El Mico airstrip, last savannah before Río Guajar, 6 Nov. 1949, W.R. Philipson, J.M. Idrobo & A. Fernández 1322 (holotype BM001191225, isotypes COL, US).
Climbing perennial herb of unknown height; stems densely pubescent to subtomentose. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–5.5 × 2.8–5 cm, ovate, entire or shallowly 2–3-lobed, apex acute, mucronate, base truncate to shallowly cordate, adaxially green, thinly adpressed-pilose, abaxially densely silvery-tomentose with rather long appressed hairs; petioles 2–3.8 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1.2–5 cm; bracteoles 12–20 × 1–7 mm, linear to oblanceolate-narrowly elliptic, foliose, variable in size and shape; secondary peduncles 6 mm; pedicels 5–6 mm; sepals subequal, densely appressed-pilose, outer 11–14 × 7–8 mm, ovate, acute, inner similar but obtuse and margins scarious, glabrous; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, white with pale pink centre, pubescent, funnel-shaped; limb c. 4 cm diam., entire; longer filaments c. 25 mm, shorter 12–14 m. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Only known from the plains below the Sierra de Macarena.
COLOMBIA. Meta: J. Cuatrecasas 7778 (US, COL).
Notes. This species has been identified as Ipomoea sericophylla Meisn. and it has a very similar leaf indumentum. It is, however, readily distinguished by the much larger sepals (11–14 mm long, not 6–8 mm, larger corolla c. 6 cm long, not 4.5 cm, and the much laxer, fewer-flowered cymes with foliose bracteoles. It is also similar to I. megapotamica subsp. velutina but differs in the indumentum, size and shape of the sepals. It is perhaps closest to I. opulifolia but the leaves are unlobed or only shallowly lobed and the sepals distinctly larger. The bracteoles are larger than in all these related species even when of relatively reduced size.
Lindman 3189 (S) from Santa Cruz da Barra, Mato Grosso, Brazil may belong to Ipomoea macarenensis. The size of the corolla and the sepals is similar but the bracteoles are linear filiform, although persistent, and the leaves are deeply 3-lobed. It may perhaps represent yet another species or some kind of intermediate with I. opulifolia.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, P. Clausen [289] (lectotype BR00005837199, designated here; isolectotypes BR, NY01043511P, K, S).
Liana with thick stems. Leaves petiolate, 4–7 × 3.5–6.5 cm, ovate, broadly cuneate to ±truncate, obtuse and apiculate, adaxially green and thinly appressed pilose above, beneath grey-tomentose with long, appressed hairs; petioles 2.5–4.2 cm, densely pubescent. Inflorescence of dense compact pedunculate cymes; peduncles often short, 1–4 cm, usually grey-tomentose; bracteoles 5–10 mm long, filiform, grey-tomentose, somewhat persistent; secondary peduncles 0.5–1 cm; pedicels 3–8 mm, rather short; sepals subequal, 9–10 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, silvery-sericeous; corolla 6.5–7 cm long, pink, adpressed sericeous with long hairs. Capsules glabrous; seeds glabrous, shiny blackish-brown with long silky hairs on margins.
Endemic to the cerrados of the planalto of Brazil at c. 700–1000 m.
BRAZIL. Sin. loc., W.J. Burchell 6692 (K). Goiás: 20 km S. of Cavalcante, H.S. Irwin et al. 24228 (FTG, MO, NY); Niquelândia, H.S. Irwin et al. 34998 (FTG, NY); Corumbá de Goiás, E.P. Heringer et al. 17003 (IBGE, US); Luziania, E.P. Heringer et al. 17768 (IBGE, FTG); B. Walter 1329 (CEN, RB); Minaçu, T.B. Cavalcanti 1076 (RB). Minas Gerais: S.E. of Paracatú, H.S. Irwin et al. 26192 (NY, FTG, MO); Serra Bom Jardim, A. Macedo 5800 (US).
We have selected the Clausen collection at BR as the lectotype and this is duplicated in various other herbaria. We specifically exclude NY00319222 as it appears to be a mixed collection with Ipomoea sericophylla near the top of the sheet and another species below. The exceptionally large corolla pasted to this sheet may be from a third species, such as I. cearensis.
Ipomoea sericophylla is a poorly understood and possibly poorly defined species. As understood here and illustrated in Plate 98 of
BRAZIL. Goiás: Colinas do Sul, arredores da Serra de Jipe, 500 m, B.M.T. Walter et al. 4734 (CEN).
Liana of unknown height, stems thinly pubescent; leaves petiolate, 3–5 × 3.5–5.5 cm, ovate, apex obtuse and long-cuspidate (mucro c. 3–4 mm), base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially very sparsely pubescent to subglabrous, abaxially grey-tomentose, gland-dotted; petioles 2.5–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate lax axillary cymes; peduncles 7–11 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.3–2.2 cm; tertiary peduncles c. 10 mm; pedicels 4–5 mm; sepals unequal, outer 11–12 × 8–9 mm, obovate-elliptic, rounded, thinly tomentellous; inner 8–9 × 6 mm, densely tomentose in central part but with broad, glabrous scarious margins; corolla 5–5 cm long, appearing broadly tubular but not fully open, probably funnel-shaped when open, pale pink. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Cerrados of central Brazil but only known from the type collection.
BRAZIL. Goiás: the type collection.
Ipomoea walteri appears close to Ipomoea sericophylla but is distinct because of the long-pedunculate lax inflorescence, adaxially nearly glabrous leaves and relatively large sepals. The strongly cuspidate leaves with a distinct apical mucro c. 3 mm long are particularly distinct and are only matched in a few other unrelated species, especially I. daturiflora. Also somewhat unusual are the inner sepals, which are noticeably shorter than the outer.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Chiquitos, entre Limoncito y Roboré, J.R.I. Wood & P. Pozo 25064 (holotype USZ, isotypes K, LPB).
Trailing perennial; stem densely villous, glabrescent when old. Leaves petiolate, mostly 4–8 × 4–8 cm, shallowly cordate with the base broadly cuneate, auricles rounded, 3(–5)-lobed, the 4th and 5th lobes often poorly developed, lobes broadly ovate, elliptic or obovate, often overlapping, acute or obtuse and strongly mucronate wth mucro 2–3 mm long, densely grey appressed-pilose on both surfaces but abaxially paler; petioles 2.5–7 cm, softly pilose. Inflorescence of pedunculate, (2–)5-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 5.5–14 cm, pilose; bracteoles 3–7 × 1 mm, lanceolate, scarious, pilose, somewhat persistent; secondary peduncles 0.6–1.8 cm; pedicels 0.6–1.2 cm, pilose; sepals minutely gland-dotted on the exterior, unequal, outer 12–14 × 4 mm, broadly lanceolate, shortly acuminate, adpressed-pilose; inner 13–14 × 5 mm, oblong-obovate, rounded to acute, the central region pubescent, marginal part broad, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, the limb c. 5 cm diam., distinctly lobed with ovate acute lobes, densely pilose in bud but somewhat glabrescent, the midpetaline bands thinly pilose on open corollas. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A species of the northern Chaco growing in somewhat degraded bushland in Bolivia and the extreme north of Paraguay.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Madrejón, F. Mereles 6696 (FCQ). Boquerón: Fortin Platanillos F. Mereles & R. Degen 6193 (CTES).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Cordillera, P.N. Kaa-Iya, A. Fuentes & G. Navarro 2319 (CTES, MO, NY, USZ).
Ipomoea mucronifolia is somewhat similar to Ipomoea pseudocalystegia in its palmately-lobed, softly hirsute, strongly mucronate leaves, combined with the lanceolate, acuminate sepals. It differs in the smaller, more deeply divided, less silvery leaves, the inflorescence of several-flowered cymes and the shorter deciduous bracteoles (up to 7 mm long, not > 20 mm).
PARAGUAY. Sierra de Amambay, Rojas in Hassler 10723 (holotype G00175048, isotypes BM, K).
Trailing perennial, the whole plant densely sericeous-pilose, often silvery in colour; rootstock unknown but probably woody. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–13 × 2.5–15 cm, usually weakly 3–5-palmately lobed,(sometimes entire, broadly ovate), base broadly cuneate to subtruncate, lobes oblong-deltoid, the laterals often poorly developed, apex obtuse and mucronate; petioles 2–12 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate solitary or clustered, axillary flowers; peduncles 5–20 cm; bracteoles 1.5–2.5 cm long, usually filiform but sometimes lanceolate (to 4 mm wide) or, even, as in type, foliose, spathulate-elliptic, reaching 5 × 1.5 cm; pedicels 1–8 mm, the hairs more patent than on peduncle; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, 18–25 × 3–5 mm; corolla 7–10 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pilose, limb undulate, 3–4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A local species endemic to the Sierra de Amambay in Paraguay and neighbouring parts of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, apparently always growing in cerrado. PARAGUAY. Amambay: Rojas in Hassler 10620 (BM); K. Mizoguchi & T. Sano 1139 (MO); Chiriguelo, A. Schinini & M. Dematteis 33482 (CTES, FCQ), 33647 (FCQ, CTES); Krapovickas et al. 45907 (CTES, K); Cerro Corá, Krapovickas & Cristóbal 44958 (CTES, F, FCQ); ibid., N. Soria 5740 (CTES, FCQ); ibid., N. Soria & E. Zardini 1952 (FCQ). San Pedro: Rancho Laguna Blanca, F. González & M.J. López 757 (FCQ), 817 (FCQ), Yaguarete Sustainable Forest, E. Zardini & L. Guerrero 43282 (MO, PY).
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Pacari, Mun. Ponta Porã, G. Hatschbach 45924 (MBM).
Hassler 5009 (NY, F, G, K, P) from Canindeyú (Nandurucay, Sierra de Maracayu), differs slightly in its less silvery appearance with leaf lobes oblong-lanceolate in shape. Krapovickas & Cristóbal 44958 (CTES, F, FCQ) from P.N. Cerro Corá, Amambay, appears identical to Ipomoea pseudocalystegia in its inflorescence but the leaves are 3-lobed to half way, the central lobe broadly elliptic and base truncate and very shortly cuneate onto the petiole. Further collections are needed to elucidate these forms.
Mouroucoa juramenti
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 217. 1898. (
Argyreia juramenti
(Kuntze) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrsber. (Just) 26 (1): 382. 1900. (
Ipomoea juramenti
(Kuntze) O’Donell, Lilloa 14: 177. 1948. (
Ipomoea lorentzii
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. pl. 3(2): 217. 1898. (
ARGENTINA. Salta, pasaje del Río Juramento, Lorentz & Hieronymus 285 (lectotype GOET 005548, designated by
Twining or, less commonly, trailing perennial, roots with small tubers, stems densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, mostly 2–8 × 3–10 cm, broadly ovate to suborbicular, shallowly cordate to ±truncate with rounded auricles, apex acute and apiculate, adaxially green and appressed pilose, abaxially grey, tomentose with long, appressed hairs; petioles 1–8 cm. Inflorescence of compact pedunculate cymes; peduncles 4–7(–11) cm, usually grey-tomentellous; bracteoles 1.2–2 × 0.1–0.3 cm long, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, grey-tomentose, persistent; secondary peduncles 0.3–4 cm; pedicels 0–10 mm, often very short, tomentellous; sepals subequal, 9–10 × 4–5 mm, broadly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, silvery-sericeous, the inner ovate with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 5–7 cm long, pale pink, adpressed-pilose, funnel-shaped, limb 3–4 cm diam., undulate to very shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 8–9 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds 6–7 mm long, long-pilose.
Figure
A–H Ipomoea longibarbis. A habit B abaxial leaf surface C bracteole D outer sepal E inner sepal F section of corolla showing 3 stamens, ovary and style G fruiting inflorescence H seed. J–P Ipomoea argentinica J inflorescence K abaxial leaf surface L bracteole M outer sepal N inner sepal P ovary and style. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A–F from Nee & Linneo 54148; G, H from Killeen et al. 4199; J–P from Wood & Mamani 27502.
A species of the western Chaco in northern Argentina, western Paraguay and southern Bolivia. It is a lowland species of roadsides and disturbed bushy habitats, not found above 600 m. It is particularly common around the city of Santa Cruz in Bolivia. We have not traced the record from Brazil (
ARGENTINA. Jujuy: H.H. Bartlett 20301 (SI, US); A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 30639 (CTES). Salta: Cabrera et al. 34479 (SI); B.B. Simpson s.n. [20/1/1986] (MO).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Perez de Molas & G. Navarro 9092 (CTES). Boquerón: Picada Sirascuas, F. Mereles & R. Degen 5476 (FCQ, MO); D.R. Brunner 1559 (G, MO, PY); L. Bernardi 20268 (G).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, Tres Cruces, J.R.I. Wood & B. Williams 27908 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); Cordillera, A. Fuentes 2869 (USZ); Florida, La Angostura, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24101 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Ibañez, M. Nee 49033 (CTES, LPB, MO, NY, OXF, USZ); Ichilo, J. Steinbach 1272 (LIL); Sara, La Bélgica, M. Nee & M.A. Sundue 52222 (LPB, NY, MO, USZ); Velasco, Santa Rosa de la Roca, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27791 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco. Abrahamczck s.n. (LPB).
Distinguished from all similar species (Ipomoea hieronymi, I. longibarbis, I. megapotamica) by the very long bracteoles, which persist till corollas have fallen, those immediately below the calyx being particularly persistent. Additionally from I. longibarbis it can be separated by the adpressed, ± sericeous hairs of the sepals and from I. hieronymi by the more acuminate sepals. It has been treated as a synonym of the Brazilian Ipomoea sericophylla (
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Cordillera, Pie de la Muela del Diablo, Boyuibe-Camiri, J.R.I. Wood, D. Villarroel & B. Williams 27633 (holotype USZ, isotypes OXF, K, LPB).
Robust twining perennial usually 2–5 m high, stems pubescent, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, 4–13 × 3–12 cm, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, terminating in a fine hair point, base shallowly cordate to truncate, margin slightly undulate, adaxially green, thinly adpressed-pubescent, abaxially grey, densely pubescent; petioles 3–10 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with 1–8 flowers, somewhat dense; peduncle 4.5–26 cm, usually rather stout, pubescent; lower bracteoles 2–2.5 × 0.2–0.8 cm, oblong to oblong-elliptic; secondary peduncles 1.5–4 cm; upper bracteoles 9–18 × 1 mm, linear-lanceolate, terminating in a long fine point, pubescent, somewhat persistent; pedicels 2–10 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 11–16 × 6–7 mm, ovate, acuminate to a fine point, grey-pilose with conspicuous spreading hairs, inner ovate-elliptic, acute, silvery-pilose with hairs weakly spreading; corolla c. 8 cm long, uniformly pink, silky pubescent on the exterior, funnel-shaped, limb 5 cm diam., shallowly-lobed. Capsules 10–11 × 10 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 3–3.5 mm, brown, glabrous apart from the 10 mmlong white marginal hairs.
Figures
Endemic to Bolivia, growing in dry chaco scrub woodland along the Andean foothills from Camiri south to the Villamontes area, between 500 and 1500 m, largely replacing Ipomoea argentinica in this region.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Boeto, Río Grande valley, J.R.I. Wood 28128 (LPB, OXF, USZ); Calvo, 80 km E of Boyuibe, T. Killeen, et al. 4199 (MO); Siles, between Monteagudo and Rosario del Ingre, M. Serrano 2087 (HSB). Santa Cruz: Cordillera, SE of Salinas, M. Nee & I. Linneo 54148 (MO, NY, USZ); between Camiri and Boyuibe, M. Mendoza et al. 2765 (K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, cañón del Río Pilcomayo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27593 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); O’Connor, Alta de Soledad, F. Zenteno et al. 4357 (LPB).
Similar to Ipomoea argentinica in habit and leaf indumentum but differing in the laxer inflorescence with longer peduncles, broader outer sepals with conspicuous speading hairs and less persistent bracteoles. Herbarium specimens resemble Ipomoea rubens very closely in facies and indumentum but molecular studies indicate there is no close affinity. Ipomoea longibarbis is a plant of dry habitats, not stream banks.
ARGENTINA. Salta, Dept. Campo Santo, Juramento, C. O’Donell 4910 (lectotype LIL001253, designated here; isolectotypes LIL).
Trailing perennial herb, stems sparsely pubescent, somewhat stout and slightly fleshy, up to 2 m long, rootstock stout, often 10 × 10 cm or more, tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 3–7 cm, ovate-deltoid, ovate or suborbicular, obtuse to acute, base broadly cordate to subtruncate, the margin undulate to dentate, white-canescent when young but when mature adaxially dark green and glabrous, abaxially puberulent especially on the veins; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate 1–3-flowered cymes; peduncles 1–7.5 cm; bracteoles not known, fugacious; pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals slightly unequal, 8–10 × 6–7 mm at anthesis but accrescent to 13 mm in fruit, ovate-elliptic, pubescent, outer sepals subacute, inner sepals slightly longer, scarious-margined, obtuse to rounded, sometimes mucronate; corolla 4–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, densely adpressed pilose, limb 5–6.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 1.5 × 0.8 mm, ovoid, acute to rostrate, glabrous; seeds 9 × 4 mm, densely woolly.
Illustration: Figure
Inter-Andean dry valleys of northern Argentina and southern Bolivia between about 650 m and 2600 m in small, scattered populations on open stony or sandy slopes. ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Andalgalá, Cuesta de la Chilca, G.E. Barboza et al. s.n. [30/1/2008] (SI). Salta: Campo Santo, C. O’Donell 5509 (LIL); Virgilio Tedin, Peirano s.n. [20/11/1933] (GH, LIL).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Oropeza, near Chuquichuqui, J.R.I. Wood 10252 (HSB, K, LPB). Cochabamba: Campero, Lagar Pampa, J.R.I. Wood & M. Mendoza 21515 (BOLV, OXF, K, LPB, USZ); between Omereque and Totora, J.R.I. Wood & N.P. Taylor 22521 (K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Caballero, near Abra de Quine, M. Nee 46632 (NY, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, between Palos Blancos and Yacuiba, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28322 (LPB, OXF, USZ); O’Connor, Río Pilaya, M. Serrano et al. 7114 (HSB).
Readily identified by its trailing habit, stout stem, thinly pubescent, undulate leaves, pubescent sepals and corolla. Although the leaves are variable in shape, there is no other similar species in the inter-Andean valleys.
PARAGUAY. [Concepción], San Luis, K. Fiebrig 4485 p.p. (holotype G00175183, isotype G001751820).
Robust perennial reaching 6 m; stems trailing or twining, glabrous, usually slightly winged, the wings muricate. Leaves petiolate, 5–11 × 5–9 cm, ovate, base broadly cordate to subtruncate, apex shortly acuminate, margin entire to undulate, often denticulate near base, adaxially glabrous, abaxially puberulent especially on the veins, sometimes glabrescent; petioles 3–10 cm, slightly winged below. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles often erect, straight, subglabrous, 3–10 cm; bracteoles minute, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles stout, 2–8 cm; pedicels 1–3 cm; sepals subequal, glabrous to very sparsely pubescent, margins scarious, outer sepals 10–12 × 7–9 mm, broadly ovate or elliptic, obtuse to rounded; inner sepals 11–13 × 8–9 mm, accrescent to 15 mm in fruit elliptic or suborbicular, rounded to retuse (sometimes mucronulate), with broader scarious margins; corolla 9–11 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent in bud and at tips of midpetaline bands, limb 4–5 cm diam., weakly lobed; stamens included, slightly unequal, very short, c. 8–10 mm long, style biglobose. Capsules 15–16 × 11–12 mm, ovoid to ellipsoid, very shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 6–11 × 3–4 mm, pilose on the angles.
Fairly common in the Andean foothills of the Chaco region of Bolivia below 1000 m, most commonly near the town of Camiri, but with a single collection from northern Paraguay.
PARAGUAY. Concepción: the type collection.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Luis Calvo, Serranía de Inca Huasi, A. Lliully & Portal 725 (OXF, HSB, MO). Santa Cruz: Cordillera, Tatarenda, R.E. Fries 1451 (S); Ipati-Lagunillas, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27637 (K, USZ, LPB); Abapó-Tatarenda, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27590 (K, LPB, USZ); Abapo, J.R.I. Wood & F. Mamani 27477 (K, LPB, UZ); Ichilo, Buenavista, J.R.I. Wood & B. Williams 27735 (K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, Palos Blancos, M. Mendoza et al. 2662 (K, USZ); Yacunda, carretera hacia Campo Largo, F. Zenteno et al. 4454 (CTES, LPB).
This species has been the source of much confusion in Brazil and elsewhere.
Convolvulus jalapa
L., Mant. Pl. 43. 1767. (
Batatas jalapa
(L.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8(1): 47 [125]. 1838. (
Ipomoea jalapa var. rosea
Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. 8: t. 621. 1822. (
Ipomoea purshii
G. Don, Hort. Brit., ed. 3: 483, 1839. (
Ipomoea calantha
Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 202. 1866. (
Ipomoea carrizalia
Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4(19): 382. 1913. (
Ipomoea fendleriana
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 444. 1891. (
Ipomoea perichnoa
Urban, Symb. Antill. 9: 426. 1925. (
Based on Convolvulus jalapa L.
Vigorous climbing perennial; stem somewhat woody, pubescent, rootstock a swollen tuber. Leaves petiolate, 6–13 × 5–10 cm, ovate (rarely irregularly lobed to halfway), shortly but finely acuminate, mucronate, base subtruncate to cordate with rounded auricles, glabrous above, abaxially glabrous to tomentellous; petioles 7–9 cm, thinly to densely pubescent. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate cymes with mostly 3–5(–10) flowers; peduncles 4–8 cm, relatively stout; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 1.2–1.8 cm; pedicels 1–3 cm, thickened upwards, puberulent, with tendency to recurve; sepals subequal, outer 8–13 × 4–7 mm, ovate to elliptic, acute or obtuse, uniformly puberulent to tomentellous, occasionally nearly glabrous, inner sepals more obovate to sunorbicular, rounded, the central area more densely hirsute and the wide margins scarious and glabrous; corolla (7–)9–11 cm long, pink, sericeous in bud and on midpetaline bands, narrowly funnel-shaped, limb undulate, c. 6 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 10–14 × 9–10 mm, glabrous; seeds 8–10 × 4 mm, brown, densely pilose to woolly, hairs white, 5–12 mm long, of different lengths.
Ipomoea jalapa grows at altitudes of up to 1700 m, but often at low altitudes not far from the coast. The distribution is similar to that of Ipomoea trifida but I. jalapa is nowhere very common and it is unrecorded in a number of countries, where it might be expected to occur including the Dominican Republic, Panama and Guatemala.
ECUADOR. Guayas: Chongón, E. Asplund 5219 (AAU, K, NY, S, US); Río Daule, G.W. Harling 4796 (MO, S). Loja: Hac. Banderones, B. Klitgaard et al. 531 (AAU, LOJA, NY, QCNE). Napo: Misahuallí, F. Ervik 36876 (AAU).
COLOMBIA. J. Cuatrecasas 25431(US). Bolívar: Isla Mucura, C.A. Florez 103 (COL). VENEZUELA. sine data, Moritz 1242 (BM); Engstedt 8/10/1947 (S). Dist. Fed.: Macarao, H. Pittier 13649 (MO). Lara: Jiménez, Represa de Yacambú, J. Steyermark 108776 (MO). Miranda: Carenero, J. Steyermark & G. S. Bunting 102315 (MO). Yaracuy: 10 km al N. de Marín, J. Steyermark 105352 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, D.F. Austin 7826 (CR, FTG, MO); ibid., Garabito, B. Hammel 19972 (K, MO); A. Rodríguez & A. Estrada 371 (K, MO).
NICARAGUA. Matagalpa, W. D. Stevens & R. Riviere 20937 (MO); Chontales, Tawa, W. D. Stevens & O.M. Montiel 35018 (MO).
HONDURAS. Comayagua, Chicipates, C.H. Nelson et al. 6603 (MO).
BELIZE. Cayo, Chiquibul Forest Reserve, C. Whitefoord 10522 (BM)
MEXICO. Campeche: Calkiní, E. F. Cabrera 14402 (IEB, MEXU). Guanajuato: El Llanete, S. Zamudio et al. 10462 (IEB); Humuchil, J. Rzedowski 52937 (IEB). Hidalgo: San Cristóbal, S. Zamudio 10887 (IEB). Jalisco: fide
CUBA. La Habana: Bro. León 6826 (HAC), 14703 (HAC, NY). Pinar del Río: E.L. Ekman 18176 (HAC, NY, S); J. Bisse et al. 51285 (HAJB).
HAITI. Massif des Matheux, E.L. Ekman H7093 (NY, S), Nouvelle Touraine. E.L. Ekman H1471 (S).
PUERTO RICO. Coamo, P. Sintenis 3128 (K, MO, NY, P, S), 3684 (BM, NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix and St John fide
Ipomoea jalapa and I. macrorhiza are unusual in this large clade as their distribution is centred on the Caribbean rather than South America. It is also highly variable in leaf shape and corolla size, and ITS suggests it is polyphyletic. Intensive studies are needed to resolve these uncertainties.
Ipomoea jalapa is most likely to be confused with I. carnea subsp. carnea but is distinguished by the longer outer sepals. These are usually < 7 mm long in I. carnea. The corolla is also larger. Historically this species has also been confused with I. macrorhiza, which is a coastal night-flowering species of the SE United States with white flowers and often 3-lobed leaves.
Ipomoea perichnoa is included as a synonym of I. jalapa. It differs in the woolly seeds with hairs to 15 mm long covering the whole surface but, in the absence of any other obvious distinguishing character, there seems no good reason to accept I. perichnoa as a distinct species.
Ipomoea jalapa is quite variable, plants from Haiti and Puerto Rico, for example, have very long stamens, while specimens from the interior of Mexico quite commonly have irregularly lobed leaves and relatively small sepals.
An extract from the roots is used medicinally.
Ipomoea jalapa var. macrorhiza
(Michx.) Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. 8: t. 621. 1822. (
Ipomoea michauxii
Sweet, Hort. Brit. 288.1826. (
Modesta macrorhiza
(Michx) Raf., Fl. Tel. 4: 76. 1838. (
Ipomoea jalapa forma macrorhiza
(Michx.) Matuda, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Mex. 35: 51. 1965. (
UNITED STATES. In maritimis Georgiae et Floridae, (lectotype P00625543, designated here).
Vigorous trailing perennial of sea shores; stems puberulent, rootstock a stout tuber. Leaves petiolate, 4–18 × 4.5–17 deltoid in outline, 3-lobed or (less commonly) entire, obtuse to shortly falcate-acuminate, base truncate and then cuneate onto the petiole, margin undulate to serrate, adaxially minutely punctate, thinly pubescent, glabrescent, abaxially grey-tomentellous; petioles 1.5–9.5 cm, pubescent and sometimes muricate. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes, flowers often solitary; peduncles 1.3–10 cm, tomentose, glabrescent; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 7–24 mm; pedicels 10–30 mm, thickened upwards; sepals obtuse, sometimes mucronate with a broad point, tomentellous, unequal, outer oblong-lanceolate, 13–15 × 4–5 mm, inner oblong-ovate, 14 –16 × 6–7 mm, the margins glabrous, scarious, strongly accrescent in fruit to 22 × 10 mm; corolla 10–11 cm long, white with a pink throat, tomentellous on mid-petaline bands, tube cylindrical and only slightly widened for c. 5 cm, then abruptly flared and funnel-shaped, limb c. 8 cm diam., apparently entire. Capsules 15–20 × 12–15 mm, ovoid with short persistent style, glabrous; seeds 12 × 5 mm densely lanate with hairs 10–15 mm long.
Figure
Ipomoea macrorhiza. A habit B habit C leaf D leaf, abaxial surface E outer sepal F inner sepal G fruiting inflorescence and capsule H leaf, abaxial surface J seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A, E, F from Carey s.n.; B J from Curtiss 2165; C, D from Ritchie Bell 18568; G, H from Genelle & Fleming 351.
Endemic to the south eastern coasts of the USA from North Carolina to Florida and west to Mississippi.
UNITED STATES. Alabama: J.R. McDonald 9845 (IBE, MO). Florida: Genelle & Fleming 351 (BM, USF); F. Rugel 1845 (BM); A.H. Curtiss 2165 (BM, K); T. Nuttall (OXF). Georgia: W. Faircloth 5388 (GA). Mississippi: Pearl River, sine data (FSU); Jackson, R.L. Diener s.n. (MISSA). North Carolina: C. Ritchie Bell 18568 (UNC, BM). South Carolina: S.W. Leonard 4321 (UNC, S).
In designating a lectotype, we have chosen the only original specimen at Paris with a corolla.
A coastal species resembling Ipomoea jalapa but differing in the more hirsute, usually 3-lobed leaves and white, usually solitary flowers as well as the distinctive habitat. It is reported to be a night-flowering moth pollinated species (
MEXICO. Nuevo León, Monterrey, C.G. Pringle 2840 (holotype GH00054512, isotype VT).
Perennial with woody, tuberous rootstock; stems probably trailing. Leaves petiolate, polymorphic, young leaves up to 7 × 4 cm, ovate-deltoid, obtuse, base very broadly cuneate so some leaves subrhomboid; older leaves up to 12 × 14 cm, digitately 7-lobed to just halfway, the central lobe oblong-elliptic, the inner four oblong, the outermost two ovate with a broad, basal appendage, base subcordate and cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially thinly punctate, abaxially tomentose when young, glabrescent; petioles 2–6 cm, glandular-tuberculate near base of older leaves. Inflorescence of solitary (or paired) pedunculate flowers arising in the axils of foliose 7-partite bracts; peduncles 3–5 cm; bracteoles scale-like, caducous; pedicels 1.5–2 cm; sepals subequal c. 8 5 × 5 mm, ovate, rounded, canescent; corolla 5–7 cm long, pubescent in bud, purple, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to north east Mexico, apparently only known from the type.
MEXICO. Nuevo León: type collection.
The shape of the mature leaves is very distinct as is the tuberculate lower part of the petiole.
MEXICO. Tamaulipas, Jonmave Valley, E.W. Nelson 4448 (holotype US332519, isotype GH).
Trailing or twining perennial from woody enlarged rootstock, stems thinly pubescent, eventually glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, small, 2–5 × 2–5 cm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, cordate-hastate with relatively large, rounded, acute or shallowly bifid auricles, margin often undulate, pubescent, especially beneath; petioles 1–4 cm. Inflorescence of solitary flowers; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles minute; pedicels 7–15 mm; sepals slightly unequal, oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtuse, puberulous, outer 8–10 mm, inner 10–13 × 6–8 mm with scarious margins; corolla 6–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb 6 cm diam., bluish-purple. Capsules globose, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 8 × 5 mm, ellipsoid, densely lanate.
Arid rocky slopes and cliff faces, NE Mexico and adjacent parts of Texas.
MEXICO. Coahuila: Sierra del Pino, I.M. Johnston & C.H. Muller 385 (GH); Torreón, G.S. Hinton 25751 (GBH, TEX); zona de Laguna de la Leche, T. Wendt & E.J. Lott 1884 (MEXU). Nuevo León: Salinas Victoria, G.S. Hinton 24248 (GBH); Sierra de Lampazos, J.A. Villarreal et al. 9149 (IEB). Tamaulipas: Pueblo Viejo, 2 km S of Tampico, E. Palmer 428 (US); 25 km S of Tula, M.C. Johnston et al. 11134 (MEXU, MO); Tula, E. Pérez Calix 4259 (IEB).
UNITED STATES. Texas: Brewster, Brushy Creek, B.L. Turner & W. Dodson 23-167 (TEX); ibid., Mt Emory, B.H. Warnock 476 (TEX); Cameron Co., W.R. Carr & M. Pons 29898 (TEX); Hidalgo, La Joya, R. Runyon 2751 (TEX).
This species is characterised by the small pubescent leaves with undulate margins, solitary flowers and oblong puberulous sepals.
MEXICO. Coahuila, Sierra de la Paila, A.D. Zimmerman 1948 (holotype TEX00372576, isotypes NY, TEX).
Trailing or twining perennial; stems woody, glabrous or thinly pubescent at nodes. Leaves petiolate, 3.8–4.5 × 3.5–4.5 cm, ovate to subtrilobate, apex obtuse or acute, margin sinuate, base cordate and cuneate onto the petiole, the auricles rounded, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2.8–5.4 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–2.2 cm, glabrous or pubescent basally; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 18–23 mm; sepals equal, 13–16 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, outer with a few minute appressed hairs, inner with scarious margins; corolla opening at night, 4.5–6 cm long, hypocrateriform, tube purple inside, limb white c. 4 cm in diam., pilose on midpetaline bands; stamens exceeding corolla but not reported as exserted. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Only known from the type collected from the slopes of an arid inselberg at 1400 m.
MEXICO. Coahuila: type collection.
Reported as related to Ipomoea rupicola but differing in the white hypocrateriform corolla.
MEXICO. Guerrero, Mun. Mochitlán, Agua de Obispo, H. Kruse 744 (holotype MEXU00093332, isotypes CAS, ENCB, IEB).
Twining perennial from a tuberous rootstock, stem somewhat woody, tomentellous, up to 3 m long. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–6.5 × 0.7–2.5 cm, oblong to narrowly elliptic, acute, base cuneate, adaxially green, obscurely tomentellous, abaxially white-sericeous to tomentellous; petioles 5–12 mm. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired) axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–4 cm, obscurely sericeous; bracteoles 5–10 mm, linear; pedicels 10–15 mm, sericeous; sepals subequal, 14–20 × 3–5 mm, narrowly ovate, finely acuminate, white-sericeous, the inner with sericeous margins; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or bluish, sericeous, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules globose, glabrous; seeds unknown.
Mixed oak and pine forest on stony soil at 1100 m.
MEXICO. Sine data, Bourgeau s.n. (P03538332). Guerrero: Mun. Mochitlán, Agua de Obispo, H. Kruse 6368 (IEB).
The Bourgeau collection differs somewhat from the type in its narrower leaves and slightly shorter sepals but in other ways conforms to this very distinctive species, which is characterised by the sericeous or tomentellous indumentum, persistent linear bracteoles and relatively large, narrowly ovate, acuminate sepals.
The placement of this species is provisional. The pubescent corolla and calyx strongly support its placement in the Jalapa radiation but a final decision cannot be made until this species has been successfully sequenced.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, near Reyes, E.W. Nelson 1823 (holotype US00111447, isotypes GH, NY).
Vigorous twining or sprawling liana to 4 m; stems and all vegetative parts densely white-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 8–20 × 6–20 cm, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse or acute, base subtruncate to shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, densely white-tomentose on both surfaces but abaxially paler; petioles 4–35 mm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate 3–6-flowered cymes borne on side branches so appearing to form elongate bracteate racemes; bracts resembling small leaves; peduncles very short, 0.5–3 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 10–20 × 4–6 mm, oblong-elliptic, caducous; pedicels 2–3.5 cm, sulcate, thickened upwards, tomentose; sepals 15–20 × 7–10 mm at anthesis but strongly accrescent in fruit to 25 × 15 mm, ovate to elliptic, obtuse, densely tomentose; corolla 6–10 cm long, white, subhypocrateriform, tomentose, more densely so on midpetaline bands, limb c. 5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules 20–25 × 15–18 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 11–14 × 5–6 mm, black with long marginal hairs 12–20 mm long.
Dry deciduous forest and scrub, often on rocky soils below 1100 m from central Mexico south to Nicaragua.
NICARAGUA. Estelí, Cerro El Almendro, Condega, P. Moreno 25334 (BM); Matagalpa, Loma Chichigua, W.D. Stevens et al. 5672 (BM, MO); A. Molina 23332 (F).
HONDURAS. Francisco Morazán, V. Mendoza 112 (BM); J.V. Rodríguez 3272 (F).
EL SALVADOR. Área protegída San Juan Buenavista, R.A. Carballo 17 (MO, W).
GUATEMALA. W. Kellerman 5645 (US); J.J. Castillo Mont et al. 1694 (MO).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Tuxtla Gutiérrez-San Cristóbal, P.J. Stafford et al. 235 (BM). Colima: R. McVaugh 26236 (MICH). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Guayabal, G.B. Hinton 3360 (BM, K, MEXU); ibid., Calera, G.B. Hinton 5887 (K); ibid., Salitre, G.B. Hinton 8739 (K, MO). Guerrero: Petalán, J. Soto Nuñez 12121 (MEXU); Tierra Colorada, Kruse 992 (MEXU). Michoacán: J.V. Dieterle 3176 (MICH); Aquila, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6659 (IEB, MEXU). Morelos: Cuernavaca, C.G. Pringle 7229 (GH). Oaxaca: Cuicatlán, R. & M.L. Torres 6908 (MEXU, MO); San Juan Bautista, Cuicatlán, J.P. Abascal 118 (MEXU). Querétaro: Cerro La Pedrera, L.M. Chávez 6 (IEB, MEXU).
This species was placed in the Arborescens group by
MEXICO. Oaxaca, 10.4 miles W of Santiago Astata, M. Luckow 2605 (holotype TEX00372566, isotypes: A, MEXU, US).
Woody vine; stems erect, eventually twining and twisted, 0.5–3 m long and up to 1 cm thick, villous when young but glabrescent when old, the stem base swollen and succulent. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 1.5–5 cm, broadly elliptic to subrhomboid, base cuneate, rounded or truncate, apex acute to acuminate, adaxially dark green puberulent, abaxially canescent; petioles 0.5–3.5 cm long. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal, bracteate pseudoraceme; flowers solitary in the axils of the petiolate bracts; peduncles absent; bracteoles triangular, stipule-like; pedicels 2–9 mm, puberulent; sepals subequal, 11–15 × 5–7 mm, oblong-elliptic, acute to obtuse, grey-green-canescent; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, urceolate, pubescent, basal cylindrical part 6–8 × 4–8 mm, greenish, then abruptly dilated for 2.5–3.5 cm. 1.5–2 cm wide, limb flared, lobed, 2.5–3 cm diam., midpetaline bands green between purplish petaline regions, stamens included. Capsules ellipsoid, 11–13 × 8–10 mm, glabrous; seeds 6–7 × 3.5 mm, puberulent and densely lanate from the marginal hairs.
Illustration:
Endemic to the Tehuantepec region of SE Oaxaca in southern Mexico.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: A. Saynes et al. 2657 (IEB, MEXU, MO); J.F. Castrejón et al. 1094 (MEXU, MO); ibid., M. Elorsa 2485 (IEB, MEXU); Pochutla, A. Nava Zafra et al. 780 (MEXU).
Apparently very similar to Ipomoea bombycina, differing in the smooth, terete hypocotyl, sepals 10–15 mm and the corolla 3.5–4 cm long with a pale green and purple limb. The two species may intergrade but neither are very well-known.
Bombycospermum mexicanum
C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 137, t. 71. 1835. (
Batatas bombycina
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 340. 1845. (
Based on Bombycospermum mexicanum C. Presl
Woody liana from a rough, furrowed hypocotyl, stem with yellowish bark, pubescent and scabrous-pustulate. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–7.5 cm, ovate-rhomboid, acute, margin somewhat undulate, base subtruncate and cuneate onto the petiole (sometimes asymmetric), adaxially glabrous, abaxially grey-tomentose, puncticulate, veins prominent; petioles 2–5 cm, pubescent, sometimes pustulate. Inflorescence of short leafy axillary racemes, sometimes reduced to tight clusters; rhachis 2–8 cm long, densely pubescent; bracteoles c. 5 mm long, linear, fugacious; pedicels 3–4(–8) mm; sepals 5–8 mm, grey-tomentose, subequal, outer ovate, acute, inner elliptic, obtuse; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long, basal cylindrical tube 7–10 mm, then expanded, urceolate, tube cream with purplish veins, adpressed pilose, limb with short triangular lobes, c. 3 × 3 mm, yellowish-green. Capsules 15 × 8–10 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, blackish, densely woolly with hairs 2 cm or more long.
An uncommon endemic of southern Mexico.
MEXICO. Chiapas: Mun. Ocozocoautla de Espinoza, A. Shilom Tom 3761 (F). Guerrero: Acapulco, E. Palmer 370 (F, K, MO); ibid., F. Miranda 3342 (MEXU); Tecpan, E. Langlassé 939 (K). Jalisco: Tomatlán, Puerto Vallarta-Barra de Navidad, E.J. Lott 678 (FTG, MEXU, MO); La Huerta, M.G. Ayala 442 (MEXU); Coyuca-El Zapote, G.L. Webster & G.J. Breckon 16227 (MEXU). Oaxaca: Tapanatepec, D. Thomatis s.n. (K). Zacatecas: El Calabazal, E. Langlassé 479bis (K, P).
Notes. The corolla is consistently 3–3.5 cm long, not 2.5 cm, as stated by
A night-flowering, possibly bat-pollinated species.
The specimen at MO (H.C. Cutler 8414) from Ceará, Brazil, identified as Ipomoea bombycina by McPherson is leafless and flowerless and is almost certainly not this species. It might, for example, be I. eremnobrocha, which has similar seeds and is known from several states in NE Brazil.
Marcellia villosa
Mart. ex Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 10: 443. 1844. (
?Calystegia discolor Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(5), Beibl. 57: 42. 1897. (
Based on Marcellia villosa Mart. ex Choisy
Usually trailing liana; stems stout, woody, pubescent to tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 9–17 × 5.5–14 cm, broadly ovate, acute to broadly mucronate, base shallowly cordate to truncate, often with a square sinus, margins often undulate, adaxially tomentellous, abaxially white-tomentose; petioles 9–10 cm. Inflorescence woody, long-pedunculate, formed of compound cymes, usually subcapitate; peduncle 20–42 cm, stout, often woody, white-felted to tomentellous; secondary, tertiary, quaternary peduncles often present, 1.5–4 cm diminishing in length and thickness upwards; bracteoles 10–26 × 7–11 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, acute to obtuse, somewhat boat-shaped and partially enclosing calyx, tardily caducous; pedicels 0–6 mm, tomentellous; sepals slightly unequal 13–15 × 8–10 mm, tomentellous, outer elliptic, obtuse, inner obovate-elliptic, pubescent but less so at scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, white to pale lilac, pilose, funnel-shaped; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules 10–12 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 6 mm, dark brown, long-pilose.
Endemic to Brazil and almost restricted to caatinga in the north east.
BRAZIL. Alagoas: Agua Branca, K. Costa & Magalhães 561 (SP). Bahia: Jeremoabo, L.P. de Queiroz et al. 4651 (HUEFS, RB); Santa Maria da Vítoria, L.P. de Queiroz et al. 6114 (HUEFS, OXF). Ceará: Estrada de Quichará, A.P. Duarte 1487 (RB); Chapada do Araripe, A. Castellanos & L. Duarte 536 (MO). Paraíba: Mun. Campina Grande, M.F. Agra 1271 (K, MO); Costa & de Brito 145 (JPB). Pernambuco: Mun. Caruaru, Oliveira & Miranda 15 (PEUFR, SP); Alagoinha, D. Andrade-Lima 92 (ASE, SP, SPF). Rio Grande do Norte: Caiçara do Rio do Vento, R.L. Soares Neto 60 (UFRN). Sergipe: D.M. Coelho 435 (RB).
Pereira Neto et al. 234 (RB), from Mun. Patrocinio in Minas Gerais, is atypically densely tomentose and distant from the main population and may represent a distinct species.
Calystegia discolor is included in this synonomy with some doubt. The extant isotypes are of poor quality and do not show the distinct inflorescence of Ipomoea marcellia. The type was collected in Minas Gerais and may correspond to the form represented by Pereira Neto et al. 234.
BRAZIL. Goiás: Rio Tocantins, Porto Imperial, W.J. Burchell 8738 (isotype K000612855).
Subshrub with trailing stems, the whole plant softly tomentose to pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–7.5 × 0.4–2 cm, oblong, acute, mucronate, base truncate to cordate, margin often inrolled, adaxially green, pubescent, abaxially whitish, gland-dotted, densely pubescent especially on the veins; petioles pubescent, 2–9 mm. Inflorescence of dense, 1–3-flowered subsessile bracteolate clusters, often reduced to single flowers, forming a subterminal inflorescence; peduncles 3–10 mm densely hirsute; bracteoles 6–13 mm, linear, finely acuminate, pilose; sepals very unequal, outer 15–20 × 5–7 mm, oblong, ovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded and mucronate, long-pilose especially near base, pale green and somewhat foliose, inner 11–12 × 3–4 mm, ovate, acuminate, densely lanate but with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 5.5–7.5 cm long, very narrowly funnel-shaped, only slightly widened upwards, pink with white tube, pilose, the limb undulate, 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules c. 8 × 7 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, shortly pilose on the angles.
Figure
Ipomoea burchellii. A habit B adaxial leaf surface C abaxial leaf surface D leaf and single flower E outer sepal F middle sepal G inner sepal H corolla opened out to show stamens J ovary and style K seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A–C, F–J from Irwin et al. 21323; D K from Amaral et al. 835.
Endemic to the cerrados of north central Brazil.
BRAZIL. Bahia: fide
The position of this species in the sequence is uncertain.
• The following species (84–127) of Clade A1 are not part of the Jalapa radiation.
Icon, Jacquin, Stirp. Amer. Hort. Pl. t. 18 (1763), lectotype designated by
Erect (subsp. fistulosa) or climbing (subsp. carnea) undershrub to 4 m, often growing in clumps, stems stout, hollow, canescent when young, becoming glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 8–20(–30) × 3–10(–12)cm, ovate or elongate-ovate-deltoid, base cordate to subtruncate with rounded auricles, apex acuminate to long-acuminate, both surfaces grey-canescent when young, glabrescent, veins prominent abaxially; petioles 3–8 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate axillary, somewhat compact cymes; peduncles 2–12 cm; bracteoles 3–4 mm, ovate or elliptic, caducous; secondary peduncles 3–7 mm; pedicels 5–15 mm, puberulent; sepals subequal, 5–6 × 7–8 mm, ovate to suborbicular, rounded, tomentellous, margins scarious; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentellous in bud, ±glabrescent, limb 4.5–5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules 18 × 10 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 10–11 × 3–4 mm, woolly with very long hairs on the angles.
Two distinct subspecies are generally recognised, sometimes as distinct species. The type subspecies is a twining liana with ovate, cordate, shortly acuminate leaves, whereas subsp. fistulosa is an erect, commonly cultivated subshrub, in which the ovate cordate leaves are long-acuminate. Occasional intermediate occurs, such as J. Schunke & G. Edwin 3718 (BM, F) from Cajamarca in Peru, which combines the leaf shape of subsp. carnea with the habit of subsp. fistulosa.
Convolvulus pareirifolius
Bertol. ex Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 613. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Batatas pareirifolia
(Berthol. ex Spreng.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8(1): 123 [45]. 1838. (
Ipomoea pareirifolia
(Bertol. ex Spreng.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 273. 1838. (
Ipomoea carnea forma albiflora
Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 224. 1947. (
Characterised by its climbing habit and ovate, shortly acuminate, almost orbicular leaves.
Distributed along the mountain chain from northern Peru to Mexico, this subspecies is perhaps most characteristic of dry woodland. We have seen no specimens from Brazil, the Guianas, Guatemala, El Salvador or Honduras and very few from the Caribbean Islands. Records from Bolivia (
PERU. Cajamarca: Jaén, P.C. Hutchinson & Wright 6376 (UC, MO, S); Pucara, A. Gentry et al. 22703 (USM). Huánuco: Tingo Maria, R. Ferreyra 12782 (USM). Pasco: Oxapampa, R. Rojas et al. 4272 (MO, OXF). Piura: Paimas-Sullana, A. Gentry et al. 74921 (MO, USM).
ECUADOR. El Oro: Chacras, H. Vargas et al. 1169 (MO). Guayas: R. Spruce 6499 (BM); Fraser s.n. (BM); Santa Elena, L.B. Holm-Nielson et al. 2449 (AAU, S). Loja: G. Harling & L. Andersson 18251 (FTG, S). Manabí: Montecristí, L.B. Holm-Nielson et al. 7210 (AAU, NY).
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: San Luis, J.G. Ramírez & D. Cárdenas 1748 (MO). Boyacá: Puerto Romero-Otanche, J. Betancur 6791 (COL). Cesar: La Jagua de Ibirico, J.L. Fernández 13382 (COL). Cundinamarca: Nariño, J.L. Fernández 7814 (COL); Tocaima, J.J. Triana 3805 (COL). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1583 (BM).
VENEZUELA. Lara: A.H.G. Alston 6348 (BM, S); E. Asplund 15003 (S). Nueva Esparta: Margarita Island, O.O. Miller & J.R. Johnston 79 (BM, MO). Maracaibo: Moritz 1241 (BM).
PANAMA. Los Santos, Pocri, D. Burch et al. 1266 (MO, RB).
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, P.N. Palo Verde, U. Chavarría 892 (BM, MO); ibid., P.N. Santa Rosa, R. Espinoza & U. Chavarría 1273 (K, MO); P. Wilkin 443 (BM).
NICARAGUA. Granada, Isla Zapatero, J.C. Sandino 1889 (MO, BM).
BELIZE. Belize River, J. Lyon 12A (MO).
MEXICO. Baja California: J.I. Calzada 25086 (K, MEXU). Campeche: Ciudad de Carmen, E.F. & H. Cabrera 15887 (MO, MEXU). Chiapas: D. Breedlove & E. McClintock 23563 (MEXU). Quintana Roo: Solidaridad, Cobá, O. Téllez 1382 (BM, MEXU, MO). Tabasco: A. Novelo et al. 275 (MEXU). Yucatán: M. Peña-Chocarro & Tun 416 (BM).
JAMAICA. Bancroft s.n. (K); Marsh s.n. (K).
LESSER ANTILLES. St Vincent: H.H. & G.W. Smith 1308 (K).
Ipomoea fistulosa
Mart. ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 349. 1845. (
Convolvulus batatilla
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 106. 1818 [pub.1819]. (
Ipomoea batatilla
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 275. 1838. (
Batatas crassicaulis
Benth., Voy. Sulphur 5: 134.1845. (
Ipomoea crassicaulis
(Benth.) B.L. Rob., Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 51: 530. 1916. (
Ipomoea fruticosa
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 444. 1891. (
Ipomoea
tragulifera Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc.4: 160. 1864. (
Ipomoea gossypioides
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 15. 1877. (
Ipomoea texana
Coult., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1(2): 45. 1890. (
Ipomoea fistulosa var. nicaraguensis
Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. 19(7) 256. 1894. (
Ipomoea nicaraguensis
(Donn. Sm.) House, Bot. Gaz. 43(6): 409. 1907. (
Ipomoea fistulosa forma albiflora
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 687. 1905. (
Ipomoea crassicaulis var. goodellii
Degener, Fl. Hawaii. sine pag. 1936. (
Based on Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy
Diagnosis. This subspecies is characterised by its erect habit and elongate, long-acuminate leaves.
Figure
Probably native in swamp and flooded pampas in eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina (Formosa, Corrientes), Eastern Paraguay and southern Brazil in the Pantanal and Rio Paraguay-Parana systems but also possibly so in seasonally dry swampy areas elsewhere. It is apparently rare or absent in the Amazon forest region, not being recorded from Pando in Bolivia or Rôndonia in Brazil and with few records from Brazilian Amazonas. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental in gardens up to at least 1000 m and it is not always easy to decide whether a population is spontaneous or planted. It seems that all collections from the Caribbean, the United States and probably Mexico are cultivated or recently naturalised plants.
ARGENTINA. Corrientes: A. Schinini 13248 (CTES, MO). Formosa: L. Morel 1730 (LIL, RB); R.H. Fortunato et al. 6083 (MO).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Puerto Casado, F. Mereles & R. Degen 6150 (CTES, FCQ, MO). Boqueron: Mariscal Estigarribia, Escuela Agricola, B. Garcete 15 (FCQ). Central: B. Balansa 1077 (P); Limpio, E. Zardini 2678 (FCQ, MO). Cordillera: E. Zardini 22224 (MO). Guairá: Colonia 14 de Mayo, F. Mereles et al. 10016 (FCQ). Pres. Hayes: Riacho Heê, J. de Egea et al. 783 (BM, FCQ). Ñeembucú: Est. San Antonio, J. de Egea et al. 367 (BM, FCQ). Pres. Hayes: Est. Loma Porá, W. of Puente Concepción, F. Mereles & R. Degen 6015 (FCQ, MO).
BRAZIL. Acre: J.U. Santos 66 (RB). Amapá: D.F. Austin 6969 (MO). Amazonas: P.J. & H. Maas 522 (MO). Bahia: R.M. Harley et al. 16278 (K, MO, NY). Ceará: A. Löfgren 707 (S). Maranhão: N.A. Rosa 2510 (NY); B.A. Krukoff 2028 (NY, S). Mato Grosso: S. Moore 908 (BM); Transpantaneira highway, G. Prance 26158 (NY). Mato Grosso do Sul: G. Hatschbach 29552 (MBM, NY, S); E.P. Heringer 860 (NY). Pará: Santarém, R. Spruce s.n. [3/1850] (BM); A. Ducke s.n. (RB). Paraíba: M.F. Agra 661 (RB). Paraná: M.G. Caxambú 221 (MBM). Pernambuco: L.P. Féliz 5661 (RB). Piauí: B.M.T. Walter 6678 (CEN, RB). Rio de Janeiro: A.M. Miranda 3728 (RB). Rio Grande do Norte: A.M. Marinho 65 (RB). Santa Catarina: L.A. Funez 3642 (FURB). São Paulo: J.M. Camargo 2510 (RB). Throughout Brazil except Rondônia fide
FRENCH GUIANA. D.W. Roubik (MO).
SURINAM. No record or specimen seen.
GUYANA. Fide
BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, N. & M. Ritter 3335 (BOLV, MO); Mamoré, M. Moraes et al. 1523 (LPB, USZ). Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, M. Toledo et al. 591 (USZ). Velasco, J.R.I. Wood & B. Williams 27736 (OXF, LPB, USZ). N. Ritter & P.F. Foster 2391 (MO, USZ); Warnes, M. Nee 45170 (LPB, MO, NY, USZ).
PERU. Amazonas: P.J. Barbour 4226 (MO). Cusco: P. Nuñez & S. Walsh 6321 (CUZ, MO, USM). Ica: J. Roque 100 (USM). Lima: Canta, G. Vilcapoma 7777 (USM). Loreto: M. Rimachi 8593 (MO)
ECUADOR. Fagerlind & Wibom 159 (S). Guayas: Colimes-Balzar, C. Bonifaz 678 (GUAY). Loja: J. Jaramillo & V. Winnerskjold 5826 (GB).
COLOMBIA. Chocó: E. Ferrero & R. Jaramillo 2485 (MO). Magdalena: C. Allen 51 (MO). Tolima: L. Aguirre 203 (COL, RB). Valle: L.E. Forero & N. Hernández 1613 (MO).
VENEZUELA. Apure: G. Davidse & A.C. González 14800 (MO). Bolívar: J. Velazco 71. Guárico: R. Rondeau 160 (MO). Miranda: K.R. Robertson & D.F. Austin 149 (MO).
PANAMA. B.L. Seeman 177 (BM); W.H. Lewis et al. 296 (MO).
COSTA RICA. D. Hernández & R. Chacón 9025 (K).
NICARAGUA. W.D. Stevens 9421 (BM, MO), 22900 (BM, MO); A.A. Beetle 26253 (K, UC).
EL SALVADOR. J.M. Tucker 922 (K, UC).
HONDURAS. Fide
BELIZE. E.G.F. Campbell 87 (K).
GUATEMALA. H. Pittier 355 (BM).
MEXICO. Campeche: B. Faust & P. Ucan 0522 (CICY, MO). Chiapas: Espinosa 153 (MO). Guerrero: E. Palmer 431 (BM, K). Guanajuato: E. Carranza & R.M. García 5330 (IEB). Michoacán: G.B. Hinton et al. 12514 (K). Nuevo León: J.A. Villarreal 9191 (IEB). Oaxaca: M. Elorsa 2804 (IEB). Querétaro: E. Pérez 4356 (IEB). Quintana Roo: E.F. & H. Cabrera 6847 (MEXU, MO). Sonora: fide
UNITED STATES. Florida: fide
CUBA. R.A. Howard 4841 (A, BM, S); E.L. Ekman 445 (S); C.F. Baker 14 (K, MO).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 25573 (BM); L. Wynter 2192 (K).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H9151 (S)
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. H.F.A. von Eggers 1839 (BM, K); H. von Türckheim 2544 (BM, K); E.J. Valeur 467 (K, MO)
PUERTO RICO. J.S. Miller & C.D. Sherman 6602 (MO).
LESSER ANTILLES: British Virgin Islands: Anegada, M.A. Hamilton 126 (K). Dominica: C. Whitefoord 5821 (BM).).
TRINIDAD. W.E. Broadway s.n. [24/11/1932] (BM, MO). Tobago: W.E. Broadway 2450 (K).
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Curaçao: fide
HAWAII. Type of Ipomoea crassicaulis var. goodellii.
Immediately recognised by the tall erect habit combined with the cordate, acuminate leaves. The tomentellous sepals are unexpectedly small.
• Species 85–93. These nine species form a clade in both the nuclear and chloroplast sequences. They are very heterogenous morphologically and it is difficult to see any common character.
BOLIVIA. Caranavi, Serrania de Bellavista, west side above Carrasco, J.R.I. Wood & S.G. Beck 28539 (holotype LPB, isotypes K, OXF, USZ).
Liana, 15–20 m high, the flowers covering the tops of trees; stems when young green, minutely puberulous, weakly angled; when mature woody, grey, somewhat muricate; rootstock (juvenile) tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 5.5–14 × 3–8 cm, ovate, cordate, acuminate, both surfaces, minutely and densely puberulent, abaxially paler with rather prominent, raised veins; petioles 2.5–6 cm, minutely puberulent. Inflorescence of (1–)2–4(–7)-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–11 cm, minutely puberulent; bracteoles at base of cyme resembling small leaves, upwards caducous and not seen; secondary peduncles 0.5–4 cm; pedicels 1.5–3.5 cm, minutely puberulent; sepals slightly unequal, somewhat convex, outer 13–16 × 10 mm, inner 18–20 × 15–18 mm, elliptic to subovate, rounded, rigid, glabrous, pale green with scarious margins; corolla 9–9.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with pale pink throat or pure white, glabrous; limb unlobed, c. 6 cm wide; filaments unequal, 15–24 mm long, anthers 10 mm long; style 3 cm long; stigma biglobose. Capsules subglobose, 18 × 15 mm, glabrous; seeds 8 × 4 mm, pilose on the margins with hairs up to 12 mm long.
Endemic to moist hill forest with frequent cloud 1400–1500 m on the west side of the Serrania de Bellavista.
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Caranavi, T. Feuerer & N. Höhne 4662 (LPB); S.G. Beck 17205 (LPB, K, SP).
A very vigorous liana reaching heights unattained by most species of Ipomoea. Herbarium specimens are most likely to be confused with Ipomoea philomega but that species has smaller, deep pink corollas, 5–6 cm in length and, usually, glabrous leaves and distinctive reddish sepals (Figure
Ipomoea floribunda var. martii
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 262. 1869. (
Ipomoea batatoides var. tomentosa
Glaz., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57, mém. 3e: 484. 1910. (
Ipomoea paulistana
O’Donell, Dusenia 3: 278. 1950. (
Based on Ipomoea floribunda var. martii Meisn.
Variable twining perennial or liana to 6 m, stems (and leaves) glabrous to tomentellous. Leaves petiolate, 4–12 × 4–12 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate, with rounded auricles, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glabrous, pubescent or tomentellous; petioles 2.5–5.5 cm. Inflorescence typically many-flowered, subcorymbose in form or a raceme of umbels; peduncles 2–9(–20) cm; bracteoles caducous, scale-like; secondary peduncles 3–5 cm; tertiary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 5–20 mm; sepals unequal, outer 7–8 × 3–4 mm, ovate, obtuse, scarious-margined, glabrous, inner 8–10 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, rounded to retuse, margins broad, scarious; corolla (3–)3.5–4.5 cm long, white, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 2.5 cm diam. Capsules 9–10 × 8–12 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 6 × 2–3 mm, pilose with long cilia c. 8 mm in length.
Common in scrub and woodland and on woodland borders in the São Paulo area extending north to Bahia and south to NE Argentina and Rio Grande do Sul. Records from Mato Grosso and Pará (
ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Ituzaingo, A. Schinini et al. 11144 (CTES). Misiones: Belgrano, H. Keller & Franco 9733 (CTES); San Pedro, Rodríguez 1165 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Bahia: Estrada de Catuaba para Bonito, L.P. de Queiroz et al. 15967 (CTES, OXF). Dist. Fed.: Lago Paranoá, Nascimiento et al. 148 (K); Bacia do Rio São Bartolomeu, E.P. Heringer et al. 6693 (IBGE, K, MO); Côrrego Landim, H.S. Irwin et al. 14028 (NY). Espirito Santo: Santa Teresa, Wilson Boone 1116 (MO); A.P. Duarte 8834 (RB); Castelo, R. Goldenberg 1074 (RB). Goiás: Corumbá de Goiás, E.P. Heringer & A.E.H. Salles 17024 (IBGE, MO); Serra Geral do Paraná, W.R. Anderson et al. 7700 (NY, MO); H.S. Irwin et al. 31787 (NY). Minas Gerais: P. Clausen s.n. (K); C.W. Mosén 4521 (S); A. Arbo et al. 5288 (CTES, SPF); Viçosa Agricultural College, Y. Mexia 4397 (BM, K, MO, NY, S). Paraná: Adrianópolis, G. Hatschbach 38533 (CTES, NY); Cel. Vivida, G. Hatschbach 26373 (CTES, K, MBM, NY, S); O.S. Ribas 6203 (MBM). Rio de Janeiro: D. Sucre 2703 (RB); Petrópolis, G. Martinelli 801 (RB). Rio Grande do Sul: P.P.A. Ferreira 61 (ICN) fide
In much of its range this species is easily recognised by its creamy-white flowers arranged in subumbellate cymes. However it can only be distinguished from Ipomoea reticulata by the larger sepals and corolla and some specimens can be difficult to assign, particularly from the Brasilia area. There is a case, therefore, for treating these two species as subspecies but we are reluctant to make this decision. Although I. reticulata is always glabrous or minutely scabridulous-puberulent, the leaves of I. saopaulista are commonly densely pubescent or even tomentose, a state never seen in I. reticulata and mere size is not, therefore, the only distinguishing feature between the two species.
Ipomoea peredoi
O’Donell, Lilloa 30: 44. 1960. (
COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander, región de Sarare, J. Cuatrecasas 13321 (holotype LIL001281, isotypes COL, F).
Weak liana to 3 m, stems woody, glabrous to minutely scabridulous, often dotted with black glands. Leaves petiolate, 4–9 × 3–6 cm, ovate to suborbicular, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate, usually glabrous but sometimes scabridulous-puberulent, abaxially often minutely black-punctate; petioles 2.5–5 cm, scabridulous. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes, these often developing into a raceme or panicle-like structure 5–10 cm long; peduncles 1–4.5 cm, sometimes extended into a rhachis up to 3 cm long; secondary peduncles 0.5–1.8 cm long; bracteoles scale-like, caducous; pedicels very variable in length. 5–15 mm long, glabrous; sepals subequal, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, elliptic, obtuse, scarious-margined, inner obovate with very broad scarious margins; corolla 2.3–3.5 cm long, creamy-white with greenish midpetaline bands and (sometimes a dull violet centre), campanulate, glabrous, limb 2.5 cm diam., undulate; stamens held at corolla mouth. Capsules ovoid, 10–12 × 7–8 mm, glabrous; seeds 5 mm long, pilose.
Widely distributed in tropical America from Bolivia north to southern Mexico but becoming less common north of Panama. It is usually found in sub-Andean rainforest or in moister areas of seasonally dry forest in the Amazonian lowlands, rarely above 1000 m.
BRAZIL. Acre: D.C. Daly 11802 (NY). Mato Grosso: L. Carreira et al. 895 (INPA, NY). Pará: R.S Secco et al. 201 (MO). Also Goiás and Minas Gerais fide
BOLIVIA. Beni: Ballivián, J. Balderrama 517 (NY, LPB, SP). Chuquisaca: Calvo, A. Carretero et al. 867 (HSB, MO, OXF). Cochabamba: P.N. Carrasco, Río Ichoa, O. Colque & L. Mendoza 472 (MO, NY, OXF, USZ); Chapare, J.R.I. Wood & B. Williams 27732 (K, LPB, USZ). La Paz: Guanay, H.H. Rusby 1995 (NY, MICH). Pando: A. Araujo-M. al. 5387 (K, USZ). Santa Cruz: Ibañez, M. Nee & L. Bohs 49612 (CTES, NY, MO, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, J.R.I. Wood 14767 (K, LPB, USZ); Velasco, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28205 (LPB, USZ).
PERU. Amazonas: Condorcanqui, R. Kayap 628 (MO). Ayacucho: La Mar, Villa Union, J. Roque 5538 (USM). Junín: Chanchamayo, Sandeman s.n. (BM). Loreto: R. Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 9357 (MO). Madre de Dios: R.B. Foster 6385 (F); Río Acre, E. Ule 9706 (K, NY). Pasco: Cordillera San Matias, A.H. Gentry & C. Díaz 58628 (F, MO); Oxapampa, Palcazú, R. Vásquez et al. 38032 (MO). San Martín: Juan Jui, Alto Río Huallaga, G. Klug 4305 (BM, K, MO S); Mariscal Cáceres, J. Schunke 3896 (F, MO).
ECUADOR. Napo: Río Aguarico, J.S. Brandbyge et al. 36185 (AAU, MO); Yasuni National Park, R.J. Burnham 1496 (MICH, QCA). Pastaza: Canelos, H. Lugo 1545 (K, MO). Sucumbíos: Río Cuyabeno, J.S. Brandbyge et al. 33820 (AAU, MO). Zamora-Chinchipe: Zamora-Romerillos, T. Croat & M. Menke 89763 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Guaviare: J. Cuatrecasas 7433 (COL). Norte de Santander: type of Ipomoea reticulata. Putumayo: Umbria, G. Klug 1773 (BM, K, MO, S).
VENEZUELA. Bolívar: Sifontes, G. Aymard 4712 (MO). Lara: Jiménez, P.N. Yacambú, G. Davidse & A.C. González 21334 (MO).
PANAMA. B.L. Seeman 4921 (K).
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, W.A. Haber & E. Bello 2937 (MO); San José, Aserri, B.E. Hammel et al. 22887 (MO)
MEXICO. Puebla: W.G. D’Arcy 11938 (MO). Tamaulipas: Gomez Farias, S. Rodriquez 79 (MO). Veracruz: J. Dorantes et al. 03599 (F, MEXU, MO, XAL); San Andrés Tuxtla, G. Ibarra Manríquez & S. Sinaca 2077 (MEXU); Las Tuxtlas, S. Sinaca 1021 (MEXU).
Notes. Usually easily identified by the small flattish sepals (the inner with rather broad scarious margins) and short, campanulate, cream corolla but sometimes difficult to distinguish herbarium specimens from Ipomoea batatoides which also commonly has leaves abaxially gland-dotted. However in I. batatoides the corolla is much larger and usually pink, the sepals are coriaceous and convex without broad scarious margins and the axillary inflorescences are usually clearly cymose in form. In southern Brazil Ipomoea reticulata is largely replaced by Ipomoea saopaulista O’Donell, which differs in its larger corolla. Intermediates between the two are reported from Goiás.
R. Vásquez 5044 (FTG, MO) from Peru may represent an undescribed species related to Ipomoea reticulata. It is similar in all aspects but all flower parts are much smaller, the sepals 4–4.5 mm long and the corolla c. 1.8 cm in length. It was collected in Ucayali, Prov. Coronel Portillo, about 74°35'S, 8°25'W around km 10 on the Carretera Federico Besadare. More collections are needed to evaluate this plant.
Plants cited from Mexico are similar in inflorescence structure and flower colour but the corolla is rather large and more funnel-shaped and the sepals appear coriaceous. They need investigation and may also belong to a different species.
BOLIVIA. Tarija, 1904, K. Fiebrig 2655A (holotype BM000758194, isotypes K, P).
Trailing herb, stems up to 2 m long, thinly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 5–11 × 5–11 cm, ovate to suborbicular, narrowly cordate with rounded, overlapping auricles, apex shortly acuminate, adaxially almost glabrous, abaxially bluish-grey with prominent, raised veins, scurfy-pubescent; petioles 3–6 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, 1–3(–5)-flowered, axillary cymes, peduncles 7–15 cm, straight; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 0.5–1.6 cm; pedicels 0.5–2.5 cm, scurfy-pubescent, slightly widened below calyx, often fracturing at summit; sepals subequal, 7–9 × 4–5 mm, broadly oblong, obtuse, thinly scurfy-puberulent, margins scarious, glabrous, inner c. 1 mm longer and broader with broad scarious margins; corolla 4.5–5 cm long, shortly funnel-shaped being flared from just above basal tube, glabrous, pale pink, limb c. 5 cm in diam., distinctly lobed with rounded lobes, stamens held at corolla mouth. Capsules ovoid, 2 cm long, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 6 mm long, densely lanate.
Endemic to Tarija Department in Bolivia, where it grows on open stony banks, in abandoned fields and in scrubby gullies around 2500 m, particularly on and around the Cuesta del Condor.
BOLIVIA. Tarija: Cercado, J.R.I. Wood 15954 (K, LPB); Cuesta del Condor, J.R.I. Wood 27920 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); O’Connor, S.G. Beck et al. 22202 (LPB, SI).
The stamens of Ipomoea tarijensis are visible at the mouth of the corolla but are unusually short, a character it shares with I. reticulata. Molecular studies suggest these two and I. saopaulista form a single clade.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Ñuflo de Chávez, El Cerrito, J.R.I. Wood, D. Villarroel & S. Renvoize 25750 (holotype USZ isotypes K, LPB, UB).
Twining perennial to 2 m, completely glabrous in all vegetative parts; stems slender, trailing or twining; rootstock tuberous. Leaves petiolate, divided into 5 separate leaflets, base ± truncate, leaflets 1.2–3 × 0.2–0.6 cm, attenuate at both ends, apex acute, the basal pair narrowly oblong, the remaining three narrowly oblong-elliptic; petiole 1.2–1.5 cm, commonly straight. Inflorescence of 1–2-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles slender, 2.5–5 cm; secondary peduncles c. 1.5 cm; bracteoles 1.5 × 0.5 mm, strap-shaped, obtuse, early caducous; pedicels 1.1–2 mm; sepals equal, 7–8 × 3.5 mm, broadly oblong, rounded, margins broad, scarious; corolla 6–7 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 5–6 cm, unlobed, stamens included, stigma obscurely bilobed. Capsules 8 × 6 mm, obovoid, conspicuously 5-lobed, glabrous; seeds 4.5 × 3 mm, ±ovoid, pale brown, with deciduous white marginal hairs c. 3 mm in length.
Figure
A–H Ipomoea graniticola. A habit B stem C outer sepal D inner sepal E corolla opened out to show stamens F ovary and style G shoot with fruiting inflorescence showing capsule H seeds. J–L Ipomoea subrevoluta. J inflorescence K outer sepal L inner sepal. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A–F from Wood et al. 27763; G, H from Wood et al. 24991; J–L from Wood et al. 27790.
Grows amongst Bromeliads in patches of vegetation on isolated granite inselbergs in eastern Bolivia, northern Paraguay and Brazil.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Cerro León, F. Mereles 6632 (CTES, FCQ).
BRAZIL. Ceará: Mun. Granja, Terezinha, São Miguel, E.B. Souza et al. 3395 (HUVA, PEUFR). Mato Grosso: São João da Barra, N.A. Rosa & M.R. Santos 2089 (MG, MO, RB).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ñuflo de Chávez; El Cerrito J.R.I. Wood et al. 24991 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); J.R.I. Wood et al. 27763 (OXF, LPB, USZ); Montecristo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27996 (LPB, OXF, USZ).
This species is related to Ipomoea rosea Choisy from NE Brazil differing in the leaves with five narrowly oblong leaflets and in the absence of a tooth-like appendage on the abaxial surface of the sepals. It has been confused with I. subrevoluta but differs in the larger obtuse to rounded sepals and grows in a quite different habitat.
The Paraguay specimen resembles Ipomoea graniticola in every way except for the presence of an appendage on the abaxial surface of the outer sepals.
BRAZIL. Piauí, Martius (holotype M0184974).
Glabrous twining herb to 3 m; stems relatively slender. Leaves petiolate, divided into 3 leaflets (reduced 4th or 5th leaflets sometimes present), leaflets 0.1–5.2 × 0.05–1.8 cm, unequal, the terminal usually larger than the laterals, lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, basally cuneate; petioles 0.4–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of lax axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1.5–5 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, linear, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–2cm; pedicels 2–5 mm; sepals 6–7 × 2–3 mm, unequal, outer oblong-elliptic to obovate, acute, scarious-margined, with subapical often tooth-like acute dorsal protuberance, inner broadly to narrowly oblong, obtuse, scarious with a blunt protuberance; corolla 5–6 cm long, pink, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules globose, 5–6 mm diam. glabrous; seeds 4 × 3 mm, the angles shortly pilose.
Figures
Ipomoea rosea. A habit with buds B habit with corolla C outer sepal, abaxial view (left), lateral view (right) D inner sepal E corolla opened out to show stamens F ovary and style G calyx and capsule H seed J seed, lateral view. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A from Figueiredo et al. 588; B from Pirani et al. 51360; C–F from Harley et al. 18947; G–J from Harley et al. 21217.
A characteristic species of caatinga, endemic to NE Brazil.
BRAZIL. Alagoas: fide
A slender fragile plant easily fracturing when dry. The leaves are usually with three oblong-elliptic leaflets, much broader than in Ipomoea graniticola. The sepals are quite variable and the tooth-like appendage is often reduced to little more than a swelling.
BRAZIL. Bahia, Morro do Chapeú, ca. 1 km após Lagoinha na Estrada para Cafarnaum, 11°41'01"S, 41°20'11"W, 902 m, L.P. de Queiroz, J.R.I. Wood & H. Huaylla 15957 (holotype HUEFS 209791, isotype OXF, K).
Vigorous twining plant decumbent in open ground or climbing over bushes to several metres, stems stout, prominently winged, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–10 × 2–9 cm, ovate-deltoid, acute or obtuse, base shallowly cordate with a broad sinus and rounded to subacute auricles, margin undulate to slightly sinuate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler with prominent veins; petioles 1.3–5.5 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2–12 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2 cm; pedicels 3–5 mm; sepals subequal, glabrous, 13–15 × 7–10 mm, elliptic, obtuse or rounded; outer often reddish, inner with scarious margins; corolla (6–)8–9 cm long, glabrous funnel-shaped, tube white; limb 7–8 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 8–9 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, muticous; seeds 6 × 4 mm, dark brown, glabrous except for long white hairs on angles.
An endemic species of the Brazilian Caatinga/Cerrado interface.
BRAZIL. Bahia: 14 km SW of Cansanção, R.M. Harley et al. 16476 (P, MO, NY); Mun. Abaira, 1.5 km de cidade, R.M. Harley et al. 53599 (HUEFS, RB); Mun. Bela Vista, Juremal, M.V. Moraes 676 (HUEFS); Mun. Ourolândia, 9 km de Umburanasca, J.G.A. do Nascimento et al. 620 (HUEFS). Pernambuco: Mun. Afrânio, Serra do Coboclo, E.P. Heringer et al. 266 (IPA).
Superficially distinctive because of its large corolla and winged stem, this species has been identified as Ipomoea jalapa (L.) Pursh. However it is easily distinguished by its glabrous stem, sepals and corolla. The seed indumentum is also quite different in the two species.
R.M. Harley et al. 16476 is slightly different from the other collections in having shorter sepals about 10 mm long and is included with a degree of uncertainty.
C. Toleto Rizzini & A. Mattos Filho 1113 (RB, OXF) from Itaobim, Minas Gerais may also belong to this species. It differs in the compound cymes with up to 15 flowers and in the truncate-based sepals but is otherwise similar. Further collections are needed to clarify its status.
BRAZIL. Bahia, basin of the upper São Francisco River, 4 km N of Bom Jesus da Lapa on main road to Ibotirama, 43 24W 13 13S, 450 m, 20 April 1980, R.M. Harley, G.L. Bromley, A.M. De Carvalho, J.L. Hage & H.S. Brito 21588 (holotype CEPEC, isotype K).
Twining perennial herb to 2 m, stems reddish-brown, glabrous, slightly angled, weakly winged when young. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–6 × 1.5–4 cm (only seen on inflorescence), ovate-deltoid, shallowly cordate with rounded to subacute auricles, acute or obtuse, margin undulate to sinuate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 0.6–3 cm, fused with the base of the peduncle for up to 10 mm, slender, glabrous. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes, sometimes (?usually) compounded into complex branched axillary inflorescences; peduncles 2.5–6.5 cm, glabrous, sometimes extended into a rhachis up to 14 cm long; primary bracteoles petiolate, foliose, ovate-deltoid, 5–20 × 3–11 mm, deciduous and often absent; secondary peduncles 0.7–3 cm long; tertiary peduncles 3–6 mm; ultimate bracteoles c. 1–1.5 mm, ovate, caducous; pedicels 11–21 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous, oblong-ovate, outer 6–8 × 3–4 mm, obtuse, inner 8–9 × 5 mm, rounded, scarious except in the central area; corolla 7–7.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Bahia in Brazil growing in secondary vegetation with caatinga and dry deciduous forest, 450–500 m.
BRAZIL. Bahia: upper São Francisco River, Faz. Umbuzeiro da Onça, ca. 8 km from Bom Jesus da Lapa, R.M. Harley et al. 21535 (CEPEC, K); 4 km N of Bom Jesus da Lapa on main road to Ibotirama, R.M. Harley et al. 21588 (holotype CEPEC, isotype K).
Apparently unique amongst Brazilian species because the petiole is connate with the peduncle for part of its length.
Convolvulus queretarensis Sessé & Moçiño, Pl. Nov. Hisp. 1: 24. 1888. (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1887–90: 24), Type. MEXICO. Querétaro, “Pavón” (isotype BM 000645558).
MEXICO. Zacatecas or Nuevo León, K.T. Hartweg 97 (holotype K000612741, isotypes BM, BR, E, GH. LD, NY, OXF, P).
Rhizomatous perennial with a stout woody base; stems decumbent to at least 1 m, herbaceous, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 8–18 × 0.5–4 cm, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous; petioles 0.5–2 cm. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired), axillary flowers, peduncles 3–6(–16) cm; bracteoles c. 1 mm, elliptic, scarious, caducous; pedicels 13–21 mm; sepals very unequal, coriaceous, glabrous, margins scarious, outer 10–16 × 6–7 mm, oblong-elliptic, mucronate to retuse, inner 16–23 × 7–8 mm, obovate, rounded; corolla 6.5–11 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with pink throat, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., lobed with apiculate lobes. Capsules 2 × 1.5 cm, ovoid, rostrate, the mucro 3–5 mm, glabrous; seeds 11 × 5 mm, black, glabrous but except for the pilose margins with hairs 3–4 mm long.
Desert grasslands and dry oak woodland in northern Mexico and the United States Southwest.
MEXICO. Aguascalientes: Asientos, al W. del Polvo, G. García 4205 (IEB). Chihuahua: Urique, Kirare, P. Tenorio et al. 9944 (MO). Durango: E. Palmer 229 (BM, K); Victoria, F. Shreve 9169 (ARIZ). Guanajuato: Mun. San Miguel Allende, R.B. Brown 82-23 (ARIZ); San Felipe, R. & J.D. Galván 2260 (IEB), 2674 (IEB). Jalisco: Logas de Moreno, R. Pearce 2266 (ARIZ). Querétaro: 2 km N of El Sauz, R. Pearce 2245 (ARIZ); Matancillas, P. Carillo-Reyes et al. 509 (IEB). Sonora: Mun. Nacozari, R. Felger 3653 (ARIZ); Imuris, S. Doan et al. 1207 (ASU, DES). Zacatecas: NE Zacatecas, J. Henrickson 6665 (ARIZ); ibid., R.G. Engard & H.S. Gentry 705 (DES).
UNITED STATES. Arizona: Nogales, R.H. Peebles et al. 4613 (K); Cochise Co., Dragoon Mts, D & S. Austin 7582 (ARIZ). New Mexico: C. Wright 1617 (K).
Ipomoea longifolia might be confused with Ipomoea leptophylla but the sepals of I. longifolia are very unequal and much longer.
• The remaining species in Clade A1 (Species 94–127) include two distinct clades (Species 98–108 and 117–126) inferred from a combination of molecular sequence data and morphology. All species (94–127) have a tendency towards woodiness, most obvious in the Arborescens Clade (Species 117–126). Many, but not all, species have hirsute sepals, strongly discolorous leaves and a tendency to develop inflorescences on leafy axillary shoots.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, Itati, P.P.A. Ferreira 287 (holotype ICN; isotypes K, SP, LIL).
Perennial twining plant to 4 m, stems woody, grey-tomentose, somewhat glabrescent. Leaves long-petiolate, 7–23 × 6–22 cm, ovate, acute to acuminate, shortly mucronate, cordate, adaxially tomentellous, green, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 5–17 cm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of 1–8-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3–16 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles up to 4 cm; pedicels 10–30 mm, puberulent; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 10–13 × 8–9 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse, inner 14–17 × 12 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded or emarginate, margins scarious; corolla 5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, white with purple throat, limb c. 6.5 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds glabrous with long marginal hairs.
Endemic to southern Brazil in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina Stares growing on the borders of Araucaria forest.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Taquara, B. Rambo 44809 (LIL, PACA); ibid., B. Rambo 52115 (LIL, PACA, S). Santa Catarina: Itapiranga, B. Rambo s.n. (PACA) fide
Resembles Ipomoea philomega in the large leaves and in the size and shape of sepals but differs in the hirsute, abaxially grey-tomentose leaves. The strikingly unequal sepals are noteworthy. It was identified as Ipomoea viridis Choisy by O’Donell but does not seem to fit the protologue.
Its placement here is uncertain.
COLOMBIA. Meta, Villavicencio, road to Restrepo, H. Schieffer 833 (holotype US00111409; isotypes GH, LIL, UC).
Twining perennial, the stems glabrous except some pubescence at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 3–10 × 2.5–11 cm, deeply 5–7–partite, segments oblong, 6–11 mm wide, acuminate and mucronate, scarcely narrowed at base, base shallowly and broadly cordate, adaxially thinly but shortly hispid–pilose, abaxially paler, nerves prominent puberulent; petioles 1.5–3.8 cm, thinly pubescent at base and apex, the abaxial surface pubescent on the veins. Inflorescence of few-flowered, axillary cymes, peduncles 3–3.5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles oblong, 12–15 × 3–4 mm, papery, caducous; secondary peduncles c. 2.5 cm long; pedicels 6–11 mm, pubescent; sepals somewhat unequal, papery, glabrous, the margins narrow and scarious, outer 16–18 × 7–8 mm, oblong-elliptic, subacute, mucronate, inner oblong, 4–5 mm wide; corolla 6 cm long, purple, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 4 cm diam., entire. Capsules and seeds not seen.
On cliffs at low altitudes, apparently rare.
COLOMBIA. Meta: P.N. Sierra de la Macarena, R. Callejas 6484 (MO).
VENEZUELA. Barinas: carretera a Pedraza, L. Aristeguieta 7993 (MO), fide Austin.
This species is distinguished by the large foliaceous sepals. Its placement here is uncertain.
There is also a record from French Guiana (
D. Cardénas et al. 6498 (COAH, MO) from Serranía La Lindosa, Guaviare, appears to be Ipomoea killipiana but all parts are much smaller than in the type described above and the whole appears much more slender; the largest leaves are only 3.7 cm long and the outer sepals 12 × 4 mm. With so little material available it is difficult to be certain which form is most characteristic, if indeed they both belong to the same species.
BRAZIL. Pará. Marabá, Serra dos Carajas, 6°00'S, 50°18'W, 700 m, 21 May 1969, P. Cavalcante 2086 (holotype MG36666, isotype F).
Scrambling shrub to 1.5 m; stems woody, pubescent when young but glabrescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 5–10 × 1–2.5 cm, oblong, apex obtuse, shortly mucronate, base broadly cuneate, adaxially shortly pubescent, abaxially paler, the veins highlighted with pale dense pubescence, the intercostal areas nearly glabrous; petioles 0.4–1.5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence elongate, formed of 1–5-flowered cymes in the leaf axils; peduncles 5–10 mm, pubescent; bracteoles caducous, subulate, c. 2 mm long; secondary peduncles 3–4 mm, often absent; pedicels 5–18 mm, less pubescent than peduncles; sepals subequal, 10–12 × 5 mm, oblong-elliptic, mucronate, outer, densely pubescent esp. towards apex, inner similar but with broad, glabrous margins; corolla vermillion, pubescent esp. on midpetaline bands, hypocrateriform, basal tube 3–3.2 cm long, 3–4 mm wide at base, 6 mm above, limb spreading, c. 3 cm diam., unlobed but midpetaline bands ending in hairy point, stamens exserted, anthers narrowly oblong c. 3.5 mm. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to NE Brazil, growing in scrub around rock outcrops principally on or near the Serra de Carajás.
BRAZIL. Pará: Serra de Carajás, M.G. Silva & R. Bahia 2911 MG, FTG, RB); ibid., Serra Norte, P. Cavalcante & M. Silva 2651 (MG); ibid., C.R. Sperling et al. 5584 (MO); ibid., H.C. de Lima 7099 (RB); Mun. Itaituba, estrada Santarém–Cuiabá, BR 163, km 816, Serra do Cachimbo, I.L. Amaral et al. 1028, (FTG). Tocantins: Mun. Tocantinopolis, Ribeiro do Corrego, along Belem–Brasilia highway, T. Plowman et al. 9250 (MG, FTG).
Notes. The erect habit, oblong, shortly petiolate leaves combined with the hypocrateriform vermilion corolla make this species very distinct.
A hybrid between this species and Ipomoea marabaensis is recorded and illustrated by
BRAZIL. Pará, Marabá, Carajás, Serra Sul, 16 April 1986, R.S. Secco et al. 708 (holotype MG131894).
Erect or clambering shrub, rootstock moderately stout, spreading horizontally with a rhizome or similar structure, stems adpressed pilose or glabrous, woody at least below. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 5–12 × 0.3–2 cm, oblong or lanceolate, apex acuminate, obtuse and mucronate, base cuneate, glabrous (juveniles pubescent) on both surfaces, margins sometimes inrolled, abaxially paler the midrib and side veins highlighted by pubescence. Inflorescence of 1(–3)-flowered axillary cymes from the upper leaf axils, peduncles 2–4 mm, pubescent; bracteoles filiform, 3 mm, caducous; sepals subequal, 12–15 × 5–6 mm, ovate, obtuse, outer thinly pubescent; inner densely white-tomentose, rounded, the margins scarious but hirsute; corolla 6.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep lilac, densely pubescent on midpetaline bands; limb 3.5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5–8 mm, woolly on margins.
Perhaps endemic to the Serra dos Carajás in Brazil, although it is cited for Tocantins by
BRAZIL. Pará: Marabá, Serra dos Carajás, 700–750 m, A.S.L. da Silva et al. 1773 (MG, MO, NY); R.S. Secco & R.P. Bahia 730 (MG); Canaa dos Carajas, V.T. Giorni et al. 144 (RB). Mun. Tucuruí, Represa Tucuruí, T. Plowman et al. 9610 (FTG); ibid., T. Plowman et al. 9771 (FTG).
The correct spelling should be marabaensis. “marabensis” (sic) at the start of the protologue would be an error. It is the only occurrence (out of 11) in the paper where the spelling “marabaensis” is not used.
• Species 98–108 form a clade in the phylogeny inferred from 605 nuclear gene regions.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, near Arrasnaby, A.F.M. Glaziou 15265 (holotype B†, isotypes K000612835, P03878984, R).
Vigorous liana reaching 5 m, stems woody, subtomentose. Leaves petiolate, large, 4–16 × 5–14 cm, ovate to subreniform, apex rounded or retuse, mucronulate, base shallowly cordate to subtruncate, margin slightly undulate. adaxially grey-tomentellous, abaxially white-tomentose with conspicuous reticulate venation; petioles 1.5–5 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 3–5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 20 × 4 mm, oblanceolate, abaxially grey-tomentose, adpressed to calyx; secondary peduncles 10–15 mm; pedicels 2–7 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, 14–22 × 8–14 mm, oblong-obovate, rounded, densely white tomentose; corolla 6–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, densely sericeous, limb 7 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 2 × 1.5 cm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds pilose with long white hairs.
Figures
A rare plant of Brazil and Bolivia. In Bolivia it is characteristic of very dry forest between 1400 and 2000 m on the slopes of the Río Grande valley and its tributaries. Although large and conspicuous, there are few collections and it is clearly rare with a very restricted distribution. The only confirmed record from Brazil is the type collection.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Type of Ipomoea calyptrata.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Boeto, below Nuevo Mundo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 20496 (BOLV, HSB, K, LPB); J.R.I. Wood et al. 27659 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ). Santa Cruz: Saipina, J. Balcazar 354 (OXF, LPB, MO, USZ); Alto Mairana, M. Nee 49257 (NY, USZ); between Pucara and Santa Rosita, J.R.I. Wood & M. Mendoza 21472 (K, LPB, USZ).
A very distinctive species because of its liana habit, persistent bracteoles appressed to the calyx, large tomentellous sepals and pink flowers. The whole plant is subtomentose with whitish hairs. The very long sepals (14–22 mm in length) serve to distinguish it from other somewhat similar species, such as Ipomoea brasiliana.
A.L. Brochado 154 (IBGE, OXF) from P.N. Das Emas, Goiás may constitute the first modern collection from Brazil. However, although the inflorescence is similar, the leaves lack the characteristic reticulate venation on the underside.
BRAZIL. Goiás, Chapada de Veadeiros, 42 km N. of Alto do Paraíso, H.S. Irwin, R.M. Harley & G.L. Smith 33148 (holotype FTG, isotype ?NY, n.v.).
Twining liana to c. 3 m; stem stout, somewhat woody, densely tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 5–11 × 4–9 cm, ovate, shallowly cordate to subtruncate with rounded auricles, margin undulate, apex obtuse and shortly mucronate, the mucro rather stout, adaxially yellow-green, tomentose, glabrescent when old, abaxially grey-tomentose, the veins highlighted; petioles 0.5–4 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of flowers borne on axillary bracteate branchlets; bracts 2–2.5 × 1–1.7 cm, ovate, tomentose; cymes 1–2-flowered; peduncles 1–6 cm, tomentose; secondary peduncles pedicel-like, 0.8–1.7 cm, pubescent, more slender than primary peduncles; bracteoles 2–2.3 × 0.8–1.4 cm, narrowly elliptic, obtuse, somewhat boat-shaped, tomentose, persistent and ± clasping the calyx; pedicels 1–4 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 11–13 × 5–7 mm, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, outer glabrous, margins scarious; corolla 6–7 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, deep pink. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to rocky cerrado (campo rupestre?) at 1250–1700 m in the Chapada de Veadeiros in central Brazil.
BRAZIL. Goiás: Chapada de Veadeiros, 25 km N of Alto Paraíso, 1700 m, W.R. Anderson et al. 6691 (FTG, ?NY, n.v.).
Although we have not been able to sequence this species, Ipomoea veadeirosii appears to belong to the small clade where Ipomoea descolei O’Donell and I. calyptrata Dammer belong. All these species are somewhat woody and liana-like and share a densely tomentose indumentum. The inflorescence structure with a tendency for the inflorescence to develop on foliose branchlets is found in a number of woody species, notably the Arborescens group. Ipomoea veadeirosii appears closest to I. calyptrata because of the persistent bracteoles which are appressed to the calyx with the pedicel supressed. It differs most obviously in the glabrous corolla, near glabrous sepals and the roughly tomentose indumentum, which differs from the white tomentellous indumentum of the stem, leaves, bracteoles, sepals and corolla exterior of Ipomoea calyptrata.
Argyreia hirsuta
Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 4940. 1856. (
Argyreia choisyana
[Hort. [Paris] ex Regel & Körn., Index Seminum (St. Petersburg) 1858: 40. 1859. (Regel and Kornikoff 1859: 40), non Ipomoea choisyana Wight ex C.B.
ARGENTINA. Misiones, Dept. San Ignacio, G.J. Schwarz 3472 (holotype LIL001238).
Perennial herb from a tuberous rootstock, stems stout, decumbent (occasionally twining at tips), densely tomentose with yellowish or whitish hairs. Leaves petiolate, 7–18 × 6–16 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex obtuse and mucronate, margins undulate, dentate or sinuate, adaxially yellow-green, tomentose, abaxially grey-tomentose, the venation highlighted; petioles 2–12 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 5–20 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 10–25 × 2–4 mm, linear-lanceolate, attenuate, tomentose, caducous; secondary peduncles, if present 20–27 mm; pedicels 5–20 mm, densely pilose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 12–16 × 7–9 mm, elliptic, acute and mucronate, densely pilose; inner 5–6 mm wide, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, margins broad, glabrous, scarious; central area pilose; corolla 8–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pilose with yellowish hairs; limb 5 cm diam. Capsules 11–13 mm long, ellipsoid to subglobose, glabrous; seeds 7–8 × 5 mm, densely tomentellous.
Figures
A plant of cerrado-like grassland, nearly endemic to Misiones and Corrientes provinces in NE Argentina. Records from Bolivia are errors.
ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Santo Tomé, T.M. Pedersen 5453 (E, K, S); T.S. Ibarrola 1275 (LIL, NY, S). Misiones: Candelaria, M.E. Rodríguez 01081 (CTES); G.E. Barboza et al. 419 (CORD, CTES, SI); R. Vanni & Radovanovich 1088 (CTES, K); E. Ekman 1430 (S); Medina 148 (LIL, S)
PARAGUAY. Itapuá: Encarnación, Campo Cambyretá, Pavetti & Rojas 10896 (LIL).
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: A. Sehnem 3583 (SI).
Argyreia choisyana has been correctly identified with Ipomoea descolei (
A very distinctive species because of the dense yellowish indumentum that covers all parts, the tendency of the leaves to be undulate or sinuate-lobed and the trailing habit.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Barreiras, ca. 20 km W de Barreiras na estrada para Brasilia, 12°06'42"S, 45°09'47"W, 581 m, 13 April 2005, L.P. de Queiroz, J.A.Costa, M.N. Stapf & E.B. Souza 10239 (holotype HUEFS95041, isotype OXF).
Erect subshrub to 1 m from a stout taproot at least 15 cm deep and up to 1.5 cm wide, stems slightly woody, pubescent, glabrescent when old. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 3–18 × 0.3–1.4 cm, but becoming clearly bract-like and much smaller (to 3.5 × 0.3 cm) towards the apex, linear to oblong, finely acuminate to a mucronate apex (rarely obtuse and mucronate), base cuneate to attenuate, margins sometimes inrolled, adaxially almost glabrous apart from a few hairs on the midvein, abaxially grey-green, pubescent, somewhat glabrescent; petioles 0–8 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, formed of shortly pedunculate 1–3-flowered cymes from the upper leaf (bract)axils, the cymes often reduced to single flowers; peduncles 0.4–1 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 3–11 × 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–12 mm, often very short upwards, pubescent; sepals subequal, outer 6–10 × 4–8 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to rounded, usually glabrous, margin scarious; inner sepals 1–2 mm longer, obovate-elliptic, truncate or retuse; corolla 4–7 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 3.5–5 cm diam., slightly undulate. Capsules and seed not seen.
A cerrado species from the extreme west of Bahia and neighbouring parts of Tocantins State. It has been found at altitudes of between 500 and 760 m.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Valley of the Rio das Ondas, c. 10 km W of Barreiras, H.S. Irwin et al. 31335 (FTG); Espigão Mestre, 22 km W of Barreiras, W.R. Anderson et al. 36478 (FTG); Formosa do Rio Preto, 40 km da Faz. Estrondo en direção de Mimosa, L.S. Guedes et al. 6799 (CEN, HUEFS, RB). Tocantins: Dianápolis, distrito de Missões, 2 km de Missões, R.M. Harley et al. 56736 (HUEFS)
This species is similar to most other erect cerrado species in having shortly petiolate, oblong leaves and a subterminal inflorescence in which the reduced leaves clearly function as bracts. It is most likely to be confused with Ipomoea paludosa, I. campestris or I. aprica but is immediately distinguished from all of these and other similar species by the glabrous corolla. Most specimens also have glabrous sepals but Anderson et al. 36640 is anomalous for having pubescent sepals. Molecular studies suggest a relationship with Ipomoea pohlii Choisy but this also has a pubescent corolla and differs additionally in its solitary flowers which are partially concealed by the relatively large bracts.
As understood here this is a variable species. All cited collections are ±hirsute on the stems, abaxial leaf surfaces and on the peduncles. De Queiroz et al. 10239, Irwin et al. 31335 and Anderson et al. 36478 are outstanding for their branched terminal inflorescence which appears paniculate, whereas in the other collections the flowers are mostly solitary so the inflorescence appears to be a leafy raceme. Guedes et al. 6799 is itself somewhat variable with the specimen at CEN having shorter and more obtuse leaves than those at HUEFS and RB.
Two specimens from Minas Gerais are not cited above but may belong to this species. They differ in being completely glabrous and having somewhat granulose stems. Further collections may show that Ipomoea queirozii is more variable than described above or may justify recognising the following as a distinct subspecies or even species:
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó, c. 145 km N of Belo Horizonte, 1200 m, 15 Feb. 1968, H.S. Irwin et al. 20103 (FTG); Canastra, Serra da Babilonia, entre Delfinópolis e São Roque de Minas, 10 Feb. 2012, J.F.B. Pastore et al. 3990 (HUEFS).
BRAZIL. Goiás, Serra de Natividade, Feb. 1840, G. Gardner 3906 (holotype K000612792, isotype BM).
Erect undershrub to 40 cm from a xylopodium, stems distinctly woody, villous when young but eventually glabrescent. Leaves sessile, imbricate, 5.5–12 × 0.3–0.5 cm, linear or narrowly oblong, acute, margins inrolled, thinly pilose, especially below and on veins, thinly punctate on both surfaces. Inflorescence terminal formed of small cymes and individual flowers from the upper leaf axils; peduncles very short, 1–5 mm, villous; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 3–10 mm; sepals subequal, shotly mucronate, but mucro somewhat caducous, outer 7–8 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to subacute, pubescent, inner 8–9 × 5 mm, elliptic, rounded, mucronate, margins scarious, only midrib puberulent; corolla 4–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3–5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A rare Brazilian endemic species of cerrado.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Espigão Mestre, ca. 100 km WSW of Barreiras, 760 m, W.R. Anderson et al. 36640 (FTG). Goiás: Type of Ipomoea neriifolia. Tocantins: Parque Estadual do Jalapão J.M. Rezende et al. 1011 (CEN).
This is close to Ipomoea queirozii differing in the shorter, broader pubescent sepals.
Ipomoea angustisepala
O’Donell, Lilloa 26: 362. 1953. (
BRAZIL. J.B. Pohl s.n. (lectotype BR00005307708, designated here; isolectotypes BR, K, M, F (photo of specimen formerly at B).
Erect undershrub, presumably from a xylopodium to at least 1 m, stem tomentose to pubescent, woody below. Leaves subsessile, imbricate, 1.5–6 × 0.5–2.5 cm, oblong, oblong-ovate, acute and mucronate, rounded to truncate at base, variably hirsute from grey-villous to pubescent, paler beneath; petioles 0–3 mm. Inflorescence a short terminal bracteate raceme, flowers solitary in axils of bracts; bracts ±distinct from leaves, typically half the size of the upper leaves; peduncles 1–2 mm; bracteoles linear-lanceolate,15–20 × 3 mm, densely villous; pedicels 1–2 mm, villous; sepals subequal, 15–17 × 2–4 mm, lanceolate with a finely attenuate apex, villous; corolla 5–7 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped; limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to cerrado in Brazil where it is restricted to Bahia and Goiás.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Chapada Occidental de Bahia, 15 km N of Correntina, R.M. Harley et al. 21765 (K); 20 km N of Correntina, R.M. Harley et al. 21902 (CEPEC, K); 36 km SW of Correntina, A. Krapovickas 30171 (CTES, F); Mun. Barreiras, G. Hatschbach 42032 (CEPEC, FTG, MBM); San Desidério, E. Melo et al. 8179 (HUEFS).Goiás: R.M. Harley et al. 28588 (SP); Serra Geral de Goiás, H.S. Irwin et al. 14381 (NY); São Domingos, C. Cristóbal & A. Krapovickas 692 (CTES).
In choosing a lectotype we have designated the specimen at BR as it is the only syntype from Martius’ herbarium with the location included on the label.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, 13 km W of Januária on road to Serra das Araras, 575 m, 19 April 1973, W.R. Anderson, P. A. Fryxell, S.R. Hill, R. Reis dos Santos & R. Souza 9184 (holotype UB, isotypes FTG, NY).
Liana reaching at least 10 m, stems twining, woody, tomentose, latex white. Leaves petiolate, 8–28 × 7–22 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute or obtuse and shortly mucronate, margin slightly undulate, adaxially green, roughly tomentellous, abaxially grey-tomentose with highlighted veins; petioles 5–11 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of axillary cymes wth up to seven flowers; peduncles 2.5–10 cm, tomentose; bracteoles (8–)12–18 × 4–7, oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, glabrous, caducous; secondary peduncles 4–23 mm, thinly pubescent; pedicels 10–30 mm, thickened upwards, glabrous; sepals subequal, 12–19 × 9–12 mm, accrescent in fruit to 25 × 14 mm, elliptic to obovate, rounded, glabrous on the exterior but scurfy-pubescent on the interior, inner with narrow scarious margins, slightly larger; corolla 8–12 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink on exterior, darker inside tube, glabrous, limb 6–8 cm diam.; anthers and style included. Capsules c. 21 × 12 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 12 × 6 mm, pilose on angles with long white hairs up to 20 mm in length.
Centred on Bahia State, Brazil this species is widespread on the borders of scrub and woodland at the transition from the cerrado to caatinga biomes. There is a smaller disjunct population on the borders of Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul state.
PARAGUAY. Amambay: P.N. Cerro Corá, J. Fernández Casas & J. Molero 6141 (MA, G, MO); ibid., W. Hahn 1746 (MO, PY); NE of park headquarters, J.C. Solomon et al. 7082 (MO, PY); Cerro Sarambí, 20 km from P.N. Cerro Corá, S. Keel & L. Spinzi 1833 (FCQ). Concepción: 20 km N of Ybyau, N. Soria 5176 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Bahia: Faz. de Cova, E. Pereira & G. Pabat 8566 (F); Mun. Maracás, 13–15 km SW of Maracas, S. A. Mori et al. 9985 (MO, NY); Reandi, 15–19 km, estrada Urandi-Licinio de Almeida, T. Jost et al. 508 (IPA); Mun. Caetité, camino da Faz. Boa Vista para Urânio, E. Saar et al. 5254 (ALCB, K). Ceará: Serra de Ararifé, Gardner 2030 (BM). Goiás: Serra Dourada, 6 km NE of Mossamedes, W.R. Anderson 10183 (FTG, NY). Mato Grosso do Sul: Mun. Bonito, G. Hatschbach et al. 74730 (MBM). Minas Gerais: 13 km W of Januária on road to Serra das Araras, W.R. Anderson 9184 (FTG, NY, UB); Cabeceira Grande, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 6398 (CEN).
Resembling a giant form of Ipomoea brasiliana but immediately distinguished by the long hairs on the seeds as well as the larger dimensions of the leaves, sepals and corolla. It appears to be closely related to I. longibracteolata but is distinguished by the absence of long white hairs on the inflorescence, the laxer cymes and different-shaped corolla.
The populations from Paraguay and neighbouring Mato Grosso do Sul are poorly known but seem indistinguishable from the larger populations further north in Brazil.
BRAZIL. Bahia, Mun. Caetité, Faz. Baixa Grande, 14°04'03"S, 42°38'12"W, 820 m, 9 Feb. 1997, M.L. Guedes, B. Stannard, E. Saar & L. Passos 5276 (holotype HUEFS 28895, isotypes ALCB, CEPEC, HRB, K, SPF).
Liana with white latex reaching 10 m; stems woody, asperous-pilose, bark pale grey. Leaves petiolate, (7–)11–20 × (7–)14–20 cm, ovate, cordate with right-angled sinus and rounded auricles, apex acute, mucronate, sometimes retuse, adaxially thinly pubescent, abaxially paler, densely pubescent, the venation prominent with denser indumentum; petioles (4–)12–13 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, bracteolate, axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–8 cm, asperous-pilose; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.6–1.3 cm, often, boat-shaped, oblong-elliptic or narrowly obovate, base cuneate, apex obtuse, pilose with long white hairs; secondary peduncles (if present) 1–2 cm; pedicels 0.6–1.5 cm, more densely pilose than peduncles; sepals somewhat variable in size, shape and indumentum but generally unequal, outer 18–24 × (9–)14–16 mm, oblong-elliptic, elliptic, obovate, obtuse to rounded, glabrous or with some long white hairs along midrib on the exterior especially near base but glabrous and glandular on the interior, inner 17–18 × 7 mm, obovate, obtuse to rounded, glabrous; corolla 5–6.5 cm long, glabrous, broadly funnel-shaped to subcampanulate, tube, c. 2 cm wide from just above base pale pink with a dark centre and whitish limb; limb c. 3.5 cm diam. Capsules 2 × 1.5 cm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 5 mm, densely white-pilose on angles with hairs to 15 mm long.
Figure
Ipomoea longibracteolata. A habit B abaxial leaf surface C bracteole D outer sepal E middle sepal F inner sepal G corolla opened up to show stamens H fruiting inflorescence showing indumentum and persistent bracteoles J seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A, B from L.P. de Queiroz et al. 5963; C–G from L.P. de Queiroz et al. 2607; H–J from F. França et al. 59231.
Dry scrub with scattered trees in cerrado or caatinga usually on sandy soil in northeastern Brazil.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Abaíra, L.P. Queiroz et al. 2607 (HUEFS); Santa Maria da Vitoria, L.P. Queiroz et al. 5963 (HUEFS, OXF); Mun. Caetité, M.L. Guedes et al. 5276 (ALCB, HUEFS, K); São Desidério, J.G. de Carvalho-Sobrinho 471 (HUEFS, OXF). Goiás: 15 km N de Alvaorada do Norte, Hatschbach 42017 (FTG, MBM); Mun. Nova Roma, D. Alvarenga et al. 1303 (IBGE, MO). Minas Gerais: Juiz de Fora, A.F.M. Glaziou 8821a (P); 1 km E of Rio Pandeiros, near road to Januaria, W.R. Anderson et al. 9100 (FTG, NY); Serra do Espinhaço, 5 km NE of Francisco Sá, road to Salinas, H.S. Irwin et al. 23210 (FTG, NY).
Distinguished by the relatively long bracteoles, the distinctive white, asperous-pilose indumentum, which is particularly prominent on the inflorescence, and by the characteristically compact inflorescence.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz. camino Algodonal a Masicurí, G.A. Parada, M. Betancur & Y. Inturion 3151 (holotype USZ, isotypes K, MO).
Liana reaching at least 5 m in height, stems woody, glabrous, obscurely ridged, bark pale brown. Leaves petiolate, 6–12 × 5.5–11 cm, ovate, obtuse and muconate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially green, thinly pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose with highlighted veins; petioles 3–5 cm, puberulent. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–3.5 cm, glabrous except for hairs apically; secondary peduncles 1–1.4 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 10–14 × 8–10 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, pubescent, deciduous; pedicels 8–12 mm, markedly widened upwards, hirsute below, glabrous upwards; sepals subequal, 15–18 × 10–14 mm, broadly elliptic-obovate, rounded, glabrous, margins scarious; corolla 9–10 cm long, white with pink centre, funnel-shaped with cylindrical basal tube c. 12 mm, glabrous, midpetaline bands ending in a small tooth, limb c. 5–6 cm diam.,very shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 20 × 15 mm, glabrous; seeds 10 × 6 mm, flattened ellipsoid, dark brown, long-pilose, the marginal hairs up to 20 mm.
Endemic to forest and forest relics in areas of the Andean foothills in Santa Cruz Department in Bolivia.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ibañez, Los Espejillos, G.A. Parada et al. 162 (MO, USZ). Ichilo, PN Amboró, ridge between Quebrada Yapojé and Quebrada Caballo, 0.5–1 km above confluence with Río Saquayo, M. Nee 40966 (NY, USZ).
Parada et al. 162 and Nee 40966 are fruiting specimens with glabrous sepals and appear to belong here but in the absence of flowers some doubt about the identity of these collections remains.
Ipomoea paradae is somewhat similar to I. brasiliana in the indumentum and venation of the leaves and also in the indumentum and size of the sepals but the sepals are always completely glabrous as are the stem and peduncles. The corolla is very distinctive with its white limb and dark red throat, recalling the corolla of I. juliagutierreziae and that of I. longibracteolata.
Convolvulus giganteus
Silva
Manso, Enum. das Subst. Braz. 18. 1836. (
Calystegia palmatopinnata
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 317. 1869 (
Ipomoea palmatopinnata
(Meisn.) Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 2 (2): 874. 1876. (
Based on Convolvulus giganteus Silva Manso
Very robust prostrate perennial, stems tomentellous. Leaves petiolate, deeply divided into linear-oblong segments, usually 7–9 in number, the two basal pairs free to an attenuate base, the terminal 3 forming a 3-lobed leaflet, leaflets 5–9 × 1–1.5 cm, apex obtuse and mucronate, softly adpressed-pilose to tomentellous on both surfaces but abaxially paler, the veins highlighted with denser indumentum; petioles 2.5–4.5 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired), axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–4.5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 3–5 × 2.6 –3.5 cm, oblong-obovate, obtuse, mucronate, prominently veined, adpressed pilose, enclosing pedicel and calyx, the margin white-ciliolate; pedicels 5–7 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, obovate, outer 20–23 × 10–11 mm, obovate, abruptly narrowed to a broad mucronate apex, pilose but with broad glabrous, scarious margins, inner sepals 15 × 6–7 cm, broadly oblong, rounded and mucronate, pubescent centrally but with broad scarious glabrous margins; corolla 9–10 cm long, pink or red, narrowly funnel-shaped, pilose; limb 5–6 cm diam., lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to the Cerrado region of central Brazil.
BRAZIL. Goiás: H.A. Weddell (P); Estrada de Goiania a Bela Vista, A.M. Carvalho & C.F. Delphim 2252 (CEPEC, K, UB); Serra Dourada, M.R. Silva & C. Rodrigues 552 (MO); Serra de Caldas Novas, E.P. Heringer 13121 (NY); Anapolis, E.P. Heringer 10888 (NY); Goiania, A.C. Brade 15400 (HB, RB). Mato Grosso: Camino do Barra de Garças al aeropuerto, A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 42956 (CTES, SP). Mato Grosso do Sul: F. de Barros 968 (SP). Minas Gerais: A. Krapovickas et al. 33047 (MO, CTES); Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 4207 (K, NY, S); Amaro Leite, A. Macedo 263 (MO, S).
A remarkable plant because of its large sepals and corolla and the deeply divided leaves with up to nine linear-oblong segments.
Rivea brasiliana
Mart. ex Choisy Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 326. 1845. (
Based on Rivea brasiliana Mart. ex Choisy
Vigorous twiner or a liana to 5 m high; stems white-tomentose when young but sometimes glabrescent on older parts. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–10 × 3–9 cm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, base shallowly to deeply cordate, adaxially dark green, tomentellous, abaxially white-tomentose, the veins often highlighted; petioles 1–4.5 cm, white-tomentose. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate few-flowered, compact axillary cymes; peduncles 1–5 cm, white-tomentose; bracteoles 1.8–2.2 cm, oblong-boat-shaped, papery, tomentose, caducous; pedicels often less hairy than peduncles, glabrous to (var. subincana) tomentose, 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, 10–13 × 8–9 mm, but strongly accrescent in fruit to 18 × 12 mm, elliptic, obtuse, margins scarious, glabrous to (var. subincana) tomentose, inner more rounded with broader margins; corolla 5–8 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous except for a few hairs near the apex of the midpetaline bands to (var. subincana) tomentose, at least in bud; limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules 12–16 × 12–13 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 10 × 7 mm, minutely tomentellous under a microscope.
Figure
We formally recognise two varieties that were previously treated as distinct species. Both occupy much the same geographical range and habitat in NE Brazil.
Distinguished by the glabrous or at most thinly pubescent pedicels, sepals and exterior of the corolla
Rivea subincana
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 325. 1845. (
Ipomoea subincana
(Choisy) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 259. 1869. (
Distinguished by the tomentose pedicels, sepals and exterior of the corolla.
A common and characteristic species of the caatinga in NE Brazil.
BRAZIL. Alagoas: Piranhas, R. Simão-Bianchini 1739 (ASE). Bahia: L.P. de Queiroz et al. 15963 (HUEFS, OXF)–var. subincana; Remanso, T. Ribeiro et al. 59 (ALCB, K); ibid., E. Ule 7195 (K); Serra de Açuruá, R.M. Harley et al. 18949 (K); ibid., R.M. Harley et al. 18928; Tucano, de Carvalho et al. 3936 (CEPEC, K); Senhor de Bonfim–Juazeiro, R. Harley et al. 16317 (K, MO); Mun. Uibaí, Serra Azul, R. Atkinson et al. 2484 (ALCB, K). Mun. Rio de Contas, Caminho para Lagoa Nova, R. Harley et al. 5130 (ALCB, K)–var. subincana; Mun. Abaíra, Engenho dos Vieitas, R. Harley et al. 51550, (HUEFS, CEPEC, K)–var. subincana; Olha D’Agua, E. Pereira & C. Pabst 9787 (F, HB)–var. subincana; Serra Geral de Caitité, R.M. Harley 21156 (K)–var. subincana. Ceará: Mun. Aiuaba, J.R. Lemos 83 (K); Paçujá, E.B. Sousa 2419 (UFRN); Perdicão, A. Löfgren 141 (S)–var. subincana; Mun. Quixeré, M.A. Figueiredo et al. 632 (IPA, K)–var. subincana. Dist. Fed.: Brasilia, E.P. Heringer 14763 (NY). Maranhão: 35 km N of Carolina, E.L. Taylor 1285 (ARIZ, NY). Pernambuco: Ibimirim, M.J.N. Rodal & Tamashiro 628 (UFRP, K); ibid., Tschá & Sales 156 (K); Chapada do Araripe, R.M. Harley et al. 54149 (K); Mun. Buíque, M.J.N. Rodal & A.P.S. Gomes 533 (K); ibid., K. Andrade et al. 348 (K, PEUFR)–var. subincana. Paraíba: Mun. Campina Grande, M.F. Agra 1158 (K). Piauí: Pearson 64 (K); Mun. Picos, G. Eiten & L.T. Eiten 10842 (K, NY); Jurena, G. Sousa 660 (HUEFS)–var. subincana; B.M.T. Walter 6649 (CEN, RB)–var. subincana; G. Martinelli 18061 (RB)–var. subincana. Rio Grande do Norte: Natal, L.A. Cestaro 97-0020 (UFRN). Sergipe: Poço Verde, G.G. Conceição 45 (AS).
Ipomoea brasiliana is usually treated as distinct from I. subincana on the basis of its glabrous sepals. Both taxa occupy the same habitat and geographical range and forms intermediate in indumentum, such as Oliveira 723 (HUEFS, K) from Bahia, are sometimes found. Since indumentum alone is unsatisfactory as a character to distinguish species and there is no marked geographical patterning in the variation or molecular evidence to separate these species (
VENEZUELA. Yaracuy: Sierra de Aroa, 1480 m, L. Aristeguieta & E. Foldats 1500 (holotype VEN34023).
Twining liana of unknown height; stem thin, cream-coloured, glabrescent. Leaves petiolarte, 7–13 × 5.3–10 cm, ovate-deltoid, apex acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin often with a distinct angle, adaxially nearly glabrous, abaxially puberulent on the veins, venation prominent; petioles 4.5–7 cm, thinly puberulent. Inflorescence of 1–4-flowered pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 1–4(–8) cm, puberulent; bracteoles 4–8 × 1 mm, linear, deciduous; secondary peduncles c. 10–15 mm; pedicels 10–25 mm; sepals subequal, obovate, mucronate, adpressed puberulous near base, outer 23–31 × 12 mm, inner sepals slightly smaller; corolla c. 7 cm long, creamy-yellow with purplish tube, funnel-shaped, thinly pubescent; limb c. 5–6 cm diam. Capsules 2–2.5 cm, subglobose, rostrate, the persistent style base c. 2 mm long; seeds 10 × 5 mm, tomentose and with long silky marginal hairs up to 14 mm long.
Endemic to the coastal Andes of Venezuela, growing in evergreen forest around 800–1200 m.
VENEZUELA. Yaracuy: Sierra de Aroa, Cerro Tigre, R. Liesner & A.C. González 9703(MO, VEN); El Amparo, E. Diederichs 70 (MO, VEN); Bruzual, arriba de Campo Elías, E. Rutkis 460 (VEN).
This species is placed here because of its large pubescent sepals and puberulent corolla but its position is uncertain.
ECUADOR. El Oro, below Zaruma, Asplund 15851 (holotype S07–4785, isotype GB).
Twining perennial; stems relatively stout, thinly pilose with pale hairs, latex white. Leaves petiolate, 10–17 × 7–13 cm, ovate, acute to shortly acuminate, cordate, both surfaces appressed pubescent to ±glabrous, the venation spreading at a wide angle, prominent; petioles 4–11 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate compact axillary cymes with up to 9 flowers; peduncles 2–3.7 cm; bracteoles 7–15 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, relatively persistent; secondary peduncles 8–10 mm; pedicels 3–5 mm, puberulent to pilose; sepals 11–14 × 4–5 mm, subequal, oblong-ovate, obtuse to subacute, densely pubescent; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped from a very short greenish basal tube, glabrous, white, limb angled but not lobed, 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A rare species of Ecuador and northern Peru growing in thickets and on rocky slopes between 600 and 1800 m.
PERU. Amazonas: Prov. Bongará, 21 km N of Pedro Ruíz, T. Croat 58306 (FTG, MO, OXF).
ECUADOR. El Oro: Porto Velo-Lourde trail to Salatí, G. Harling & L. Andersson 14306 (GB, MO). Loja: Chaguarpampa, F. de la Puente 1260 (CIP); N. of Macará, G. Harling & L. Andersson 18286 (GB); Alamor-Zaderos, G. Harling & L. Andersson 17814 (GB).
The placement of this species is provisional. The pubescent corolla and calyx strongly support its placement in Clade A but a final decision cannot be made until this species has been successfully sequenced.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Pochutla, Mu. San Miguel del Puerto, copalitilla, cascadas del río, 30 July 1999, J. Rivera H., S. Salas M. & E. Martínez S. 1741 (holotype MEXU1234493).
Diagnosis. Bears a superficial resemblance to Ipomoea riparum in its very shortly pedunculate bracteolate cymes but distinguished by the very unequal, whitish-green, glabrous sepals and the glabrous white corolla.
Robust twining perennial of unknown height; stems glabrous, somewhat sharply angled. Leaves petiolate, 8–12 × 7–10, shallowly 3-lobed, base cordate, apex acute, both surfaces glabrous, minutely white-punctate, abaxially paler, minutely white-punctate and with prominent white veins; petioles 5–8 cm, pseudo stipules arising at their base. Inflorescence of compact, shortly pedunculate, axillary cymes with up to 10 flowers; peduncles 5–6 mm; lower bracteoles c. 10 × 3 mm, broadly lanceolate with petiolar base, acuminate, persistent; secondary peduncles 1–2 mm, upper bracteoles c. 5–6 × 1 mm, linear, acute, persistent; sepals very unequal, very pale whitish-green with darker veins, outer 5–6 × 2–2.5 mm, ovate, apiculate, inner 10–11 × 5 mm, broadly oblong-oblanceolate, rounded or retuse; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, glabrous, limb c. 2–3 cm wide. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Oaxaca in Mexico, where it was found by a stream in semi-evergreen forest at 320 m. Only known from the type collection.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Pochutla, Mun. San Miguel del Puerto, J. Rivera et al.1741 (MEXU).
The exact relationships of this species are unclear. Molecular sequencing using ITS suggests it is related to Ipomoea brasiliana but there is little obvious morphological similarity. In its very shortly pedunculate bracteolate cymes it bears some resemblance to I. riparum but the very unequal, whitish-green glabrous sepals and the white glabrous corolla are very distinct.
Ipomoea diriadactylina
Hammel, Phytoneuron 2012-27: 1. 2012. (
HONDURAS. Dept. Morazán, Río de la Orilla, A. Molina 2528 (holotype EAP, n.v., isotypes GH, F, US).
Perennial liana of unknown height, stems glabrous or with a few dispersed trichomes. Leaves petiolate, 8–20 × 5–15 cm, ovate, acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles, glabrous, abaxially paler, sometimes black-dotted; petioles 4.5–10 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, dense, bracteolate axillary cymes; peduncles 0.6–1.5 cm; bracteoles 10–20 × 5–10 mm, elliptic, mucronate, obscurely pustulate, persistent; pedicels 1–5 mm; sepals subequal, somewhat similar in texture to bracteoles, 11–16 × 5–10 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse and mucronate, abaxially pustulate, margins paler; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube greenish, limb 5–6 cm diam., white, undulate; stamens included. Capsules 11–12 × 10 mm, subglobose, shortly rostrate with the basal part of the style persistent, glabrous; seeds 6–7 × 4 mm, with long marginal hairs.
A rare species of low altitude forest in Central America.
COSTA RICA. Type of I. diriadactylina.
HONDURAS. Morozán, Tegucigalpa-Puente Colorado, A. & R. Molina 25845 (BM, F, S); ibid., zona de El Zamorano, P.C. Standley 26382 (BM).
Distinctive because of the dense, shortly pedunculate bracteolate cymes and white flowers.
PERU. Amazonas: Luya, Camporredondo, Ishangas, 6°07'03"S, 78°20'02"W, 1450 m, 30 March 1997, J. Campos, L. Campos & J. Sembrera 3748 (holotype MO, isotypes K, OXF).
Diagnosis. Resembles Ipomoea praecana in the large ovate, cordate leaves, which are abaxially white-floccose to sericeous and in the short peduncles < 12 mm long, but differs in the longer (12 cm, not 6–10 cm), clearly funnel-shaped (not subhypocrateriform), pink (not white) corolla.
Subshrub to 4 m, reported to be succulent; stem densely white-tomentellous. Leaves petiolate, 6–18 × 5–15.5 cm, ovate, base cordate, apex rounded, mucronate, margin undulate, adaxially green, shortly tomentellous, abaxially white-floccose to sericeous, veins more densely hairy; petiole 6–11 cm, sericeous. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 10–12 mm, sericeous; bracteoles 18 × 8 mm, spathulate, obtuse, sericeous; pedicels 7–8 mm, sericeous; sepals subequal, sericeous, 22 × 15 mm, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, the inner more rounded; corolla pink, funnel-shaped, c. 12 cm long, the exterior densely pubescent, especially on the midpetaline bands. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A very rare species endemic to northern Andean Peru only known from the type collection.
PERU. Amazonas: The type collection.
Appears to be rather similar vegetatively to Ipomoea praecana, especially in the leaf shape, indumentum and short peduncles, but differs in the longer, clearly funnel-shaped, pink corolla.
PERU. [Junin], Quebrada of Parahuanca, A. Mathews 885 (lectotype K000612872, designated here; isolectotypes K, OXF).
Erect shrub to at least 1.25 m; stems stout, woody, all young parts densely white-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, small, 3–6 × 2–5 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially glabrous, abaxially white-tomentose, margins highlighted white-tomentose; petioles 0.7–1.8 cm, white-tomentose. Inflorescence subcorymbose, formed of compact cymes borne towards the apex of leafy axillary side shoots; peduncles 3–4.5 cm; bracteoles 11–16 × 2.5–3 mm, linear-oblong, acute, sericeous, papery, deciduous; secondary peduncles 7–10 mm; pedicels 0–10 mm; sepals subequal in size, narrowly elliptic-obovate, outer 14–16 × 4–6 mm, obtuse, tomentose externally, glabrous marginally, middle sepal with a line of hairs along the midrib, inner sepals rounded, truncate or retuse, glabrous; corolla 4.5–5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous in bud and on midpetaline bands. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A very rare species endemic to central Andean Peru apparently known from only the type.
PERU. Junín: type collection.
Notes. Similar in its shrubby habit to Ipomoea pulcherrima differing principally in the sericeous corolla and tomentose outer sepals which are scarcely shorter than the inner sepals It is also close to I. sericosepala differing in habit and also in the white-felted indumentum and the more corymbose inflorescence with longer bracteoles and sepals.
Its placement here is unconfirmed.
PERU. Apurimac, A. Weberbauer 5875, holotype B†, isotypes: F, GH, US).
Erect shrub with abundant white latex, stems whitish on young parts, densely pubescent with crisped hairs. Leaves petiolate, 2–9 × 2–8.5 cm, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse, base subcordate to truncate, margins highlighted white, adaxially appressed puberulous, abaxially white-tomentellous; petioles 1.5–3 cm, densely puberulent. Inflorescence subcorymbose, compact, composed of compact reduced cymes borne at the apex of branchlets up to 15 cm long; peduncles 2–4 mm; bracteoles 1.5–2.5 mm, ovate, caducous; pedicels 8–14 mm, sericeous; sepals unequal, outer 5–7 × 4–5 mm, broadly oblong, rounded, glabrous, margins scarious, inner 9–10 × 6–7 mm, suborbicular to obovate; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, colour not known, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to the Apurimac valley in southern Peru at 1100 m.
PERU. Only known from the the type collection.
Distinguished by the densely pubescent stems, very unequal, glabrous sepals and glabrous corolla.
Although included by
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca, Prov. Zudañez, Joya Charal, ANMI El Palmar, una hora de la comunidad en el sector denominado Almendras, “ladera expuesta al cerro Mojocoya con presencia de Harrisia, Capparis y Caesalpinia, suelo rocoso con musgos secos en el suelo. Especie creciendo sobre ramas de Leguminosa”, 18°35'20"S, 64°50'14"W, 1610 m, J. Gutiérrez, L. Carrillo, N. Paucar & S. Peres-Cortez 2588 (holotype HSB, isotype fragment OXF).
Liana with white latex to 6 m, stems glabrous with pale brown bark; young plants multi-stemmed, but non-climbing stems eventually dying off. Leaves not present when plant flowering, petiolate, 4–5.5 × 2.5–4.5 cm, ovate, apex usually acute to shortly acuminate but occasionally rounded, minutely mucronate, base shallowly cordate to subtruncate, glabrous, abaxially paler, with prominent reddish-brown lateral veins; petioles 1–3 cm, very slender, glabrous. Inflorescence on raceme-like side branches towards the branch tips; peduncles short, 3 mm, woody, glabrous; bracteoles resembling very small leaves; secondary pedicels 2 mm; pedicels c. 7 mm, widened upwards, glabrous; sepals subequal, 11–13 × 8–9 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded, glabrous, the margins scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, glabrous, shortly funnel-shaped, white with dark red throat, limb 5.5–6.5 cm diam., unlobed; longer stamens held at corolla mouth, shorter included, anthers c. 5 mm; stigma biglobose. Capsules (immature) ovoid, c.15 mm long, glabrous; seeds (immature) pilose on the margins.
Figure
Endemic to Bolivia where it is known from xerophytic bushland and dry forest in the Río Grande Valley between 1250 and 1600 m.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Zudañez, Joya Charal, ANMI El Palmar, J. Gutiérrez al. 2239 (HSB). Cochabamba: Campero, Pasorapa, bajada de Buenavista al Río Grande, C. Antezana 626 (BOLV, CTES). Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, on the ascent from Pampa Negra, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28261 (LPP, OXF, USZ).
Resembling species in the Arborescens Clade, molecular studies using ITS suggest it is sister to the Arborescens Clade. From Ipomoea pauciflora, I. juliagutierreziae is distinguished by its liana (not tree-like) habit, obtuse to rounded (not acute) outer sepals and bilobed stigma, each lobe subglobose, 1.25 × 1.25 mm (not ellipsoid to cylindrical, 2 × 1 mm). Additionally the leaves and corolla are notably smaller than in typical I. pauciflora.
• The Arborescens Clade (117–126)
Small trees, large shrubs or lianas, copious white latex usually present. Leaves entire, large, the base cordate or truncate, often absent at anthesis. Flowers appearing when plant mostly leafless, few, often clustered on a reduced branchlet forming a subracemose structure; peduncles short, commonly much shorter than the pedicels; bracteoles small, caducous; sepals subequal, large, usually 10–30 mm long, coriaceous, ovate, obtuse, mucronate. Corolla rather large, campanulate to funnel-shaped, white, sometimes with dark purple throat, glabrous or, commonly pubescent on the midpetaline bands; anthers included. Seeds with long white hairs on the angles. Some or all species may be bat pollinated (
The species in this clade are not very well-defined but appear to be more easily recognised in the field than in the herbarium. They can be separated by the following key which includes Ipomoea juliagutierreziae.
1 | Sepals 14–28 mm long; all vegetative parts densely villous at least when young; cymes usually 1-flowered | 125. I. murucoides |
– | Sepals 5.5–21 mm long, vegetative parts glabrous to pubescent; cymes mostly 2–5-flowered | 2 |
2 | Corolla conspicuously tomentose at least in bud, 4–6 cm long; leaves usually tomentose | 124. I. arborescens |
– | Corolla glabrous or inconspicuously pubescent on the midpetaline bands only, at least 5 cm long; leaves glabrous or pubescent on veins beneath | 3 |
3 | Leaves linear, mostly < 1 cm wide | 122. I. chilopsidis |
– | Leaves lanceolate to ovate, > 1 cm wide | 4 |
4 | Sepals 5.5–13 mm long | 5 |
– | Sepals 11–21 mm long | 8 |
5 | Sepals abaxially glabrous; leaves glabrous; stem glabrous | 6 |
– | Sepals abaxially pubescent; leaves pubescent at least abaxially at base of midvein; stem glabrous or, when young, pubescent | 7 |
6 | Liana; stigmas globose; flowers borne on completely leafless, slender apical branchlets, < 3 mm wide | 116. I. juliagutierreziae |
– | Tree; stigmas cylindrical; flowers axillary and terminal, borne on stout, leafy stem | 117. I. pauciflora |
7 | Liana; adaxial surface of sepals with bulbous-based hairs; stamens 10–13 mm long | 118. I. populina |
– | Tree; adaxial surface of sepals with tiny hairs, not bulbous at base; stamens 12–28 mm long (low altitude species) | 119. I. wolcottiana |
8 | Leaves pubescent on both surfaces | 126. I. teotitlanica |
– | Leaves glabrous or thinly pubescent on veins beneath | 9 |
9 | Multi-stemmed shrub; leaves rather small, < 6 cm long | 123. I. seaania |
– | Tree or shrub with a single main trunk; leaves usually > 5.5 cm long | 10 |
10 | Shrub; sepals pubescent or glabrous externally; stamens 13–28 mm long | 121. I. rzedowskii |
– | Tree; sepals glabrous externally; stamens 30–40 mm long | 120. I. intrapilosa |
Ipomoea vargasiana
O’Donell, Bol. Soc. Peru. Bot. 1: 5. 1948. (
Ipomoea pauciflora subsp. vargasiana
(O’Donell) McPherson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68(4): 537. 1981. (
MEXICO. Oaxaca, H. Galeotti 1403 (holotype BR00006972660, isotype fragments BM, P).
Tree or more commonly shrub to 7 m, variable in habit, with arching branches, often near leafless when flowering, stems glabrous, bark light brown, latex present, white. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 2.3–6 cm, ovate, finely acuminate and mucronate, truncate to very shallowly cordate, glabrous; petioles 1.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, 1–3-flowered cymes often borne on small axillary side branches; peduncles 0.2–3 cm; bracteoles 3 mm, oblong, caducous; pedicels 20–32 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent, the margins scarious, outer 9–11 × 6–8 mm, oblong-ovate, acute, often mucronate, inner sepals similar but scarious margins broader; corolla 5–7.5 cm long, white, broadly funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube commonly reddish inside, limb 7 cm diam., undulate; stamens 9–12 mm long; stigmas cylindrical, c. 2.5 mm long. Capsules 18–22 × 10–12 mm, ellipsoid glabrous; seeds 10–11 × 5 mm, glabrous apart from the pilose margins, the hairs white c. 9–12 mm long.
Figures
Seasonally dry deciduous woodland mostly between 1000 and 2600 m from southern Peru north to southern Mexico.
PERU. Ayacucho: Weberbauer 5665 (US), 5667 (US), 5899 (US); La Mar, J. Roque & C. Arana 3120 (USM). Apurimac: Abancay, E.K. Balls 6838 (BM, F, K, US); Grau, C. Vargas 5814 (CUZ). Cusco: Anta, Limatambo, H. Galiano 5723 (MO); ibid., Mollepata, L. Valenzuela et al. 9774 (MO, OXF); ibid., W. Galiano et al. 5159 (MO). Huancavelica: K.G. Dexter et al. 6495 (E); Colcabamba, O. Tovar 2117 (USM). Tumbes: Cerros de Amotape, A. Gentry et al. 58318 (MO) fide D. Austin.
ECUADOR. Loja: G. Harling et al. 15403 (AAH, GB); Catamayo valley, L. J. Dorr & I. Valdespino 6643 (QCNE).
COLOMBIA. Boyacá: Chicamocha valley, R. Jaramillo & T. van der Hammen 4238 (COL, MA).
NICARAGUA. Fide
HONDURAS. Fide
GUATEMALA. Fide
MEXICO. Chiapas: Tzimol, A. Reyes-García & E. Martínez 203 (BM, MO); D.E. Breedlove 22952 (F). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Cult. in Jardín Botánico, A. García 4435 (MEXU): Temascaltepec, Luvianos, G.B. Hinton et al. 5305 (BM, K), ibid., 8754 (K). Guerrero: near Acapulco, E. Palmer 619 (BM, K, MICH); Rincón de la Vía, E. Matuda 37249 (MEXU); Xalpatlahuac, C. Toledo & R. Landa 548 (MEXU). Jalisco: D. Weberbauer 5322 (MEXU). Morelos: Cuenavaca, E. Bourgeau 1407 (P, S); Temisco, M.T. Germán & V. Funk 595 (MEXU); Yautepec, R. Quezada 1915 (MEXU). Oaxaca: Cuicatlán, J.I. Calzado 24340 (K, MEXU); Santiago Chazumba, J.I. Calzado 24479 (K, MEXU); Mount Albán, C.G. Pringle 4965 (BM, E, K, MICH, S); Ixtaltepec, C. Martínez 1262 (MEXU). Puebla: Tehuacán, J.I. Calzado & A. O. López 22909 (K, MEXU); Juan N. Méndez, J.I. Calzada 24328 (K, MEXU); Ahuehuetitla, S. Zamudio O. Ocampo 10981 (IEB, MEXU).
The record of Ipomoea pauciflora subsp. vargasiana in
MEXICO. Guerrero, E. Palmer 482 (holotype US00111446; isotypes K, GH, NY, UC, US).
Climbing or trailing liana to at least 4 m, stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–13 × 3–9 cm, narrowly ovate, acuminate, base truncate to weakly cordate, usually abaxially pubescent at base of midvein; petioles 2.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary 1–5-flowered cymes borne on short branchlets; peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent; bracteoles ovate-deltoid, 2–4 × 1–1.5 mm; pedicels 1.5–3.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent; sepals subequal, 5.5–12 × 6–9 mm, ovate to suborbicular, acute or obtuse, abaxially glabrous or pubescent; adaxially pubescent with bulbous-based hairs; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, sparsely pubescent on the midpetaline bands (rarely glabrous), limb 7–10 cm diam.; stamens 10–13 mm, stigmas cylindrical. Capsules ellipsoid, 15–25 mm long; seeds long-pilose on the margins.
In scattered localities from southern Mexico south to Nicaragua.
NICARAGUA. Estelí, Mun. Condega, P. Moreno 25330 (BM); Madriz, Cerro Quisaca, W.D. Stevens et al. 27620 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. Santa Ana, P.N. Montecristo, V.M. Martínez 500 (BM).
HONDURAS. Morazán, A. Molina 18464 (BM, NY).
GUATEMALA. W. Popenoe 360a (BM); Zacapa, Río Hondo, L.O. Williams et al. 41887 (BM, F, MO, NY); Baja Verapaz, Salamá, J.M. Christenhusz et al. 5666 (BM).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Cintalapa, A. Reyes García et al. 1463 (BM, MO); 30 km from Tuxtla Gutiérrez towards San Cristóbal, P.J. Stafford et al. 236 (BM). Guerrero: Langlassé 612 (F, K, P, US); Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton et al. 11528 (K, MICH, NY, US); Zoyatepec, E.M. Martínez & B. Morales 3404 (MEXU). Oaxaca: Juchitán, Arroyo Chivela, E. Pérez García 1743 (MO); Buenavista, Cerro Guiengola, L. Torres 734 (MEXU); Pochutla, M. Elorsa 6323 (MEXU). Puebla: Caltepec, P. Tenorio 7268 (MEXU).
Very similar to Ipomoea wolcottiana differing principally in its climbing or prostrate (not tree-like) habit. The pubescent buds are a useful character. Herbarium specimens can be difficult to distinguish from Ipomoea wolcottiana.
Ipomoea calva
House, Bot. Gaz. 43: 410. 1907. (
Ipomoea calodendron
O’Donell, Lilloa 23: 480. 1950. (
Ipomoea wolcottiana subsp. calodendron
(O’Donell) McPherson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68(4): 544. 1981. (
MEXICO. Colima, Manzanillo, E. Palmer 1342 (holotype US00111492, isotypes BM, GH, K, NY).
Tree to 13 m, the trunk up to 30 cm wide and with milky sap, stems shortly puberulent or glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–15 × 2.3–9 cm, ovate, acuminate, very shortly mucronate, shallowly cordate to truncate at base, adaxially thinly pubescent to glabrous, abaxially pubescent to obscurely puberulent on veins; petioles 1.5–4.5 cm, slender, glabrous. Inflorescence usually pendent of single flowers or several borne on short branches, sometimes with reduced leaves, peduncles 1–4 mm; bracteoles 2–6 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 6–24 mm; sepals subequal, 6–12(–15) × 6–7(–8) mm, elliptic, obtuse, abaxially finely puberulent to almost glabrous, adaxially pubescent, margins somewhat scarious; corolla 5–6(–9) cm long, white with dark red throat, glabrous except pubescent tips of the midpetalline bands, limb 5–5.5 cm diam.; stamens 12–30 mm long; stigma globose to elongate. Capsules ellipsoid, 20 × 10 mm, glabrous; seeds 8–10 × 3–4 mm. long-pilose on margins. Reported to be a night flowering species.
Figure
Dry, deciduous forest in scattered disjunct locations from Peru through Central America to southern Mexico at relatively low altitudes of 50–900 m,
PERU. Piura: Tondopa-Ayabaca, A. Gentry et al. 75132 (MO); Paita, O. Haught 60a (F, US); Cerro Viento, O. Haught 201 (F, US).
ECUADOR. Loja: A. Samaniengo & F. Vivar 022 (US).
EL SALVADOR. Santa Ana, Metapán, J. Monterrosa 92 (BM); La Libertad, K. Sidwell et al. 512 (BM, MO); A. Munro et al. 3676 (BM).
HONDURAS. Cox & Guzman 254 (MO), fide D.F. Austin.
GUATEMALA. H. Pittier 1859 (US), fide D.F. Austin.
MEXICO. Chiapas: A. Reyes García et al. 1483 (BM, MEXU). Colima: Ixtlahuacan, M. Navarrete de la Paz 799 (MEXU). Guerrero: Papanoa, E. Langlassé 736 (GH, K, P, US); Tierra Colorada, H. Kruse 2373 (MEXU). Jalisco: Chamela, S. Bullock 905 (MEXU); La Huerta, S. Bullock 1068 (MEXU, MO); ibid., J. Calónico 7732 (MEXU). Michoacán: Águila, A. Lozano & M.A. García 7099 (MEXU); El Camalote, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6690 (IEB, MEXU). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec, M. Elorsa 7781 (MEXU); Santiago Astata, Chacalapa, C.E. Hughes & M. Elorsa 1911 (FHO, MEXU). Puebla: C. Rojas-Martínez 85 (MEXU). Tabasco: fide
Ipomoea murucoides var. glabrata S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 440. 1887. Type, MEXICO. Jalisco, E. Palmer 703 (holotype GH00054521, isotypes BM, K, MEXU, US)
MEXICO. Jalisco, E. Palmer 705 (US00111405, lectotype designated by
A small tree to 10 m, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 7–14 × 3–5.5 cm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, base truncate to shallowly cordate, glabrous or thinly pubescent abaxially near base of midrib; petioles 3–9 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of axillary or terminal 1–3-flowered cymes often borne on short branchlets; peduncles 0.4–2 cm, glabrous; bracteoles 3–6 × 1–2.5 mm, ovate to elliptic; pedicels 2–5 cm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 13–19 × 7–13 mm, ovate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent; corolla 5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous or thinly pubescent on midpetaline bands, white with greenish tube, limb 5–7 cm diam.; stamens 3–4 cm long; style globose to slightly elongate. Capsules 2–2.5 cm long, ellipsoid; seeds with long marginal hairs.
Endemic to dry scrub in central Mexico, mostly found in Jalisco but also reported from Zacatecas, Nayarit and Michoacán.
MEXICO. Jalisco: C.G. Pringle 2443 (BM, GH, K, MICH, MO, UC, US); El Cerrito, Zacoalco de Torres, J.A. Lomeli 3140 (MEXU); Tala, A. Rodríguez & J. Reynosa 1147 (MEXU); Calvillo-Guadalajara, J.S. Miller et al. 363 (MEXU, MO). Michoacán: Caula, SW of Morelia, J.C. Soto Nuñez & L. Cortes 2376 (MEXU). Nayarit: Ixtlan del Rio, R. Acevedo & J. Sosa 1247 (MEXU). Zacatecas: Juchipila, J.J. Balleza & M. Adame 7909 (MEXU); E.D. Enriquez 357 (MEXU).
Similar to Ipomoea wolcottiana and I. pauciflora but distinguished by the larger subequal sepals 13–19 mm long, these sometimes mucronate. The corolla is apparently larger, 7–8 cm long.
MEXICO. Hidalgo, Mun. Zimapan, S. Zamudio R. & E. Pérez C. 9970 (holotype IEB000136313, isotypes ANSM, CAS, CIIDIR, IEB, MEXU, MICH, NY, QMEX, TEX, UAMIZ).
Shrub to 3 m, trunk grey-green to 20 cm thick, glabrous or white-puberulent, much branched at base. Leaves petiolate, 5.5–16.5 × 1.5–5.5 cm, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, mucronate, base rounded to subcordate, glabrescent; petioles 2–6 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered cymes from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 0.8–2.6 cm, glabrous or puberulent; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 10–30 mm, thicker than peduncles; sepals equal, 11–21 × 6–13 mm, ovate, margin scarious, glabrous or puberulent; corolla 4.5–10 cm long, campanulate to broadly funnel-shaped, white, glabrous. Capsules 15–20 × 12–15 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 11–14 mm long, ovoid, brown with long white hairs.
Endemic to central Mexico, where it grows in dry scrub on steep limestone rock slopes between 700 and 2000 m.
MEXICO. Hidalgo: Baranca Talantango, F. Miranda 4022 (MEXU). Querétaro: Cadereyta, SE de Mesa de León, S. Zamudio et al. 9162 (IEB, MEXU); ibid., La Tinaja, S. Zamudio & E. Pérez 9966 (ARIZ, IEB); Vizarrón-San Joaquin, R. Hernández et al. 10618 (MEXU).
This species is very close to Ipomoea intrapilosa, differing only in the key characters.
MEXICO. Chihuahua, Quasaremos, H.S. Gentry 2391 (holotype F0054835, isotypes A, ARIZ, K, MEXU, MO, S, UC, US).
Shrub 2–5 m high, stems glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 5–20 × 0.7–1.3 cm, elongate, oblong, slightly falcate, acuminate at both ends, glabrous; petioles 8–13 mm. Flowers apparently solitary, axillary; peduncles 6–18 mm; bracteoles not seem; pedicels 1–2.5 cm; sepals subequal, 12–17 × 7–9 mm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent, outer ovate, acute, mucronulate; inner elliptic, obtuse, with scarious margins; corolla 8–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with purple throat, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., entire. Capsules 15–18 × 12 mm, shortly rostrate; seeds pilose on margins with hairs c. 10 mm long.
Endemic to the Sierra Madre Occidental in NW Mexico at 1000–1800 m on “high arid crags” in oak and pine forest.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: Barranca de Batopilas, R. Felger & R. Russel 8078-B (ARIZ); canyon of the Río Batapilas, V. Siplivinsky et al. 3999 (DES). Durango: S. González & R.R. Clinebell 6360 (IEB). Sonora: Mesa Atravesada, 1000 m, P.S. Martin et al. s.n. (ARIZ); Sierra Sahuaribo, V.W. Steinmann et al. 93-284 (ARIZ).
Rather distinctive because of the narrowly oblong, falcate leaves.
MEXICO. Sonora, Mun. Guaymas, 1 km N. of Bahía San Carlos, R. Felger & R.S. Devine 85-301 (holotype ARIZ-BOT0005024, isotypes ARIZ, CAS, IEB, MEXU, MO, NY, RSA, SD, TEX, US).
Multi-stemmed shrub to 4 m, stems erect, or, upwards, sinuous or spiralling, pubescent, glabrescent, old bark whitish. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1.5–8 × 0.5–2 cm, lanceolate to ovate, apex obtuse to emarginate, base cuneate to truncate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2–12 mm. Inflorescence of 1–3 flowers on short shoot-like peduncles 0–5 mm long; bracteoles 5–8 mm, oblong-lanceolate, resembling tiny leaves, caducous; pedicels 8–22 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly unequal, 12–17 × 6–8 mm, abaxially thinly to densely puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, margins scarious, outer sepals ovate, acute, inner broadly ovate to elliptic, obtuse with broad glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 4–6 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped with tube 3.5 cm long and c. 1.5 cm wide at mouth, glabrous, white with yellowish midpetaline bands, maroon inside at base of tube, limb c. 6 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Lower slopes of Sierra El Aguaje in desert scrub on rocky slopes near sea level in NW Mexico.
MEXICO. Sonora: San Carlos Bay-Catch-22 airstrip, T.F. Daniel 2360 (ASU, CAS).
The holotype was cited as deposited in UA, a non-existent herbarium code. It was apparently intended to refer to the University of Arizona (ARIZ).
Convolvulus arborescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Enum. Pl. 1: 204. 1809. Type. MEXICO. Guerrero, between Acaguisootla and Chilpancingo, Humboldt & Bonpland (holotype B-W 03707-01, isotype P).
Argyreia oblonga
Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur 133. 1844 [pub.1845]. (
Ipomoea oblonga
(Benth.) Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2(11): 391. 1882. (
Ipomoea murucoides var. glabrata
Rose, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 107. 1891 (
Ipomoea cuernavacensis
House, Bot. Gaz. 43: 410. 1907. (
Ipomoea arborescens var. glabrata
Gentry, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.527: 212. 1942. (
Ipomoea arborescens var. pachylutea
Gentry, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.527: 213. 1942. (
Based on Convolvulus arborescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Tree 5–15 m high, trunks often 50–70 cm diam., bark pale grey or yellowish (var. pachylutea), latex white, stems tomentellous with matted hairs, especially when young, glabrescent. Leaves 5–27 × 3–10 cm, ovate or lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, adaxially green, abaxially grey-tomentose, ±glabrescent except on veins, glands present at base of midrib; petioles 1.3–9 cm, tomentellous when young. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, composed 1–3-flowered raceme-like cymes borne on short branchlets, peduncles 1–5 mm; bracteoles 4–6 mm, ovate, caducous; pedicels 5–22 mm, widened upwards, tomentose; sepals subequal, 6–14 × 7–8 mm, elliptic, rounded, sometimes mucronate, tomentellous, glabrescent; corolla 4–6 cm long, subcampanulate to funnel-shaped, white with greenish tube and red throat, tomentose, at least in bud. Capsules 1.8–2.3 × 1.2–1.4 cm, ovoid, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds 9–16 mm long, the margins white-pilose with hairs c. 12 mm long.
Dry forest and scrub, mostly below 1000 m in western and central Mexico.
MEXICO. Chiapas: fide
The Berlin holotype of Convolvulus arborescens is a sterile plant cultivated in Berlin. The Paris isotype appears to be of the original collection made by Humboldt and Bonpland.
Argyreia oblonga Benth. is cited incorrectly as Ipomoea oblonga in IPNI, TROPICOS and
A rather variable species in which a number of varieties have been recognised. Var. pachylutea is often recognised by botanists who know it in the field. It is distinguished by its yellowish bark, larger and more pubescent leaves and larger flower parts, differences that are not readily discernible in the herbarium. It is found on rocky slopes and in low open woodland altitudes of 600–900 m in NW Mexico.
Convolvulus macranthus
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 95. 1818 [pub.1819]. (
Ipomoea macrantha
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 267. 1838. (
Convolvulus quahutzehuatl Sessé & Moc., Pl. Nov. Hisp. 23. 1887 [pub.1888]. (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1887-90: 23). Type. MEXICO. Sessé & Moçiños.n. (holotype MA00603845).
Convolvulus arboreus Sessé & Moç., Pl. Nov. Hisp. 23. 1887 [pub. 1888]. (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1887-90: 23). Type. MEXICO. Sessé & Moçiños.n. (MA00603835, lectotype designated here; isolectotypes BM, F, MA).
A cultivated plant “e horto valentino” (whereabouts unknown).
Tree to 13 m high, trunk to 40 cm diam., white latex abundant, stems floccose with white hairs. Leaves petiolate, 9–20 × 1–7 cm, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, base broadly cuneate, usually villous or pubescent when young, somewhat glabrescent; petioles 1–6 cm, tomentose, glabrescent. Inflorescence terminal or from upper leaf axils, laxly corymbose in structure; peduncles 0.3–2 cm, villous; bracteoles ovate, obtuse 10–15 × 5–10 mm, caducous; pedicels 1.5–5 cm, thickened upwards, more densely tomentose than peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, 14–28 × 9–20 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse to subacute, white-tomentose, the inner slightly shorter but more densely tomentose; corolla 6–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with dull red throat, villous; limb c. 5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules 2–2.5 cm long, oblong-ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 12 × 5 mm, pilose on the margins with hairs 10–15 mm long.
Dry scrub and open deciduous woodland from 600 to 2400 m from central Mexico south to Guatemala.
GUATEMALA. J. Castillo 1661 (F); J. Donnell Smith 1863 (K); Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4733 (K); Guatemala City, O. & I. Degener 26487 (BM); Huehuetenango, A.F. Skutch 1938 (BM); Jalapa, B.T. Styles 141 (FHO).
MEXICO. Aguascalientes: Aguascalientes-Calvillo, J.S. Miller et al. 355 (MO, MEXU). Chiapas: D. E. Breedlove & R.F. Thorne 21298 (MO). Durango: O.H. Soule 2076 (MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Mont de Guadelupe, E. Bourgeau 790 (BM, P, S); Ayotzingo, Chalco, A. Ventura 4351 (MEXU). Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 2786 (BM, K); ibid., San Lucas, G.B. Hinton 8755 (K). Guanajuato: Cerro Las Tetillas, G. Ibarra Manríquez & G. Cornejo Tenorio 6796 (MEXU, MO); Irapuato, E. Martínez & C.H. Ramos 39679 (MEXU). Guerrero: J.C. Soto & E.M. Martínez 3994 (MEXU, MO); San Pedro Atengo, R. Cruz Duran 2139 (MEXU). Hidalgo: J.L. Flores s.n. (MEXU). Jalisco: Tapalpa, E.J. Lott & J.A. Solis Magallanes 755 (MEXU, MO); ibid., H.H. Iltis et al. 816 (K, MEXU). Michoacán: Zitácuaro, J.C. Soto & S. Aureoles 7232 (BM, MEXU); Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton 12692 (K). Morelos: Cuernavaca–Cautla, T. Croat & D.P. Hannon 65738 (MEXU, MO). Nayarit: El Ocote, Sw of Yxtlan, Y. Mexia 800 (BM, MO). Oaxaca: C.A. Pringle 6066 (BM, K, MO, S); Santiago Chazumba, J.I. Calzada 24331 (K, MEXU); M. O. Dillon 683 (F); Zimatlan, A. Miranda & O. Hernández 694 (MEXU). Puebla: Tepoxuchil, F. Nicholas 622 (K); Cerro Toltepec, J.L. Contreras 7537 (MEXU). Querétaro: E. Carranza & A. Amador 4943 (MEXU); Los Cues, E. Argüelles 1933 (FTG, MEXU). Zacatecas: Coulter 1023 (K); Zapoqui, T. Croat 45088 (MEXU, MO); Villanueva, E.B. Enriquez 376 (MEXU).
Perhaps the most distinct of the Arborescens Clade because of the dense, white, woolly stem indumentum, large sepals and broadly cuneate leaf bases.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Teotitlan Dist., Tambor, 17 miles W of San Antonio, H.S. Gentry 22475 (holotype A00054546, isotypes ARIZ, MEXU).
Small tree with grey trunk to 5 m high, stem and branchlets woody, tomentose with white hairs, eventually glabrescent. Leaves rather shortly petiolate, 2–5 × 1.4–5.7 cm, suborbicular, cordate, rounded to retuse, tomentose on both surfaces, adaxially grey-green abaxially white; petioles 5–16 mm, tomentellous. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 0–1 mm; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, ovate, deciduous; pedicels 4–15 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, 11–16 × 7–10 mm long, the outer ovate, acute, abaxially tomentose, inner elliptic obtuse, only the midrib tomentose, the margin scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale yellow, glabrous. Capsules narrowly ovoid, glabrous; seeds with long, lanate hairs.
Endemic to Oaxaca and neighbouring Puebla in Mexico, recorded as growing on steep sandstone slopes.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Teotitlan de Flores Magon, J.I. Calzada 24325 (MEXU, K), ibid., 24320 (K, MEXU); ibid., El Tambor, G. Murguía s.n. [17/1/1991] (IEB). Puebla: Tehuacan-Oaxaca, M. Cházaro & B.L. Mosthul 7703 (IEB).
MEXICO. Guerrero: Chilpancingo de los Bravo: a 2 km al sur del poblado de Acahuizotla, 807 m, 17°21'17.6"N, 99°27'27.4"W, 27 Aug. 2014 (fl.) C.A. González-Martínez & S. Rios-Carrasco 390 (holotype FCME; isotypes ENCB, FCME, IEB, MEXU, XAL).
Perennial climber, root woody; stems 2‒5 m long herbaceous, sparsely puberulent, green, 3-winged, the wings 2‒3 mm wide. Leaves petiolate, 11‒17.5(‒21) × 13‒19(‒27) cm, 5(‒7) palmatilobed, the base cordate, the lobes unequal, basal lobes 5.8‒13(‒15) × 2‒6 cm, elliptic, lateral lobes 9.2‒16.7(‒21.5) × 2.2‒7 cm, elliptic, central lobe 9.5‒19.8(‒22) × 3.2‒9 cm, obovate, membranous, margins entire, weakly revolute, the apex acuminate-mucronate, both surfaces puberulent, adaxially green, abaxially light green to whitish, the midvein winged, sparsely puberulent; petioles 5‒13.5 cm × 1‒2.2 mm, sulcate, puberulent, winged, the wings ca. 0.4 mm wide. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with (1‒)3‒6 flowers; peduncles 0.8‒1.1 cm, puberulent, weakly winged, not accrescent in fruit; bracteoles 1.5‒2.3 × 0.9‒1.3 cm, coriaceous, obovate, keeled, mucronate, exterior puberulent, pinkish-green; secondary peduncles 3.2‒4.3 mm; pedicels 8 mm, thickened upwards in fruit; sepals subequal, 21‒24 × 8.3‒11 mm, oblong, coriaceous, puberulent, the midvein slightly elevated, base truncate, apex obtuse and mucronate, the central part pinkish-white, the margin whitish-green; corolla c. 6.5 cm long, campanulate above a narrow, cylindrical basal tube, puberulent, white, becoming magenta upwards, the interior with magenta spots and vertical lines, the basal cylindrical tube 1.5‒2 long, the expanded part 3.7‒4 × 3‒3.5 cm, the limb 5.5‒6 cm diam., subentire, weakly 10‒lobed, magenta, glabrous. Capsules 1.4‒1.6 × 0.9‒1 cm, ellipsoid, puberulent, dark brown, the base of the style persistent, ca. 0.5 mm long, 4-seeded; seeds ca. 9.5 × 5 mm ellipsoid, the apex acute, dark brown, minutely reticulate, glabrous except for the up to 8.5 mm long marginal hairs.
Endemic to Guerrero at around 800 m in semi-deciduous tropical forest.
MEXICO. Guerrero: Only known from a few collections cited by
Ipomoea kahloae is a very distinctive species with no obvious relatives. It is distinguished by the presence of strongly winged stems and petioles, the subsessile inflorescences with, pinkish-green, obovate keeled bracteoles, the pinkish sepals, and the unusually coloured a campanulate, magenta corolla. Its position here is suggested by molecular data published by
•• Clade A2 (Species 128–215) is the second major clade within Clade A. It consists of perennial herbs and woody climbers or lianas. Most species are climbing plants but there are a few erect species. The leaves are sometimes absent at anthesis, particularly in the lianas that flower in the dry season. Although leaf shape is often a useful character, many mainly entire-leaved species sometimes present with 3-lobed leaves. The most distinctive feature of the clade lies in the rigid, subequal coriaceous sepals, which are usually glabrous (except in most species in the 128– 143 sequence). The corolla is glabrous (except Ipomoea discolor and species 129–131) and may be either hypocrateriform or funnel-shaped. The seeds, where known, are always lanate, with long marginal hairs.
The species in this clade are not always well-defined or easy to distinguish. ITS barcode sequences provide little resolution and our 605 nuclear region phylogeny included so few species that few inferences can be drawn, although there is a suggestion that the Caribbean species form a clade. It seems probable that many species have evolved recently often in response to a specific environmental stimulus. Particularly noteworthy is the existence of five species pairs which are vegetatively almost identical but differ markedly in the structure of their corolla. These are I. oranensis and I. exserta, I. schulziana and I. suburceolata, I. pintoi and I. ana-mariae, I. steudelii and I. eggersiana, I. proxima and I. macdonaldii, the first in each pair having a funnel-shaped corolla and the second a hypocrateriform corolla, the latter presumably an adaptation for bird pollination. There is also an interesting and problematic group of poorly defined Mexican species (Ipomoea suaveolens, I. proxima, I. lottiae, I. macdonaldii, I. scopulorum, I. pseudoracemosa, I. pruinosa), all with white flowers and forming a group in which some species seem to have switched from funnel-shaped corollas to hypocrateriform corollas, more appropriate for night-flowering moth-pollination. Other interesting features of the clade are the presence of species with stellate hairs both in South America and in the Caribbean and the existence of Caribbean species with the leaves arranged on brachyblasts (I. eggersiana, I. steudelii, I. microdonta and I. tenuifolia), these last all with unusually small leaves. Several species are also notable for their unusually short peduncles, the flowers thus appearing to be in axillary clusters.
The clade is well represented through most of the Americas but is particularly diverse in the Caribbean, providing all but two of the species endemic to that region. It is less common towards the north of its continental range and is almost absent from the United States.
• Species 128–131 comprise an informal group of erect Mexican species with solitary axillary flowers. They are unusual in the clade for having hirsute sepals and pubescent corollas (except I. petrophila).
MEXICO. Chihuahua, C.G. Pringle 340 (holotype US00111439, isotypes BM, F, GH, K, LIL, NY, RSA).
Perennial herb to 50 cm, similar in general habit to I. longifolia, stem softly pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 4–8 × 1.5–2.5 cm, ovate or ovate-elliptic, acute, base cuneate, softly pubescent on both surfaces; petioles 2–5 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary, long-pedunculate; peduncles 2–3.5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 9–13 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6–8 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, pubescent, inner 9–11 mm, oblong-elliptic with scarious glabrous margins; corolla c. 6 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pink, limb 3.5 cm diam. Capsules 13–15 × 10 mm, ovoid with a persistent style, glabrous; seeds 9–10 × 4–5 mm, blackish, minutely puberulent and with long white marginal hairs, c. 10 mm long.
Endemic to northern Mexico where it appears to be rare in rocky grassland.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: near Mapula, F. Shreve 9060 (ARIZ); Sierra Mapula, Rancho Picacho, E. Lehto et al. 21586 (MEXU); Presa Chihuahua, N of El Fresno, M. Fishbein et al. 7383 (ARIZ).
This species differs from other erect species with ovate-elliptic leaves from Mexico in its hirsute vegetative parts.
MEXICO. Zapatecas, near Berriozabal, E.W. Nelson 3889 (holotype NY00319110, isotypes GH, US).
Decumbent or erect perennial herb or subshrub 10–50 cm high, stem densely sericeous-pubescent, base woody, rootstock very stout and woody. Leaves subsessile, 0.6–1 × 0.2–0.4 cm, oblong-elliptic or obovate, acute or obtuse, apiculate, base narrowly cuneate, white-sericeous to tomentose on both surfaces. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers, becoming crowded upwards; peduncle 2–3 mm; bracteoles 1 mm, scale-like; pedicels 4–7 mm, thicker than peduncles, pubescent; sepals subequal, 7–10 mm, ovate, obtuse, outer tomentellous, inner tomentellous in central area but with broad scarious glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, reddish-purple with a white tube, pubescent in bud at apex, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds dark brown with short white marginal hairs.
Rare and endemic to central Mexico, principally Guanajuato, growing at around 2000–2300 m on stony slopes with low xerophytic scrub and open pine woodland.
MEXICO. Aguascalientes: San José de Gracia, H. Hernández et al. 234 (MO); Calvillo, Barranca Tortugas, M. de la Cerda & G. García 1549 (IEB). Durango: N. of Fresnillo Junction, T. Walker s.n. (ARIZ). Guanajuato: SW of Santa Bárbara, Mun. Ocampo, E. Pérez & S. Zamudio 3373 (IEB); Sierra de Jacales, E. Carranza & J. Becerra 6094 (IEB); San Pedro Almoloyán, E. Carranza & J. Becerra 6071 (IEB). Jalisco: Encarnación de Díaz, S. Zamudio & C.A. Ramírez 15696 (IEB).
An erect species with white, sericeous to tomentose vegetative parts and very small leaves. Very similar to Ipomoea durangensis differing in the obtuse sepals. Specimens from Aguascalientes are somewhat intermediate with Ipomoea durangensis.
MEXICO. Durango, E.W. Nelson 4639 (holotype US0036705, isotypes GH, K).
Subshrub to 1 m, much branched at base, stems grey-tomentellous with crisped hairs, rootstock a woody xylopodium. Leaves subsessile, 2–3.5 × 0.4–1.5 cm, oblong, base cuneate, apex rounded to obtuse, grey-tomentellous on both surfaces, whitish when young; petioles 2–4 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 0–1 mm; bracteoles linear, filiform, 5–10 mm long, caducous; pedicels 3–10 mm, tomentellous; sepals subequal, 12–16 × 2–3 mm, but accrescent in fruit to 22 × 5.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, whitish tomentose; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink with the lower part of the tube cream, sericeous in bud and on mid-petaline bands, limb 4 cm diam. Capsules 12–15 × 8–10 mm, ovoid, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 4 × 4–5 mm, pubescent on margins.
Endemic to northern Mexico, principally Durango, in dry, open grassy habitats at altitudes of 1900–2100 m.
MEXICO. Durango: E. Palmer 366 (BM, K, MO); 6 miles W of Ciudad Durango, H.S. Gentry & R. Engard 23614 (ARIZ); 1.7 miles NE of Federico L. Madero, W.L. Wagner & J. Solomon 4319 (FTG. MO); 15–20 miles NW of Durango towards La Zarca, R.H. Hevly et al. s.n. (ARIZ); Pipasancaro, E.W. Nelson 4664 (K); Pánuco de Coronado, L. López et al. 25 (IEB); Michilia, Y. Herrera 642 (IEB); Suchil, El Mirador, P. Tenorio et al. 5967 (MEXU). Zacatecas: Oja de Agua near Sombrereta, R.H. Hevly et al. s.n (ARIZ).
Very distinctive because of the oblong, subsessile leaves and solitary axillary flowers with suppressed peduncles. The acuminate sepals should be noted.
MEXICO. Querétaro, Hac. Ciervo, Rose & Painter 9660 (holotype US00036708, isotypes MEXU00025165, NY00319080).
Erect perennial subshrub to 80 cm from a tuberous rootstock, stem densely tomentose, often much branched from base. Leaves imbricate, shortly petiolate, 4–10 × 2–5 cm, elliptic, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate, densely white-tomentose on both surfaces but paler beneath; petioles 3–5 mm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–2 cm, densely pubescent; bracteoles 14–16 mm long, linear spathulate, tomentose; pedicels 4–9 mm; sepals subequal, 15–23 mm, lanceolate, attenuate, white-tomentose; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, pubescent, limb entire to undulate. Capsules 8–10 × 6–8 mm, conical, glabrous; seeds glabrous except for white marginal hairs c. 3 mm long.
Dry spiny xerophytic scrub at 2000–2250 m. Endemic to central Mexico.
MEXICO. Guanajuato: Mun. Cortazar, SE of El Zapote, E. Carranza & R.M. García 5322 (IEB, MEXU, MICH, TEX); cerca de El Zapote, E. Carranza 5348 (IEB). Querétaro: del Ciervo al Cerro de la Mesa, F. Altimirano 1557 (US); SE de La Trinidad, R. Hernández 12059 (IEB); W of El Tejocote, J. Rzedowski 48839 (IEB).
Resembles Ipomoea durangensis but differs in the white corolla, greyer tomentose indumentum, larger, more imbricate leaves and the longer peduncles.
MEXICO. Querétaro, San Juan del Rio, J.M. Rose & W.H. Painter 9542 (holotype US00111415, isotypes BM, GH, NY).
Twining perennial herb from a tuberous rootstock, stems somewhat woody, glabrous to thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 1.7–2.5 cm, ovate, apex long-caudate, base cordate to subtruncate and shortly cuneate onto the petiole, auricles rounded, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2–4.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary (very rarely paired), pedunculate flowers, peduncle 0.5–4 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 1 mm, deltoid, caducous; pedicels 20–40 mm, stouter than peduncles and thickened upwards, nearly glabrous; sepals subequal, glabrous 12–14 × 5–7 mm, ovate, shortly mucronate, outer with scattered fleshy teeth on abaxial surface, inner without teeth but with scarious margins; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules 8–10 × 5–6 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 4–6 mm long, subglobose, brown, puberulent.
Endemic to central Mexico, where it grows in dry pine and oak woodland on rocky hillsides and in rough pasture derived from woodland, mostly between 1000 and 2300 m.
MEXICO. Guanajuato: Rincón del Cano, E. Carranza & E. Pérez 4995 (IEB, MEXU, TEX); Mun. Victoria, E. Ventura y E. López 8485 (IEB). Hidalgo: Tecozautla, S. Rojas 237 (IEB). Querétaro: San Juan del Rio, C.G. Pringle 10029 (BM, K, MO, S); Zamorano, O. Ocampo & E. Pérez 1221 (IEB). Sinaloa: El Saucito, P. Tenorio et al. 10292 (MEXU). Tamaulipas: 15 km SW of Ciudad Victoria, G.L. Webster et al. 11241 (S).
The plate accompanying the protologue is incorrect and shows Ipomoea collina. The correct plate is Figure
Ipomoea albidiflora
Matuda, Cact. Suc. Mex 18(3): 78. 1973. (
MEXICO. K.T. Hartweg 96 (holotype K000612756, isotypes BM, E, GH, K, NY, OXF).
Twining perennial herb to c. 2 m, stems woody below, white-pubescent; root tuberous, resembling a small turnip. Leaves petiolate, small, 2–4.5 × 1.8–3.5, ovate-deltoid, pubescent, glabrescent; petioles 0.6–4.3 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary flowers (rarely in cymes with up to 3 flowers); peduncles 2.5–16 cm, glabrous or pubescent; bracteoles early caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles (if present) 1–3 cm; pedicels 10–30 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly to very unequal, scarious-margined, outer 6–8 × 2. 5–3 mm, oblong to narrowly elliptic, obtuse, abaxially hispid with bulbous-based hairs (rarely glabrous), inner 7–9 × 3–4 mm, oblong-obovate, obtuse, rounded or retuse, with broader scarious margins, glabrous; corolla 4.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with lavender flush, (sometimes pink), glabrous, limb 4–7 cm diam. Capsules 7–12 × 6–9 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds black, 7–8 mm long, shortly pubescent on the angles.
Endemic to central Mexico, where it grows in scrub and rough grassland at around 2000–2100 m.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: Río Mayo, Guasaremos, H.S. Gentry 1558 (ARIZ), ibid., 2333 (ARIZ, MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Cerro Muñeca, G.B. Hinton 1382 (BM, K, MO), ibid., Ipericones, G.B. Hinton 8083 (K, P, S). Guanajuato: M. Doblado, E. Carranza & E. Pérez 4938 (IEB, MEXU); La Presa del Chupadero, E. Ventura & E. López 9550 (IEB, MEXU); Coroneo, E. Carranza 5087 (IEB, MEXU). Guerrero: just N. of Arteaga, D.F. Austin & F. de la Puente 7691 (FTG). Jalisco: 5 miles E of Zapotlanejo, D. Tuttle 279 (ARIZ); Tepatitlán-Pegueros, R. Guzmán et al. 950 (MEXU). Michoacán: Mun. Morelia, J. Santos Martínez 2228 (IEB, MEXU, MICH); San Bernardo E. Carranza 5546 (IEB, MEXU). Morelos: Cuernavaca, C.G. Pringle 13779 (ARIZ, S). Nayarit: Santa María del Oro, H.S. Gentry 11012 (ARIZ); Tepic, R. Kral 27530 (MO). Querétaro: San Juan del Rio, C.G. Pringle 10028 (BM, K, MEXU, MO, S); Humilpan–El Pueblito, E. Argüelles 3220 (MEXU). San Luís de Potosí: Guadalcázar, R. Torres Colin 15218 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Villa Unión, R.L. Oliver et al. 727 (MO). Zacatecas: Coulter 1022 (K).
Ipomoea hartwegii is a poorly understood species. It is characterised by the long-pedunculate 1–2-flowered inflorescence and the sepals with conspicuous scarious margins. The leaves are shortly petiolate, especially in contrast to the long-pedunculate flowers and the sepals are usually abaxially hispid with bulbous-based hairs, although in some specimens they are glabrous. It is not unlike a solitary-flowered small-leaved form of Ipomoea orizabensis.
Ipomoea hartwegii is quite frequently confused with I. proxima (as I. dimorphophylla) but that species has a shortly pedunculate cymose inflorescence and the leaves are often lobed or at least with undulate margins.
• Species 134–141 are all Mexican species with white flowers and similar morphology although phylogenetic relationships between species have not been determined. Most but not all have hirsute sepals
MEXICO. Michoacán, Mun. Penjamillo, E. Carranza 5608 (holotype IEB000187865, isotypes ENCB, IEB, MEXU, TEX).
Robust trailing or twining liana; stems to 14 m, canescent when young but glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 7–14 × 4–10 cm, base truncate or cordate, apex acuminate, adaxially green, thinly to densely pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose with some hairs reported to be branched; petioles 2.5–11 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary 1–3(–5)-flowered cymes, sometimes developing on short branchlets; peduncles (0.5–)1–5.5 cm, densely grey-canescent or subtomentose, somewhat glabrescent; bracteoles lanceolate, 2 mm long, grey-canescent; secondary peduncles c. 1 cm, noticeably less hairy than peduncles; pedicels 0.5–2.5 cm, densely puberulent; sepals somewhat unequal, coriaceous with pale scarious margins, glabrous; outer 5.5–8 × 4–6 mm, obtuse, inner 8–12 × 6–9 mm, truncate; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with purple throat, glabrous, limb shallowly lobed, c. 4–4.5 cm diam. Capsules 10–17 × 8–12 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 7–12 mm long, glabrous apart from the pilose margins with brownish hairs 10–14 mm long.
Figure
Endemic to central Mexico and apparently uncommon to dry forest mostly between 1000 and 2000 m.
MEXICO. Colima: B.M. Rothschild & T. Upson 352 (A); L. Vazquez & B.L. Phillips 799 (A). Guerrero: Vallecito de de Zaragoza, J.C. Soto Nuñez et al. 9711 (MEXU); H. Iltis et al. 28692 (IEB, TEX). Jalisco: Jacotepec, Sierra La Difunta, J.A. Macuca 7220 (IEB, MICH); Zapopan, P. Carrillo-Reyes 2319 (IEB). Michoacán: Tzitzio, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6786 (IEB); Churintzio, Sanguijelas, J.N. Labat 1834 (IEB, MEXU, P); C. Feddema 51 (MICH); Mina, G.B. Hinton et al. 10519 (GBH, K); Penjamillo, Cuesta del Platanal, H. Díaz & E. Pérez 7242 (IEB). Sinaloa: 35 miles E. of Villa Union, R.L. Oliver et al. 750 (MO).
Although Carranza and McDonald place this species in the Arborescens group and compare it with Ipomoea populina House, this is incorrect as it clearly belongs to Clade A2. Neither the purple fruit nor the arborescent habit are obvious in herbarium specimens but specimens are usually easily identified by the large, entire leaves, which are subtomentose abaxially, the pubescent peduncles and young stems, and the few-flowered lax inflorescence. There is some variation in indumentum, some specimens being adaxially (as well as abaxially) hirsute. Zamudio & Pérez 10032 (IEB) from Arroyo Toliman, Mun. Zimapan (Hidalgo) looks like a glabrous form of Ipomoea cuprinacoma.
Ipomoea rhomboidea
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 245. 1908. (
MEXICO. Sinaloa, Tapolobampo, E. Palmer 227 (holotype US00111455, isotypes ARIZ, C, MICH, P, RSA, S).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur, Cape region, T.S. Brandegee s.n. (holotype UC105176).
Grey prostrate or twining perennial to 2 m, stems subglabrous, pubescent to subtomentose. Leaves petiolate, variable in form, 2–8 × 1.5–7.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, acute, cordate to truncate and cuneate onto the petiole, often shallowly 3-lobed, sometimes deeply 3-lobed with suborbicular to rhomboid lobes that are contracted below, margin somewhat undulate, both surfaces thinly to densely pubescent with simple and branched hairs, especially on the veins; petioles 1–6 cm, nearly glabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence of lax 1–5-flowered cymes; peduncles 1–3.8 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, filiform, caducous; pedicels 15–35 mm, sometimes winged, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, somewhat coriaceous, outer sepals 5–8 × 3–4 mm, oblong to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate, pubescent, the margins scarious, glabrous, inner 9–13 × 6–7 mm, broadly obovate-elliptic, rounded, mucronulate, scarious except for central area; corolla 6–9 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, white with bluish centre, limb 6–8 cm diam., midpetaline bands ending in a mucro; anthers usually included. Capsules 10 × 10 mm, subglobose, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 7 mm, densely pilose on the margins with hairs to 8 mm.
Growing amongst rocks at low altitudes in northwestern Mexico.
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: T.S. Brandegee s.n. [11/10/1904] (GH); Rancho La Burrera, M. Domínguez 311 (IEB). Nayarit: Presa Aguamilpa, J.I. Calzada et al. 18610 (MEXU), 18633 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Mazatlán, T.S. Brandegee s.n. [8/10/1893] (MEXU); ibid., Ynés Mejia 48 (MO); Culiacán, Cerro Piedrera, M. Provance 9616 (MO, UCR); Presa El Comedero, R. Vega Aviña et al. 6098 (MEXU); Sierra de Tacuichamona, R. Vega Aviña et al. 6698 (MEXU). Sonora: San Bernardo, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 1574 (ARIZ, F, K, MEXU, MO, S); (ARIZ); Mun. Soyopa, Río Yaqui, M. Fishbein et al. 3573 (ARIZ, MO); Mun. Sahuaripa, A.L. Reina-G et al. 2003-937 (ARIZ).
The specimen of Ipomoea scopulorum at MEXU (00025258) is a paratype, not an isotype as labelled.
This species is rather variable in leaf size and shape, indumentum and corolla size. Entire leaves are deltoid and basally truncate, but the deeply 3-lobed leaves have the terminal leaflet somewhat rhomboid in form. The indumentum is quite variable in its density and the branched hairs are not easily discerned even with a microscope.
MEXICO. Jalisco, La Huerta, Est. Biologia, Chamela, E. Lott, J.A. Solis & S.H. Bullock 1833 (holotype MEXU00448374, isotypes MO, US, XAL).
Twining perennial, stems woody and wiry, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–6.5 × 2–7 cm, ovate or, more commonly, 3-lobed, acute or obtuse, mucronate, basally cordate to subtruncate and then cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially thinly adpressed pubescent, abaxially silvery, adpressed pilose; petioles 1–4 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–2.7 cm, pubescent; bracteoles linear c. 4 × 0.5 mm; pedicels 10–23 mm, pubescent; sepals unequal, outer 3–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, thinly pubescent, inner larger, 6–7 × 2–4 mm, obovate-elliptic, retuse, the margins broadly scarious; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, salverform the tube 2–2.5 cm long, glabrous, cream, opening at night; stamens equal, very short; anthers and style included. Capsules 9–11 × 7 mm, glabrous, ovoid, muticous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, long-pilose on the margins with hairs up to 12 mm long.
Almost endemic to the Chamela region in dry deciduous forest at low altitudes.
MEXICO. Guerrero: Cortez & Lozano 2621 (MEXU), fide McDonald (1987). Jalisco: Chamela, A. Gentry & L. Woodruff 74402 (FTG, MO); E. Lott 1207 (MEXU, MO); 11 km S of Guadalajara, M. Harker & H. Mellowes 91 (BM); Michoacán: Aquila, Barranca de Chila, J.C. Soto et al. 2621 (IEB).
This species is distinguished by the white salverform corolla and 3-lobed leaves, but is otherwise very similar to Ipomoea proxima and I. scopulorum.
Calonyction proximum
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 268. 1845. (
Ipomoea dimorphophylla
Greenm., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 33(25): 482. 1898. (
Ipomoea oaxacana
Greenm., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2(8): 336. 1912. (
Based on Calonyction proximum M. Martens & Galeotti
Perennial climbing herb with tuberous roots, stem pubescent but somewhat glabrescent, woody. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–4.5 × 1–4.5 cm, ovate, entire or shallowly 3-lobed, acute to acuminate, mucronulate, base truncate to shallowly cordate, adaxially thinly pubescent, glabrescent, abaxially pubescent to grey-tomentose; petioles 3–4.5 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate 1–6 flowered axillary cymes, sometimes developing on leafy side shoots; peduncles short, 0.3–1 cm puberulent; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 5–10 mm; pedicels 10–20 mm, densely tomentellous, slightly thickened upwards; sepals slightly unequal, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse or rounded, coriaceous, glabrous, margin scarious, outer 5–6 × 4–5 mm, inner 6–8 × 5–6 mm; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, glabrous, limb 5–6 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, c. 10 mm, glabrous; seeds 7–9 mm, dark brown, with long white, marginal hairs.
Figure
Oakwoods in the mountains of south-central Mexico at 1800–2500 m.
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Telpintla, G.B. Hinton 1139 (K); ibid., Tequisquipan, G.B. Hinton 1330 (K); ibid., Rincón, G.B. Hinton 1547 (K), ibid., 3262 (K). Guanajuato: Xichú, S. Zamudio 13627 (IEB). Guerrero: Vallecitos, Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton 11480 (K). Michoacán: E. Carranza et al. 7625 (IEB); Aguililla, Apatzingan, G.B. Hinton et al. 15188 (GH, MO). Oaxaca: Ghiesbrecht s.n. (P); Cerro la Culebra, SW de el Enebro, P. Tenorio et al. 7147 (MEXU, MO); Santo Domingo Tonalá, A. Torres Hernández 505 (IEB); Pochutla, San Miguel del Puerto, J. Pascual 550 (ASU); Juchitán, A. Saynes & A. Sánchez 3609 (MO). Puebla: fide
A poorly understood species characterised by the white corolla, truncate, pubescent, usually shallowly lobed leaves and shortly pedunculate cymes often arising on leafy side shoots. There is some variation in indumentum, specimens from Oaxaca having pubescent pedicels and sepals, whereas they are glabrous in the Temascaltepec specimens, Hinton 11480 from Guerrero and the lectotype of Ipomoea dimorphophylla. Ipomoea dimorphophylla was said by
This species is very close to Ipomoea scopulorum from NW Mexico differing in the shorter, more rounded, only slightly unequal sepals. It may intergrade with Ipomoea suaveolens but that species has spreading, stiff hairs on the stem and usually also on the pedicels and sepals as well as a narrowly funnel-shaped corolla.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Pochutla, Mun. Santa Maria Huatulco, E. Carranza et al. 7430 (holotype IEB0225154, isotypes IEB, MEXU, NY).
Twining perennial herb 6–10 m high, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 6.5–12 × 4–10 cm, ovate, sometimes 3-lobed to nearly halfway, acuminate, mucronate, base truncate and briefly cuneate onto the petiole, glabrous except for the pilose margin; petioles 2–8 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate compound axillary cymes; peduncles 10–28 cm, glabrous; bracteoles 1.5–4 mm, ovate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–4 cm; tertiary and quaternary peduncles slightly shorter; pedicels 17–30 mm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous, coriaceous, outer 5.5–6.5 × 2.5–4 mm, oblong-elliptic, convex, obtuse, scarious-margined, inner 7–9 × 4–6 mm, elliptic-obovate, truncate or retuse; corolla c. 5 cm long, hypocrateriform, the tube subcylindrical, 4–5 cm long, white, glabrous, the limb lobed, stamens exserted; Capsules 11–13 × 8 mm, ellipsoid, the style base persistent; seeds 5–7 × 3 mm long, the margins pilose with hairs 10 mm long.
Illustration:
At low altitudes below 200 m near the coast in the coffee zone in Pochutla region of Oaxaca,
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Mun. Santa Maria Huatulco, A. Sánchez Martínez et al. 1210 (IEB, MEXU); Mun. Santiago Astata, M. Elorsa 7526 (MEXU); Mun. San Carlos Yautepec, N. Velasquez et al. 453 (MEXU); Mun. San Miguel del Puerto, J. Riveira et al. 2003 (MBM); ibid., S.H. Salas & A. Sánchez 6133 (IEB).
This species is very close to Ipomoea lottiae differing principally in the nearly glabrous leaves (except pilose margins) and exserted stamens. It also resembles Ipomoea proxima but is distinguished by the hypocrateriform corolla.
The following specimens from central Mexico are identical with I. macdonaldii, even to the pilose leaf margins, except for the funnel-shaped corolla. They differ from Ipomoea pseudoracemosa in the relatively long peduncle 3–13 cm in length as well as the presence of leaves at anthesis. The leaves are petiolate, ovate-deltoid, 4–8 × 4–7 cm, acuminate to a shortly mucronate apex, the base subtruncate and very shortly cuneate onto a petiole 1.5–3.5 cm.
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Guayabal, G.B. Hinton 8528 (F, GBH, K, MO), ibid., Tejupilco, G.B. Hinton 8554 (K). Michoacán: Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton 12464; Huetamo, G.B. Hinton 13324 (K).
MEXICO. Jalisco, 6.5 miles NE of Autlán, R. McVaugh & W.N. Koelz 1037 (holotype MICH1111340).
Liana, stems up to 5 m long, woody, pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves usually absent at anthesis, not certainly known. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary clusters of reduced cymes; peduncles 0.2–3 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–4 mm, deltoid, caducous; secondary peduncles 0.5–4 mm, glabrous; pedicels 5–17 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly to very unequal, suborbicular, obtuse, rounded or retuse, convex, coriaceous, glabrous or thinly comose at the apex, outer 2.5–4 × 3–4 mm, inner 4–6 × 6 mm, the margins scarious; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, glabrous; limb 3.5–6 cm diam.; stamens included. Capsules ovoid, 12–13 × 6–7 mm, glabrous; seeds 6 × 4 mm, long pilose on the margins with hairs 7–9 mm long.
Endemic to central Mexico on dry scrub-covered hills between 900 and 1500 m.
MEXICO. Sine data, E. Langlassé 862 (K, P). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 5331 (K). Guerrero: Mina, G.B. Hinton 9815 (K), 10088 (K); Río de Oro–Zihuatanejo, C. Rafael Torres et al. 7741 (MEXU). Jalisco: San Cristóbal de la Barranca, R. McVaugh 22141 (MICH); Autlán, E. Carranza & I. Silva 7175 (IEB). Michoacán: Churumuco, I. Solorio Herrera 12 (IEB); ibid., G. Ibarra Manríquez 6657 (MEXU); La Huacana, V.W. Steinmann 3029 (IEB). Nayarit: 10 miles SE of Ahuacatlán, R. McVaugh & W.N. Koelz 728 (MICH). Zacatecas: Moyahua, Cerro La Cantarilla, E.D. Enriquez 816 (MEXU).
Distinguished from other similar species by the glabrous, funnel-shaped white corolla, very short peduncles and short, glabrous sepals. The type and all the specimens cited above are leafless so it is very difficult to characterise this species reliably.
MEXICO. Guerrero, Casa Verde to Xochipala, R. McVaugh 22192 (holotype MICH1000057, isotypes ENCB, MEXU).
Liana to 5 m, stems tomentose, eventually glabrescent. Leaves unknown, absent at anthesis. Inflorescence of compound axillary cymes borne towards the tips of branches; peduncles 0.2–0.6 cm, sericeous; bracteoles caducous, unknown; pedicels 2–9 mm, thickened upwards, sericeous; sepals subequal, ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse and sometimes mucronate, coriaceous, sericeous, outer 5–6 × 3–4 mm long, inner 6–7 × 5 mm, the margins broad, scarious; corolla 6.5–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with reddish midpetaline bands, sericeous, limb 4.5–7 cm diam., unlobed; stamens included. Capsules 12–15 mm long, oblong-ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds pilose on the margins.
A little known species, apparently endemic to Guerrero State in Mexico.
MEXICO. Guerrero: Casa Verde, H. Kruse s.n. [14/2/1970] (MEXU); Eduardo Neri, Venta Vieja, A. A. Aguilar 34 (MEXU); Zopilote canyon, Chilpancingo –Río Balsas, B. Mostul 1161A (OXF).
The large, nearly white, sericeous corolla, the subequal sericeous sepals and the included anthers distinguish this species, which is leafless when flowering. There is one leaf on Aguilar 34. It is 4.5 × 4 cm, suborbicular, abruptly acute, basally cuneate, glabrous, abaxially white, strongly reticulate.
Convolvulus suaveolens
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 261. 1845. (
Ipomoea rostrata
A. Peter, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4 (3a): 30. 1897 [pub. 1891]. (
Ipomoea crinita
Brandegee, Zoë 5(10): 216. 1905. (
Ipomoea ursina
Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4(19): 382. 1913. (
Based on Convolvulus suaveolens M. Martens & Galeotti
Perennial night-flowering liana to 5 m, stems relatively stout, woody below, bristly white-pilose, latex white. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 3–8.5 cm, ovate, acute to shortly acuminate, shallowly cordate to truncate, occasionally 3-lobed, thinly hispid-pilose on both surfaces, eventually somewhat glabrescent, abaxially paler; petioles 1.5–5.5 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, sometimes leafy, many-flowered, compound cymes; peduncles 5–14 cm, hispid-pilose; lower bracteoles foliose, 10 × 2 mm, lanceolate; upper bracteoles 2 mm, filiform, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; tertiary peduncles c. 5 mm; pedicels 8–14 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 5–8 × 3 mm, oblong-ovate to elliptic, obtuse, convex, densely hispid-pilose, especially near margins, inner 7–8 × 4 mm, obovate, with prominent broad, glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 5–7 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped above a subcylindrical basal tube, white (night flowering), glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 10–12 mm long, conical, rostrate with persistent style, glabrous; seeds 6–9 mm, glabrous apart from long deciduous marginal hairs.
Deciduous dry forest and thorn scrub on mountains of Central America and southwestern Mexico, 0–1900 m.
EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapán, J.M. Rosales 968 (BM, LAGU); ibid., T. Croat 42098 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Huehuetenango, M. Véliz et al. 99.7619 (MEXU, MO).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Berriozábal, D.E. Breedlove 20393 (MO); Venustiano Carranza, Soyatitán, A. Shilom Ton 3129 (F); Teopisca, H. Mejia & A. Luna 754 (IEB); Yautepec, D. López 288 (IEB). Guerrero: Eduardo Neri, La Yesera, J.C. Soto 1092 (MEXU); O. Tenorio et al. 1263 (MO); J.N. Rose et al. 9339 (US). Nayarit: Tuxpan, Microondas Peñitas, R. Ramírez-Delgadillo et al. 7404 (IEB). Oaxaca: Juchitán, C. Gallardo-H. & E. Pérez-G 1515 (MO). Sinaloa: E. Guizar 3319 (MEXU); Los Labrados, Y. Mexia 913 (BM, F, MO). Veracruz: Apazapan, Baños del Carrizal, C.A. Purpus 6240 (F, MO).
Notes. Records from Costa Rica, for example B.E. Hammel & I. Pérez 24994 (CR, MO) appear to be all errors for white-flowered forms of Ipomoea batatoides.
Distinguished by the stiff, spreading white hairs of the calyx and stems combined with the narrow white corolla, which is funnel-shaped above a long basal cylindrical tube. The peduncles are often long and the sepals very short, often c. 5 mm long.
Some specimens have hirsute stems but glabrous sepals and may be intermediate with I. pseudoracemosa or I. proxima, such as J.C. Soto Nuñez 9877 (MEXU), S. Valencia Avalos 1004 (MEXU) and Monroy de la Rosa 220 (MEXU) all from Guerrero. Breedlove 27392 (MO) lacks corollas but appears to be intermediate with Ipomoea batatoides.
BRAZIL. Maranhão, Mun. Tuntum, Palmerinha, 74 km de Tuntum, J.U. Santos, E.L. Taylor, G.E. Schotz, N.A. Rosa, C.S. Rosário, T. Rebbeck, J.F. Silva & M.R. Santos 711 (holotype MG, isotypes FTG, K, NY, US).
Twining perennial herb to 1.5 m, stem and all vegetative parts hirsute with rather stiff, whitish, spreading bulbous-based hairs. Leaves petiolate, 4–13 × 3.5–11 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, margin entire to slightly undulate, apex abruptly acute, both surfaces hirsute but abaxially paler; petioles 1.7–7.5 cm, hirsute. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes, usually with 5 flowers; peduncles 2.5–8.5 cm, hirsute, appearing somewhat flexuose; bracteoles 3–4 × 0.5 mm, linear, acuminate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.3–2.3 cm; pedicels relatively long, 1.6–3.6 cm, slightly more hirsute than peduncles; sepals subequal, 12–15 × 8–9 mm, coriaceous, convex, elliptic-obovate, outer obtuse, abaxially hirsute when young, but hairs somewhat deciduous on the upper part when old, inner sepals rounded, glabrous except for a few hairs near base; corolla 6.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Ipomoea pogonocalyx. A habit B abaxial leaf surface C inflorescence with corolla D flower bud E outer sepal, external (left) and internal (right) surfaces F inner sepal, external (left) and internal (right) surfaces. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A, D–F from J.U. Santos et al. 711; B–C from Pereira-Silva & Moreira 11328.
Rocky ground in seasonally semi-deciduous forest. Endemic to Amazonian Brazil.
BRAZIL. Maranhão: Estreito, G. Pereira-Silva & G.A. Moreira 11328 (CEN).
Readily recognised by the long, somewhat stiff, spreading bulbous-based hairs that cover all vegetative parts including the outer sepals. The pink flowers and relatively long sepals distinguish it from Ipomoea suaveolens. The rather long pedicels suggest an affinity with I. batatoides and also perhaps with the next species represented by Rosa and Santos 2011.
Twining perennial of unknown height; stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 6–13 × 3–7.5 cm, oblong-ovate, base cuneate, margin entire to slightly undulate, apex acuminate and strongly mucronate, adaxially green, pilose with bulbous-based hairs, abaxially grey-tomentose with dense, soft appressed hairs; petioles 2–3.5 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate, often compounded cymes; peduncles 4–7 cm, thinly pilose; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 1.6–2.8 cm; tertiary peduncles 0.6–1,1 cm; pedicels 0.9–2.5 cm, thinly pilose; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, 7–9 × 3–4 mm, outer obtuse to subacute, glabrous but pilose near base, inner glabrous, margins scarious; corolla not seen. Capsules 6–7 × 5 mm subglobose, rostrate with persistent style 3–4 mm, glabrous; seeds 4 × 2.5 mm, blackish, glabrous apart from long marginal hairs c. 6 mm in length.
Endemic to Mato Grosso.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Rio Juruena, cachceira Santa Iria ponto (SC. 21VB), 25 May 1977, Rosa & Santos 2011 (F, FTG, MG, NY).
Distinguished from Ipomoea batatoides and related species by the distinctive oblong leaves with the softly appressed pilose indumentum on the abaxial surface. We have not described this species formally as no flowering material is available.
• Species 144–171 form the core of this clade, all with glabrous corollas and sepals, only the first and last somewhat uncertain in their placement.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, Tio Hugo, P.P.A. Ferreira & J. Durigon 702 (holotype ICN, isotype S).
Twining perennial; stems woody, tomentellous, glabrescent; latex white. Leaves petiolate, 8–15 × 6–10 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, acute to acuminate and mucronate, tomentose on both surfaces; petioles 5–11 cm. Inflorescence of lax, axillary cymes; peduncles 1–22 cm, tomentose or glabrescent; bracteoles linear or lanceolate, deciduous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 5.5 cm; pedicels 4–22 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, outermost 6–9 mm, ovate to broadly elliptic, emarginate, inner 9–12 mm, suborbicular to obovate, obtuse, minutely mucronate; corolla c. 6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, throat dark pink, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules 10–12 × 9–10 mm, ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 6–8 mm long, glabrous apart from the long white marginal hairs.
Recorded from southern Brazil and neighbouring Argentina growing in deciduous forest margins and scrub.
ARGENTINA. Misiones: Iguazú, Wanda, H.A. Keller & H.F. Romero 13252 (CTES, OXF); Montecarlo, Col. Guatambo, H.A. Keller 4038 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: P.P.A. Ferreira & J. Durigon 705 (ICN, INPA); São Francisco de Paula, A. Seynam 10020 (MBM). Santa Catarina: Descanso. R.M. Klein 5119 (HBR) fide
Notes. This species is distinguished by its small outer sepal and very lax, branched inflorescence and glabrous corolla.
The placement of this species is uncertain.
Ipomoea riedelii
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 265. 1869. (
Ipomoea microsticta
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 1, 7: 411.1899. (
Ipomoea pseudomina
K. Schum., Just's Bot. Jahresber. 26(1): 383.1900. (
Ipomoea glabriuscula
House, Bot. Gaz. 43: 409. 1907. (
Ipomoea philipsonii
O’Donell, Lilloa 26: 378. 1953. (
Ipomoea teruae
Ant. Molina & L.O. Williams, Fieldiana, Bot. 32(12): 196. 1970. (
BRAZIL. Bahia, Blanchet in Herb. Moric. (holotype G-DC, not seen, fragment F).
Twining perennial to 4 m, stems usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–11 × 2.5–8 cm, ovate, weakly cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate to an acute apex, occasionally slightly undulate-denticulate or weakly 3-lobed, glabrous or, rarely, pubescent, lower surface paler, often dotted with glands or minute hair bases; petioles 2–7 cm, characteristically slender. Inflorescence of lax pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 3–10 cm; secondary peduncles 1.5–3 cm; bracteoles filiform, 4 mm, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm long; sepals subequal, coriaceous and somewhat convex, 6–8(–10) × 5 mm, broadly oblong, rounded, usually glabrous, margins narrowly scarious; corolla 4–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, inflated above a narrow basal tube, then gradually widened, pink or, less commonly, white, glabrous, limb 5–6 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 8 × 6 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, rostrate; seeds pilose on the margins with long white hairs.
Figures
A widespread species of moist tropical forest at altitudes below 900 m from northern Bolivia and Brazil north to central Mexico but largely absent from the Amazonian lowlands.
BRAZIL. Alagoas: Coruripe, Faz. Capiatã, R.D. Ribeiro et al. 1022 (RB, OXF). Amapá: Macapá, Serra do Navio, S. Mori et al. 17687 (NY). Bahía: Paulo Afonso, E.B. Miranda et al. 853 (HUEFS, OXF); Rio São Francisco, Bom Jesus da Lapa, R.M. Harley et al. 21380 (CEPEC, K, NY). Ceará: Schery 423 (RB). Goiás: Campinaçu, Rio Tocantinzinho, A.A. Santos et al. 73 (CEN); Niquelândia, R. Marquete et al. 2523 (IBGE, MO). Maranhão: Monção, Ka’apor Reserve, W.L. Balée & A. Gely 879 (K). Mato Grosso do Sul: E.P. Heringer 853 (NY). Pará: Estrada da Fazenda Velha, Da Silva 177 (K); Santarém, R. Spruce s.n. (K). Pernambuco: J. Falçao 928 (RB). Rondônia: Porto Velho, W.W. Thomas et al. 5029 (K, MO, NY), ibid., 4927 (K, NY). Sergipe: L.A. Gomes 239 (ASE). Tocantins: 15 km S of Araguaina, H.S. Irwin 21216 (NY). Also Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte fide
FRENCH GUIANA. Feuillet et al. 10217 (MO); J.J. Granville & F. Crozier 16385 (CAY, P); G. Cremers 6169 (P).
SURINAM. Lely Mts, J.C. Lindeman et al. 512 (K, MO, P); Volyz Mts, A. Pulle 284 (K).
GUYANA. Stoffers et al. 458 (MO).
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Carrasco, Puerto Cotagaita, O. Colque & L. Mendoza 196 (OXF, MO, USZ). La Paz: Caranavi, J.R.I. Wood & T. Daniel 18399 (HSB, K, LPB); Sud Yungas, J.R.I. Wood, et al. 20623 (LPB). Santa Cruz: Velasco, Cerro Pelao, T. Killeen & J. Wellens 6312 (ARIZ, LPB, MO, USZ); Florida-La Mechita, J.R.I. Wood et al. 26095 (K, LPB, UB, USZ).
PERU. Cusco: La Convención, Echarate, L. Valenzuela et al. 9432 (MO, OXFLoreto: Río Pastaza, Andoas, F. Ayala 2264 (MO, OXF). Puno: P. Nuñez & C. Muñoz 5152 (MO, USM). San Martín: fide
ECUADOR. Napo: Lugo 3434 (QCA); Jatun Sacha, C.E. Cerón 6704 (MO). Orellana: Chiruisla-Río Tiputini, J. Jaramillo et al. 24699 (QCA).
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Urubá, L. Uribe 1469 (COL). Cesar: Serranía de Perijá, O. Rivera Díaz 2919 (COL). Chocó: Yuto, A. Gentry & E. Renteria 23787 (COL, MO). Magdalena: Tucurinca, R. Romero 572 (COL); Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1568 (BM, COL, MO, P, S). Meta: type of Ipomoea philipsonii. Putumayo: Mocoa, Vereda Alto campucana, D. Giraldo 2018 (COL, MO).
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: R Liesner et al. 18223 (MO). Lara: Santa Rosa, A.H.G.Alston 6336 (BM, NY, S). Yaracuy: H. Pittier 13075 (MO, US, VEN). Also Aragua. Carabobo and Falcón fide
PANAMA. Gorgona-Mamel, H. Pittier 2274 (BM, US).
COSTA RICA. A. Tonduz 4803 (BM); San José-Puntarenas, P. Wilkin 471 (BM); Limón, Pococí, F. Araya 184 (BM, MO); San José, El General, A.F. Skutch 2225 (K, S); Puntarenas, Golfito, M. Segura & F. Quesada 224 (BM, K, MO); Alajuela, San Ramón, B. Hammel 19360 (MO).
NICARAGUA. Chinandega, J.C. Sandino 3808 (BM, MO); Masaya, D. Weberbauer 3068 (BM, MO).
HONDURAS. Morazán, Santa Ana, A. Molina et al. 31172 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. Quezaltepeque, M. Calderón & W.G. Berendsohn JBL00559 (MO); Libertad, R.A. Caballo et al. 04221 (BM).
GUATEMALA. Bernoulli & Cario 1882 (K); J.J. Castillo 1964 (F, S); San Marcos, J.D. Dwyer 15307 (MO).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Río de la Venta, D.E. Breedlove 27392 (MO); D.E. Breedlove & R.F. Thorne 30517 (MICH); La Correa, E. Langlassé 396 (K). Guerrero: Montes de Oca. Vallecitos G.B. Hinton 11364 (K). Jalisco: La Huerta, E.J. Lott 3890 (MO); ibid., M.G. Ayala 217 (MEXU). Michoacán: Coahuayana, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6810 (IEB, MEXU), 7104 (IEB). Oaxaca: K. Velasco-G & G. Juárez 80 (IEB); Santa Maria Chilchotla, X. Munn-Estrada et al. 1311 (MEXU). Puebla: Las Margaritas, B. Gómez 850 (IEB, K, MEXU). Querétaro: Landa de Matamoros, E. Pérez & E. Carranza 3759 (IEB); Jalpán, B. Servín 408 (IEB). Veracruz: San Andrés Tuxtla, G. Martínez Calderón 1776 (MEXU); ibid., S. Sinaca Colín et al. 978 (IEB); Las Tuxlas, G. Ibarra 2079 (MO).
Plants are usually glabrous and the leaves often dotted beneath with hair bases/glands. Occasional densely pubescent plants occur such as Ayala 2264 from Peru and Breedlove 27392 from Mexico. White-flowered forms occur in the Yungas of La Paz, Peru, central Mexico and Venezuela and can be easily mistaken for Ipomoea reticulata but the calyx and corolla are both larger, the sepals coriaceous with only very narrow scarious margins and the inflorescence clearly of axillary cymes, never subracemose. White-flowered specimens from Mexico are particularly difficult to assign to species, especially when leafless. We have generally treated these as I. pseudoracemosa if the peduncles are short and the plant is leafless at anthesis. However, the type of I. pseudoracemosa is leafless and it is difficult to characterise that species or distinguish it from I. batatoides in the absence of better material and field studies.
Four South American specimens are distinctive because of their large sepals (up to 15 × 10 mm). Three are from Brazil: R. Ribeiro et al. 1022 (RB, OXF) from Alagoas, Miranda et al. 853 (HUEFS, OXF), from Bahia and A.A. Santos et al. 73 (CEN) from Goiás, and one (J. Schunke 2590 (F, MO) from Huánuco in Peru. They merit further study and may represent a distinct taxon.
ARGENTINA. Jujuy, [Dept. Tumbaya], Volcán, Toma de la Laguna, 2200 m, R. Schreiter 2619 (holotype LIL001290).
Twining perennial herb with tuberous roots; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 6.5–8.5 × 5–7 cm, ovate-deltoid (often shallowly 3-lobed), subtruncate with rounded auricles, long-acuminate, mucronulate, margin somewhat undulate, glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 3–8 cm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 4–14 cm, relatively stout; bracteoles fugacious; secondary peduncles 1–2 cm; pedicels 20–35 mm; sepals subequal, convex, coriaceous, obtuse, glabrous, outer 6–8 × 4–6 mm, inner 8–9 × 6 mm, slightly larger, suborbicular; corolla 6–7 cm long, deep pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 3–3.5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
In moist Tucuman-Bolivian forest in Andean Argentina and Bolivia at around 1500–2100 m.
ARGENTINA. Jujuy: Belgrano, O. Morrone et al. 2251 (SI, MO); Yala, A. Rotman 1010 (CTES); T. Meyer 16958 p.p. (US, LIL); Tumbaya, Volcán, S. Venturi 4951 (LIL, MO, US), Cildella et al. 517 (CTES); Vallegrande, Fabris 3554 (CTES). Salta: Rosario de Lerma, L.J. Novara 7605 (G, S).
BOLIVIA. Tarija: Entre Ríos, on road to Palos Blancos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28059 (LPB, USZ).
Very similar to Ipomoea austrobrasiliensis differing in the slightly longer corolla, the subdeltoid, basally subtruncate, often shallowly lobed, consistently smaller leaves. It is also similar to the I. batatoides, which differs in the smaller, acuminate, ovate leaves and the fewer-flowered inflorescence. It also lacks the distinctive punctate abaxial leaf surface commonly found in that species.
Ipomoea batatoides var. angulata
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 376. 1845. (
BRAZIL. Paraná, Mun. Paranagua, Pico Torto, 15 Jan. 1970, G. Hatschbach 23340 (holotype MBM12820, isotypes F, K, MO).
Vigorous climbing perennial of unknown height, glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, generally large, 10–22 × 9–16 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, acute to shortly acuminate, margin slightly undulate to subsinuate, sometimes with a distinct tooth above the auricle, glabrous on both surfaces but abaxially paler with prominent venation, the main veins with distinct pale margins; petioles 8–16 cm. Inflorescence of lax, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3–10 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, linear-oblong, margins scarious, caducous; secondary peduncles 2–3.5 cm; tertiary peduncles (if present) c. 1.5 cm; pedicels 10–18 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, rounded, outer 9–12 × 6–7 mm, obovate; inner slightly wider, broadly elliptic with scarious margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, tube pale, limb deep pink, somewhat lobed, c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to moist Atlantic forest below 300 m in Southern Brazil.
BRAZIL. Paraná: Jacarehy, P. Dusen 11400 (K, S, MICH, GH); Mun. Guaratuba, Serra do Araraquara, G. Hatschbach 12504 (MGM); Mun. Paranaqua, Picadão Cambará–Col. Limeira, G. Hatschbach 18597 (MBM). Santa Catarina: Pinhal da Companhia, R. Reitz & Klein 4102 (US); São Francisco do Sul, R. Reitz & Klein 6615 (US). São Paulo: type of Ipomoea batatoides var. angulata.
Distinct from Ipomoea goyazensis because of the branched, well-developed cymes with long peduncles, large leaves and somewhat campanulate corolla. From I. batatoides it is distinguished by the longer sepals and larger leaves which are undulate and often somewhat angled, almost with a lateral tooth, hence Choisy’s varietal name of angulata.
This has been identified as Ipomoea goyazensis, perhaps because Choisy treated I. goyazensis as a synonym of I. batatoides var. angulata. Ipomoea goyazensis is a quite different cerrado species whereas I. austrobrasiliensis is a plant of the Atlantic forests of southern Brazil and has not been found in the cerrados of Goiás or further north in Brazil. Plants called Ipomoea goyazensis (
Ipomoea decora
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 272. 1869. (
BRAZIL. Goiás, Serra de Santa Brida, G. Gardner (lectotype Plate 479 in Hook., Icones 5 (1842b), designated by
Twining perennial liana to 6 m; stems rather thin but slightly woody, usually completely glabrous but sometimes appressed pilose or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–12×3–10 cm, ovate-deltoid, obtuse and mucronate, both surfaces glabrous or pubescent, adaxially dark green, abaxially very pale with prominent venation; petiole rather short, 1.5–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of subsessile, clustered cymes; peduncles 1–6 mm, glabrous; bracteoles scale-like, caducous; pedicels 0–7 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 6–9(–11) mm, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, convex, coriaceous, glabrous, whitish-green when fresh, inner sepals with scarious margins; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, gradually widened from base, glabrous, tube white, limb deep pink, weakly lobed, 2–2.5 cm diam. Capsules (immature), subglobose, glabrous.
A characteristic species of the cerrado biome in Brazil and Bolivia; apparently not very common and absent from southern Brazil.
BRAZIL. Sine loc., W.J. Burchell 6656 (K); 6702 (K). Goiás: A. Krapovickas et al. 33131 (CTES); Colinas do Sul, D. Alvarenga et al. 788 (CEN, MO); Hidrolândia, J.F.B. Pastore 3078 (HUEFS). Maranhâo: Mun. Barra do Corda, Schatz et al. 793 (K); G. Gardner 6070 (K, BM). Mato Grosso: Mun. Novo Mundo, W. D. Sasaki et al. 1862 (K). Minas Gerais: Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 1668 (BM, MO). Pará: Tucuruí, T. Plowman et al. 9706 (MG, MO); Marabá, da Silva 1786 (MG, MO). Tocantins: Parque Nacional do Araguaia, Silva et al. 3995 (IBGE, MO, RB); Darcinopolis, G. Pereira-Silva 12956 (CEN).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Velasco, P.N. Noel Kempff Mercado, T.J. Killeen et al. 5399 (ARIZ, MO); Santa Rosa de la Roca, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27806 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
When Wood and Scotland designated the lectotype for Ipomoea goyazensis, no specimen could be found in any of the herbaria where Gardner’s specimens were deposited. Subsequently a sheet of the original material collected by Gardner was found at BM (BM001122231), which is here designated as epitype.
A very distinctive species in the field because of its discolourous leaves, very short peduncles and funnel-shaped corolla with a white tube and pink limb. Herbarium specimens are usually easily identified by the subsessile, clustered flowers with coriaceous, convex sepals.
This species is quite variable in indumentum and glabrous (as in the type of I. goyazensis), pubescent (as in the type of I. decora) or pilose forms (Pastore 3078) occur.
ARGENTINA. Salta, Oran, San Pedrito, senda a Astillero, Schulz 5483 (holotype LIL107492).
Robust twining liana reaching at least 6 m in height, commonly leafless when flowering, roots tuberous, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, mostly 3–8 × 1.5–4 cm, oblong-ovate, acute and mucronate, basally broadly cordate to truncate, margin slightly undulate, glabrous, adaxially green, abaxially somewhat glaucous and with prominent veins; petioles 1–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate simple or compound cymes often developing on axillary branchlets, sometimes very dense and floriferous or panicle-like; peduncles 0.5–5 cm long; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm; pedicels 3–8 mm, thickened upwards; sepals slightly unequal, coriaceous, glabrous, outer sepals 5–6 mm, convex, elliptic, obtuse with scarious margins, the inner 7–8 mm, suborbicular, rounded; corolla 5–6.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 3 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules glabrous; seeds pilose on the angles.
A characteristic species of open woodland in the Inter-Andean dry valleys and Bosque Serrano Chaqueño between (200–)850 and 2100 m in southern Bolivia and extreme northern Argentina.
ARGENTINA. Jujuy: Laguna de la Brea, R.E. Fries 436 (S). Salta: type of Ipomoea schulziana.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Boeto, below Nuevo Mundo, M. Kessler 5198 (LPB); Oropeza, Sucre-Surima, J.R.I. Wood & J. Gutiérrez 20232 (BOLV, HSB, K, LPB); Sud Cinti, Las Abras, R. Lozano et al. 1375A (MO); Tomina, Llantoj, J. Gutiérrez et al. 996 (HSB, NY, MO); Zudañez, ANMI El Palmar, J. Gutiérrez et al. 2806 (HSB). Cochabamba: Campero, Río Mizque, north of Aiquile, J.R.I. Wood 9466 (K, BOLV, LPB). Santa Cruz: Caballero, Pulquina-Saipina, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27705 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); Chiquitos, Tucavaca valley, J.R.I. Wood et al. 29394 (LPB, USZ); Cordillera, Camiri, W.M.A. Brooke 5546 (BM, NY, F); camino San José to Salinas, A. Fuentes & G. Navarro 2012 (USZ); Florida, Mairana, M. Nee 49260 (NY, USZ); Vallegrande, Pampa Negra to Naranjos, G.A. Parada & V. Rojas 2652 (OXF, MO, USZ). Tarija: Arce, S.G. Beck et al. 31416 (LPB); Gran Chaco, ANMI Aguaraque, A. Lliully 980 (HSB).
Very similar vegetatively to Ipomoea suburceolata but easily distinguished by the funnel-shaped corolla with a well-developed entire limb. It has often been misidentified as I. batatoides but differs in the leaf shape and inflorescence structure, the flowers often being borne on leafy side shoots.
BOLIVIA. “Caupolican”, fide note on sheet at Kew, R. Pearce 779 (holotype K).
Liana, glabrous in all parts, stems pale brown, woody. Leaves 4–9 × 4–8 cm, ovate, acute, base cordate to subtruncate, glabrous, abaxially paler, gland-dotted with pale whitish glands. Inflorescence of small cymes, often aggregated into a terminal panicle-like inflorescence; bracts resembling small leaves; peduncles 1.3–2 cm; secondary peduncles 10–15 mm; bracteoles 2–3 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, deciduous; pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals reddish, slightly unequal, outer 6–7 mm, ovate, obtuse, inner 8–9 mm, narrowly obovate with scarious margin; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, tubular but somewhat inflated in the middle to 10–12 mm in width, fuchsia-red, limb 5–lobed, 4–5 mm diam., dark red; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules 10–12 × 5 mm, ovoid, style persistent; seeds oblong in outline, c. 5 × 2 mm, long-pilose.
Bolivian endemic restricted to dry forest between 750 and 1200 m in the inter-Andean valleys north of Apolo in the Madidi National Park.
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Prov. Tamayo, Río Machariapo, A. Gentry 71078 (MO); Hac. Ubitó, M. Kessler 4007 (LPB); Asariamas, L. Cayola 1746 (LPB); A. Fuentes 18492 (LPB, MO).
Very similar to Ipomoea schulziana in habit, leaves and tendency of inflorescence to become paniculate but distinguished by the suburceolate corollas of a distinct fuchsia colour, the limb reduced to five very short lobes.
BRAZIL. Bahia, Mun. Muritiba, Faz. Velo-Vale, G.C.P. Pinto 5-1950 (holotype Herb. Inst. Agron. De Léste, isotype (fragment) LIL452194).
Woody climber to 2 m; stems glabrous, grey, the petiole base persistent and subaculeate, possibly facilitating climbing. Leaves petiolate, 3–5 × 0.7–2.5 cm, oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate, acute and shortly mucronate, basally cuneate, glabrous, abaxially paler and somewhat glaucous; petioles 5–10 mm, often dark red, glabrous. Inflorescence of many-flowered complex, often compact axillary cymes usually forming a subcorymbose inflorescence on short branchlets; peduncles stiff, woody, often curved, 0.9–4 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 3–9 mm; pedicels 4–13 mm; sepals coriaceous, convex, scarious-margined, glabrous, subequal, outer 5–6 × 3–4 mm, elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, inner 8 × 5 mm, obovate, rounded; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, distinctly but shortly lobed with lobes up to 5 mm long; limb 3.5–4 cm diam.; stamens held at mouth. Capsules 12 × 6–7 cm, ovoid, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds long-pilose.
Figure
Characteristic of Caatinga thorn scrub in NE Brazil.
BRAZIL. Bahia: near Morro do Chapaeu, L. Queiroz et al. 15956 (HUEFS); Itatim Rio Milagres, E. Melo et al. 11190 (HUEFS, OXF); Rodovia Juazeiro-Senhor do Bonfim, km 100, L Coradin et al. 5999, (CEN, K). Pernambuco: Buíque, Faz. Laranjeiras, L.S. Figueirêdo & Andrade 108 (IPA). Sergipe: Poço Verde, G. Viana 285 (ASE). Also Alagoas fide
A woody climber with glabrous stems somewhat similar to Ipomoea schulziana but differing most obviously in the cuneate-based leaves.
This species has sometimes been confused in herbaria with Ipomoea ana-mariae, from which it is distinguished by its funnel-shaped corolla. Fruiting specimens are therefore difficult to determine.
BRAZIL. Bahia, Andaraí, Serra das Tres Barras, L.V. Vasconcelas & J.J. Oliveira 673 (holotype HUEFS, isotypes NY, SP).
Liana with tuberous suborbicular rootstock, all vegetative parts glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–10.5 × 3–5 cm, obovate, apex rounded to emarginate, base attenuate, venation actinodromous with secondary main veins; petioles 0.7–1.8 cm. Inflorescence of axillary, often compounded, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles ovate, c. 2 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2 cm; pedicels 1–2.5 cm; sepals subequal, 7–8 × 5 mm, coriaceous, ovate, rounded, the inner with scarious margins; corolla 4–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, limb weakly lobed. Capsules ellipsoid, 10–12 × 7–10 mm, glabrous; seeds 6 mm long, pilose on the margins.
Endemic to the eastern part of the Chapada Diamantina between 450 and 1200 m in Bahia.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Lençois, Serra Barro Branco, M. I. Cartazo 03 (ALCB, HUEFS).
Differs from I. pintoi in having leaves with actinodromous venation (one main vein and two secondary veins) with 4 or 5 pairs of lateral veins (vs. brochidodromous in I. pintoi with 9–12 pairs of veins). The leaves are also rounded to emarginate, not acute to obtuse at the apex.
BRAZIL. Bahia, Ibícoara, L.V. Vasconcelas, E. Melo, F. França & P.H.S.
Mercês 598 (holotype HUEFS, isotypes NY, SP).
Liana with tuberous roots, all vegetative parts glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–6 × 1–2.3 cm, lanceolate to ovate, attenuate to a mucronate apex, base cuneate; petioles 0.7–1.8 cm. Inflorescence of compound, axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–3 cm; bracteoles c. 1 mm, ovate, caucous; seconday peduncles 1–3 cm; pedicels 1–1.5 cm; sepals slightly unequal, 4.5–6 × 3–5 mm, ovate, convex, rounded, the inner slightly larger and with scarious margins; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, hypocrateriform to suburceolate, pink, glabrous, the limb entire, 2–3 mm long. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, 11–12 × 7 mm; seeds 5–6 mm long, pubescent, the hairs up to 12 mm long, more dense on the angles.
Apparently endemic to Caatinga and Mata Atlântica in Bahia.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Jussiape, ca. 14 km antes de Jussiape, na estrada de Capão da Volta, R.M. Harley & A.M. Giulietti 53949 (HUEFS, SP); Abaíra, W. Ganev 3275 (HUEFS, HST); Boa Nova, P.N. de Boa Nova, G.S. Brandão & G.S. Silva 335 (PEUFR); Poções, Morrinhos, M.M. Saavedra 1007 (RB).
Differs from Ipomoea pintoi only in the suburceolate corolla with exserted stamens. It is perhaps more widely distributed than is suggested here because of confusion with Ipomoea pintoi.
BRAZIL. Bahia, Barrhiña, 7–8 June 1915, J.N. Rose & P.G. Russell 19784 (holotype US00111414, isotype NY).
Liana to 3 m; stems woody, white-canescent, peeling off to show glabrous pale brown under-bark. Leaves usually absent at anthesis, petiolate, 2–6 × 1.5–3.5 cm, ovate, base subtruncate with glands, apex often retuse, densely white-canescent on both surfaces; petioles 1.5–2.5 cm, white-canescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate corymbose clusters; peduncles 0.4–4 cm, white-canescent, appearing branchlet-like; secondary peduncles 0.5–1 cm, pubescent; pedicels 6–18 mm, thinly pubescent, glabrescent; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, glabrous, outer 7–8 × 4 mm, elliptic, obtuse, inner obovate, 5 mm wide, rounded, margins scarious; corolla 3.7–4 cm long, suburceolate, deep pink, glabrous, limb reduced to short teeth, 3–4 mm long; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules ovoid 15 × 7 mm; seeds long white-pilose.
Endemic to NE Brazil, principally Bahia State growing in caatinga.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucugé, R.M. Harley & A.M. Guilietti 54044 (HUEFS, SP); Mun. Abaira, W. Ganev 3378 (HUEFS, K); Sobradinho, Rodavia Sobradinho-Santa Fe, L. Coradin et al. 5981 (CEN, K, MO); Rio de Contas, A.M. Guilietti et al. 2430 (HUEFS, K). Minas Gerais: Jaiba, Mocambinho Estrada para Jaiba, km 11, J.F.B. Pastore 2678 (HUEFS, OXF). Pernambuco: Afrânio, I.D. Pequeno 3 (HVASF).
A very distinctive species because of the suburceolate, tubular corolla with exserted stamens combined with the white-tomentose stem and leaf indumentum. Leaves are mostly absent at anthesis.
BRAZIL. [Bahia], Rio São Francisco, Martius s.n. (holotype M0184871).
Erect subshrub c. 2 m high, stems stout, woody, reddish, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–5(–7) × 0.7–1.5(–2.5) cm, oblong, oblanceolate, rounded to retuse, cuneate at base, glabrous; petioles 4–7 mm. Inflorescence of few-flowered cymes from the upper leaf axils, often reduced to single flowers; peduncles 4–13 mm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 7–15 mm, usually longer than peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, elliptic, convex, rigid, outer 5–8 × 4–5 mm, obtuse, inner 8–11 × 6 mm, obtuse, margin very narrowly scarious; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, white to pale lilac, glabrous, narrowly funnel-shaped, limb c. 3 cm diam.; stamens held at mouth. Capsules ellipsoid, 13–14 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds c. 5 mm long, dark brown with long brownish marginal hairs 10 mm in length.
Endemic to Brazil growing around Maracas on granite outcrops at 850–900 m in the Rio São Francisco valley.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Maracás, S.A. Mori et al. 10009 (CEEC, NY, MO); L. Queiroz & Fraga 3288 (HUEFS); ibid., Faz. Cana Brava, E.B. dos Santos & S. Mayo 295 (CEPEC, SP); ibid., R.M. Harley & A.M. Guilletti 28237 (K).
• Species 156–161 form a group of similar species with palmately lobed leaves.
Convolvulus platensis
(Ker-Gawl.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 1: 591. 1825 [pub.1824]. (
Ipomoea digitata var. septempartita
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 279. 1869. (
Ipomoea lineariloba
Peter, Nat. Pflanzenfam IV(3a): 30. 1897 [pub. 1891]. (
Ipomoea platensis var. genuina
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 155. 1911. (
Ipomoea platensis var. quinquepartita
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 154. 1911. (
Ipomoea platensis forma subseptempartita [as var. quinquepartita forma subseptempartita] Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 154. 1911. (
Ipomoea platensis var. subnovempartita
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 155. 1911. (
Ipomoea platensis var. erecta
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 155. 1911. (
Cultivated from seed sent by Cooper from the banks of the Río Plata, apparently not preserved, lectotype t. 433 of the Botanical Register 4 (1818), designated here.
Perennial with stout tuberous roots, stems glabrous, or, less commonly, pubescent, decumbent, erect or twining. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 2–9 cm, palmately 5–9-lobed nearly to the base, the lobes 20–55 × 2–10 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, margin entire to undulate, base truncate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 1–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1–7 flowers in pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 1–4 (–13) cm, glabrous; bracteoles 3–4 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm, thickened upwards, glabrous; sepals 6–10 mm, slightly unequal, obovate to broadly elliptic, obtuse, glabrous, the inner suborbicular and with scarious margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., entire; stamens short. Capsules 7 × 8 mm, subglobose, glabrous, rostrate; seeds tomentose with longer hairs on margins.
Essentially a plant of swampy areas principally along the Paraná-Pilcomayo river systems but also occurring in dry inter-Andean valleys at around 2000 m in Salta. URUGUAY. E. Gibert 176 (K); P. Favresse s.n. (P).
ARGENTINA. Chaco: Col. Benítez, A.G. Schulz 10989 (CTES), 18060 (CTES); La Paz, H. Keller 3914 (CTES). Corrientes: 12 km E de Colonia Pellegrini, Tressens et al. 3744 (CTES, K); Est. Santa María, T.M. Pedersen 3303 (C, K, S); Mercedes, J. Irigoyen & A. Schinini 159 (CTES, FTG). Entre Ríos: Victoria, E.K.A. Mari 730 (CTES). Federal: S. Venturi, 31 (S); Castellanos 31-1262 (CTES). Formosa: 3 km NW of Pirané, I. Morel s195 (S); 324 (K); Laishi Res. Ecol. El Bagual, A. di Giacpomo 377 (CTES). Salta: Valle de Lerma, Palaci 345 (MCNS).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: K. Fiebrig 1402 (K); Río Timané, R. Spichiger et al. 2506 (FCQ, G), 2793 (FCQ, G). Guairá: 15 km N of Tebicuary, E. Zardini & R, Velázquez 24088 (MO). Presidente Hayes: E. Zardini & Guerrero 41637 (FTG); Santa Asunción, J. de Egea et al. 192 (BM, FCQ).
BRAZIL. Paraná: Braga 44 (MBM).
This species is very variable in the number of leaf segments.We have received reports from Mario Giorgetti and seen photographs of this species growing between 2000 and 2500 m in the Calchaqui valley in Salta (Argentina), for example at Cerro Negro, Angastaco at 2060 m. This is at a much higher altitude and more arid habitat than is otherwise known for Ipomoea platensis and these populations merit further study. However, I. platensis develops very stout tuberous roots, which must be extremely drought-resistant and has long been cultivated successfully as a pot plant.
Ipomoea paniculata var. mauritiana
(Jacq.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 445 (
Convolvulus paniculatus
L., Sp. Pl., ed. 1, 156. 1753. (
Ipomoea paniculata (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 486.1810. (Brown, R. 1810: 486), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea paniculata Burm. f. (1768).
Batatas paniculata
(L.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 436 (54). 1834. (
Modesta paniculata
(L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 75. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Ipomoea gossypifolia
Willd, Enum. Pl. 208.1809. (
Convolvulus insignis
Andrews, Bot. Reposit 10: t. 636. 1811. (
Ipomoea insignis
(Andrews) Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 1: 592. 1825 [pub.1824]. (
Modesta insignis
(Andrews) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 76. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Ipomoea ennealoba P. Beauv., Flore d'Oware 2: 69. 1819. (Beauvois 1808–20: 69). Type. “Chama” (lectotype Plate 101 in Beauvois (1808–20), designated here).
Ipomoea eriosperma P. Beauv., Flore d'Oware 2: 73. 1819. (Beauvois 1808–20: 73). Type. “le long de la mer depuis Chama jusqu’a la rivière Formose” (lectotype Plate 105 in Beauvois (1808–20), designated here).
Ipomoea bignonioides
Sims, Bot. Mag. 53: t. 2645. 1826. (
Convolvulus bignonioides
(Sims) Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 4(2, Cur. Post.): 60. 1827. (
Apopleumon bignonioides
(Sims) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 72. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Batatas bignonioides
(Sims) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 261. 1838. (
Ipomoea pedata
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 281. 1838. (
Ipomoea pavonii
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 390. 1845. (
Batatas edulis var. platanifolia
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 339. 1845. (
Ipomoea digitata var. quinquefida
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 278. 1869. (
Ipomoea digitata var. septemfida
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 279. 1869. (
Ipomoea digitata var. septempartita
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 279. 1869. (
Ipomoea supersticiosa Barb. Rodr., Vellosia 1885-6, 1: 61, t. 17. (Barbosa Rodrigues 1885–6: 61). Type. BRAZIL. Amazonas, Ríos Negro & Yauapery, J. Barbosa Rodrigues in Mus. Bot. Amaz. 634 (whereabouts unknown, lectotype t. 17 in Barbosa Rodrigues 1885–6, designated here).
Ipomoea paniculata var. heterophylla
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 445. 1891. (
Ipomoea digitata auct. mult.
Plant, reputedly from Maurice (Mauritius) cultivated in Vienna, probably not preserved; possible type tab. 200 in Hort. Schoenb. (Jacquin 1797).
Vigorous creeping or climbing perennial, stems somewhat woody, sometimes winged when old, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 5–14 × 6–16 cm, 5-lobed to about two thirds, base shallowly cordate to truncate and cuneate onto the petiole, lobes elliptic, narrowed at both ends, apex obtuse, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 2–6 cm, usually glabrous. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary, occasionally compound cymes; peduncles 3–13 cm, glabrous or puberulent; bracteoles c. 6 mm long, linear, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present) 5–15 mm; pedicels 5–22 mm, puberulent; calyx subglobose in outline, the sepals slightly unequal, elliptic, convex, coriaceous with a very narrow scarious margin, glabrous or puberulent near base, 7–10 × 5–6 mm, the outer obtuse, the inner rounded; corolla 5–6 cm long, inflated above a narrow basal tube, pink, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 10–15 × 6–10 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 6 mm long, lanate.
Figure
Pantropical in distribution but preferring equatorial regions. Scattered and rather uncommon in the neotropics, perhaps more common in the Guianas than elsewhere in the New World.
BRAZIL. Amazonas: B.A. Krukoff 6510 (K, S). Maranhão: Froes in Krukoff 11650 (S). Rio de Janeiro: A. Glaziou 11262 (P). Rio Grande do Norte: M.T. Dawe (K). Pará: G.M. Pies & G.A. Black 1620 (P). Pernambuco: Fernando do Noronha, Ridley et al. 91 (BM, P). Also reported from Amapá in
GUYANA. A.S. Hitchcock 17513 (NY, S); Jansen-Jacobs et al. 4327 (K, U), 4759 (K, U); P. Maas et al. 7390 (K, U); N. Sandwith 158 (K).
SURINAM. Sterringa 12432 (K); Berthoud-Coulon 508 (BM).
FRENCH GUIANA: Rothery 177 (K); O. Tostain 232(P); M.F. Prevost 697 (P).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Iténez, D. Ibañez 295 (LPB). Pando: Manuripi, Conquista, E. de la Sota 976 (LIL); F. Fernández Casas & A. Susana 8598 (LPB, NY, MO). Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, Puerto Suárez, M. Mendoza et al. 2548 (USZ, K).
PERU. Loreto: Asplund 14512 (S); J. Ruiz 1168 (K); R. Vásquez et al. 3693 (K, MO, USM). Madre de Dios: Tambopata, Pampas del Heath, M. Aguilar & D. Castro 453 (MO, OXF).
ECUADOR. Guayas: Sinclair s.n. (K); K.T. Hartweg s.n. (K); L. Fraser s.n. (BM). Manabí: 50 km N of Pedernales, D. Weberbauer et al. 11712A (MO, OXF, QCNE).
COLOMBIA. Amazonas: J.M. Duque 2439 (COL). Antioquia: E. Forero 1999 (COL). Casanare: C. Camargo 033 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Wessels Boer 1928 (K); Chaffanjon s.n. (P)
PANAMA. H. Pittier 4392 (US); Duchassaing s.n. (P)
COSTA RICA. Cahuita National Park, P. Wilkin & S.B. Jennings 119 (BM, MO); Limon, Puerto Viejo, A. Cascante & M. Zamora 388 (K).
NICARAGUA. P. Moreno 12360 (MO).
HONDURAS. La Mosquitia, C. Ashe 56 (BM); J. Hjalmarson 16/7/1852 (S).
BELIZE. Sittee River, W.A.Schipp 636 (BM, K, MO, S).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 29322 (BM).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E. Ekman H15635 (S), H12303 (S).
PUERTO RICO. Sine data (P)
LESSER ANTILLES. Guadeloupe: Stehlés.n. (P). Martinique: M. Belanger s.n. (P).
St. Vincent: L. Guilding s.n. (K). Barbados: E.G.B. Gooding 680 (BM).
TRINIDAD. B.O. Williams 12038 (K).
Ipomoea pavonii Choisy is based on I. pedata G. Don as exemplified by the specimen at Geneva (G00227879). Hallier based Calonyction pavonii on the Tafalla specimen at G (00016027), which is Ipomoea setosa.
Ipomoea paniculata var. “eriocarpa (Beauv.) Kuntze” appears to be a mistake for var. eriosperma.
There are several syntypes of Ipomoea paniculata in the Wallich Herbarium, which could be selected as a lectotype of Ipomoea digitata var. septemfida. As there seems no suitable specimen in Martius’ herbarium, we have rather arbitrarly selected one of the Wallich specimens with 7-fid leaves as lectotype.
Ipomoea mauritana is a very variable plant, particularly in the Old World where forms with unlobed leaves are reported. It is somewhat unsatisfactorily distinguished from Ipomoea cheirophylla and similar species, and records in floras, checklists and data bases are often unreliable. It is a plant of humid tropical lowlands and the leaves are larger than in related species and the inflorescence is commonly compound. Sinclair s.n. from Guayaquil illustrates this well; some leaves are entire, some have prominent lateral teeth, some are 3-lobed to over half way and some are 5-lobed almost to base, the lobes oblong to ovate.
PERU. Amazonas, Bagua Province, Imaza District, Com. Yamayakat, R. Vásquez, A. Peña & E. Chávez 23929 (holotype FTG115761, isotypes MO, USM).
Liana of unknown height, apparently glabrous in all parts; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 5.5–10 × 7–8 cm, 3–5-lobed to near the base, the 4th and 5th lobes often only partially developed, lobes oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm wide, acuminate; base truncate, abaxially paler; petioles 4–6 cm. Inflorescence of compounded axillary cymes 20–30 cm long; peduncles 9–12 cm long; 2–6th degree peduncles 1–4 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, oblong, scale-like, caduous; pedicels 7–11 mm; sepals subequal, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, elliptic, coriaceous, convex, outer rounded, minutely mucronate, inner ±scarious, rounded; corolla c. 4 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous; limb c. 2.5 cm diam., the midpetaline bands ending in teeth. Capsules 6 × 4 mm, ovoid with a slender persistent style, glabrous; seeds (possibly immature) 3 × 1.5 mm, pilose with long white hairs on the margins.
“Transitional Primary Forest” in the Marañon Valley in northern Peru.
PERU. Amazonas: Prov. Bagua, R. Vásquez et al. 18569 (FTG, MO).
This species has been identified as Ipomoea mauritiana and is clearly related to that very variable species. However, it is immediately distinguished by the compound axillary inflorescences which reach 30 cm in length and are divided up to six times. Additionally, the sepals, corolla and capsules are all much smaller than in I. mauritiana.
ARGENTINA. Salta, Dept. Rosario de la Frontera, Las Termas, C. O’Donell 5360 (holotype LIL, not seen).
Twining perennial 2–5 m in height, stems wiry, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–6(–10) × 5–7(–10) cm, 5–7-lobed to just above the base, base truncate or broadly cordate and cuneate onto the petiole, lobes oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, apex obtuse and mucronate, usually glabrous but pubescent in the Tarija area; petioles 1–4(–8) cm. Inflorescence of usually compound, axillary cymes of 1–5(–7) flowers; peduncles 2–8 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2 mm, oblanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.3–2.2 cm; pedicels 7–18 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, elliptic, convex, coriaceous with a very narrow scarious margin, glabrous or puberulent near base, the outer 6–10 × 3–5 mm, obtuse, inner 5–7 mm wide, rounded; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules 10 × 8 mm, ellipsoid to subglobose, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm long, dark brown, woolly.
Scattered in occurrence in northern Argentina, western Paraguay, southern Bolivia and the extreme west of Brazil. Essentially a species of the western and northern Chaco fringes. It is usually a species of the dry inter-Andean valleys and chaco lowlands but sometimes grows in seasonally swampy areas suggesting its ecological requirements are not as distinct from those of Ipomoea mauritiana as suggested by
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Yacatula, C. Spegazzini s.n. [3/1897] (LP). Cordoba: C. Spegazzini s.n. [11/1902-3/1903] (LP). Formosa: Matacos, Solis Neffa et al. 588 (CTES). Jujuy: Zuloaga et al. 10244 (CTES). Salta: Anta, E. Saravia 1267 (CTES); Capital, Sierra de Vélez, L.J. Novara 5889 (G). Tucumán: Legname & Cuezzo 4515 (CTES, LIL); Yerba Buena, S. Venturi 1328 (LIL, LP, SI).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Puerto Casado, T. Rojas 3031 (LIL, SI); 4 de Mayo–Lagarenza F. Mereles 2631(FCQ); P.N. Defensores del Chaco, M. Vavrek & E. Enciso 36 (PY). Boquerón: 10 km NW of Nueva Asunción, A. Krapovickas et al. 45436 (CTES)
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, S. Moore 972 (BM); A. Pott et al. 4837 (CPAP).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Ballivián, J. Balderrama 366 (LPB, CTES); Cercado, Ibiato, M.T. Martinez & M. Adler 75 (K, LPB, USZ). Chuquisaca: Luis Calvo, E. Saravia & Nelson 10474 (CTES); Tomina, J.R.I. Wood 8003 (K, LPB); Zudañez, J.R.I. Wood & H. Huaylla 21548 (HSB, K, LPB). Cochabamba: Campero, J.R.I. Wood & H. Huaylla 20256 (K, LPB). La Paz: Iturralde, Luisita, S.G. Beck & R. Haase 10005 (BOLV, LPB). Santa Cruz: Caballero, M. Nee 46682 (USZ, MO, NY); Chiquitos, Quimome, J.R.I. Wood & B. Williams 27906 (USZ); 30 km SE of Pailón, G. Navarro 2155 (CTES); Cordillera, M. Mendoza 2731 (USZ); Vallegrande, Pucará, J.R.I. Wood & M. Mendoza 21488 (K, LPB, USZ); Velasco, El Refugio, J.R.I. Wood & H. Huaylla 20753 (K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: Arce, T. Meyer 21810 (LIL); Gran Chaco, Palos Blancos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27616 (K, LPB, USZ); O’Connor, M. Mendoza 2877 (K, USZ).
Similar to Ipomoea mauritiana but more slender (leaves mostly < 7 cm long) and inflorescence fewer flowered with longer secondary and tertiary peduncles so the inflorescence appears more lax. The two species are not always easily separated but were drscussed in detail by
BRAZIL. [Bahia], Serra de Açurua, Rio São Francisco, Blanchet 2906 (holotype G, not found, isotypes BM, K, NY, P).
Twining perennial herb, stem bifariously pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–6 × 4–7 cm, 3-lobed to slightly more than halfway (the lateral lobes sometimes shallowly lobed), base broadly cordate, apex obtuse and mucronate, glabrous; petioles 3–7 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 5–20 mm; bracteoles not seen; secondary peduncles, if present, 2–4 mm; pedicels 6–18 mm; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, elliptic, obtuse, glabrous, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, inner similar but with scarious margins; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, red, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 2.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Mostly dry forest or caatinga in northeastern Brazil.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Remanso, L.P. de Queiroz et al. 10060 (HUEFS). Ceará: Serra de Araripe, G. Gardner 2424 (BM, K). Goiás: Serra Dourada, H.S. Irwin et al. 11882 (MO, NY). Paraíba: M. de F. Agra 1728 (NY). Pernambuco: Chapada do Araripe, M.E. Saraiva 135 (RB); Morro do Quixaba, A.M. Miranda 3214 (RB). Piauí: Mun. Floriando, A.M. Miranda et al. 5054 (UB, PEUFR); Teresina-Picos, Rizzini s.n. (RB); Caracol, E. Melo et al. 9243 (HUEFS). Rio de Janiero: A.F.M. Glaziou 11263 (K, P). Rondônia: 24 km NNW of Ariquemes, D. Frame et al.112 (NY).
Part of the Ipomoea mauritiana complex, this species differs from I. cheirophylla in the generally 3-lobed leaves, with usually obtuse segments, but may prove conspecific although molecular sequencing suggests it may be distinct. Records from Brazil in
A specimen at P (Mocquerys s.n.) from Carabobo in Venezuela is atypical in having 5-lobed leaves and might be a dwarf form of Ipomoea mauritiana or even I. cheirophylla.
Ipomoea blanchetii var. pubescens
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 280. 1869. (
Ipomoea tapirapoanensis
Hoehne, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, new ser. 1: 38. 1938. (
BRAZIL. Goiás, W.J. Burchell 6582 (holotype BR0000006972875, isotype K).
Trailing or climbing perennial, stems thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–6 × 2.5–8 cm, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin somewhat undulate, 3-lobed to about half way, lobes acute to shortly acuminate, central lobe elliptic, narrowed at base, laterals broadly ovate, both surfaces pilose, abaxially paler; petioles 1.5–3 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of mostly 3–5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3(–11) cm, glabrous or thinly pilose; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 2–4 mm; secondary peduncles 1–4.5 cm; pedicels 6–20 mm, glabrous or, rarely, thinly pilose; sepals unequal, coriaceous, convex, glabrous, margins scarious, when fresh pale green, shiny; outer sepals 6–7 × 4 mm, elliptic, obtuse, inner 10–11 mm, obovate, obtuse; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink with dark centre, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., lobed. Capsules 7–8 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 4–5 × 2.5 mm pale brown, glabrous apart from lanate angles with hairs c. 10 mm long.
An uncommon plant of the Cerrado biome in Bolivia and Brazil, growing in campo cerrado and on granite rock outcrops.
BRAZIL. Goiás: the type. Mato Grosso: Espinheiros, near Cuiabá, C.A.M. Lindman 3013 (S); Chapada dos Guimares, Cuiabá, F. Mereles 2493 (FCQ), 2524 (FCQ). Tocantins: Palmeiropolis, J.B. Pereira & G.A. Moreira 65 (CEN).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Velasco: Las Mechitas, R. Guillén et al. 311 (FTG, LPB, USZ); km 69, Santa Rosa-Piso Firme, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27430 (K, LPB, USZ); Cerro Pelao, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27916 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
Very similar to Ipomoea blanchetii and I. cheirophylla differing in the pilose stem and leaves. The leaves are always 3-lobed with much broader segments than in I. cheirophylla.
In designating a lectotype of Ipomoea blanchetii var. pubescens, we have chosen the NY specimen as it appears to have a label in Meisner’s handwriting annotating it as “β pubescens nob. (6./1./68.)”. Both this specimen and the one at LE are so poor that they are difficult to identify certainly but the location and pubescent indumentum suggest strongly that it is Ipomoea caloneura.
• Species 162–165 are characterised by the presence of stellate hairs. These are completely absent in a few forms of Ipomoea bonariensis and are hard to find in Species 164–165.
Convolvulus hookerianus
D. Dietr., Syn. Pl. 1: 666. 1839. (
Ipomoea heterotricha
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 280. 1869. (
Ipomoea obtusiloba
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 283. 1869. (
Ipomoea obtusiloba var. tridens
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 283. 1869. (
Ipomoea astrotrichota
Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(5), Beibl. 57): 40. 1897. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. calvescens
Hallier f., Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 16: 51. 1899. (
Ipomoea bonariensis subvar. triloba Hallier f. [as var. calvescens subvar. triloba], Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 16: 51. 1899. (
Ipomoea bonariensis subvar. integrifolia Hallier f. [as var. calvescens subvar. integrifolia], Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 16: 52. 1899. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. genuina
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2: 5: 695.1905. (
Ipomoea bonariensis forma villicaulis Chodat & Hassl. [as var. genuina forma villicaulis], Bull. Herb. Boiss., sér. 2, 5: 695. 1905. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. grandiflora
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2: 5: 695. 1905. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. cordifolia
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2: 5: 695. 1905. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. rupestris
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2: 5: 695. 1905. (
Ipomoea bonariensis subsp. mollis
Hassl., Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.9: 153. 1911 (
Ipomoea bonariensis forma cordata [as var. grandiflora forma cordata] Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 153. 1911. (
Ipomoea bonariensis forma glabrata [as var. grandiflora forma glabrata] Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 153. 1911. (
Ipomoea bonariensis forma intermedia [as var. grandiflora forma intermedia] Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 153. 1911. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. pubisepala [as subsp. mollis var. pubisepala] Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 153. 1911. (
Ipomoea biglandulosa
Arechav., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 7: 204. 1911. (
Ipomoea florentiana
Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Secc. Bot. 1, Fasc. 6: 73. 1922. (
Ipomoea corumbaensis
Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Secc. Bot. 1, Fasc. 6: 74. 1922. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. chacoensis
O’Donell, Lilloa 29: 125. 1959. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. erecta
J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, Kew Bull. 70(31): 80. 2015. (
Cultivated plant grown from seed collected by Tweedie at Buenos Aires (lectotype K00612912, designated by
A very variable trailing or, more commonly, twining perennial to at least 3 m in height, roots stout, tuberous, stems becoming woody when old, sparsely or densely roughly hirsute with stellate hairs. Leaves petiolate, usually 3–9 × 3–9 cm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, entire or commonly 3–5-lobed to about half way or margin sinuate, adaxially dark-green, asperous, stellate-pubescent, abaxially grey, stellate-tomentose; petioles 1–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, 1–10-flowered, axillary cymes, sometimes becoming racemose in form; peduncles 2–8 cm, stout, asperous-stellate-hirsute; bracteoles scale-like, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–3.5 cm; pedicels 2–10 mm (very rarely more); calyx globose in outline, sepals slightly unequal, coriaceous, convex, obtuse, usually glabrous, the margins scarious, outer 5–8 × 4–5 mm, elliptic, inner slightly broader and longer; corolla 4–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules narrowly ovoid, 11–12 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds 5–7 mm long, pilose with hairs 10 mm long.
Figures
Abundant in much of Paraguay, the Chiquitania of Bolivia, parts of southern Brazil and Misiones in Argentina but scattered and less common elsewhere in Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay and Brazil. We have not traced the record from Peru (
URUGUAY. Sine data, J. Tweedie s.n. (K, LIL, SI); Artigas, Cuereim, M.B. Berro 2568 (K, LIL); Concepción, P. Lorentz s.n. [2/1877] (BM).
ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: C.M. Hicken 13701 (K, SI), 14476 (K, SI). Chaco: A.G. Schulz 2076 (CTES) – var. chacoensis. Corrientes: S.G. Tressens et al. 3595 (CTES, K). Entre Ríos: Lorentz 927 (BM, CORD). Formosa: Patiño, A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 46543 (CTES). Jujuy: Ledesma, L. Galetto 296 (CORD). Misiones: G.J. Schwarz 5148 (LIL, S); H. Keller & G. Prance 3377 (K); Iguazú, H. Keller et al. 2713 (CTES) – forma glabrata; Candelaria, H. Keller & Franco 13281 (CTES, OXF) – f. glabrata. Also Catamarca, Salta, Santa Fe and Santiago del Estero, fide
BRAZIL. Bahia: Fiaschi et al. 2758 (CEPEC, NY). Espirito Santo: A.L. Peixoto et al. 3302 (MO). Goiás: Minacu, G. Periera-Silva 4806 (CEN). Mato Grosso do Sul: A. Pott et al. 9917 (CPAP). Paraná: Jaguaraíva P. Dusen s.n. [13/3/1904] (S). Rio de Janeiro: Canteiro, J.R. Mattos 306 (RB). Rio Grande do Sul: E. Leite 2296 (GH); J. Tweedie s.n. (K). São Paulo: M.R. Silva 754 (MO); C.W. Mosén 3441 (S). Also Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais and Santa Catarina, all fide Flora do Brazil 2020.
BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, T.C.O. Ibiato, M.T. Martinez et al. 9 (USZ). Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, Puerto Suárez–Cerro Mutún, J.R.I. Wood & D. Villarroel 25904 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Chiquitos, Santiago de Chiquitos, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27186 (K, LPB, USZ); Cordillera, P.N. Kaa-Iya, A. Fuentes & G. Navarro 2338 (BOLV, LPB, MO, USZ); Guarayos, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 31877 (CTES); Ichilo, Buenavista, J. Steinbach 7098 (BM, LIL, K, MO); Ñuflo de Chávez, Piedra de Calama, J.R.I. Wood 27458 (K, LPB, USZ); Velasco, M. Dematteis.et al. 3564 (CTES, K); San Ignacio-Vilabela, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27858 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, P. Zuñiga et al. 20 (HSB) – var. erecta.
The synonomy of the infraspecific taxa of the very variable Ipomoea bonariensis is immensely complicated with some collections being cited by Hassler under several names. Not all collections have been located at Geneva but we have lectotypified names wherever possible in the hope of achieving a degree of nomenclatural stability.
Ipomoea bonariensis is usually easily recognised by the stellate hairs that cover all vegetative parts. However, it is extremely variable in habit, leaf form and indumentum and numerous infraspecific taxa have been described. Stems are usually trailing or climbing but plants with erect stems and subterminal inflorescences (I. bonariensis var. erecta) occur in the western Chaco on the borders of Bolivia and Paraguay. Most plants are distinctly stellate hairy, although the indumentum varies from sparse to dense. However, occasional specimens which are entirely glabrous occur (I. bonariensis forma glabrata). These are reported from Paraguay and Brazil but are a particular feature of Misiones Province in Argentina. Leaves are typically entire but they are commonly lobed. Plants with 3–5-lobed leaves were treated as I. bonariensis var. chacoensis by O’Donell but as I. bonariensis subsp. mollis by Hassler, and have been reported from the Argentinian Chaco and neighbouring parts of Paraguay. Some plants have prominently laciniate leaves (Keller & Franco 13257) and resemble some forms of Ipomoea homotrichoidea in their leaf shape.
Ipomoea heterotricha var. homotricha
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2: 5: 694. 1905. (
Ipomoea heterotricha forma suborbiculata Chodat & Hassl. [as var. homotricha forma suborbiculata], Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2: 5: 694. 1905. (
Ipomoea heterotricha forma dentata Chodat & Hassl. [as var. homotricha forma dentata], Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2: 5: 694. 1905. (
Ipomoea heterotricha forma subtriloba Chodat & Hassl. [as var. homotricha forma subtriloba], Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2: 5: 694. 1905. (
Ipomoea heterotricha forma cordifolia Chodat & Hassl. [as var. homotricha forma cordifolia], Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2: 5: 694. 1905. (
Ipomoea bonariensis subsp. aspera
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 153. 1911. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. pubescens [as subsp. aspera var. pubescens] Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 154. 1911. (
Ipomoea bonariensis forma trichosepala [as subsp. aspera var. pubescens forma trichosepala] Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 154. 1911. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. tomentosa [as subsp. aspera var. tomentosa] Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 154. 1911. (
Ipomoea bonariensis var. hispida [as subsp. aspera var. hispida
] Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 154. 1911. (
Ipomoea bonariensis forma subintegra [as subsp. aspera var. hispida forma subintegra], Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 154. 1911. (
Ipomoea bonariensis forma lobata [as subsp. aspera var. hispida forma lobata Hassl.], Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 154. 1911 (1911: 154). Type. PARAGUAY. Caaguazú, Río Yhú, E. Hassler 9535 (lectotype G00174938, designated here; isolectotypes BM, G, K, P).
PARAGUAY. Amambay, T. Rojas 4051 (holotype LIL001245).
Decumbent or twining perennial, stems hispid with prominent, relatively long stellate hairs. Leaves petiolate, polymorphic, 3–11 × 2.5–10 cm, ovate to subreniform, entire, obscurely to deeply 3-lobed or lyrate-dentate with acute teeth, apex obtuse, base truncate to narrowly cordate, densely and roughly stellate hairy on both surfaces; petioles 1–5 cm, hispid-stellate-pilose. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 3–12 cm, hispid-pilose; bracteoles 4 × 1 mm, lanceolate, obtuse, caducous; secondary peduncles 3–17 mm; pedicels short, 3–12 mm, glabrous or nearly so; sepals coriaceous, glabrous or thinly stellate hairy, 8–11 mm long, outer sepals elliptic, obtuse and mucronate, inner sepals obovate, obtuse with scarious margins; corolla 5–9 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., unlobed; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Nearly endemic to eastern Paraguay with a single record from a neighbouring area of Brazil.
PARAGUAY. Amambay: Pedro Juan Caballero, Krapovickas et al. 45909 (K, CTES); ibid., A. Schinini et al. 36021 (PY). Caaguazú: Yhú, Jorgensen 4858 (S, SI, US). Canindeyú: Yerbales de Maracayú, Río Carimbatay, Hassler 4539 (P). Paraguarí: P.N. Ybicu’í, E. Zardini and R. Velazquez 15895 (MO, PY). San Pedro: 5 km SW de San Estanislao, camino a Rosario, Krapovickas et al. 45822 (K, CTES).
BRAZIL. Paraná: Cordeiro et al. 4701 (MBM).
Clearly related to Ipomoea bonariensis, this species was treated as a synonym of that species by
Ipomoea santacruzensis
O’Donell, Arq. Mus. Paranaense, Curitiba 9: 237. 1952. (
ARGENTINA. Salta, Dept. Orán, San Andrés, Pierotti 280 (lectotype LIL001265, designated here).
Vigorous twining perennial, stems thinly to densely pubescent with stellate and simple hairs. Leaves petiolate, 4–15 × 2–9 cm, ovate-deltoid (rarely 3-lobed to half way), shortly acuminate and mucronate, base shallowly cordate to truncate and broadly cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially thinly pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 1–7 cm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of lax, axillary, often compound, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3–11.5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 5–10 mm, filiform, tomentose, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–2 cm; tertiary peduncles slightly shorter; pedicels 0.5–2 cm, pubescent to tomentose; sepals coriaceous, somewhat unequal, outer sepals 6–11 × 5–7 mm, elliptic, obtuse, convex, entirely glabrous or pubescent in the lower half only, margins scarious; inner sepals 7.5–12 mm, slightly broader and rounded; corolla 4.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., shallowly lobed; stamens and style included. Capsules 14–15 × 12–13 mm. suborbicular, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, long-pilose.
Serrano Chaqueño and Tucuman-Bolivian woodland between about 650 m and 2300 m extending along the eastern Andean slopes from just south of Santa Cruz through the Departments of Chuquisaca and Tarija to Orán in Argentina.
ARGENTINA. Salta: Only known from the type.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Azurduy, Tarvita, M. Jiménez & J. Villalobos 755 (MO, OXF); Boeto, below Nuevo Mundo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 20493 (BOLV, HSB. K. LPB); Siles, Serrania Los Milagros, M. Serrano et al. 6853 (OXF, MO); Tomina, Sopachuy, J.R.I. Wood 20458 (HSB, K, LPB); Zudañez, Mojocoya-Sacha Pampa, J.R.I. Wood & M. Serrano 13356 (HSB, K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Cordillera, Charagua, I. Vargas 474 (NY, USZ); Ibañez, Los Espejillos, G.A. Parada et al. 124 (OXF, MO); Vallegrande, G. A. Parada et al. 3191 (USZ). Tarija: O’Connor, Entre Ríos, M. Mendoza et al. 2860 (K, USZ).
Both indumentum and leaf shape vary considerably in this species as in the related Ipomoea bonariensis. Leaves are usually entire but 3-lobed forms occur occasionally.
I. oranensis has stellate hairs but they are never obvious as in I. bonariensis and are often difficult to find, most hairs being simple. Ipomoea oranensis is very similar to I. exserta and the two species are almost indistinguishable when not in flower. However, the funnel-shaped corolla of I. oranensis is totally different from the hypocrateriform corolla of I. exserta with its exserted stamens.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca, Prov. Luis Calvo, 14 km E of Monteagudo, on pass before descent to Timboy Pampa J.R.I. Wood 9693 (holotype HSB, isotypes K, LPB).
Liana to 6 m; stems sometimes pendulous from overhanging branches, woody below, somewhat wiry above, thinly pilose, glabrescent when old, sometimes leafless when flowering. Leaves petiolate, 6–14 × 5–10 cm, mostly ovate, sometimes suborbicular, occasionally shallowly 3-lobed or with a single lateral tooth, base cordate to subtruncate with rounded auricles, apex acute, margin entire to obscurely undulate, adaxially dark green, appressed pubescent with long hairs, abaxially grey-matted-tomentose with some stellate hairs mixed with unbranched hairs; petiole relatively short, 3–4 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of compact many-flowered, axillary cymes, often subracemose in form; peduncle 5–11 cm, commonly twisted, shortly pilose; bracteoles oblong, caducous; secondary peduncles 6–10 mm, glabrous; pedicels 2–10 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 9–11 × 4–6 mm obovate-elliptic, coriaceous, convex, glabrous, margins narrow, scarious; outer sepals minutely mucronate; inner sepals slightly wider than the outer, rounded; corolla 5–5.8 cm long, completely glabrous, hypocrateriform, the basal subcylindrical tube 3.5–3.8 × 0.5–0.9 cm, brownish, the limb 1.5–2 cm long, spreading, lobed, dark pink; stamens and style exserted 5–8 mm. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Bolivia in Bosque Serrano Chaqueño between 400 and 1400 m. from the Santa Cruz area south to the Villamontes area.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Boeto, Pampa del Tigre, J.R.I. Wood et al. 20543 (K, LPB); Luis Calvo, Monteagudo-Timboy Pampa, J. Gutiérrez et al. 320 (MO, USZ); Incahuasi, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27643 (K, LPB, USZ); Siles, Río Azero, J.R.I. Wood 13308 (K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Cordillera, Tatarenda, J.R.I. Wood et al. 16093 (K, LPB, USZ); Florida, Bella Vista, L. Arroyo et al. 2868 (USZ); Ibáñez, La Angostura, M. Mendoza & Eduardo 987 (K, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, Río Pilcomayo gorge, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27595 (K, LPB, USZ); O’Connor, Palos Blancos towards Entre Ríos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28042 (LPB, OXF, USZ).
Similar to Ipomoea oranensis but immediately distinguished by the hypocratiform corolla with a cylindrical tube and exserted genitalia.
Both Ipomoea exserta and I. oranensis have some stellate hairs mixed with unbranched hairs but these are often difficult to see. The two species may sometimes grow together but I. oranensis is found most commonly at higher altitudes, from 1600 to 2200 m, although there are a few records from as low as 650 m.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Santa Cruz da Barra, banks of Río Paraguay, C.A.M. Lindman 3197 (holotype S07-43711, isotype S09-37459).
Vigorous twining perennial of unknown height but reaching at least 50 cm, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–7 × 1.3–5.5 cm, ovate-cordate (sometimes shallowly 3-lobed or repand), obtuse and strongly mucronate, base subcordate or truncate and briefly cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially green-tomentose with long hairs, abaxially densely silvery-sericeous-tomentose with dense long whitish hairs; petioles 6–22 mm, pubescent, the base often with filiform pseudo-stipules. Inflorescence of lax, axillary, pedunculate cymes, these sometimes paired; peduncles 0.7–8 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 3–11 mm, linear-filiform, pubescent, tardily deciduous; secondary and tertiary peduncles (if present) 7–23 mm; pedicels 0.3–1.2 cm, pubescent; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, outer 6–8 × 3–4 mm, elliptic, acute or obtuse, thinly pilose; inner sepals c. 1 mm longer and wider, obovate-elliptic, broader and rounded, glabrous; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 2.5–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 7 × 5 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, slender, persistent style 2–2.5 mm; seeds (immature) oblong, 5 mm, angles long pilose with dirty white hairs.
Endemic to Amazonian Brazil, growing in cerrado and on rocks in forest: BRAZIL. Sine loc., W.J. Burchell 858A (K). Mato Grosso: Novo Mundo, P. Est. do Cristalino, G. Henicka et al. 25 (K); Alta Floresta, P. Est. do Cristolino, D. Sasaki et al. 1355 (K); Santa Cruz do Xingu, D.C. Zappi et al. 3062 (K, RB). Tocantins: Mun. Pres. Kennedy, Faz. Primavera, T. Plowman et al. 8128 (FTG, MG); P.N. do Araguaia, Ilha da Bananal, R.C. Mendonça et al. 3951 (IBGE, OXF, US). Pará: Araguaia, 20 km W of Redenção, T. Plowman et al. 8625 (FTG, MG); Marabá, Serra Norte de Carajas, R.S. Secco et al. 442 (MG, MO). Also recorded for Goiás in
Rather distinct because of its densely pubescent indumentum with long weakly appressed hairs, persistent linear bracteoles and generally compact inflorescence. The type is atypical in the sense that it has a relatively long, compound inflorescence.
Ipomoea villosa var. argentea
(Meisn.) Hallier f., Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 16: 53. 1899. (
Batatas villosa
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 337. 1845. (
Ipomoea villosa
(Choisy) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 244. 1869. (
Exogonium villosum
(Choisy) Peter, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4 (3a): 28. 1897 [pub. 1891]. (
Ipomoea comosa
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 201. 1908. (
Ipomoea stachyoides
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 240. 1869. (
Ipomoea hypoleuca
Taub., Bot. Jahrb. 21: 449.1895. (
Ipomoea argentea var. hypoleuca
(Taub.) Hallier f., Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 16(3): 19. 1899. (
BRAZIL. Goyas et Piauhy: G. Gardner 3356 (lectotype BR0000005837519, designated by
Erect perennial, stem stout and somewhat woody, often simple, white-tomentose, 0.3–1 m high. Leaves subsessile, 2.5–10(–14) × 2–3.5(–5.5) cm. broadly oblong to oblong-elliptic, acute and sometimes mucronate, cuneate to rounded at base, densely sericeous or tomentose on both surfaces, adaxially greenish, abaxially grey; petioles 0–5 mm. Inflorescence terminal, formed of sessile or shortly pedunculate compact cymes from the upper leaf axils, cymes commonly single-flowered but sometimes with 2–10 flowers; peduncles 0–2.5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles linear-lanceolate to ovate, up to 10 × 5 mm, hirsute, somewhat persistent; pedicels 1–3 mm; sepals subequal, 7–9 mm, elliptic, obtuse, coriaceous, convex, brown when dry, the outer villous but glabrescent, inner glabrous; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., distinctly lobed. Capsules glabrous, ellipsoid, 8 × 6 mm, very shortly rostrate; seeds c. 3 mm, long-pilose.
A characteristic species of cerrado in Brazil extending to Paraguay, Brazil and to the llanos of Venezuela and Colombia.
PARAGUAY. Amambay: Rojas in Hassler 10055 (BM, K).
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: Rio São Bartolomeu, E.P. Heringer et al. 6100 (IBGE, K); Burração, G. Kirkbride 3967 (K). Goiás: E.P. Heringer 10859 (UB); Chapada da Veadeiros, J.R. Pirani et al. 1827 (MO, USP, K); G. Gardner 3908 (K); summit of Cerro Dourada, 20 km SE of Goias Velho, H.S. Irwin et al. 11728 (FTG, NY) – var. hypoleuca; Rio dos Couros, A.F.M. Glaziou 21786a (P) – var. hypoleuca. Mato Grosso: Novo Mundo, Parque Est. Cristalino, D. Sasaki et al. 2125 (K); Rio Brilhante, G. Hatschbach 26119 (MBM, RB). Minas Gerais: Campina Verde, A. Macedo 249 (BM); Patrocínio, Morro da Pedras, H.S. Irwin et al. 25462 (NY), Belo Horizonte, F.C. Hoehne 3064 (F, SP); Caldas, J.F.Widgren in A.F. Regnell 225 (K, S); A.F. Regnell III 193 (S). Paraná: P. Dusen 14932 (S), 16383 (S); Jaguariaiva, G. Hatschbach 52795 (MBM). São Paulo: Rawitscher s.n. [1/3/1945] (SPF, K); A.C. Brade 5567(S). Mato Grosso do Sul fide
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ángel Sandoval, Santo Corazón, Cerro Pelón, J.R.I. Wood et al. 25639 (USZ). Velasco, P.N. Noel Kempff Mercado, R. Guillén & T. Centurion 845 (ARIZ, BOLV, F, FTG, MO, NY, USZ); J.R.I. Wood et al. 25244 (K, LPB, UB, USZ).
COLOMBIA. Caquetá: J.C. Betancour 1928 (COL). Casanare: . Saravia 2705 (COL). Meta: L. Uribe 1346 (COL). Vaupés: J.M. Idrobo 9460 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: J. Steyermark et al. 131513 (MO); Wessels Boer 1925 (NY); Bolívar: J. Steyermark et al. 131713 (MO). Orinoco: Maypures, Spruce 3605 (BM, K).
A very distinct species because of its erect habit, subsessile silvery leaves and lobed corolla.
Despite its distinctiveness this species is quite variable and this is reflected in our molecular results which suggest that it is not monophyletic although it is difficult in the present state of our knowledge to reconcile molecular results with morphology. The majority of the specimens including the lectotype have leaves dull green adaxially and grey abaxially (
Convolvulus paulistanus
Silva
Manso, Enum. Subst. Braz. 17. 1836. (
Ipomoea echioides
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8(1): 54 [132]. 1838. (
Ipomoea echioides var. villosula
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 244. 1869. (
Ipomoea rondoniae
Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Bot. 1, fasc. 6: 68, pl. 14. 1922. (
Ipomoea rondoniae var. breviracemosa
Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Bot. 1, fasc. 6: 69, pl. 15. 1922.(
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Cuyaba, Silva Manso & Lhotsky 32 (G00135526, lectotype, designated by
Erect herb to c. 0.75 cm, usually unbranched, stems pubescent, often leafless below, rootstock an elongate tuber. Leaves sessile, numerous, imbricate, 0.5–6(–13) × 0.1–0.5(–1.2) cm, diminishing in size upwards, linear-oblong, base narrowly cuneate, apex acute, mucronate, margins commonly inrolled, both surfaces densely softly pilose or pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, ±racemose in appearance, up to 30 cm long, formed of cymes, which are often reduced to solitary flowers arising in the axils of the leaf-like bracts; peduncles 0–3 cm (often absent), erect; bracteoles 3–10 mm, linear, pilose, deciduous; pedicels 2–6 mm; sepals 5–7 mm, subequal, elliptic, usually truncate, rigid, convex, the outer pubescent, acute, the inner subglabrous; corolla 5–6 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules globose, 4–5 mm diam., glabrous, apex shortly rostrate, the dead style remaining till the fruit matures; seeds c. 3 mm, long-pilose.
A characteristic cerrado species of Bolivia and Brazil found from around 200 to 900 m.
BRAZIL Goiás: Mun. Corumbá, A. Macedo 4476 (K); Colinas, A.A. Arbo et al. 3679 (K, CTES); Chapada de Veadeiros, J.R. Pirani et al. 1828 (SPF, K). Maranhão: Carolina, M.F. da Silva 1090 (NY). Mato Grosso: 270 km N. of Xavantina, D.R. Gifford 98 (K); Philcox & Ferreira 4403 (K), 4530, (K), J. Ratter et al. 857 (K); Cuiabá, Malme 1288 (S); Río Yocuara, C.A.M. Lindman 3113 (S). Minas Gerais: Morro do Cachorro, A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 33460 (CTES). Tocantins: R.D. Reeves 2890 (CEN); Guaraí, H. S, Irwin 21518 (NY). Also Mato Grosso do Sul, fide
BOLIVIA. Beni: Vaca Díaz, Pampas de San Lorenzo, P. Maas et al. 8722 (NY, MO). Santa Cruz: Serranía de Santiago de Chiquitos, J.R.I. Wood & D. J. Goyder 16968 (K, LPB, USZ); J.R.I. Wood 18824 (K, LPB); Velasco, P.N. Noel Kempff Mercado, L. Sánchez et al. 253 (ARIZ, FTG, MO); J.R.I. Wood et al. 18213 (K, LPB); Hac. Acuario, R. Guillén et al. 309 (ARIZ, FTG, OXF, MO).
In designating a lectotype of Ipomoea echioides var. villosula, we have chosen the NY specimen as it appears to have a label in Meisner’s handwriting annotated as “β villosula nob.”.
Very distinctive because of its imbricate leaves which diminish in size upwards. It is occasionally confused with Ipomoea argentea but the leaves are never silvery-tomentose as in that species.
Ipomoea graminiformis
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 250. 1869. (
GUYANA. R. Schomburgk 692 (holotype K000612791, isotype BM).
Glabrous perennial herb with xylopodium and erect, somewhat succulent stems to 50 cm. Leaves sessile, 4–16 × 0.1–0.3 cm, linear, somewhat glaucous, tapering at both ends, acute. Inflorescence ± terminal, up to 30 cm long, but usually much less, formed of pedunculate cymes from the uppermost leaf axils; peduncles 0–5 cm, diminishing in length upwards; bracteoles filiform, up to 10 mm long, caducous; pedicels 5–13 mm; sepals subequal, coriaceous, somewhat convex, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, elliptic, outer acute to obtuse, c. 1 mm shorter than inner, inner rounded, slightly scarious on margins; corolla c. 4.5 cm long, pink with a darker centre, glabrous, limb weakly lobed, c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Scattered on seasonally flooded plain at low altitudes in South America from the Guianas, Venezuela and Colombia south to Bolivia. Most common in the llanos region of eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas. Rare elsewhere. Records from Paraguay are errors.
BRAZIL. Goiás. Type of Ipomoea graminiformis. Mato Grosso: C.A.M. Lindman 3115 (S); São José do Xingu, D.C. Zappi et al. 3229 (K, RB); Parque Estadual Cristalino, J.H. Piva 999 (K). Pará: Parque Indigena do Tumucumaque, P. Cavalcante 2520 (K). Rondônia: Vilhena, M.G. da Silva 4654 (INPA). Also Mato Grosso do Sul and Tocantins fide
GUYANA. Jansen-Jacobs et al. 4608 (K).
SURINAM. Rombouts 386 (K).
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Iturralde, Luisita, S.G. Beck & R. Haase 10100 (LPB); R. Haase 801 (LPB), 840 (LPB). Santa Cruz: Velasco, El Refugio, R. Guillén & V. Roca 2992 (ARIZ, LPB, MO, OXF, USZ); J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27914 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
COLOMBIA. Arauca: Laguna La Venera, J.P. Jørgensen 62 (COL). Guainía: La serranía, Manacasias, J. Cuatrecasas 7821 (COL). Guaviare: Barrancon, N.C. Garzón 0026 (COL). Meta: Lehmann 8796 (K). Vichada: San José de Ocune, O. Haught 2799 (US); Maypures, Spruce 3810 (K).
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Puerto Ayacucho, G. Davidse & O. Huber 14953 (MO). Apure: G. Aymard 5649 (MO). Bolívar: J. Steyermark et al. 131362 (MO). Guárico: K.R. Robertson & D.F. Austin 178 (MO). Monagas: L. Aristeguieti 3912 (MO).
Readily distinguished by the herbaceous, slightly fleshy stems, linear leaves, subequal sepals, glabrous corolla and distinctive habit and habitat.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Cordillera, Cabezas, I. Paredo 453 (holotype LIL001236).
Vigorous climber or liana to 4 m; stems stout, densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 × 2–8 cm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, margin undulate, cordate and cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially green, densely pubescent, abaxially grey-subtomentose; petioles 1–3 cm, subtomentose. Inflorescence of solitary bracteate flowers aggregated into dense cymes or racemes; bracts resembling small leaves; peduncles 1–3.5 cm, densely pilose to tomentose; bracteoles foliose, 1.2–2.5 × 0.5–0.8 cm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, narrowed to a cuneate base, persistent; pedicels 0–5 mm; sepals hidden by bracteoles, subequal, 8–9 × 4–6 mm, elliptic, obtuse, coriaceous, convex, somewhat pubescent when young, glabrescent and completely glabrous when in fruit; corolla 5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink with a darker centre, glabrous, limb 2.5–4 cm diam., undulate. Capsules enclosed by persistent bracts, 7–8 × 5 mm, glabrous, ovoid, rostrate; seeds 5 mm, oblong, long-pilose.
An uncommon Bolivian endemic growing in scattered populations below 500 m in scrub and on forest margins around the northern and western fringes of the Chaco.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, El Tinto–Laguna Concepción, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27118 (K, LPB, USZ); Cordillera, San José to Tucavaca, Solis Neffa et al. 1846 (CTES, LPB); A. Fuentes 1421 (ARIZ, CPAP, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, Concepción, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27919 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); Velasco, San Ignacio to San Miguel, J.R.I. Wood et al. 13134 (K, LPB, USZ).
A very distinctive species because of its persistent foliose bracteoles combined with the coriaceous, convex sepals.
Exogonium verruculosum
Pittier, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21: 142. 1931. (
Ipomoea avicola
D.F. Austin, Fl. Venezuela 8: 143. 1982. (
Based on Exogonium verruculosum Pittier
Twining subshrub to 1.5 m; stems glabrous, woody when old, strongly warted. Leaves petiolate, dimorphic, 2.5–4 × 2–3 cm, ovate cordate or, more commonly deeply 3–5-lobed with apical lobe elliptic, much larger than the laterals, apex obtuse, lobes contracted at base, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1–2.2 cm. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, glabrous, slightly warted; bracteoles 1.5–2 mm, ovate, obtuse, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–7 mm; pedicels relatively slender, 7–10 mm; sepals subequal, 5–7 mm long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, glabrous, the inner ones with a rounded scarious apex; corolla 3–4.5 cm long, glabrous, hypocrateriform, the tube 2.5–3.3 cm, pale, limb 0.7–0.9 cm in diam., lobed, lobes deep red, 4–6 mm long, ovate, often reflexed; stamens exserted. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, c. 10 mm long; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm, pilose with long marginal hairs to 8 mm.
Endemic to NW Venezuela where it grows in xerophitic scrub up to 400 m, but usually near the coast.
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Distrito Giradot, Carretera Cata–Cuyagua, V.M. Badillo 4809 (FTG). Carabobo: Puerto Cabello, E. André s.n. (K); 5 km E of Puerto Cabello, W.J. Hahn et al. 5089 (FTG, MO, US); cumbre Gañango–Patanemo, B. Trujillo 8817 (FTG). Dist. Fed.: Mun. Vargas, Catia La Mar, N. Ramírez 2665 (FTG); Libertador, J. Steyermark 112744 (FTG, MO); Arrecife, L. Aristeguieta 4533 (VEN).
The approximate position of this species is inferred from its morphology.
Convolvulus discolor
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 105 (1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Ipomoea irengana N.E. Br., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. ser. 2, 6: 51. 1901. (Brown, NE 1901: 51). Type. GUYANA. Ireng Valley, McConnell & Quelch, 265 (lectotype K000612822, designated here).
Based on Convolvulus discolor Kunth
Slender twining herb, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, very small, 1.2–4 × 1.2–2.3 cm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially green, tomentellous, abaxially white-canescent. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 4–25 mm, pubescent; bracteoles filiform, c. 1 mm, caducous; pedicels 6–15 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 7–11 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, outer pubescent, inner glabrous, scarious, more rounded; corolla 3.5–5.5 cm long, pale pink, funnel–shaped, thinly pubescent, limb undulate, 3.5–4 cm diam.
Dry rocky hills at low altitudes in Venezuela and Guyana; apparently uncommon.
GUYANA. Type of Ipomoea irengana.
VENEZUELA. Bolívar: Cedeño District, B. Boom & Grillo 6399 (FTG, NY); Cerro Gavilan, J. Wurdack & J.V. Monachino 40901 (FTG, NY); Agua Amena, J. Steyermark et al. 131440 (FTG, MO); 1 km S of Quebrada la Flore, J. Steyermark et al. 131637 (FTG). Lara: between Quibor and Cubiro, D.F. & S. Austin 6019 (FTG).
This species is anomalous in this clade because of the thinly pubescent corolla.
MEXICO. Chiapas, Mun. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, D.E. Breedlove & P. Raven 13362 (holotype F0054825, isotype DS).
Twining perennial, stems somewhat woody below, glabrous, often slightly winged. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 2–6 cm, ovate, finely acuminate, distinctly truncate to very broadly cuneate, glabrous, abaxially paler with prominent veins; petioles 1.5–2.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 2–7 cm, stout; bracteoles squamose, c. 1 mm; secondary peduncles sometimes present, 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 3–13 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, ovate to suborbicular, outer 4–6 mm, obtuse with narrow scarious margin, inner 7–12 mm rounded, mostly scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, orange or yellow, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam., shallowly lobed with oblong-ovate lobes. Capsules 15 × 6–9 mm, conical, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 10–12 × 4 mm, black with long white marginal hairs to 10 mm.
Low altitude forest from southern Mexico south to Costa Rica.
COSTA RICA. Punta Arenas, W.A. Haber & E. Bello 5984 (MO, FTG).
NICARAGUA. Boaco, San Lorenzo, P. Moreno 18523 (FTG, MO).
GUATEMALA. Huehuetenango, J. Steyermark 51015 (F).
MEXICO. Chiapas: D.E. Breedlove 28080 (MICH); Barranca el Chorreadero, H. & C. Cabrera 5914 (ARIZ, MEXU); Chiapa de Corzo, El Chorreadero, D.E. Breedlove & Thorne 20461 (MO); Tuxtla Gutiérrez, D.E. Breedlove & P.H. Raven 1332 (MO).
Distinct because of its yellowish corolla and small truncate leaves.
MEXICO. Morelos, Cuernavaca, C.G. Pringle 7338 (holotype GH00054536, isotypes ARIZ, CAS, MICH, NY, US).
Liana; stems all woody, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 6–10 × 2.3–3.8 cm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse or acute, mucronulate, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 1–1.8 cm. Inflorescence of solitary flowers arising on short axillary shoots; peduncles 2–8 mm; bracteoles 15–26 mm, oblong or oblong-elliptic, acute, foliose, shortly petiolate (to 2 mm), persistent; pedicels 1–2 mm; sepals strongly coriaceous, glabrous, slightly unequal, outer 8 × 6 mm, elliptic, acute, convex, inner similar but 9–10 mm long; corolla 7–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, cream (?), glabrous, limb c. 3.5 cm. Capsules 15 × 7 mm, narrowly ovoid, glabrous, rostrate with mucro c. 7 mm; seeds 8 × 2–3 mm, pilose with long marginal hairs 10–12 mm in length.
Endemic to southern Mexico, where it grows in deciduous tropical forest up to 1000 m.
MEXICO. Colima: Ixtlahuacan, E.J. Lott et al. 1929 (MEXU, MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 6543 (K, MO). Guerrero: Mun. Coahuayutla, Y. Ramírez-A et al. 766 (ARIZ, IEB, MEXU); Cerro El Cigarillo, J.C. Soto Nuñez 16295 (MEXU). Jalisco: La Manzanilla, R. McVaugh 20959 (MICH). Michoacán: Mun. Churumuco, V. W Steinmann & Y. Ramírez-A 5881 (ARIZ, IEB); Aguila, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6806 (IEB); Lázaro Cárdenas, Alta de la Barranca, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6816 (IEB, MEXU). Oaxaca: Santa María Huatulco, A. Sánchez Martínez & A. Ruíz 1071 (IEB, MEXU). Puebla: Pollatzin, F. Miranda 2945 (MEXU).
• Species 175–177. These three species form a group diagnosed by their woolly seeds and strongly discolorous leaves. ITS sequence data suggests Species 178–179 are also members of this clade although the seeds differ.
PANAMA. Prov. Panama, Cerro Jefe, 22 Sept. 1972, A. Gentry 6135 (holotype MO).
Perennial liana to 8 m in height; stems woody, thinly pubescent, purplish-brown. Leaves petiolate, 7–15 × 6–11 cm, ovate, ovate-deltoid or suborbicular, truncate to very broadly cuneate with rounded auricles, apex very shortly acuminate and mucronulate, acute or retuse, margin entire to obscurely denticulate, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely and softly strigose, abaxially densely silvery-sericeous, punctate, the venation prominent; petioles 3.5–8 cm, terete, pubescent. Inflorescence of compact axillary cymes with c. 3–10 flowers; primary peduncles 0.8–2 cm, grey-sericeous; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.5 mm, linear, obtuse, somewhat scarious, puberulent, caducous; secondary peduncles 3–5 mm, puberulent; pedicels 5–15 mm, puberulent below, becoming glabrous and thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 5–7 × 4–6 mm, ovate to obovate, rounded, margins narrow, scarious, inner sepals 8–11 mm long and wide. suborbicular, rounded to retuse, the margins broad, scarious; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous on the exterior limb pale magenta, tube greenish with a purple-black base; limb c. 3.5 cm diam., apparently weakly lobed. Capsules 18–20 × 12–15 mm, ovoid, very shortly apiculate with persistent style base, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm, dark brown, broadly oblong in outline, densely lanate with matted brownish cottony hairs up to 15 mm long.
Figure
A–G Ipomoea isthmica. A habit showing leaf and inflorescence B abaxial leaf surface C outer sepal D inner sepal E corolla opened up to show stamens F fruiting cyme G seed. H–N Ipomoea eremnobrocha. H habit showing leaves and inflorescence J abaxial leaf surface K outer sepal L inner sepal M capsule N seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A–E from Nee 7912; F, G from McPherson & Merello 8202; H–J from Polo 39; K, L from D’Arcy 9551; M, N from Correa et al. 11312.
Endemic to eastern Panama in low altitude cloud forest, 300–1000 m.
PANAMA. Chagres National Park, Cerro Jefe, A. Gentry 6135 (MO); ibid., E.L. Tyson et al. 4292 (MO); ibid., K.J. Sytsma 2018 (MO); Llano-Carti road, M. Nee 7912 (MO); ibid., G. McPherson & M. Merello 8202 (MO, PMA); ibid., T. Antonio 3731 (FTG, MO).
Readily distinguished by the large ovate-suborbicular leaves, magenta corolla with a blackish throat and unequal sepals.
PANAMA. Cerro Campana, A. Gentry 5759 (holotype cited from MO and isotype cited from FAU, but both missing).
Perennial climber or liana of unknown height but reaching at least several metres high, stems twining, somewhat woody below, herbaceous above, thinly pubescent when young, glabrescent, pale brown. Leaves petiolate, 5–12 × 7–12 cm, ovate in outline, 3-lobed to about half way, base ± truncate or subcordate and shortly cuneate onto the petiole, apex finely acuminate and shortly mucronate, central lobe oblong-elliptic (rarely ovate), 2–5 × 2–4 cm, laterals broadly ovate, margins entire or undulate, adaxially green, pubescent, abaxially densely silvery-sericeous with appressed hairs and scattered white glands; petioles 4–11 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of compact axillary cymes; primary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, stout, pubescent; bracteoles 2–7 × 0.5–1 mm, filiform to lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, tardily deciduous; secondary peduncles 3–5 mm; pedicels 3–8 mm, pubescent; sepals somewhat unequal, outer 4–5 × 2–3 mm, broadly oblong, truncate or slightly retuse, glabrous or with a few hairs at the base, inner 5–6 × 3–4 mm, obovate, usually strongly retuse with a broad sinus so appearing winged, margins scarious; corolla ±campanulate, white, glabrous on the exterior, 2–2.5 cm long; limb 2.2–2. 5 cm diam. Capsules 12–13 × 10–11 mm, ellipsoid to subglobose, very shortly apiculate with persistent style base, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds 6 × 1.5–2 mm, brown, broadly oblong in outline, densely lanate with matted cottony hairs up to 10 mm long.
Figure
Ipomoea peteri. A habit B adaxial leaf surface C abaxial leaf surface D outer sepal E inner sepal F corolla opened out to show stamens G ovary and style H fruiting inflorescence with capsules J seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A–C from Morgensen 1106; D–G from Whitefoord 8288; H–J from Wallnöfer & Tut-Tesucun 9662.
A species with a remarkable disjunct distribution with one population in NE Brazil and the other in Panama, extending with some doubt to Costa Rica, from where fertile material has not been seen. It is a species of forest from around 100 to 1150 m.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Litoral Sul, Itagibá, Mata da Botinha, M.L. Guedes et al. 16520 (ALCB, US); Muritiba, E.C. Schmidt et al. 313 (HUEFS). Paraíba: Mun. Areia, Mata do Pau Ferro, Andrade-Lima et al. 01 (IPA, OXF). Sergipe: São Cristóvao, M. Landim et al. 1316 (ASE7882).
PANAMA. Restricted to Altos de Campana: C.E. Polo 39 (F, MO, PMA); M.D. Correa et al. 8074 (F), 11312 (MO); W.G. D’Arcy 9551 (MO), 9592 (MO), B. Hammel 5519 (MO); R. Méndez 57 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Cuenca del San Carlos, B. Hammel 20340 (MO); Cuenca del Sarapiquí, B. Hammel 20688 (MO).
This species differs from Ipomoea isthmica by the 3-lobed leaves, shorter, pubescent, subequal sepals and shorter campanulate corolla. It can be distinguished from Ipomoea peteri by the pink corolla, finely acuminate leaf lobes and the obovate, merely pubescent (not oblong-lanceolate, tomentose) sepals.
For a discussion about confusion with Ipomoea isthmica, see
Ipomoea sericophylla
Peter, Nat. Pflanzenfam. IV (3a): 31. 1897 [pub. 1891). (
Mouroucoa peteri
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 218. 1898. (
Ipomoea tuxtlensis
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 256. 1908. (
Pharbitis lindenii
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Soc. Bruxelles 12(2): 272. 1845. (
Ipomoea silvestris
Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6(8): 190. 1915. (
Based on Ipomoea sericophylla Peter
Perennial climber apparently with tuberous roots; stem pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–9 × 3.5–9, sometimes ovate but usually 3-lobed to about halfway or slightly less, lobes elliptic, narrowed at both ends, occasionally ovate or somewhat repand, acute or shortly acuminate, mucronate, base truncate to cordate, often cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially appressed pilose, abaxially softly adpressed silvery-grey pilose; petioles 2–8.5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles usually short, 1–5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 4–12 mm, filiform; secondary peduncles c. 5 mm; pedicels 5–12 mm, thickened upwards, pubescent; sepals unequal, outer 8–11 × 3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, often mucronate, tomentose, inner 11–14 × 4–5 mm, broadly oblong-elliptic, rounded to retuse, glabrous or pubescent in the centre but with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 7–10 mm, globose, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 4 × 3 mm, brown, lanate.
Figures
Endemic to Central America from Nicaragua north to Southern Mexico, growing at low altitudes, in various kinds of woodland including pine forest, secondary woodland and flooded forest.
NICARAGUA. Atlántico Norte, Cerro Waylawás, J.J. Pipoly 4490 (MO).
BELIZE. Orange Walk District, C. Whitefoord 8035; Whitehills, C. Whitefoord 8288 (BM); Stann Creek, W.A. Schipp 421 (BM, K); Northern River, P.H. Gentle 1038 (K); Stann Creek, P.H. Gentle 3073 (K); Toledo, Deep River, Z. Goodwin & G. López 1709 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Petén, Lago Petén Itza, B. Wallnöfer & Tut-Tesucun 9662 (NY, MO, W); P.N. Tikal, R. Tun Ortíz 241(BM, F, MO).
MEXICO. Campeche: Calakmul, E. Martínez et al. 29268 (BM, MEXU). Chiapas: E. Martínez 14747 (ARIZ, MEXU); Tzimol, A. Reyes-García & G. Urquijo 791 (BM, MEXU); Ocosingo, Aguilar 2622 (BM, MEXU, MO). Quintana Roo: Benito Juárez, E.F. & H. Cabrera 3463 (MO); Nuevo Xcan, O. Téllez 2870 (BM, MEXU). Tabasco: Balancán, A. Novelo et al. 58 (BM, MEXU, MO); ibid., Naranjito, F. Menendez et al. 263 (K, MEXU, MO). Veracruz: Zacuapan, C.A. Purpus 7309 (BM); ibid., 10672 (K); Hidalgotitlan, B. Vazquez 1239 (BM). Yucatán: E. Martínez 31466 (BM, MEXU); Valladolid, Xuilub, B. Morgensen 1106 (AAU, K, NY); Buena Vista, G.F. Gaumer 769 (K, S).
Somewhat variable in the density of the indumentum. It differs from Ipomoea eremnobrocha in the narrower, acute, mucronate outer sepals. It is generally more densely hirsute.
Hinton 8120 (K) from Acatitlan, Temascaltepec is correctly identified as this species but the location would appear to be wrong. There was perhaps an error in the labelling.
BELIZE. Maskall, P. Gentle 871 (holotype F0054844, isotype S).
Twining perennial or small liana to c. 4 m, stems glabrous, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, palmately divided into 5–7 lobes, the lateral 4 lobes sessile to shortly petiolate, the terminal lobe pedately trilobed, lobes 2–7 × 0.5–1.8 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 3–5 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, cluster-like cymes, the cymes often paired; peduncles 0–12 mm; secondary peduncles 2–4 mm; bracteoles early caducous, not seen; pedicels 6–9 mm; sepals subequal, rigid and somewhat convex, glabrous, the margins scarious, outer 4–5 × 4 mm, obovate-elliptic, obtuse, inner sepals 5 × 5 mm, rounded to retuse; corolla 3–3.5 cm, funnel-shaped, white with pink-flushed limb, glabrous, gradually widened from base, tube whitish-green; limb c. 2 cm diam. Capsules 7 × 4–5 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous, the mucro 2–3 mm long; seeds 5–7 mm long, pilose with white marginal hairs.
Figure
Endemic to Central America in dry forest at very low altitudes.
GUATEMALA. Petén, P.N. Tikal, R. Tun Ortíz 364; ibid., 440 (BM, MO); ibid., E. Contreras 367 (F, MO, XAL); Lago Petén Itzá, B. Wallnöfer 9506 (K, MO, W).
BELIZE. Stann Creek, G.R. Proctor 35804 (BM); ibid., W.A. Schipp 846 (BM, K, S); Cayo, Chaa Creek Trails, M.J. Balick et al. 3171 (NY, OXF).
MEXICO. Campeche: Calakmul, Puente El Papagayo, E. Martínez et al. 31814 (BM, MEXU); ibid., Narciso Mendoza, D. Álvarez 544 (BM, MEXU). Chiapas: Ocosingo, E. Martínez 15974 (MO). Quintana Roo: Laguna Ocum, E. Cabrera 293 (BM, MEXU): Felipe Carillo Puerto, E.F. Cabrera & L. Cortez 396 (BM, MEXU). Tabasco: Balancan, A. Novelo et al. 115 (K, MEXU). Yucatán: Mérida, A. Schott 589 (BM); Izamal, G.F. Gaumer 989 (BM, K, S); Valadolid, Xuilub, B. Morgensen 1182 (AAU, K, MO).
The palmately lobed leaves and shortly pedunculate cymes distinguish this species. The distribution in Fl. Mesoamericana 4(2): 332 is completely wrong.
Exogonium steerei
Standl., Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461(4): 83. 1935. (
Ipomoea clewellii
C. Nelson, Phytologia 72(6): 401. 1992. (
Based on Exogonium steerei Standl.
Perennial twining plant with wiry, pubescent stems up to 4 m high. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.5–6 × 2–3.5 cm, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, cuneate, apex acute and strongly mucronate, adaxially thinly pilose, green, abaxially densely adpressed silvery-pilose; petioles 3–11 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary or few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1 –3 cm, densely silvery-pilose; bracteoles 10–18 × 2–3.5 mm, oblanceolate, acute, tapering to a petiole-like base, caducous; pedicels 8–15 mm, glabrous to thinly pubescent, especially below; sepals unequal, coriaceous, glabrous with scarious margins, outer 5–7 × 3–4 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, rounded to obtuse, inner 9–10 × 5–6 mm, elliptic to obovate, rounded to retuse; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 3.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 12–15 × 6–7 mm, ovoid, acute, glabrous; seeds 8–10 mm, ovoid, pilose.
Deciduous woodland, flooded forest and mangroves at low altitudes in Central America; rather uncommon.
HONDURAS. Type of Ipomoea clewellii.
GUATEMALA. Petén, P.N. Tikal, Bajo de Santa Fe, C.L. Lundell 16492 (MO).
MEXICO. Campeche: Hecelchakán, E. & H. Cabrera 13968 (F, MO), 13943 (BM, IEB, MEXU); Calakmul, E. Martínez et al. 35970 (IEB). Quintana Roo: camino a Vigía Chica, E. Cabrera & H. Cabrera 3529 (BM, MEXU, MO, K); ibid., O. Téllez & E. Cabrera 3186 (BM, MEXU, MO). Yucatán: Valladolid, Xuilub, B. Morgensen 1064 (AAU, K).
The oblong-elliptic leaves with long, silvery appressed hairs abaxially are distinct as is the habitat.
• Species 180–182 form a group of three Mexican species with a hypocrateriform corolla and a tendency to be leafless at anthesis.
Exogonium conzattii
(Grenm.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 102. 1908. (
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Almoloyas, C. Conzatti 1666 (holotype F0054836, isotypes MEXU, VT).
Twining liana; stems woody with grey bark, white canescent when young. Leaves absent at anthesis, petiolate, 1.5–10 × 1–6.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, subrhomboid, panduriform or shallowly 3 –lobed, margin undulate, apex acute, obtuse or retuse, mucronate, base truncate and cuneate onto the petiole, pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially paler; petioles 0.5–6 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate compact corymbs; peduncle 0.3–2.8 cm, sericeous; bracteoles 2–3 mm, ovate-deltoid, sericeous, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–5 mm; pedicels 12–15 mm, thickened upwards, canescent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 5–7 × 3–6 mm, elliptic, obtuse, densely pubescent to canescent, greenish, inner sepals obovate, rounded, pubescent in the centre but with broad glabrous scarious margins; corolla 3–4.5 cm long, cylindrical-hypocrateriform, deep pink, glabrous or with a few hairs, somewhat rugose, limb 2–3 cm diam., lobed, stamens exserted. Capsules ellipsoid, 9 × 6–8 mm, glabrous: seeds 6 × 3 mm, pilose on margins with long white hairs c. 7 mm long.
Endemic to central Mexico, growing around 1200 to 2200 m in dry deciduous woodland and scrub; apparently uncommon.
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: El Zapote, S. Zamudio 10995 (IEB, MEXU); Villa Guerrero, E. Matuda et al. 28029 (MEXU). Guerrero: Cerro Xilotzin, E. Moreno-G 871 (MEXU). Morelos: Xochicalco, Hahn s.n. (P); Cuautla, Sierra de Topotzlán, D.H. Lorence 5021 (MEXU, MO); Tezoyuca-E. Zapata, J. Vásquez 252 (MEXU); Cuernavaca, E. Fournier s.n. [1866] (P); E. Lyonnet 550400015 (IEB, MEXU). Oaxaca: Almolayas, C. Conzatti 1950 (F); Cuicatlan, J.I. Calzada 23880 (K, MEXU). Puebla: Tehuacán, C.A. Purpus 5833 (BM, MO); ibid., H.S. Gentry 23385 (ARIZ, DES, MEXU); Cuicatlán, G.A. Salazar et al. 9383 (MEXU); Caltepec, P. Tenorio & C. Romero 5100 (MEXU); R. Razo & R. García III-39 (IEB). Veracruz: Long & Burch 3278 (F); Acutzingo, J.E. Rivera 5451 (MEXU).
Distinguished from related species by the relatively broad corolla limb, near glabrous corolla but canescent sepals and pedicels.
Exogonium concolorum
Matuda, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. México 36: 116. 1965. (
Ipomoea praecox
McPherson & Meacham, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 14: 85. 1980. (
Ipomoea mcphersonii
D.F. Austin, Taxon 45: 12. 1996. (
Based on Exogonium concolorum Matuda
Climbing perennial; stems woody to 2 m, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 8–12 × 7–9 cm, broadly ovate, apex abruptly and shortly acuminate, base truncate and shortly cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially glabrous to thinly pubescent, abaxially tomentose, paler; petioles 5–7 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence a dense, many-flowered pedunculate cyme; primary peduncles 1–2.5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 3–5 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–4 mm; pedicels 4–12 mm, sericeous; sepals subequal, 7–8.5 × 3.5–4.5 mm, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, coriaceous, reddish, pubescent, the inner sepals more densely pubescent but with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 3–4 cm long, tubular-hypocrateriform, dark pinkish-red, sericeous, limb lobed, the lobes 3–6 mm long, ovate, obtuse; stamens exserted. Capsules 22 mm long (fide Matuda), conical, glabrous; seeds 7–8 × 5 mm, densely pilose on the margins with white hairs c. 8 mm long.
Limestone rocks in scrub at c. 750 m. Endemic to southern Mexico.
MEXICO. Guerrero: Chilpancingo, E. Matuda & E. Halvenger s.n. (MEXU). Oaxaca: Ghiesbrecht s.n. (P); Pochutla, San Miguel del Puerto, A. Nava Zafra et al. 618 (IEB, MEXU).
Somewhat similar to Ipomoea tehuantepecensis in habit, corolla shape and in the reddish sepals but immediately distinguished by the sericeous exterior of the corolla and sepals. Also resembles Ipomoea conzattii but differs in the much shorter corolla lobes and the sericeous corolla.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Tehuantepec, camino al Arroyo de Las Minas, R. Torres C. & C. Martínez R.11255 (holotype MEXU01240513; isotype MO).
Twining liana of unknown height; stems stout, woody, glabrous. Leaves deciduous before anthesis, petiolate, 5–11 × 3.5–8.5 cm, broadly ovate, acute, base truncate or subcordate and cuneate onto petiole, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 3–8.5 cm. Inflorescence a many-flowered, compact, complex cymose structure; primary peduncles 1–3 mm, glabrous; bracteoles caducous, not known; secondary peduncles 6–6.5 mm; pedicels 4–6 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 4–4.5 × 2–3 mm, elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, reddish, glabrous, the inner slightly larger and with scarious margins; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, cylindrical-hypocrateriform, red, glabrous, limb 5-lobed, lobes 3–6 mm long and wide, recurved, stamens exserted. Capsules 9–13 × 6–7 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4.5 mm, pilose on angles with hairs c. 7 mm long.
Endemic to the area around Tehuanteptec where it prefers steep slopes in low deciduous forest up to 750 m.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Cerro Guien Gola, P.J. Stafford et al. 8 (BM, MEXU, MO).
Distinguished from Ipomoea conzattii and I. concolor by the shorter, glabrous sepals and corolla.
• Species 183–215 are endemic to the Caribbean region. Our 605 nuclear regions sequence data suggests they form a distinct clade but our sampling is too limited to confirm this with confidence. They form the nearest thing to an island radiation within Ipomoea.
Ipomoea obtusata
Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 202. 1866. (
Ipomoea obtusata var. latifolia
Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 202. 1866. (
Ipomoea excisa
Urb., Symb. Antill. 9: 246. 1924. (
Ipomoea cubensis
sensu
CUBA occ., C. Wright s.n. (holotype GOET000347, possible isotypes GH, HAC ex Herb. Sauvalle 1635, NY).
Perennial twining herb, stem glabrous, pale brown. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2–7 × 1.5–3.5 cm, ovate to ovate-elliptic, sometimes shallowly lobed, apex shortly acuminate, acute, obtuse or, sometimes, retuse, base cordate to broadly cuneate, margin undulate, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 1–3 cm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–6 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 0.3–1.7 cm; pedicels 6–20 mm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, coriaceous, outer 10 × 5–6 mm, ovate to suborbicular, rounded, inner 9–11 × 6–8 mm; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, greenish-yellow, greenish-yellow with pink throat or pink, glabrous. Capsules 10–14 × 7–10 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5–7 × 3–4 mm, blackish with very long white, marginal hairs 6–10 mm long.
Ipomoea alterniflora is endemic to western Cuba from where all collections come. It appears to be a plant of forest relics.
CUBA. Isla de Juventud (Pinos): E.L. Ekman 12563 (S); A. Alvarez et al. (HAJB 455570). Pinar del Río: Mantua, Camarones, cima de Los Cabreros. A. Alvarez al. (HAJB 51183); Baños San Vicente, N.L. Britten et al. 7481 (NY); El Sapapo, Pinar de Sabanalamar, A. Areces et al. 28396 (HAC); Cabo Corrientes, Jaimanilas, R.A. Quintana et al. (HAJB 34218)–a good match with Wright 3092; Guanahacabibes, J. Bisse et al. (HAC, HAJB33208); Pinares de Cajálbana, La Palma, Bro. Alain & J. Acuña 1167, 1168 (HAC); Pinar del Rangel; Mogote de la Bandera, Roig 8358 (HAC). La Habana: Loma de la La Pita, San Miguel de Casanova, Bro. León 8388 (HAC); Sierra de Anafe, P. Wilson 11417 (NY); ibid., E. Ekman 13494 (BM, S); Caimito, J. Bisse et al. (HAJB 51278)–good match with Ekman 10558; Tetas de Managua, H.A. Van Hermann 318 (HAC). Matanzas: San Miguel de los Baños, J. Bisse & Rojas (HAJB 4522)–red-flowered. Villa Clara: Sierra Alta de Agabama, R. Berazaín et al. (HAJB 58044).
Ipomoea alterniflora is a variable species characterised by its glabrous stem and leaves. The leaves are usually ovate, cordate and shortly acuminate to an obtuse apex but are sometimes lobed as in the possible isotypes in HAC and NY. The corolla colour in the holotype is whitish-green and this is clearly the same in the GH and HAC isotypes but the NY isotype is more darkly coloured and could be red.
The most variable aspects of this species lie in the leaf shape. In the type of Ipomoea obtusata the leaves are ovate-elliptic with a rounded to cuneate base and obtuse apex. In the type of I. excisa the leaves are ovate but the apex is retuse. Although the extreme forms are rather distinct, there are many specimens that connect these with more common forms typified by Wright 3099 and the type of I. alterniflora.
Exogonium cubense
House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 35(3): 105. 1908. (
Based on Exogonium cubense House
Slender twining perennial to several metres; stems glabrous, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–8 × 3.5–8 cm, ovate, truncate to subcordate at base, entire or sinuately 3–5-lobed, glabrous, somewhat reticulate-veined. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 2–9 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.8–1.5 cm; pedicels 10–35 mm; sepals unequal, ovate, obtuse, margin scarious, outer 5–6 mm, inner 8–10 mm; corolla c. 5 cm long, white, tube narrow for 2–2.5 cm, then funnel-shaped, midpetaline bands ending in mucros, limb 4–5 diam., 5-lobed; stamens weakly exserted. Capsules 13 × 8 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds long pilose with hairs to 10 mm.
Endemic to woodland in western Cuba.
CUBA. Pinar del Río: Candelaria, Soroa cerca del Orquideario, H. Manitz (HAJB51284); ibid., J. Bisse & F. Meyer (HAJB36292); Soroa, Río San Cristóbal, J. Bisse et al. (HAJB37868). Matanzos: Peninsular Hicacos, Rincón Francés J. Bisse & G. Klotz (HAJB26142) – with doubt.
This is a puzzling and misunderstood species. It is essentially the same as Ipomoea alterniflora but the basal half of the corolla tube is cylindrical, the stamens are exserted and the leaves sinuate-margined. However, none of the specimens cited above is quite as distinct as the type and careful field observations are needed to confirm that this species really is distinct from Ipomoea alterniflora. Most specimens called Ipomoea cubensis are correctly Ipomoea alterniflora.
CUBA. Prov. Oriente [Holguín], Río Lebisa, Sierra de Cristal, 30 Dec. 1955, Bro. Alain & M. López Figueiras 4834 (holotype HAC, isotype US).
Twining perennial liana, stems stout, woody, glabrous, but sometimes with lenticels. Leaves petiolate, 6–13 × 5.5–10 cm, ovate-deltoid, weakly cordate to subtruncate, finely acuminate, mucronate, margin entire, glabrous; petioles 2–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary, many-flowered compound cymes; peduncles 2–5 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 10–20 mm; sepals subequal, 4–5 mm, suborbicular, coriaceous, rounded; corolla 1.5–1.7 cm long, white, glabrous. Capsules ovoid, 11–12 mm long, glabrous; seeds ovoid, 6 × 4 mm long, densely pilose over the whole surface with hairs to 12 mm.
Endemic to eastern Cuba and perhaps restricted to the Sierra de Cristal. CUBA. Holguín: Sierra de Cristal, Montes de la Nicaro, subida a La Loma de los Mulos, Bro. Alain et al. 5339 (HAC, HAJB); ibid., Br. Alain et al. 9653 (HAC); Charrascos, km 5 de Sabanilla a Cajobabo, Baracoa, Bro. Alain et al. 7718 (HAC, HAJB).
This species is clearly related to Ipomoea alterniflora but is distinguished by the small corolla, short sepals, many-flowered inflorescence, stout woody stems and glabrous leaves.
CUBA. Prov. Oriente [Holguín-Guantánamo], Sierra de Nipe, Río Canapú, E.L. Ekman 15127 (holotype S07-4425).
Twining perennial; stems pubescent with spreading white hairs. Leaves petiolate, 5–8 × 2.5–5 cm, ovate-deltoid to almost elliptic, base cordate, apex obtuse to rounded, apiculate, margin denticulate, both surfaces grey pubescent to tomentellous, abaxial veins prominent; petioles 1–4.5 cm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes borne on short leafy branchlets with up to 7 flowers; peduncles 0.9–1.5 cm, tomentellous; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals suborbicular, rounded, convex, outer 7–8 × 6.5 mm, inner 8–10 × 8 mm; corolla c. 8 cm long, white, glabrous, funnel-shaped, tube widened to 1.3 cm at mouth, limb 3 cm diam.; anthers unequal, included. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Eastern Cuba and only known from the type collection.
This species is distinguished by the pubescent, denticulate, leaves, the short peduncles and the white flowers.
CUBA. Prov. Oriente [Guantánamo], Sierra Maestra supra Daiquiri, c. 800 m, 28 Oct. 1916, E.L. Ekman 8080 (holotype S07-4401, isotypes BM, G, NY).
Twining perennial, stems somewhat woody, glabrous but covered in numerous flat black glands. Leaves petiolate, 5–9 × 3–6 cm, deltoid, acuminate, base truncate with rounded auricles, margin slightly sinuate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.5–4 cm, glandular. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–5 cm, glandular, glabrous; bracteoles lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles 6–10 mm; pedicels 16–18(–25) mm; sepals unequal, rather rigid, glabrous with prominent scarious margins, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, outer 6–9 × 4–6 mm, inner 10–12 × 6–7 mm; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pink, stamens shortly exserted. Capsules ovoid, 12 × 9 mm, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, long-pilose on the margins with hairs up to 12 mm.
Endemic to eastern Cuba in the Sierra Maestra. We have not seen any collections other those by Ekman.
CUBA. [Guantánamo?]: Sierra Maestra, Arroyo Jiménez, E.L. Ekman 14805 (HAC, S).
Although O’Donell annotated specimens of this species as Ipomoea alterniflora, it is very distinct because of the black glands on the stem, peduncles and, sometimes, the petioles. The corolla is pink.
CUBA. [Guantánamo], Sierra Maestra, Jiquarito Mountain, 2400 ft, 18 Sept. 1906, N. Taylor 504 (holotype NY00111090).
Villous twining perennial. Leaves petiolate, 3–7 × 3–7.5 cm, broadly ovate, cordate, mostly 3-lobed (except leaves at extremities), auricles rounded, apex obtuse and mucronate, velvety-tomentose on both surfaces, abaxially paler and brownish; petioles 8–25 mm, tomentose. Inflorescence of compact axillary cymes; peduncles short, 0.7–1.7 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 6–8 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, tomentose; secondary peduncles 2–3 mm; pedicels 3–4 mm, densely hirsute; sepals subequal, 7–9 × 3–4 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, coriaceous, scarious-margined, pubescent at base, glabrous apically; corolla 4–5 cm long, campanulate to funnel-shaped, strongly ventricose above base, glabrous, deep pink, the limb 2–2.5 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 11–12 × 9–10 mm, dark brown, glabrous; seeds 3 × 2.5 mm; pubescent, the angles long-pilose with hairs c. 7–8 mm long.
Restricted to the Sierra Maestra in the east of Cuba and the island of Grand Cayman.
CUBA. Sierra Maestra, Alcarraza River, Bro. Clemente 5075 (HAC, NY); A. Gentry & Lewis 50981 (MO, FTG); J. Acuña 7731 (HAC); Moncada & Machado 1766 (HAC); M. López Figueiras 40380 (HAC), 2316 (HAC), 380 (HAJB), 388 (HAJB). Holguin: El Uvero, J. Bisse & H. Lippold (HAJB 14474).
GRAND CAYMAN. NW of East End Village, G.R. Proctor & J. Lane 47346 (FTG).
This species is distinguished by its 3-lobed leaves, which are abaxially velvety pubescent. The corolla is pink.
Ipomoea hypargyreia var. baracoensis
Urb., Symb. Antill. 9: 245. 1924. (
Ipomoea platyclada
Urb., Symb. Antill. 9: 245. 1924. (
CUBA. C. Wright 1/69 (holotype GOET000345, isotypes GH, ?HAC).
Perennial herb; stems adpressed pilose, becoming glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, often large, 5–12 × 2–6 cm, ovate, acute or acuminate, mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially green, pubescent, abaxially silver-sericeous; petioles 1–1.8 cm, subsericeous. Inflorescence of leafy, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1–1.8 cm, grey-canescent; bracteoles leaf-like, petiolate, 20–25 mm, narrowly ovate, acuminate, grey-canescent, deciduous; pedicels 4–6 mm, less canescent than peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, suborbicular, obtuse, mucronulate convex, coriaceous, glabrous, outer 6 × 5 mm, inner 8–9 mm; corolla c. 4 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules glabrous; seeds 5 mm, subglobose, pilose with hairs up to 10 mm long.
Apparently endemic to Eastern Cuba.
CUBA. Guantánamo: Carretera de Quibiján, Baracoa, Bro. Alain & M. López 7119 (HAC, HAJB); Río del Padre, Bro. B. Hioram 4243 (HAC); Monte Libano, E.L. Ekman 10301 (S); Sierra de Imias, J. Bisse et al. HAJB52454); Río Duaba, J. Bisse et al. (HAJB39654). Holguín: Sierra del Cristal, E.L. Ekman 15916 (S); Montes de Gran Tierra, Moa, J. Acuña 3320 (HAC); Moa hacia La Melba, J. Bisse & H. Lippold (HAJB11379).
This species is characterised by its large, ovate, abaxially sericeous leaves, glabrous sepals and pink corolla.
CUBA. [Villa Clara], Santa Clara, Loma de la Gloria, Banao Mts, 30 July 1918, Bro. León & Roca 7959 (holotype HAC, isotype NY).
Twining perennial, stems pilose, eventually glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, large, 4–16 × 2.5–8.5 cm, deltoid, sometimes 3-lobed, acuminate to an acute or obtuse, mucronate apex, base weakly cordate, appressed pilose on both surfaces, paler beneath; petioles 1.5–5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of usually 3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3–7 cm, glabrous; secondary peduncles 1–2 cm; bracteoles linear, 2–3 mm, caducous; pedicels 8–14 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, 9 × 6 mm, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, convex, reddish with white scarious margins, glabrous; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, subhypocrateriform, the tube cylindrical, expanded into a limb c. 1 cm long and 2–3 cm diam. at apex, dark red, glabrous. Capsules 9 × 5 mm, ellipsoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds long-pilose, c. 8 mm in length.
Endemic to mountains in central Cuba.
CUBA. Villa Clara: Trinidad Mountains, R.A. Howard 6465 (A, BM, NY, S); Loma de Ponciano, Sancti-Spiritus, Bro. León 6704 (NY); Pico Potrerillo, Bro. Alain 6360 (HAC); Topes de Collantes, Trinidad [Sancti Spiritus], Bro. León & M. Victorin 19065 (HAC, NY); Sierra de Escambray, 5 km al S de topes de Collantes, J. Bisse & H. Lippold (HAJB9732). Cienfuegos: Complejo San Juan, Cumanayagua, R. Oviedo et al. s.n. [2/11/1986] (HAC), s.n. [3/11/1986] (HAC); ibid., L. González et al. (HAJB60249).
This species is distinguished by the pubescent leaves and glabrous, red corolla.
Exogonium incertum
Britton, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club. 16: 94. 1920. (
Twining perennial, largely leafless when flowering; stems wiry, grey, glabrescent. Leaves shortly petiolate,1.5–2 × 0.6–0.6 cm, oblong, obtuse, cuneate at base, glabrous, gland-dotted on both surfaces; petioles 3 mm. Inflorescence borne on short lateral woody shoots, ± racemose in structure, rhachis 1–2 cm, glabrous; bracteoles not seen; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, 5–6 mm long, glabrous, convex, coriaceous, outer elliptic, obtuse, inner suborbicular, rounded with broader scarious margins; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, ± cylindrical, the limb only c. 10 mm diam., dark red, glabrous. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, much exceeding calyx; seeds with long woolly hairs.
Endemic to the hills surrounding Holguin in eastern Cuba. Apparently very rare and known from very few collections.
CUBA. Holguin: Lomas que rodean Holguín, M. López Figueiras 934 (HAJB).
A little-known species characterised by its glabrous oblong leaves. The plant is leafless when flowering and the corolla is subhypocrateriform.
Exogonium argentifolium
(A.Rich. ex Sagra) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 35(3): 102. 1908. (
CUBA. Isla de Pinos [Isla de la Juventud], M.R. de la Sagra 1689 (holotype P00622212).
Perennial liana, stems woody, floccose. Leaves often absent at anthesis, shortly petiolate, 3.5–11 × 1–4 cm, thick in texture, oblong or obovate-oblanceolate, apex cuneate and with prominent stout mucro, base narrowly cuneate, densely tomentose on both surfaces, grey adaxially, white abaxially; petioles 8–20 mm, white-tomentose. Inflorescence on short leafy axillary branchlets 2–8 cm long; bracteoles 5–6 mm, linear-oblanceolate, tomentose, caducous; pedicels 5–14 mm, pilose to tomentose; sepals subequal, 10–11 × 6–7 mm, elliptic, obtuse, densely tomentose; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, hypocrateriform, basal cylindrical tube 3–3.5 × 0.5–0.6 cm, dark red, limb, 1.5–2 cm diam., red, glabrous, stamens exserted.
Endemic to Cuba, growing in woodland in the extreme east and extreme west of the island.
CUBA. Granma: Media Luna, Niquero, R. Alonso 13598 (HAC), 20502 (HAC). Holguín: Sierra de Nipe, E.L. Ekman 10136 (NY, S); 9554 (S); 3080 (S); J. Bisse et al. (HAJB36052); M. López Figuieras 1744 (HAC, HAJB). Isla de la Juventud [I. de Los Pinos]: C. Wright 449 (HAC, K); N.L. Britton et al. 14353 (NY); E.L. Ekman 12222 (S), 12116 (S); Bro. Alain & E.P. Killip 2078 (HAC); A.H. Curtiss 489 (NY); E.P. Killip 45793 (US). Santiago de Cuba: Rente, Bahia de Santiago, Bro. Clemente 2570 (HAC); Sierra Santa María del Loreto, M. López Figuieras 317, 3021 (HAJB); Ocujal, J. Bisse & H. Lippold (HAJB14078); Entre el Cuero y Nima-Nima, M. López Figuieras 970 (HAC, HAJB).
The sepals are obtuse, noticeably longer than broad and the inflorescence is borne on leafy side branches. The corolla limb is broader (2–2.5 cm) than in Ipomoea praecox. Also noteworthy are the cuneate leaf base, white-tomentose leaves and white-tomentose sepals.
It was recorded in error from Mexico (
CUBA. [Pinar del Río], Lomas de Rangel, C. Wright 3646 [No. 1653 in
Twining perennial of unknown size; stems densely white-villous, somewhat glabrescent. Leaves absent at flowering, petiolate, 2.5–5.3 × 1.6–2.4 cm, ovate, cordate, apex rounded to retuse, mucronate, both surfaces tomentellous but abaxially grey; petioles 8–10 mm. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate, rather dense, up to 6-flowered cymes, often racemose in form, the peduncle forming the rhachis of the raceme; peduncles 4–20 mm (but < 7 mm to first bracteole), villous; bracteoles 7 × 1.5 mm, narrowly oblong, acute; secondary peduncles 2–3 mm; pedicels 7–10 mm; sepals subequal, suborbicular to broadly obovate, 7–8 × 5–7 mm, slightly enlarging in fruit, reddish, lanate below, glabrous above; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, red, glabrous, hypocrateriform with cylindrical tube; limb 1.5–2 cm. Capsules glabrous, ovoid; seeds 5–6 × 3–4 mm with long white marginal hairs.
Endemic to western Cuba, where it is characteristic of limestone mogotes.
CUBA. Pinar del Río: Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Bro. León 22872 (HAC); ibid., Bro. Alain 466 (HAC, HAJB); La Palma, Loma Peluda de Cajalbana, J. Bisse & H. Lippold s.n. (HAC); Bahia Honda, Finca Toscano, J. Bisse & H. Lippold (HAJB18678); Candelaria, Sierra del Rosario, Loma Pelada de Cayajabos (del Mulo), J. Bisse et al. (HAJB48979); Las Villas, Soledad, A. Gonzáles 554 (BM).
The type of Ipomoea praecox is leafless. It also differs from Ipomoea argentifolia in the smaller suborbicular, upwardly glabrous sepals.
Ipomoea lacteola
House, Ann. New York. Acad. Sci. 18(6): 229. 1908. (
CUBA. C. Wright 3098 [1651] (holotype GOET000348, isotypes BM, G, GH, HAC, K, S, US, YU).
Climbing perennial; stems tomentose, twining when young, eventually woody. Leaves petiolate, 0.8–4.2 × 1–1.8 cm, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse to retuse, mucronate, base truncate to cordate, adaxially green, tomentellous, abaxially white-tomentose; petioles 0.6–1.8 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of solitary flowers, usually developing on short dense bracteate lateral branches, the bracts resembling small leaves; peduncles up to 1–1.3 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 4–9 × 1–2 mm; filiform, tomentose; pedicels 2–4 mm; sepals 10–16 × 7–9 mm, broadly oblong-elliptic, obtuse, tomentose; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pale pink, limb shallowly lobed, 4 cm diam.; stamens unequal, included. Capsules c. 11 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5–6 × 4 mm, long-pilose with hairs to 10 mm long.
Endemic to Cuba and restricted to woodland in the west.
CUBA. Pinar del Río: Bro. Alain & J. Acuña 2296 (HAC); Bro. León 13206 (HAC, HAJB); Van Hermann 15536 (HAC).
The corolla is larger and more funnel-shaped than in Ipomoea argentifolia and I. fuchsioides and the stamens are included. It is also similar to Ipomoea jalapoides but the stamens are included and the sepals are also larger. The short dense lateral flowering branchlets are very characteristic.
For discussion about the use of the name Ipomoea calophylla, see
Exogonium jalapoides
(Griseb.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 35(3): 101. 1908. (
CUBA. “Occ.”, Wright 3097[1636] (holotype GOET000344, isotypes GH, HAC, K, NY, S, US, YU).
Perennial, probably twining herb; stems herbaceous, white-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 2–4.3 × 0.7–1.8 cm, narrowly ovate, sometimes 3-lobed with long central lobe, apex acute to shortly acuminate and strongly mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially grey canescent, abaxially white-tomentose; petioles 7–14 mm, tomentose. Inflorescence of few-flowered, leafy axillary cymes; peduncles 1–2.8 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 4–5 mm, linear-lanceolate, tomentose; pedicels 6–9 mm, densely tomentose; sepals subequal, outer 8–10 × 5 mm, elliptic, obtuse, tomentose, inner, glabrous except for tomentose central area, the margins scarious; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, basal tube only slightly widened upwards c. 1 cm, dark red, limb broad, 2–3 cm diam., red, glabrous. Capsules ovoid, 10 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, pilose with long marginal hairs.
Endemic to CUBA, apparently only known from the type collection.
The leaf base is cordate to truncate and the leaves are sometimes 3-lobed. The corolla is longer than in Ipomoea argentifolia and I. fuchsioides.
CUBA. provincia Oriente, “montibus Montecristo dictis alt. circ. 800 m s. m., solo “laterit” dicto, legi 27.1.68”, Hadač 1279, (holotype PR).
Twining perennial; stems sericeous, somewhat woody, and wiry. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.3–6.5 × 0.8–3.2 cm, oblong-ovate, base cuneate to weakly cordate, apex acute and shortly mucronate, adaxially dark green, densely pubescent, abaxially densely grey-velutinous, shiny; petioles 3–8 mm, sericeous. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with up to 12 flowers; peduncles 1.4–3 cm, grey-tomentose; bracteoles linear, 3–6 × 1 mm, densely tomentose; secondary peduncles 3–12 mm, tomentose; pedicels 4–7 mm, thickened upwards and becoming less tomentose; sepals subequal, outer 5–6 × 3–4 mm, pubescent towards base, glabrescent, inner 6–8 × 4 mm, ovate, obtuse to rounded, reddish-brown, coriaceous, glabrous, margin narrow, palid; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, narrowly funnel-shaped; limb c. 1.5 cm diam.; stamens included. Capsules 10–11 × 5–6 mm, ovoid, glabrous, muticous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, blackish, with long marginal hairs up to 10 mm long.
Endemic to Eastern Cuba, perhaps limited to Guantánamo, where it grows on limestone mountains.
CUBA. Holguín: Región (Pinares) de Moa, Baracoa, Bro. León 21291 (HAC); Guantánamo: San Antonio del Sur, J. Bisse et al. (HAJB29883, HAC); A. Álvarez et al. (HAJB43089); ibid., J. Bisse et al. (HAJB48105); subida hacia la zona de Monte Libano, J. Bisse & E. Köhler (HAJB7924); Felicidad de Yateras, pinar de la zona de Monte Cristi, J. Bisse (HAJB 20234); ibid., J. Bisse & A. Alvarez (HAJB43272); ibid., J. Bisse et al. (HAJB49387); Jamaica, Monte Cristi, J. Bisse et al. (HAJB39180).
The combination of red corolla, near glabrous sepals and the shiny-silvery sericeous indumentum render this species relatively distinct.
Exogonium fuchsioides
(Griseb.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 35: 101. 1908. (
Ipomoea fuchsioides var. parvifolia Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 205. 1866. (
Ipomoea arnoldsonii
Urb., Symb. Antill. 9: 424. 1925. (
CUBA. “Occ.”, C. Wright [655] (lectotype GOET002513, designated here; isolectotypes, GH, GOET, YU).
Slender twining herb, stems scabrous to pilose. Leaves petiolate, 1.2–5.5 × 0.4–2.2 cm, narrowly to broadly ovate-deltoid, acute, mucronate, base truncate to shallowly cordate, pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially much paler; petioles 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, few-flowered axillary cymes, sometimes aggregated into small panicles on short branchlets; peduncles 0.3–0.6 cm; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, coriaceous, glabrous, reddish-brown with scarious margins, outer 4–5 × 2.5 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse to rounded, inner similar but 5–6 mm long; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, salver-shaped, dark red, glabrous, the cylindrical tube slightly widened below limb, limb 2 cm diam. Capsules suborbicular, 5–6 × 4 mm, glabrous; seeds (immature) densely pilose with long hairs.
Endemic to western Cuba and apparently characteristic of limestome mogotes.
CUBA. Isla de la Juventud [Pinos]: E.L. Ekman 12354 (S), 11822 (S). Pinar del Río: Tumidero, J.A. Shafer & Bro. León 3423 (HAC); Guanajay Mountain, P. Wilson 1789 (HAC); La Cajálbana, La Palma, Bro. Alain & J. Acuña 1224 (HAC); ibid., J. Bisse & H. Lipold (HAJB18301); A. Alvarez al. (HAJB51236); Bahía Honda, Bro. León 12554 (HAC); ibid., A. Alvarez et al. (HAJB51223); ibid., al norte del Pan de Guajaibón, J. Bisse (HAJB9619); Mogote del Queque, Viñales, Bro. Alain 3522 (HAC).
Plants treated as Ipomoea fuchsioides var. glabra with glabrous leaves are, in our opinion, Ipomoea microdactyla.
Exogonium microdactylum
(Griseb.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 35(3): 102. 1908. (
Ipomoea repanda var. microdactyla
(Griseb.) D. Powell, J. Arnold Arbor. 60(2): 259. 1979. (
Ipomoea fuchsioides var. glabra
Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 205. 1866. (
Ipomoea repanda var. pratensis
C. Wright ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 204. 1866. (
Ipomoea repanda var. undulata
C. Wright ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 204. 1866. (
Exogonium microdactylum var. integrifolium
House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 35(3): 103. 1908. (
Ipomoea beyeriana
Urb., Symb. Antill. 9: 425. 1925. (
CUBA. C. Wright 3094[1655] (holotype GOET 002497, isotypes BM, GH, HAC, K, MO, NY, S, US, YU).
Twining perennial herb with tuberous rootstock, apparently lacking white latex, stems glabrous, pale brown, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, polymorphic, 1–4 × 0.5–2.5 cm, usually broadly to narrowly deltoid, shortly acuminate, mucronate, basally truncate to subcordate, sometimes 3–5 lobed with lobes ±oblong, margin often undulate and sublobed, glabrous, abaxially paler and often with prominent veins; petioles 1–2.7 cm. Inflorescence of solitary or paired (rarely twice paired to 4 or more and becoming subracemose) pedunculate flowers; peduncles 1–2 (– 4.5) cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 5–10 mm; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous with broad scarious margins, coriaceous, outer 5 mm, obovate-suborbicular, rounded, inner 6 mm, broadly oblong-obovate; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, red, glabrous, tube subcylindrical but slightly widened upwards, often curved, limb c. 3.5 cm, diam., shallowly lobed; stamens exserted. Capsules ovoid, 5–12 × 5–10 mm, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 6 × 3–4 mm, pilose with long hairs up to 10 mm.
Figure
Common in dry woodland and secondary scrub in the Bahamas and Cuba and with isolated populations in Florida and on Mona Island, Puerto Rico.
UNITED STATES. Florida: Rugel s.n. (BM); J.K. Small et al. 6452 (S), 7943 (S); Dade Co, L.J. Brass s.n. (ARCH).
BAHAMAS. Acklins Island, H.F.A. von Eggers 3965 (BM, K); Andros: J.I. & A.R. Northrop 394 (K, NY); ibid., J.K. Small & J.J. Carter 8752 (K, NY). Grand Bahama: W.H. Lewis 7176 (MO). Berry Island: N.L. Britton & C.F. Millspaugh 2336 (NY). Governor Harbour: N.L. Britton & C.F. Millspaugh 5504 (NY). New Providence: A.H. Curtiss 211 (K, MO, NY). San Salvador: D.S. Correll & D.C. Wasshausen 46862 (NY). Watlings Island: P. Wilson 7212 (K, NY).
TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS. Middle Caicos, B.J. Pollard et al. 1354 (K); Salt Cay, B.N. Manco et al. 419 (K); North Caicos, D.S. Correll 49469 (NY); P. Wilson 7716 (K, NY); South Caicos: D.S. Correll 49280 (MO, NY).
CUBA. Camagüey: N.L. Britton et al. 13253 (NY). Cienfuegos: Castillo de Jagua, R. Combs 609 (K). Guantánamo: Fisherman’s Point, N.L. Britton et al. 2107 (NY). Isla de Juventud (Pinos): N.L. Britton et al. 14288 (NY). La Habana: Mayabeque, Bro. Alain 1963 (NY). Matanzos: Conabi, Bro. León 13126 (NY). Pinar del Río: J.A. Shafer 11777 (MO). Santiago de Cuba: M. López Figueiras 909 (HAJB). Villa Clara: Bro. León 11350 (NY); A. Luna 802 (NY).
PUERTO RICO. Mona Island: R.O. Woodbury et al. M81 (NY).
Wright 3094, Shafer 2607 from Camaguey and sine data from Bahamas (K) have 3–5 lobed leaves. Other specimens have entire leaves.
Ipomoea beyeriana is only known from the type. We believe it is an entire-leaved form of I. microdactyla Griseb., based on the leaf shape and the reddish sepals.
Convolvulus repandus
(Jacq.) Desr., Encycl. 3: 555. 1789 [pub. 1792]. (
Exogonium repandum
(Jacq.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8: 128[50]. 1838. (
Quamoclit repanda
(Jacq.) Roberty, Candollea 14: 41. 1952. (
Ipomoea eriosperma
Berthel. ex Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 598. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Icon, t. 20 in Jacquin, Sel. Stirp. Amer. (1763), designated by
Twining liana to several metres; stems woody, glabrous, pale, reported to have abundant white latex. Leaves petiolate, 5–13 × 3–10 cm, deltoid, base rounded, truncate or cordate, apex acuminate, margin undulate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2–9.5 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–7 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 12–15 mm; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals subequal, 6–7(–8) × 4 mm, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse (outer) to rounded (inner), reddish, glabrous, the margins scarious; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, subcylindrical but slightly widened upwards, curved, red, glabrous, limb deeply divided with oblong, apiculate lobes c. 3–4 × 1.5 cm; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules ovoid, 14 × 8 mm, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 8 × 5 mm, shortly pilose on the margins.
Widely distributed from the eastern part of Hispaniola through Puerto Rico and south through the Windward Islands to Tobago. It grows in moist forest and around mogotes. Absent from Barbados and Trinidad.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Peninsula Samaná, Pan de Azúcar, E.L. Ekman H15176 (S); A.H. Liogier 5 (P).
PUERTO RICO. F. Axelrod & L. Pérez 8375 (K); Maricao, P. Sintenis 289 (K, BM, P, S); Sierra de Luquillo, R.A. Howard 16812 (A, BM, MO, P, S); T.G. Hartley 13328 (MO, P).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St John, G. Prance et al. 29343 (BM, NY); ibid., P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 3123 (MO, NY), 2839 (NY); St Thomas, H.F.A. von Eggers 253 (K); ibid., C.H. Ostenfeld 150 (C, P). U.K. Virgin Islands: Tortola, C. Clubbe 15 (K); Fishlock 339 (K). Barbuda: fide
TRINIDAD. Tobago: J. Greg (BM).
Very similar to Ipomoea microdactyla but sepals 6–7(–8) mm, corolla narrowly tubular, curved. limb < 1 cm long, deeply lobed with oblong-ovate, acute lobes.
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. St. Eustatius. Signal Hill, no collection cited; neotype. East boundary of Statia Terminals N.V., on the northwest side of Mary’s Glory, Oct. 27, 1994, Jan Faber s.n. (A), designated by Howard &
Robust liana to 8 m from a napiform rootstock with pendent glabrous stems. Leaves petiolate, 3–7 × 1–2 cm, oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse or truncate and mucronate, basally cuneate and attenuate onto the petiole, coriaceous, glabrous; petioles 1–1.5 cm. Inflorescence a simple or compound cyme with up to 5 flowers; peduncles 1–1.8 cm; bracteoles not known; secondary peduncles more slender, 5–20 mm; pedicels 20–30 m; sepals glabrous, pink, unequal, outer 5–7 mm, elliptic, inner 6–8 mm, ovate; corolla 2.2–2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, lavender, limb 2–2.5 cm diam., rotate, 10-lobate; stamens held at mouth. Capsules globose, 6–7 mm diam., glabrous; seeds 4 mm long, dark brown-pilose with hairs 7–8 mm long.
Endemic to the islands of St. Eustatius and (fide
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. St Eustatius. I. Boldingh 1038 (K, NY); B.M. Boom 11296 (NY).
Resembles Ipomoea repanda but the leaves are of a distinctive obcuneate shape and the stamens not fully exserted. Further details of this species are provided by
• Species 201–204. These four species are characterised by their small leaves which develop on brachyblasts.
Ipomoea cavanillesii
sensu Sauvage (1870) and
CUBA. Camargüey, 2–7 April 1912, N.L. Britton, E.G. Britton & J.F. Cowell 13178 (holotype NY, isotype MO).
Slender twining perennial; stems thin, wiry, woody, minutely asperous. Leaves petiolate, borne on small brachyblasts, 3-foliate, leaflets 3–10 × 1–5 mm, obovate-oblanceolate, apex obtuse to retuse, base cuneate, margin undulate, adaxially thinly hirsute, abaxially glabrous; petioles 2–8 mm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary, pedunculate flowers; peduncles short, 1–2 mm; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 4–6 mm, glabrous; sepals unequal, outer 4–5 × 3 mm, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, smooth, glabrous, margins scarious, inner 6–7 × 4 mm, elliptic, rounded; corolla pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, c. 3 cm long; limb 1–1.5 cm diam., stamens and style included. Capsules c. 9 × 6 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 4 × 2.5 mm, blackish, glabrous but with dense long marginal hairs 5–10 mm in length.
Endemic to Cuba growing in sandy plain near Camagüey.
CUBA. Sine loc., C. Wright 3086 (K). Camargüey: La Ciega, Caobillas, J. Acuña 1540 (HAC); Sabana de Croms, Bro. León & M. Victorin 17641 (HAC); Guaímaro, al norte de Monte Grande, R. Berzaín et al. (HAJB31501).
This species has been identified as Ipomoea cavanillesii, a synonym of I. cairica. It has nothing to do with I. cairica and from the structure of the sepals and the leaf shape, it is probably closest to Ipomoea eggersiana.
Exogonium eggersii
House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 104. 1908. (
Ipomoea eggersii
(House) D.F. Austin, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 335. 1978. (
U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS, St Thomas, H.F.A. von Eggers 252 (lectotype GOET005714, designated by
Twining herb; stems somewhat woody, glabrous, roots tuberous, turnip-like, white latex abundant. Leaves clustered on brachyblasts, petiolate, very small, 0.5–0.9 × 0.3–0.7 cm, reniform, bilobed or digitately 3-lobed with the apical lobe bilobed, base truncate, lobes obtuse, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 0.3–09 cm. Inflorescence of solitary flowers or several in a raceme-like inflorescence up to 2.5 cm long; peduncles 2–3 mm; bracteoles minute, caducous; pedicels 5–7 mm; sepals glabrous, slightly unequal, outer 4–5 mm, oblong-ovate, rounded, scarious-margined, inner similar but 5–6 mm; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, broadly funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube greenish, limb lilac or pink, 2.5–4 cm diam. Capsules 11–13 × 6–7 mm, ellipsoid, the style persistent as a mucro, glabrous; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm, pilose with long marginal hairs up to 10 mm.
Virgin Islands south east to Barbuda, in scrub near the shore.
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix: Belleview Estate, R.A. Howard 15278 (BM); Ogdon & Wilson s.n. [18 Jan 1980] (BM); Lang’s Peak, F.R. Fosberg 60856 (MO); St Thomas: Lehmann 210 (K); N.L. Britton et al. 50 (K); Water Island, R.A. Woodbury WI-81 (MO, NY), H.F.A. von Eggers 529 (P). U.K. Virgin Islands: Norman Island: D.S. & H.B. Correll 50480 (NY). Netherlands Antilles: St Martin: R.A. Howard 18373 (A, NY). Anguilla: W. Urote 35 (BM); G.R. Proctor 18542 (BM). Barbuda: Gregory 1899 (BM).
Ipomoea eggersiana forms a species pair with I. steudelii, the two species differing only in their corolla shape, colour (crimson in I. steudelii, pink in I. eggersiana) and distribution. The corolla of I. eggersiana is funnel-shaped, whereas that of I. steudelii is hypocrateriform with exserted stamens.
Exogonium arenarium
Choisy, Mém, Soc. Phys. Genève 8: 129 [51]. 1838. (
Ipomoea arenaria
(Choisy) Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 815. 1841. (
Ipomoea arenaria var. integerrima
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 442. 1891. (
Ipomoea arenaria var. palmatifida
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 442. 1891. (
Based on Exogonium arenarium Choisy
Diagnosis. Almost identical to Ipomoea eggersiana in habit, leaves and fruit but corolla crimson, subcylindrical, the limb hypocrateriform, c. 2.5 cm wide, distinctly lobed, the lobes 6–7 mm long, stamens exserted.
Almost endemic to Puerto Rico but also present on a few small nearby islands and apparently in Haiti, although this is based on an old record that requires confirmation.
HAITI. P.A. Poiteau s.n. (fide
PUERTO RICO. Santana, P. Sintenis 3226 (BM, K, S), 5540 (S); W. Drucker 138 (BM); A.P. Garber 126 (K); Bayamon, A.H. Liogier 10693 (NY), 10699 (NY); Susúa, A. H. Liogier et al. 29636 (NY); Caja de Muertos Islands, R.O. Woodbury et al. MB202 (MO, NY). Also on adjacent islands of Culebra, Culebrita, Vieques Islands, fide Acevedo-Rodríquez (2005).
Convolvulus tenuifolius
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 33. 1794. (
Ipomoea fawcettii
Urb. ex House in Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 216. 1908. (
Based on Convolvulus tenuifolius Vahl
Twining perennial liana to 3 m; stems woody, grey, glabrous. Leaves borne on brachyblasts, sometimes clustered, petiolate, palmately divided into 5–7 leaflets, leaflets 1–2.5 × 0.05–0.7 cm, linear, oblong, oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse or retuse, tapered at base into petiole, paler and punctate beneath, glabrous; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm. Flowers solitary or paired,± terminal from the brachyblasts; peduncle very short, 1–2 mm; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 6–14 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous with broad scarious margins, outer 4–5 × 3–4 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, inner c. 7 × 4–5 mm, elliptic, obtuse; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube greenish, limb pale pink, 2–2.5 cm diam.; stamens held at corolla mouth. Capsules ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds long pilose.
A Jamaican endemic.
JAMAICA. St Catherine, Hellshire Hills, C.D. Adams 10775 (BM); Long Mt., W. Harris 11944 (BM, K, NY); St Andrew, G.R. Proctor 17412 (BM); St Thomas, G.R. Proctor 36516 (BM); McFadyen s.n. (K).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. C.L.G. Bertero s.n. (isotypes M, MO, MPU012116, MPU 011719).
Climbing herb, stems grey-tomentose. Leaves unequal, borne in fascicles, shortly petiolate, 2–6 × 1–2.5 cm, oblong-elliptic, acute to emarginate, base cuneate to weakly cordate, both surfaces densely appressed canescent/tomentose, abaxially silvery; petioles c. 1 cm. Flowers in subsessile axillary clusters; peduncles 0–1.5 cm; bracteoles 8–20 mm, oblanceolate, obovate to elliptic, acute, resembling diminutive leaves; pedicels 0–3 mm; sepals 10–15 mm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, silvery pilose on both surfaces; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, subcylindrical, suburceolate, limb no wider than tube, 2–3 mm, long, toothed, purple, tomentose; stamens included.
Endemic to semi-dry forest in the Dominican Republic, apparently rare. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Loma Tibisi, A.H. Liogier 11779 (NY); La Romana. A. H. Liogier 20762 (NY); M.M. Mejía P. & T. Zanoni 9163 (NY); Azua, M.D. Fuertes L. 1891 (NY).
Distinguished by the tomentose, purple suburceolate corolla, the relatively large sepals and the tomentose leaves.
HAITI. Massif du Nord, Gros-Morne, Morne Chabre, E.L. Ekman 5025 (S07-4662, lectotype, designated here).
Twining perennial, stems somewhat woody, hirsute. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–5 × 0.7–3.5 cm, deltoid, ovate to broadly oblong, repand, sinuate or very shallowly 3-lobed, apex retuse and sometimes apiculate, base broadly cuneate to truncate, densely stellate-hairy on both surfaces, adaxially grey-green, abaxially grey; petioles 1–3(–7) cm, hirsute. Inflorescence of dense cymes, axillary and on leafy branchlets; peduncles 0.2–1.5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 3–4 × 1 mm; oblong to lanceolate, deciduous; pedicels 6–8 mm, grey stellate-tomentose; sepals subequal, outer 5–6 mm, suborbicular, rounded, tomentose, inner c. 6 mm, pubescent, shiny; corolla 1.2–1.7 cm long, glabrous, greenish-yellow, campanulate, limb deeply lobed with lanceolate-elliptic lobes; anthers strongly exserted, the glandular base easily visible in the corolla mouth. Capsules 7–8 × 6 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 4–5 × 2 mm, pilose on the angles with long white hairs reaching c. 8 mm.
Endemic to the island of Hispaniola where it is frequent, often growing on serpentine deposits.
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H4559 (S), H6170 (S), H9279 (S); St Michel de L’Atalaye, E.C. Leonard 7385 (NY); Montagnes Noires, T.A. Zanoni et al. 23991 (NY).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H16227 (S), 12688 (S); Santiago Rodríguez, A. H. Liogier 13243 (NY); Monseñor Noel, A. H. Liogier 17589; Cordillera Central, T.A. Zanoni et al. 25400 (NY).
There are two sheets of Ekman H5025 at S. We have selected the sheet with open corollas as the lectotype.
Very distinct because of the stellate hairs on vegetative parts. The inflorescence has very short hairy peduncles and short pedicels so inflorescence in axillary clusters. The corolla is yellow-green, broadly campanulate and with strongly exserted anthers.
HAITI. Monte Bienac, W. Buch 587 (isotypes GH00054570, NY00111088).
Climbing perennial; stems glabrous, wiry, woody. Leaves petiolate, divided digitately into 5–7 lobes, the laterals sometimes pedate, lobes linear, 2.5–6.5 × 0.1–0.25 cm, often incurved, obtuse and mucronate; petioles 1.5–3 cm. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal leafy racemes 3–6 cm long; rhachis 1–6 cm, relatively stout; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 3–5 mm; sepals subequal, glabrous, coriaceous, 4–5 × 2 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, rounded, somewhat scarious, especially on the margins; corolla 1.5–2 cm long, greenish-yellow with pinkish lobes, glabrous, the tube 7–9 mm, the limb deeply lobed, the lobes oblong, up to 4 × 10 mm, stamens exserted. Capsules 10–11 × 5–6 mm, narrowly obovoid, style usually persistent, glabrous; seeds c. 3 mm long, long-pilose with hairs up to 8 mm long.
Endemic to Hispaniola, where it is common in dry forest.
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H2164 (S), H3066 (S), H6697 (S); Massif des Matheux, E.L. Ekman H5156 (K, NY, S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Azua, A. Liogier 14947 (NY); Santiago. A. Liogier 15278 (NY); A. Liogier 16915 (NY).
This species is characterised by the deeply lobed corolla and obovoid capsules. The leaves are digitately lobed with linear lobes.
Ipomoea umbellata
L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 924. 1759. (
Ipomoea caroliniana Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1(2): 464. 1793 [11 Feb 1793], nom. superfl. Type. Based on Catesby 2: t.91 [erroneously 19] (1743).
Ipomoea heptaphylla
Griseb., Pl. Wright. 2: 527. 1862. (
Quamoclit heptaphylla
(Griseb.) M. Gómez, Fl. Habana 346. 1899 [pub.1897]. (
Ipomoea yamuriensis
Urb., Symb. Antill. 9: 247. 1924. (
Icon in Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina 2: 91, t. 91 (1743), designated by
Scrambling liana; stems woody, glabrous, bark pale brown. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into 3–5 often very unequal, shortly petiolate leaflets, leaflets 2–6.5 × 0.7–2.2 cm, oblanceolate to obovate, acute, obtuse or retuse, tapering into a petiolar base, margin often undulate, both surfaces glabrous, somewhat coriaceous in texture; petioles 1.7–4.7 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 0.3–4 cm, often stout and woody and becoming brachyblast-like; bracteoles early caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 7–13 mm, mostly spreading at right angles to peduncle; pedicels 7–20 mm; sepals glabrous, coriaceous, margins scarious, slightly unequal, outer 6–8 mm, ovate, obtuse, inner 9–10 × 8 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, rounded; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale violet with a dark centre, glabrous, tube pale on the exterior, limb c. 3 cm diam., weakly lobed; stamens included. Capsules ovoid to ellipsoid, 10–14 × 8 mm, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm, long-pilose, the hairs up to 15 mm, principally marginal.
Growing in dry forest in the Bahamas and Cuba, probably most common in the latter.
BAHAMAS. C. Mathews 79 (K). North Andros, D.S. Correll et al. 49373 (MO). New Providence: N.L. Britton & L. Brace 180 (NY); ibid., P. Wilson 8396 (K, MO, NY); ibid., D.S. Correll 50233 (BM).
CUBA. M. López Figuieras 1273 (HAJB), 1631 (HAJB), 2023 (HAJB), 2287 (HAJB). Camaguey: J.A, Shafer 2866 (NY). Cienfuegos: R. Combs 509 (K, NY). Guantánamo: Loma Santa Teresa, El Yunque, J.A. Shafer 7742 (K, NY); Baracoa, F. Michelangeli et al. 1461 (NY); Río Yara, Sierra Maestre, E.L. Ekman 16412 (BM, S). Holguín: Sierra Nipe, C.V. Morton & J. Acuna 2919 (BM, US). Isla de Juventud (Pinos): N.L. Britton et al. 15530 (NY). La Habana: Madruga, Bro. León 8941 (NY). Matanzos: N.L. Britton & P. Wilson 41 (K, NY). Pinar del Río: J. A. Shafer 11115 (MO). Santiago de Cuba: E.L. Ekman 7992 (NY, S), 14848 (NY, S). Villa Clara: Bro. León 4108 (NY).
This species is very distinct because of its digitately divided leaves with oblanceolate or obovate leaflets combined with a funnel-shaped corolla, which is pale violet with a dark centre.
Convolvulus macrorhizos
L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 923. 1759. Type. Icon in Plumier in Burman, Pl. Amer. T, 90, f. 1 (1756), designated by
Ipomoea macrorhiza
(L.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 211. 1819. (
Ipomoea plumieriana
House, Bot. Gaz. 43(6): 413. 1907. (
HAITI. Furcy Mountains, L. Picarda 1501 (?B† wherabouts uncertain).
Liana; stems woody, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into 5–7 leaflets, leaflets 1.5–11 × 0.5–3.5 cm, variable in size in the same leaf, oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, acuminate to an obtuse, mucronate apex, base attenuate to a short petiole, glabrous; petioles 1.5–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of lax, much-branched axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–8 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 1–5 cm; pedicels 11–17 mm; sepals 7–10 mm, obovate-elliptic, rounded, coriaceous, reddish, margins scarious, inner slightly exceeding outer; corolla 4–5 cm long, glabrous, pinkish-purple, funnel-shaped, the tube abruptly widened just above the base, limb very broad, 3–4 cm diam. Capsules 12–14 × 7 mm; narrowly ovoid to subconical, acute, the style somewhat persistent; seeds pilose.
Endemic to and common in moist mountain forests in Hispaniola.
HAITI. Jacmel, Fr. Xavier 1896 (BM); E.L. Ekman H1230 (S), 2253 (S); Massif de la Selle, E.L. Ekman H10880 (K, NY, S); Massif de la Hotte, T.A. Zanoni et al. 24080 (MO, NY). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. San Juan, Piedra del Aguacate, R.A. Howard 9428 (BM); Barahona, M.D. Fuertes 1397 (BM, K, NY); ibid., E.L. Ekman H11011 (S); Santiago, A.H. Liogier 17238 (NY); ibid., La Hotte, R.A. Howard 12248 (BM); San José de Occoa, A.H. Liogier 24961 (NY); La Vega, T.A. Zanoni et al. 27545 (MO, NY).
This is the Hispaniola counterpart of Ipomoea lineolata and I. carolina. It is distinguished by its relatively long, usually oblanceolate leaflets and the relatively long peduncles and pedicels.
Ipomoea grisebachii
Urb. (1903: 353), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea grisebachii
Ipomoea rubella
House, Bot. Gaz. 43: 414. 1907. (
Ipomoea carmesina
Proctor, J. Arnold Arbor. 63(3): 292. 1982. (
JAMAICA. Wilson “1126 aut 1155” (probably destroyed at B in 1943, no duplicate found at NY, neotype G.R. Proctor 10429 (BM001122860), from Dolphin Head, Jamaica, designated by
Liana climbing over scrub to 5 m; stems woody, glabrous, reddish-brown. Leaves petiolate, palmately divided into 3–5(–7) petiolate leaflets, the terminal leaflet larger, leaflets 2.3–12 × 1.5–5 cm, lanceolate to oblanceolate, obovate or elliptic, acuminate-caudate, mucronate, narrowed at base into a petiole 5–10 mm long, glabrous, abaxially paler with numerous lateral veins; petioles 1.6–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes with 3 to many flowers, primary peduncles 2–11 cm, stout, sometimes forming a rachis of a raceme; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 0.7–3.5 cm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal coriaceous, glabrous, suborbicular-elliptic, acute, obtuse or rounded, outer 5–10 mm, inner 10–12 mm; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pink; limb 3–4.5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds long-pilose with hairs to 12 mm.
Endemic to Jamaica where it gows in mountain woodland.
JAMAICA. Clarendon, G.L. Webster & G.R. Proctor 5413 (BM); Hanover, G.R. Proctor 10429 (BM); Manchester, Purdie s.n. (K); Portland, H.A. Osmaston 5101 (BM); St Andrew, T.G. Yuncker 17184 (BM); St Ann, G.L. Webster & G.R. Proctor 5639 (A, BM, MICH); St Catherine, G.R. Proctor 34186 (BM); St James, W. Stearn 31 (BM); St Thomas, C.D. Adams 7262 (BM); Trelawny, G.R. Proctor 21374 (BM).
This is the Jamaica counterpart of Ipomoea furcyensis and I. carolina. It is distinguished by its (usually) broadly elliptic, ovate to obovate leaflets and slightly larger corolla.
Ipomoea lineolata is quite variable, particularly in the number of leaflets (3–7) and in their shape (lanceolate to oblanceolate, obovate or elliptic), the leaflets narrowed to a petiolar base. The corolla varies somewhat in length but is usually 5–6 cm long and the anthers are held at the mouth of the corolla and are not clearly exserted. The inflorescence is much branched in most plants (and also in the type of I. carmesina) but specimens with 3–5-flowered cymes are not uncommon. It should be noted that all these populations have leaves divided into distinct leaflets with a petiolar base including the oldest specimen of wild provenance we have seen (Purdie s.n.) collected in November 1843.
Plate 3315 In Bot. Mag., epitype. K000612699, designated by
Liana climbing to 10 m over scrub; stems woody, glabrous, often muricate with blunt warts. Leaves palmately divided into 5–7 leaflets, leaflets 4–14 × 0.8–3 cm, sessile or basally fused, oblong-elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, acuminate or obtuse, narrowly cuneate at base, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 3–7 cm. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes, which are often aggregated to form a many-flowered terminal panicle; peduncles and panicle rhachis 2.5–15 cm long; secondary peduncles, if present, 1.5–5 cm; bracteoles 3–4 mm, lanceolate with scarious margins, caducous; pedicels 10–15 mm; sepals coriaceous, slightly unequal, outer 7–8 × 5 mm, ovate, convex, obtuse with narrow scarious margin, inner 9–10 × 7 mm, elliptic, rounded with broad scarious margin; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, glabrous, usually dark red with paler tube, narrowly funnel-shaped, limb distinctly lobed, 3–4 cm diam., stamens held at mouth or slightly exserted. Capsules rostrate, glabrous; seeds with long brown marginal hairs.
Figures
Cultivated throughout the tropics. The following records are all of cultivated plants.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Y. Mexia 5744a (NY). Rio de Janeiro: C.G. Pinto 222 (RB); J.R. Mattos 380 (RB). São Paulo: G.D. Passerini s.n. [20/4/2003] (RB).
SURINAM. Fide
GUYANA. Fide
VENEZUELA. Fide
BERMUDA. S. Brown et al. 1952 (NY)
CUBA. Cienfuegos, J.G. Jack 4278 (A); La Habana, Bro. León 8499 (NY).
PUERTO RICO. Sintenis 4655 (BM, S); N.L & E.O. Britton 7419 (NY), 9178 (NY)
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix: J.B. Thompson 1055 (NY). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 3086 (NY). Martinique: A. Duss 1882 (NY). Barbados: L.M. Andrews 646 (NY).
TRINIDAD. Fide
HAWAII. Fide http://www.starrenvironmental.com
Our understanding of Ipomoea horsfalliae has been set out elsewhere (
Ipomoea thomsoniana
Mast, Gardener’s Chronicle new series 20: 818. 1883. (
Ipomoea saxicola
Proctor, J. Arnold Arbor. 63(3): 292. 1982. (
Ipomoea ternata var. saxicola
(Proctor) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, Kew Bull. 14. 2017. (
Cultivated from material collected in Jamaica, Jacquin s.n. (holotype W0042716).
Robust liana to 16 m from a large root tuber; stem woody, glabrous, sometimes warted. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into three leaflets, leaflets 7.5–14 × 3.5–6.5 cm, obovate, abruptly narrowed to an acute, obtuse or retuse, mucronate apex, base cuneate with a distinct petiole 2–5 mm long, very coriaceous, fleshy and glossy, glabrous; petioles 2.3–7.2 cm. Inflorescence of several pedunculate flowers from the leaf axils, arising on stubby brachyblasts, sometimes cauliflorous on old plants; peduncles 5–12 mm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 30–38 mm; sepals glabrous, very unequal, elliptic, margins slightly scarious, outer 7–10 × 7–9 mm, rounded, inner 17–20 × 12–14 mm, obtuse; corolla c. 5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, the tube tinged red. Capsules ellipsoid, 15–18 × 12 mm glabrous; seeds pilose with long silky marginal hairs, 10–12 mm in length.
Endemic to Jamaica, growing on wooded limestone hills.
JAMAICA. St Ann, W.T. Stearn 593 (BM), ibid., Union Hill, G.R. Proctor 26486 (BM); ibid., Clydesdale, W.R. Philipson 1134 (BM); Manchester, W. Stearn 377 (BM, K), ibid., Old England, W. Harris 6598 (BM); St Andrew, I. Maxwell s.n. [1/1927] (BM), ibid., Cinchona, W. Harris 7410 (BM); St Catherine, Perkins 9005 (BM, K); Portland, G.R. Proctor 8574 (BM); Trelawny, Grady Webster et al. 5374 (BM, S), 5634 (BM); ibid., West & Arnold 280 (BM); Clarendon, Bird Cave Rock, B.D. Morley et al. 939 (BM) – var. saxicola; Glenwood Springs, G.R. Procter 33630 (BM) – var. saxicola.
Notes. Although most specimens of Ipomoea ternata are glabrous, a very distinct roughly pilose variety has been found near Glenwood Springs in Clarendon Parish. Originally described as a distinct species this can be recognised as var. saxicola.
Convolvulus eriospermus
Desr., Encycl. 3: 567. 1789 [pub. 1792]. (
Exogonium eriospermum
(Desr.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8(1): 52[130]. 1838. (
Ipomoea eriosperma (Desr.) Urb., Symb. Antill. 3(2): 351. 1902. (Urban 1902–3: 351), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea eriosperma P. Beauv. (1819).
Ipomoea leuconeura Urb., Symb. Antill. 3: 350. 1902. (Urban 1902–3: 350). Type. HAITI. L Picarda 16 (NY), C. Ehrenberg 134 (GH), W. Buch 5 (GH), syntypes.
Exogonium leuconeurum
(Urb.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 106. 1908. (
Based Convolvulus eriospermus Desr.
Climbing perennial; stems glabrous, up to 4 m long. Leaves petiolate, usually small, digitately divided to or almost to the base into (3–)7 lobes, the lateral lobes often pedate, base truncate and broadly cuneate onto the petiole, lobes 0.7–6 × 0.2–1.5 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded, glabrous, abaxially gland-dotted; petioles 0.7–5 cm. Inflorescence of (1–)2–5(–10) flowers borne in short axillary cymes; peduncles 5–20 mm, glabrous; bracteoles 1 mm, scale-like, caducous; secondary peduncles c. 5 mm; pedicels 6–20 mm, straight, glabrous; sepals subequal, 4–6 mm, obovate-suborbicular, rounded, glabrous with scarious margins, the inner perhaps 1 mm longer than the outer; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped to subcylindrical, c. 7 mm wide, the tube only slightly widening upwards, red, glabrous, the limb 2.5 cm diam. Capsules 9–10 × 5–6 mm, oblong-ovoid, glabrous, much exceeding the calyx; seeds 4–5 × 2 mm, pilose with long white hairs.
Widespread in dry forests in Hispaniola, often on limestone, where it is endemic.
HAITI. Montagnes du Trau d’Eau, E.L. Ekman H2126 (K, S), 3043 (S), 9761 (S); Port de Paix, E.L. Ekman H3546 (K, MO, NY, S); ibid., E.C. & G.M. Leonard 14602 (K, US).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H14595 (S); Emanuelsson 2731 (S); El Plátano, Bayaguana, A.H. Liogier 18717 (K, NY); Azua, A.H. Liogier 24873 (NY); Cabo Rojo-Las Mercedes, A.H. Liogier 13815 (P); Beata Island, D. Fairchild 2611 (P).
Some specimens from Haiti, for example Ekman H9548 (S) and Ekman H9624(S), have stouter corollas, the tube c. 10 mm wide.
Quamoclit digitata
(L.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 260. 1838. (
Ipomoea paniculata var. digitata
(L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 445. 1891. (
Ipomoea rubrocincta Urb. Symb. Antill 3(2): 347. 1902. (Urban 1902–3: 347). Type. HAITI. Inter La Coupe et Pintade, W. Buch 482 (holotype B?†, fragment and photo of holotype US).
Ipomoea rubrocincta var. brachyloba
Urb., Symb. Antill 7: 341: 1912. (
Icon in Plumier in Burman, Pl. Amer. 81, t. 92, f. 1 (1756), uncertainly designated by
Stout climbing perennial; stems woody below, usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, rather small, palmately 5–7-lobed generally to about two thirds, base truncate, lobes 1–2.5 × 0.2–0.7 cm, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to retuse, sometimes muricate, the laterals smaller and often pedate, margin entire, undulate or crenate, usually glabrous. Inflorescence of pedunculate 2–5-flowered axillary cymes; primary peduncles 2–6.5 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, deltoid, acute, deciduous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 1.5–2.5 cm; pedicels 5–11 mm; sepals subequal, 3–5 mm, suborbicular, obtuse or rounded, coriaceous, glabrous, margins reddish, the inner scarious; corolla 3–4 cm long, funnel-shaped from a very narrow base, pink, glabrous, limb c. 2 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules ellipsoid, 8–9 × 5 mm, glabrous; seeds 5–6 × 2 mm, long-pilose with white hairs c. 7 mm long.
Endemic to coastal forest on limestone hills in Hispaniola.
HAITI. Massif de la Hotte, E.L. Ekman H2433 (S); H6048 (S); Massif des Cahos, Gonaïves, E.L. Ekman H9065 (NY, S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Santo Domingo, E.L. Ekman H13512 (K, S); Río Arriba del Norte, R.A. & E.S. Howard 8923 (BM); Monte Cristi, A.H. Liogier 16417 (NY).
Exogonium pedatum
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8: 130 [52]. 1838. (
Ipomoea viridiflora Urb., Symb. Antill. 3: 348. 1902. (Urban 1902–3: 348). Type. HAITI. C. Ehrenberg 345 (holotype ?B†, isotype US00111489).
Exogonium viridiflorum
(Urb.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 106. 1908. (
Ipomoea buchii Urb., Symb. Antill 3(3): 356. 1903. (Urban 1902–03: 356). Type. HAITI. Near Petit Coupe, W. Buch 817 (holotype B†, isotype US00111368).
Ipomoea samanensis
Urb., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 343. 1924. (
Ipomoea pitoniana
Urb., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 10. 1927. (
Ipomoea selleana
Urb., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 11 1927. (
Ipomoea hospitalis
Urb., Ark Bot. 23A(5): 102. 1930. (
Ipomoea hotteana
Urb. & Ekman, Ark. Bot. 23A (5): 103. 1930. (
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. P. A. Poiteau (possible fragment US, possible isotypes G, P).
Slender woody twiner; stems pale brown, usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–7 × 1.5–6 cm, polymorphic, ovate-deltoid, entire or 3-lobed or palmately divided into 5 pedate, ovate to oblanceolate lobes, apex acute, obtuse or emarginate and mucronate, base truncate or weakly cordate and broadly cuneate onto petiole, abaxially paler, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.3–4.2 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles strikingly variable in length from 1–10 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, linear-lanceolate, scarious, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–13 mm; pedicels 3–15 mm; sepals subequal, glabrous, coriaceous, margins scarious, outer 8–10 mm, elliptic, rounded or obtuse, inner similar but 9–11 mm; corolla 3–5 cm long, abruptly widened above the short basal tube but not at limb, greenish-white, glabrous, limb weakly lobed, c. 2 cm diam.; stamens included. Capsules globose, glabrous; seeds with long woolly hairs.
Endemic to Hispaniola growing in scrub at low altitudes.
HAITI. Isla Tortue E.L. Ekman H4085 (S); ibid., E.L. Ekman H9744 (K, S); ibid., E.C. Leonard 13901 (K, MO, NY); Massif de Cahos, Gonaïves, E.L. Ekman H9064 (S); Massif des Matheux, E.L. Ekman 9162 (K, S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Sine loc., R. Schomburgk 1857 (K); Sierra Martín García, Barahona, M. Mejía et al. 1282 (NY); Sierra Prieta, A.H. Liogier 24108 (NY); La Romana, A.H. Liogier 24231 (NY); Peravia, T.A. Zononi et al. 18081 (NY).
Notes. The location of the original material used for the description of Ipomoea clausa is uncertain. There is a fragment at US, which may belong but it was probably based on a duplicate of the same Poiteau collection which is at G and P.
The type of each name represents a form with distinct leaves: Ipomoea clausa has 3-lobed leaves; I. hospitalis has small deltoid leaves c. 2 cm long; I. hotteana is a form with digitate leaves, the terminal lobe oblanceolate c. 4.5 cm long; I. pitoniana has deltoid leaves which are commonly shallowly lobed and c. 4 cm long; I. selleana is similar in leaf form but the leaves are less lobed and the margins strongly undulate. All forms have obscure hairs on the stem and leaf veins but these are more obvious abaxially in I. selleana.
This variable species is in many ways a Hispaniola counterpart of the Cuban Ipomoea alterniflora.
• Species 216–217 are sisters to each other and sisters to the rest of Clades A1–2. They are very different in their calyx structure.
Icon, Ker Gawler, Bot. Reg. 4: t. 335, lectotype, designated by J.A.
Scrambling perennial herb, stems with soft fleshy trichomes and bluish-green bloom but otherwise glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 10–32 × 10–32 cm, mostly 3–7(–9)-lobed to about halfway but sometimes ovate-orbicular, apex shortly acuminate, obtuse and mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin irregularly dentate with scattered teeth, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 5–14 cm, armed with soft fleshy trichomes. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 5–15 cm, usually armed with soft fleshy trichomes; bracteoles 5–10 × 2 mm, oblong, mucronate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–3 cm; pedicels 1–4 cm, markedly thickened upwards, glabrous or armed with soft fleshy spines, often purplish-brown; sepals subequal, 8–10 mm at anthesis (accrescent to 16 mm in fruit), ovate, acute, convex, glabrous or with soft fleshy trichomes, purplish-brown, the margins scarious; corolla 4–10 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 15 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7 × 5 mm, woolly, nearly black.
Widely distributed but scattered and never common throughout tropical America north to Mexico but apparently absent from Colombia and the Guianas and rare in Brazil.
Ipomoea setosa is an isolated species, and as here delimited very variable. All specimens of Ipomoea setosa we have seen from South America except Eggers 15768 from Ecuador differ from the type in having sepals that lack fleshy trichomes. They always have 3-lobed leaves and the corolla is relatively small, being 5–6.5 cm long. Specimens from Mexico have 5–9-lobed leaves, a large corolla up to 10 cm in length and sepals densely covered in soft spines. Eggers 15768 from Ecuador and most plants from Central America are intermediate between these extremes and accord with the type, having 3-lobed leaves and sepals armed with fleshy trichomes. Plants mostly from Belize generally treated as I. sepacuitensis seem to be part of the same species differing only in the large corolla (similar to Mexican examples) and the absence of trichomes except on the stem. These four taxa are here treated as geographical subspecies which can be separated by the following key:
1 | Leaves 3-lobed, rarely entire; sepals devoid of fleshy trichomes or almost so | 2 |
– | Leaves 3–7-lobed; Sepals armed with fleshy trichomes | 3 |
2 | Corolla short, 5–6.5 cm; pedicel strongly swollen below calyx; peduncles and pedicels with fleshy trichomes | subsp. pavonii |
– | Corolla 6–8 cm; pedicel only slightly widened below calyx; peduncles and pedicels without fleshy trichomes | subsp. sepacuitensis |
3 | Leaves 3-lobed | subsp. setosa |
– | Leaves 5–7-lobed | subsp. melanotricha |
Convolvulus setosus
(Ker-Gawl) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 594. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Modesta setosa
(Ker-Gawl.) Raf., Fl. Tellurica 4: 76. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Batatas setosa
(Ker-Gawl) Lindl., Sketch Veg. Swan R. append. 1: 15. 1839. (
Calonyction setosum
(Ker-Gawl.) Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 1048. 1897. (
Ipomoea macrantha
Peter, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4 (3a): 31. 1897 [pub. 1891]. (
Calonyction campanulatum
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 1050. 1897. (
Ipomoea campaniflora
Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 46: 20. 1922. (
Ipomoea setosa var. campanulata
(Hallier f.) House, Ann. New York. Acad. Sci. 18: 219. 1908. (
Leaves 3-lobed. Sepals covered in fleshy trichomes. Corolla 6–9 cm long.
Essentially restricted to Central America where it occurs sporadically in bushy places and on forest margins.
ECUADOR. Guayas: H.F.A. von Eggers 15768 (K).
PANAMA. Los Santos, Tonosi, E.L. Tyson et al. 2950 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, Buenos Aires, M. Grayum 9565 (F, MO); Puntarenas, Res. Carara, R. Zuñiga 558 (K, MO); Alajuela, G. Carballo 566 (K, MO).
NICARAGUA. Rivas, N. de San Juan del Sur, W.D. Stevens 30429 (MO); ibid., along road to Cárdenas, W.D. Stevens 34370 (MO).
HONDURAS. Res. Tawahka Asangni, P. House s.n. (BM); Olancho, Río Juticalpa, A. Molina 13252 (F).
EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapán, A.P. Santa Rita, J.M. Rosales 2078 (MO).
BELIZE. N.C. Goldstein et al. 27 (MO); Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education, S.W. Brewer & G. Stott 6647 (BM, MO).
GUATEMALA. J.A. Pozuelos 8087 (MO); E. de Pöll 7719 (MO); Petén, San Luis, R. Tun Ortíz 2174 (BM, F).
Calonyction pavonii
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 1048. 1897. (
Ipomoea setosa var. pavonii
(Hallier f.) House, Ann. New York. Acad. Sci. 18: 220. 1908. (
Ipomoea chaetophora
Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 46: 20. 1922. (
Ipomoea pickelii
Hoehne, Boletin de Agricutura (São Paulo), 35(1): 477. 1934. (
Ipomoea horrida
Huber ex Ducke, Anais. Acad. Brasil. Cienc. 31: 304. 1959. (
Leaves 3-lobed. Sepals glabrous, lacking fleshy trichomes. Corolla relatively small, 5–6.5 cm long.
Figure
Essentially restricted to South America, but occurring occasionally elsewhere (Jamaica, United States) and in the Old World. It is sporadic and uncommon everywhere. It usually grows in disturbed bushy areas and appears to be most common in the Andean foothills on the border between Argentina and Bolivia.
ARGENTINA. Salta: T. Meyer 8493 (S); Legname & Cuezzo 8007 (CTES, LIL); San Martin, Legname et al. 10148 (K, LIL). Jujuy: O. Ahumada 4245 (CTES); O. Ahumada & Castellon 7259 (CTES).
BRAZIL; Bahia: Est. Embasa Cachoeira, Pedro do Cavalho et al. 341 (NY); Feira de Santana, F. França & E. Melo 1886 (K, UEFS). Ceará: Maracanaúm A. Ducke 2544 (K).
GUYANA. Cultivated, sine data (K).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Tomina, Río Azero, J.R.I. Wood 8283 (K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Cordillera, Lagunillas, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 31364 (CTES, LIL); Florida, Mairana, M. Nee 47760 (LPB, NY, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, Lomerío, F. Mamani 774A (USZ); Vallegrande, camino a Masicuri, G.A. Parada et al. 3149 (MO, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, Villamontes, Pflanz 4145 (US).
PERU. Tumbes: Puerto Pizarro-Estero El Bendito, R. Ferreyra 16227 (MO, USM); A. Gentry & C. Díaz 58219 (USM). Piura: Chulucanas Panecillo, E. Laure 5343 (P).
ECUADOR. Guayas: E. Asplund 16012 (K, S). R. Spruce 6498 (K, P).
VENEZUELA. Guárico: L. Aristeguieta et al. 6449 (K, VEN).
NICARAGUA. Matagalpa, P.P. Moreno 25076 (BM).
UNITED STATES. Mississippi: Pearl River, F.H. Sargent 10494 (MISS).
JAMAICA. Marsh 1133 (K) – leaves only.
In designating a lectotype for Calonyction pavonii we have selected the Spruce collection from De Candolle’s herbarium in preference to the specimen from Boissier’s herbarium, even though this last specimen is the only one actually annotated Calonyction pavonii by Hallier. This is because the Boissier collection appears to contain an extraneous element (spiny sepals) pasted to the attachment at the bottom left of the sheet, which is not in accord with the protologue (“sepala glaberrima”). The De Candolle specimen is thus the only extant syntype fully in accord with the protologue, the Marsh collection from Jamaica having been destroyed in Berlin in 1943.
The plants from northern Peru conform to subsp. pavonii in their small corolla and glabrous sepals but are remarkable for having unlobed, suborbicular, coarsely dentate leaves.
Ipomoea melanotricha
Brandegee, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 4: 381. 1913. (
MEXICO. [Veracruz], Zacuapan, C.A. Purpus 5747 (holotype UC163009, isotypes BM, F, GH, MO, NY, US).
Diagnosis. Leaves 5–7(–9)-lobed. Sepals densely covered in fleshy spines. Corolla large, 6.5–10 cm long.
Restricted to Mexico, where it occurs sporadically at low altitudes below 700 m in forest and on forest margins.
MEXICO. Chiapas: D.E. Breedlove 28568 (MO); Arriaga, J.C. Soto et al. 13202 (BM); Tonala, C.A. Purpus 6905 (BM). Durango: Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton 9896 (K). Guerrero: La Unión, J.C. Soto et al. 6018 (IEB, MEXU). Jalisco: Santa Cruz de Vallarta, Y. Mejia 1246 (BM). Michoacán: G.B. Hinton 12613 (K); Timalcota, E. Langlassé 680 (K). Oaxaca: Pochutla, A. Sánchez Martínez et al. 1079 (IEB, MEXU); Tehuantepec, M. Elorsa 1243 (MEXU). Sinaloa: J.M. & E. Aguilar 1264 (MEXU). Tamaulipas: J.A. McDonald 604 (IEB). Veracruz: Salto de Eyipantla, San Andrés Tuxtla, M. Nee 23606 (BM); Zacuapan, C.A. Purpus 5747(BM); F. Ventura 2580 (MICH); P. Zamora & J. López 3521 (IEB).
Ipomoea sepacuitensis Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. 56: 59. 1913. (Donnell Smith 1913: 59). Type. GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz, O.F. Cook & R.F. Griggs 590 (holotype US408299, isotype US).
Stem and petioles pilose with fleshy trichomes. Leaves 3-lobed. Peduncles, pedicels and sepals devoid of fleshy trichomes. Corolla 6–7 cm long.
Disturbed lowland forest in the extreme south of Mexico and neighbouring Guatemala and Belize.
BELIZE. Cayo District, Arenal road, M.J. Balick et al. 3322 (FTG, NY); Gales Point, S.W. Brewer & G. Stott 6649 (BM, MO); Cayo District, W.A. Schipp 878 (BM, K, MO, S); ibid., Ceibo Camp, M. Peña-Chocarro et al. 1020 (BM, MEXU, MO); ibid., Chiquibul, A.K. Munro et al. 1114 (BM); ibid., C. Whitefoord 10247 (BM).
GUATEMALA. F. de la Puente 3796 (CIP); Santa Elena, R. Tun Ortíz 2242 (BM, F); Alta Verapaz, F.M. Barton s.n. (K); Petén, P.N. Tikal, E. Contreras 502 (F).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Mun. Ocosingo, E. Martínez & R. Lombera 26176 (K); La Libertad, Chancala, D.E. Breedlove & F. Almeda 57818 (MO). Quintana Roo: Mun. Othón P. Blanco, desvio a Mérida, J.L. Tapia-Muñoz 1378 (MO).
The BM specimen of Schipp 878 is abnormal in having 5-lobed leaves.
Ipomoea acrensis
J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, Kew Bull. 72(10): 2 (
PERU. Loreto, Balsapuerto, G. Klug 3089 (holotype S07-4771, isotypes BM, F, GH, K, MO, NY, US).
Twining perennial liana of unknown height; stems glabrous, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, 6–16 × 5–12 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate to a fine point, cordate, the auricles rounded or acute, margin undulate, sometimes 3-lobed to half way, often irregularly dentate, glabrous, paler beneath, thin in texture, main veins abaxially prominent; petioles 9.5–11 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of up to 7-flowered, axillary, pedunculate compound cymes, glabrous; peduncles 12–15 cm, stout, woody; bracteoles not seen, caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles c. 2.5 cm; pedicels 2.3–6.5 cm, conspicuously thickened upwards; sepals slightly unequal, outer 18–22 × 10–12 mm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, mucronate, inner sepals very slightly shorter, pale green; corolla c. 10–11 cm long, glabrous, pale blue, narrowly funnel-shaped, the tube 2–2.5 cm wide for 5–7 cm; limb 5–6 cm diam., apparently lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Amazonian Peru and Bolivia and neighbouring Acre in Brazil. It appears to be scattered in disturbed tropical rainforest over a wide area but uncommon.
BRAZIL. Acre: type of Ipomoea acrensis.
BOLIVIA. Beni: Marbán, Puente San Pablo, M.T. Martinez & M. Adler 83 (K, LPB, USZ). Cochabamba: Carrasco, Valle de Sajta, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28915 (K, LPB, USZ).
PERU. Huánuco: Huallaga valley, A. Gentry et al. 37636 (FTG, MO, OXF, USM); J. Díaz in De La Puente 4290 (CIP, FTG). Loreto: type of Ipomoea peruviana. Madre de Dios: Tambopata, M. Alexiades & A. Byrne 865 (NY, OXF, USM). San Martín: G. Klug 4326 (LIL, S).
All parts of this species are glabrous, the inflorescence long-pedunculate and up to 7-flowered. The leaves may be entire or 3-lobed and the corolla is a characteristic pale blue.
•• Clade A3 (Species 218–233) comprises the Batatas Clade and a single sister species, Ipomoea cryptica. Unlike Clades A1 and A2, about half the species are annuals and none are woody. The pollen is also somewhat different (Figure
• The Batatas Clade (Species 218–232) is an economically important clade containing the sweet potato and its crop wild relatives and is well supported in our 605 nuclear regions and chloroplast whole genome sequence data.
Annual or perennial herbs; stems trailing and rooting or twining, never woody. Leaves ovate, entire or 3–5-lobed but never divided into segments. Flowers in pedunculate cymes (only solitary by reduction), the pedicels commonly relatively short compared to the peduncles; bracteoles small, usually caducous; sepals equal or somewhat unequal, membranous, often chaffy in fruit, lanceolate or oblong to ovate or obovate, margins glabrous or ciliate, hyaline, the central vein prominent, laterals sometimes present; apex mucronate to caudate. Corolla relatively small (< 5 cm long), campanulate or funnel-shaped, glabrous, white, pink or pale pink with a dark pink throat, the midpetaline bands often terminating in small teeth; stamens often rather short; filaments with basal hairs sometimes extending upwards; anthers included. Ovary and capsule glabrous or hirsute, 2-locular, 4-seeded; seeds glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
Based on their morphology several species including Ipomoea amnicola and I. cryptica might be interpreted as belonging to this clade but both differ in their pilose seeds, while the latter also has very unequal sepals, the outermost very short. As Ipomoea cryptica is, in fact, sister to the Batatas Clade it is included it in the following key.
Most species are poorly defined morphologically, although our extensive nuclear data retrieves most taxa as monophyletic. Plants intermediate morphologically are not uncommon and are difficult to assign to species so specimens misidentified even by experienced Ipomoea specialists are commonly found in most herbaria. Ipomoea cynanchifolia appears to be morphologically intermediate between I. ramosissima and I. grandifolia, occurring only within the range of the latter. Ipomoea grandifolia itself resembles a large-flowered form of I. triloba and appears to be intermediate between I. triloba and perhaps I. australis. Ipomoea leucantha appears to be an intermediate between I. cordatotriloba and I. lacunosa. Ipomoea tiliacea and I. littoralis are difficult to separate except on molecular or geographical grounds and I. tiliacea has frequently been recorded from the Old World, probably always erroneously. Records of I. littoralis from Mexico have been shown to be errors for I. batatas (
Several species are more common near the sea or on islands, although not strictly maritime (Ipomoea tiliacea, I. triloba and possibly I. tenuissima). Ipomoea littoralis is the only truly maritime species although some forms of I. batatas (var. apiculata) occur on coastal sand dunes.
The species can be separated using the following key:
1 | Corolla < 2.5 cm long; plants mostly annual, always slender | 2 |
– | Corolla > 2.5 cm long; plants perennial or annual, usually relatively robust | 7 |
2 | Outer sepals elliptic-obovate, 0–1 veined | 3 |
– | Outer sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3–5 veined | 4 |
3 | Capsules ovoid, usually pilose; leaves usually thinly pubescent | 231. I. cynanchifolia |
– | Capsules compressed-globose, glabrous; leaves usually glabrous, occasionally very thinly pubescent | 230. I. ramosissima |
4 | Sepals oblong, 5–6 mm long | 229. I. triloba |
– | Sepals lanceolate, 8–13 mm long | 5 |
5 | Corolla white (very rarely pink); Capsules 10–15 mm diam | 224. I. lacunosa |
– | Corolla pink (very rarely white); Capsules 6–9 mm diam | 6 |
6 | Sepals mostly 8–11 mm long (Brazil and neighbours) | 228. I. grandifolia |
– | Sepals mostly 10–14 mm long (widespread, uncommon) | 225. I. leucantha |
7 | Sepals broadly obovate to suborbicular, usually white and papery; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long (Central America) | 218. I. splendor-sylvae |
– | Sepals oblong, lanceolate or obovate, always longer than broad; corolla < 4.5 cm long | 8 |
8 | Outermost sepal very short, 1–3 mm long; corolla pink; seeds long-pilose on margins...... | 233. I. cryptica |
– | Outermost sepal > 5 mm long; corolla pink or white; seeds glabrous or very shortly tomentellous | 9 |
9 | Slender, 1–2-flowered herb with pubescent strap-shaped sagittate leaves (Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola, Mona Island) | 232. I. tenuissima |
– | Slender or robust herbs, 1–many-flowered; leaves not strap-shaped, rarely sagittate, but, if so, completely glabrous | 10 |
10 | Cymes 1–3-flowered; leaves somewhat fleshy, variable in shape, but characteristically with an obtuse to rounded mucronate apex and a very narrow basal sinus (coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans but absent from continental Africa and America) | 222. I. littoralis |
– | Cymes 1–many flowered; leaves not fleshy, usually lacking the characteristic shape described above; new world species unless cultivated | 11 |
11 | Sepals glabrous; perennial twining plant with clearly cymose inflorescence | 12 |
– | Sepals variously hirsute, but if glabrous, plant an annual weed or flowers clustered in a subumbellate inflorescence | 13 |
12 | Outer sepals 6–10 mm long, ovate to oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, strongly mucronate, margins scarious; corolla pink; filaments pubescent almost to apex | 221. I. tiliacea |
– | Outer sepals 5–6.5 mm long, oblong-obovate, rounded, mucronulate, not scarious; corolla white or pale pink; filaments pubescent at base only | 223. I. lactifera |
13 | Sepals oblong-lanceolate | 14 |
– | Sepals obovate, ovate or elliptic | 15 |
14 | Sepals chartaceous even at anthesis, unequal, the outer shorter than the inner, obscurely 1-veined | 219. I. trifida |
– | Sepals not chartaceous at anthesis, equal in length or nearly so, obscurely 3-veined | 220. I. batatas forms |
15 | Annual herb, not rooting at nodes; cymes always lax and few-flowered, never umbellate in form | 16 |
– | Perennial herb, often decumbent and rooting at the nodes; cymes compact, umbellate or subcapitate in form | 220. I. batatas |
16 | Leaves entire to 5-lobed but usually 3-lobed, the central lobe contracted at the base; pedicels muricate; seeds with short hairs on angles | 226. I. cordatotriloba |
– | Leaves entire (rarely 3-lobed, but if so, never with the lobe contracted at base); pedicels almost always smooth; seeds completely glabrous | 227. I. australis |
Ipomoea umbraticola
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18(6): 259. 1908. (
HONDURAS. Puerto Sierra, P. Wilson 286 (holotype NY00380475).
Twining herb to 3 m, probably a short-lived perennial; stems glabrous, often winged. Leaves petiolate, 2–13 × 2.5–10.5 cm, ovate, occasionally undulate to shallowly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate, usually glabrous; petioles 1.5–4.5 cm. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3.5–15 cm, usually straight; bracteoles c. 1 mm, deltoid, scarious, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2.2 cm; tertiary peduncles c. 0.5 mm; pedicels 5–11 mm; sepals unequal, scarious, glabrous, outer 4–6 mm, orbicular, mucronulate, inner 7–10 mm, obovate, rounded usually minutely mucronate; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, the tube dark purple inside, limb 4–4.5 cm diam.; filaments thinly covered in short glandular hairs. Capsules 7–9 × 5 mm, ovate, glabrous; seeds 4–5 × 2.5 mm, glabrous apart from relatively woolly deciduous marginal hairs 3–4 mm long.
Scattered in forest areas of Central America from southern Mexico to Costa Rica.
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, Samara-Playa Carillo, P. Wilkin 465 (BM); ibid., Samara-Nicoya, P. Wilkin 472 (BM); ibid., Santa Cruz –Nicoya, P. Wilkin 488 (BM); Puntarenas, Isla Chira, Khan et al. 862 (BM); Guanacaste, Bagaces, U. Chavarría 1369 (K, MO); B. Hammel et al. 18688 (CR, MO).
NICARAGUA. Masaya, P.N. Volcán Masaya, W.D. Stevens 5233 (B, MO); Madriz, Somoto, W.D. Stevens & O.M. Montiel 26745 (BM, MO); Santa Rosa, Canyon of Río Sinecapa, L.O. Williams & A. Molina 42451 (BM); Chinandega, Volcán San Cristóbal. P.P. Moreno 25003 (BM).
EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapán, San Francisco Menéndez, J.M. Rosales (BM, MO); Libertad, Plan de la Laguna, R. Villacorta 499 (K); ibid., Mun. Antiguo Cuscatlan, P. Lemus s.n. [7/12/1988] (K).
HONDURAS. Colón, J. Saunders 1044 (FTG).
BELIZE. Chiquibul National Forest, L. Urban 90 (E); El Cayo, P. H. Gentle 2422 (K).
GUATEMALA. F. de la Puente 3755 (FTG); Petén, camino Saepuy, R. Tun Ortíz 664 (BM, F, MO).
MEXICO. Campeche: K.J. Virgo 189 (K); P. Alvaro 653 (MBM, MEXU, MO); Calakmul, E. Martínez et al. 31649 (BM, MEXU, MO). Chiapas: D.E. Breedlove 40609 (MO); Pijijiapan–Arriaga, A. Bourg 159 (IEB). Oaxaca: Pochutla, A. Sánchez Martínez et al. 1187 (IEB). Quintana Roo: C. & H. Cabrera 4290 (MEXU). Yucatán: G.F. Gaumer 23163 (MO); E.F. & H. Cabrera 10708 (MO).
Ipomoea splendor-sylvae is one of the most distinct species in the Batatas Clade because of its large pink flowers with a corolla usually around 5–6 cm long. The subspherical, white, chaffy calyx with broadly obovate to suborbicular glabrous sepals is also distinct.
Convolvulus trifidus
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 107. 1818 [pub.1819]. (
Ipomoea batatas forma trifida
(Kunth) Nishiyama, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 84: 385. 1971. (
Convolvulus hepaticifolius
Willd. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 303. 1819. (
Ipomoea ramonii
(“ramoni”) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 380. 1845. (
Ipomoea triloba forma ramonii (Choisy) Nishiyama, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 84: 385. 1971.
Ipomoea roseana
House, Muhlenbergia 3: 43. 1907. (
Based on Convolvulus trifidus Kunth
Perennial twining herb, uniformly finely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–11 × 2–10 cm, ovate or, more commonly, 3–(5)-lobed, acute to acuminate, apiculate, base cordate, pubescent on both surfaces, occasionally glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 1.5–12.5 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of usually long-pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 3–26.5 cm, glabrous or, especially above, thinly pilose; bracteoles 1.5–2 × 1 mm, ovate, acute, scarious; secondary peduncles 0.5–4 cm; pedicels 3–7 mm, thinly pilose; sepals scarious, thinly pilose with only the central vein prominent, slightly unequal, outer 4–10 × 3 mm, elliptic or ovate, obtuse and mucronate, inner slightly longer; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, pink, glabrous, shortly funnel-shaped; limb 2.5–3.5 cm; nectary yellow. Capsules subglobose, 5–7 mm, glabrous or hairy; seeds 3–3.5 mm long, glabrous or nearly so.
Figures
Essentially Central American, mostly near the Caribbean coast, but absent from the Caribbean islands except Cuba and Trinidad. Records from Ecuador (
COLOMBIA. Atlántico: Palmar de la Verela-Pontedera, A. Dugand 3471 (COL). Bolívar: Cartagena, J.A. Molina & F.A. Barklay 19B024 (MO). Magdalena: O. Haught 3875 (COL, K, US), 4477 (S, US). Santa Marta: H.H. Smith 1569 (BM, COL, E, K, MO); ibid., H.H.Smith 1570 (BM, K, MO, S).
VENEZUELA. Anzoategui: J. Steyermark 115407 (P). Aragua: Tovar, A. Fendler 2074 (K); Miranda: 8 km beyond El Palmar on road to San José de Las Altos, C. Jeffrey & B. Trujillo 2351 (K). Nueva Esparta: Margarita Island, O.O. Miller & J.R. Johnston 77 (BM, K).
PANAMA. Sinclair s.n. (K); canal area, Las Cruces trail, A.A. Hunter & P.H. Allen 723 (K, MO); Frijoles, H. Pittier 2677 (BM); Santiago, B.L. Seeman s.n. (BM, K).
COSTA RICA. A.F. Skutch 2570 (S); Playa Maranjo, P. Wilkin 416 (BM); Guanacaste, P. Wilkin & S.B. Jennings 109 (BM); Guanacaste, E. López 98 (MO, BM); Alajuela, B. Hammel 19715 (MO, BM); Puntarenas, M. Chavarría 601 (K); Bagaces-Libería M. Chavarría 1051 (K, MO); Heredia, Sarapiqui, I. Chacón 439 (MO); Guanacaste, Monteverde, D.F. Austin 7848 (FTG, MO).
NICARAGUA. A. Molina 20101 (F); Managua, F.C. Seymour 5436 (BM); ibid., W.D. Stevens 4772 (BM, MO), Matagalpa, Cerro El Pilon, W.D. Stevens 9428 (BM, MO); Bealego, Sinclair s.n. (K).
HONDURAS. Colonia Miramonte, M.G. Pineda 97 (BM, TEFH); J. Hjalmarsan (S).
EL SALVADOR. La Libertad, K. Sidwell et al. 510 (BM, LAGU, MO); P.C. Standley 21292 (S); Morazán, Montecristo, J.M. Tucker 444 (K, UC).
BELIZE. Stann Creek, D. Dwyer et al. 579 (MO).
GUATEMALA. H. Bartlett 315 (S); Petén, P.N. Tikal, R. Tun Ortíz 321 (BM, MO); ibid., 388 (BM, F, MO).
MEXICO. Campeche: E.F. Cabrera 12504 (XAL) fide Austin. Chiapas: Escuintla, E. Matuda 2154 (K). Colima: J. Maillet s.n. [1985] (IEB). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Nanchititla, Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 3434 (K). Guerrero: Petatlán, E. Langlassé 630 (K); Temisco, Y. Mexia 8865 (K, S); Acapulco, W. Hancock 31 (K); Santa Bárbara, Coyuca, G.B. Hinton 8504 (K); Pino, Mina G.B. Hinton 9784 (K); Acapulco, E. Palmer 123 (K). Jalisco: P. Carillo-Reyes et al. 3622 (IEB). Michoacán: Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton et al. 12513 (K); Coahuayana, J.C. Soto Nuñez et al. 11169 (MEXU). Oaxaca: S. Salas et al. 4780 (ARIZ, MO); H. Hernández 876 (IEB). Tabasco: Paraíso, E.F. & H. Cabrera 14740 (MO) fide Austin. Quintana Roo: José María Morelos, Chichancanab, G.F. Gaumer 2117 (MO) fide Austin. Veracruz: Córdoba-Veracruz, D.F. & S. Austin 5060 (FTG); 9 km S of Tampico, E. Palmer 543 (BM, K). Yucatán: J.S. Flores 9262 (XAL) fide Austin.
CUBA. H. Manitz 51339 (HAJB); F. de la Puente 5341 (CIP, FTG). Artemisa: Guanajay, A.H. Curtiss 632 (BM, K, NY). Guantánamo: Bayate, E.L. Ekman 10120 (BM, S). La Habana: H. Van Hermann 231 (BM, NY). Matanzas: Herradura, F.S. Earle s.n. [2/11/1906] (NY). Pinar del Río: Sierra de Anafé, N.L. Britton et al. 9593 (K, NY). Santiago de Cuba: M. López Figueiras 307 (HAC, HAJB, NY).
TRINIDAD. A. Fendler 583 (K).
Notes. Although common in Central America and on Cuba, this species is frequently misidentified and records from Africa, Madagascar, Paraguay, Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, northern Mexico, most Caribbean islands and the United States are probably erroneous. Even within its area of occurrence, many specimens may be wrongly named.
Ipomoea trifida has unequal, narrow, oblong-lanceolate, characteristically chaffy sepals. The only other species with distinctly chaffy sepals are I. splendor-sylvae with obovate to suborbicular sepals and some unassigned forms discussed below under I. batatas, which itself has arisen from I. trifida (
Convolvulus batatas
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 154. 1753. (
Convolvulus esculentus
Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 123. 1796. (
Convolvulus edulis
Thunb. ex Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14: 203. 1784. (
Batatas edulis
(Thunb. ex Murray) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 435 [53]. 1834. (
Ipomoea edulis
(Thunb. ex Murray) Niederl., Bol. Mens. Mus. Prod. Argent. 3 (29): 190. 1890. (
Ipomoea batatas var. edulis
(Thunb. ex Murray) Makino, Fl. Japan 476. 1925. (
Convolvulus platanifolius
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 26. 1794. (
Ipomoea platanifolia
(Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 220. 1819. (
Ipomoea fastigiata var. platanifolia
(Vahl) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.I. 468. 1864 [pub. 1862]. (
Ipomoea villosa
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 12, t. 121. 1799. (
Ipomoea catesbaei
G. Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. 103. 1818. (
Convolvulus fastigiatus
Roxb., Fl. Indica, ed. 2, 2: 48. 1824. (
Ipomoea fastigiata
(Roxb.) Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 1: 188. 1826. (
Ipomoea batatas var. fastigiata
(Sweet) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 442. 1891. (
Convolvulus edulis
Vell. Fl. Flumin. 72. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Convolvulus tuberosus
Vell. Fl. Flumin. 72. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Convolvulus esculentus
Vell., Fl. Flumin. 73. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Convolvulus batata
Vell., Fl. Flumin. 73. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Convolvulus cordatifolius
Vell., Fl. Flumin. 73. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Convolvulus varius
Vell., Fl. Flumin. 73. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Convolvulus variabilis
Schltdl. & Cham., Linnaea 5: 116. 1830. (
Ipomoea variabilis
(Schltdl. & Cham.) Choisy in A.P. de Can.dolle, Prodr. 9: 383. 1845. (
Ipomoea indica var. variabilis
(Schltdl. & Cham.) L.O. Williams, Fieldiana, Bot. 32 (12): 191. 1970. (
Batatas xanthorhiza
Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 225. 1837. (
Batatas edulis var. xanthorhiza
(Bojer) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 338. 1845. (
Batatas betacea
Lindl., Bot. Reg. (Edwards) 25: 93. 1839. (
Ipomoea apiculata
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12(2): 262. 1845. (
Ipomoea batatas var. apiculata
(M. Martens & Galeotti) J.A. Mcdonald & D.F. Austin, Brittonia 42 (2): 118. 1990. (
Convolvulus attenuatus
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 22: 265. 1845. (
Batatas wallii
Morren, Ann. Soc. Roy. Agric. Gand. 2: 285–286, t. 74. 1846. (
Ipomoea wallii
(Morren) Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2 (11): 396. 1882 (
Ipomoea batatas var. leucorrhiza
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 468. 1864 [pub. 1862]. (
Ipomoea batatas var. porphyrorhiza
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 468. 1864 [pub. 1862]. (
Batatas edulis var. porphyrorhiza
(Griseb.) Ram. Goyena, Fl. Nicarag. 2: 649. 1911. (
Ipomoea batatas var. dissoluta
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 442. 1891. (
Ipomoea batatas var. subscandens
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 442. 1891. (
Ipomoea fastigiata var. ciliata
Huber, Bol. Mus. Paraense Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 2: 512. 1898. (
Ipomoea vulsa
House, Muhlenbergia 3 (3): 45. 1907. (
Ipomoea purpusii
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 248. 1908. (
Ipomoea batatas var. lobata
Gagnep. & Courchet, Fl. Indochine 4: 241.1915. (
Ipomoea confertiflora
Standl., Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 83. 1935. (
Ipomoea davidsoniae
Standl., Publ. Field Nus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22: 98. 1940. (
Ipomoea mucronata
Schery, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 463. 1941. (
Ipomoea batatas forma trifida
Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 224. 1947. (
Ipomoea tiliacea var. merremioides
Fosberg, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 21: 15. 1975. (
Ipomoea tiliacea var. smithii
Fosberg, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 21: 15. 1975. (
Ipomoea tabascana
J.A. McDonald & D.F. Austin, Brittonia 42: 116. 1990. (
Based on Convolvulus batatas L.
Creeping (rarely climbing) perennial herb rooting from the stem and developing storage roots; stems extending to cover several metres, glabrous to coarsely pilose, often stiut in cultivated and feral forms. Leaves petiolate, very variable in form but usually rather large, 3–15 × 5–12 cm, ovate or shallowly to deeply 3–5-lobed, cordate, shortly acuminate, both surfaces glabrous to coarsely pilose, abaxially somewhat glaucous and with prominent veins; petioles usually rather long, 4–15 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, axillary, dense umbellate cymes; peduncles 5–30 cm long, stout; bracteoles filiform, c. 2 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–15 mm; pedicels very short, 5–10 mm long; sepals 7–11 mm, unequal, margins often but not always ciliate, outer slightly shorter than inner, oblong-elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, abruptly mucronate with a hair point c. 2 mm long, prominently 1–5-veined, the inner sepals broadly elliptic, rounded and mucronate; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, pink, often with a dark centre, glabrous; ovary pubescent, rarely fertile so capsules and seeds usually absent.
Figure
The sweet potato is of American origin but is now cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world with greatest production reported from China. We have seen examples of cultivated plants from all parts of the Americas including Easter Island [F. Fuentes 3 (K), 4 (K)] and Hawaii [J. Stokes s.n. 1/1912 (K); Oahu, Christopherson et al. 1594 (K)] with the exception of the extreme south and Canada. Outside cultivation, plants are usually found in derelict fields and on roadsides near settlements Most cultivated plants are sterile but we have seen occasional specimens of apparently wild, fertile plants from various countries in tropical America including Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela. No apparently naturally occurring populations are reported from the Caribbean islands, Brazil or the Guianas. Obviously cultivated plants are not cited below but many of the records are of escapes from cultivation although some may be of wild populations.
FRENCH GUIANA. Berthoud-Coulon 505 (BM).
SURINAM. M. Berthoud-Coulon 507 (BM)
BOLIVIA. (escapes from cultivation). La Paz: Murillo, Valle de Zongo, Cahua, 1300 m, 14 June 1980, S.G. Beck 3688 (CTES, CUSCO, FTG, LPB, MO, USZ). Santa Cruz: Ñuflo de Chávez, Concepción J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27939 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); J.R.I. Wood et al. 28090 (LPB, OXF, USZ).
PERU. Huánuco: J. Schunke 2013 (G). Lambayeque: T. Torres s.n. (USM). Loreto: Chanintía, A. Montalvo s.n. (USM); Boquerón, R. Ferreyra 1185 (USM); Iquitos, H. Murphy 301 (MO, OXF). Madre de Dios: Tambopata, Puerto Maldonado, I. Huamantupa & A. Montero 3671 (MO, OXF). Pasco: Oxapampa, Huancabamba, camino a Pozuzo, R. Rojas et al. 2513 (MO, OXF). Piura: E. Laure 5326 (P), 5370 (P).
ECUADOR. Cotapaxi: B. Sparre 17329 (S). El Oro: Arenillas, E. Asplund 15676 (K, S). Guayas: San Ignacio, I. Holmgren 88 (S); Guayaquil, L. Fraser (BM). Los Ríos: B. Sparre 17916 (S); C. Játiva & C. Epling 182 (S). Manabí: J. Brandbyge 42773 (AAU, ARIZ); Eggers 15105 (P). Pinchincha: B. Sparrre 14820 (S).
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Angelópolis, G. Gutiérrez & F. Barklay 17C654 (BM). Boyacá: A.E. Lawrance 544 (BM). Cauca: La Paila, I.F. Holton s.n. [1853] (K). Cundinamarca: La Mesa, J. Triana 3807 (BM). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1912 (E). Meta: Villavicencio, J. Triana 3803 (BM). Putumayo: J. Ewan 16705 (BM). Valle: A. Gentry et al. 59527 (FTG).
VENEZUELA. Dist. Fed.: Caracas-Guayra, A.H.G. Alston 5500 (BM). Zulia: A. Fernández 20591 (MA).
PANAMA. B.L. Seeman 488 (BM), 1604 (BM), 6453 (BM, MO); E.L. Tyson 6994 (BM, PMA); C. Whitefoord & A. Eddy 71 (BM); C. Hamilton et al. 1300 (FTG, MO); A. Ibañez et al. 1804 (MA).
COSTA RICA. A.F. Skutch 2570 (K), 3672 (K); H. Pittier 13675 (K); Santa Elena-San Rafael, P. Wilkin 436 (BM); Puntarenas, Cordillera de Talamanca, F. Quesada et al. 1147 (BM); Limon, B. Hammel et al. 19673 (BM).
NICARAGUA. M. Araquistain & J.C. Sandino 1384 (FTG); Zelaya, W.D. Stevens et al. 6453 (BM, MO).
EL SALVADOR. G. Davidse et al. 37459 (MO).
HONDURAS. Gracias a Dios, P. House 37 (BM); J. Saunders 709 (FTG).
BELIZE. Georgeville-Augustine, G.R. Proctor 29630 (BM); D.R. Hunt 150 (BM).
GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz, H. von Türckheim 1437 (K); Bernoulli & Cario 1906 (K).
MEXICO. Campeche: E. & H. Cabrera 13444 (BM, MEXU, MO). Chiapas: A. Reyes-García & E. Martínez 132 (BM, MEXU); J.C. Soto et al. 13219 (BM, MEXU). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec: G.B. Hinton 2009 (K). Guerrero: G.B. Hinton 8501 (K), 9510 (K); Mina, 9699 (K). Oaxaca: D.F. Austin & F. de la Puente 7672 (FTG). Quintana Roo: Isla de Cozumel, E. & H. Cabrera 10541 (BM, MEXU). Veracruz: E. Kerber 37 (BM); M. Botteri 560 (BM, K, OXF); J. Linden 257 (K); H. Galeotti 1351 (K); Bandaril, Jalapa, E.K. Balls & W.B. Gourlay 5483 (E, BM); Gouin s.n. [1867] (P).
Although often claimed to be an illegitimate name, Ipomoea fastigiata (Roxb.) Sweet appears to have been validly published. Sweet refers to Flora Indica, not Hortus Benghalensis but incorrectly gives the date as 1816, which is, in fact, incorrect for both these publications.
Ipomoea batatas appears to have arisen naturally in pre-human times in Tropical America and is most closely related to I. trifida. Its origins are discussed by
Ipomoea batatas is usually readily identified in the field because of its root tubers and perennial creeping habit, the stems rooting at the nodes. Herbarium specimens are distinguished by the strongly and usually abruptly mucronate sepals with a distinct mucro and a pronounced central vein with 2–4 less prominent lateral veins. The sepals are usually ciliate and the flowers characteristically clustered in a subumbelliform structure at the apex of a long peduncle. The leaves are commonly 3-lobed.
Various apparently wild forms of Ipomoea batatas are relatively distinct morphologically and have been recognized over the years. The plant treated as Ipomoea batatas var. apiculata (I. apiculata, I. vulsa) represents a form from coastal sand dunes near Veracruz but is also found in Campeche and Oaxaca. It is a slender plant, rooting at the nodes or twining, with deeply 3–5(–7)-lobed glabrous leaves, cymes of 1–3 flowers, very unequal sepals (the outer oblong, mucronate much narrower and shorter than the inner obovate sepals) and a distinctly campanulate corolla c. 3 cm long but with a tube c. 1.5 cm wide. We have seen the following additional specimens:
MEXICO. Campeche. E. & H. Cabrera 12504 (IEB). Oaxaca: Ghiesbrecht s.n. (P03548796)
Veracruz: D.F. Austin & F. de la Puente 7480 (FTG), Vislet 1856 (P), G. Castillo-Campos et al. 1438 (IEB), E. Matuda 17095 (MEXU).
The plants described as Ipomoea tabascana are very slender glabrous plants, rooting at the nodes and with strap-shaped, strongly sagittate leaves and few-flowered cymes. They are only known from marshy ground near the type locality in Tabasco (
Ipomoea confertiflora also appears somewhat distinct and has sometimes been treated as belonging to I. trifida (
Two distinct forms come from Ecuador. One of these is represented by the type of Ipomoea villosa Ruiz & Pav. from Guayaquil, which has been treated as I. leucantha. This has trilobed leaves and long, lanceolate, acuminate sepals 13–14 mm in length. Very similar is Asplund 15966 (S) from Manta, Manabí Province and U. Chavarria 1343 (BM, MO) from Costa Rica. Somewhat similar plants with entire leaves and slightly shorter sepals come from Pinchincha in Ecuador (B. Sparre 14810 (S) and Piura in Peru (E. Laure 5370 (P)). All of these plants have a large corolla 4.5–5 cm in length. They integrade with more typical forms of I. batatas in western Ecuador.
Another distinct form comes from around Esmeraldas in Ecuador. This is a glabrous or sparsely pubescent twining herb with unequal, chartaceous, obovate to obrhomboid sepals with a single prominent central nerve extended as a mucro, the outer sepals 5–6 × 3 mm, the inner 7–8 × 4 mm. This was identified as a tetraploid form of Ipomoea batatas by
Convolvulus tiliaceus
Willd., Enum. Pl. 1: 203. 1809. (
Convolvulus indicus
Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8: 5. 1768 (
Ipomoea cymosa
G. Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. 99. 1818. (
Ipomoea surinamensis
Miq., Linnaea 18: 600. 1845. (
Ipomoea alba
Garcke, Linnaea 22: 66. 1849. (
Ipomoea stenocolpa
Garcke, Linnaea 22: 67. 1849. (
Ipomoea fastigiata var. vulgaris
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 267. 1869. (
Convolvulus umbellatus Sessé & Moçiño, Pl. Nov. Hisp. 22 1887 [pub. 1888]. (Sessé and Moçiño 1887–1890: 220), nom. illeg., non Convolvulus umbellatus L. (1753). Type. MEXICO. Sessé & Moçiños.n. (MA5017).
Convolvulus biflorus Sessé & Moçiño, Fl. Mex. 35. 1893. (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1893: 35), nom. illeg., non Convolvulus biflorus L. (1763). Type. MEXICO. Sessé & Moçiño 5048 (probable holotype MA603862).
Ipomoea fastigiata var. pauciflora
Meisn., Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 267. 1869. (
Based on Convolvulus tiliaceus Willd.
Twining perennial herb to several metres in height, usually glabrous in all vegetative parts; stems woody below, herbaceous above. Leaves petiolate, 4–16 × 2.2–11 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate and mucronate (rarely retuse), base cordate with rounded (rarely acute or dentate) auricles, margin entire or (rarely) somewhat dentate, abaxially paler; petioles 1–13 cm. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1.5–8 cm; bracteoles ovate, c. 1 mm, caducous; secondary peduncles 0.2–1.5 cm; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous, outer 6–10 × 3–4 mm, ovate to oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, strongly mucronate, margins scarious, inner 9–11 × 4–7 mm, elliptic to obovate, obtuse and mucronate, scarious; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, pink often with a dark centre, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 4.5–5 cm, undulate but midpetaline bands ending in small teeth; filaments thinly pubescent for half their length. Capsules c. 8 × 9 mm, depressed globose, glabrous; seeds c. 4 × 3 mm, black, glabrous or shortly pubescent on the angles.
Secondary forest and disturbed bushland, usually within a few kilometres of the coast. In South American along the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts south to Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. On the Pacific only confirmed from the Choco in Colombia northwards. Widespread and frequent on the Caribbean Islands and on the Caribbean coasts of Central America north to Veracruz but less common on the Pacific side. Reported as naturalised in the Old World but most, probably all, of these records are errors for Ipomoea littoralis or I. batatas.
BRAZIL. Amazonas: Dermini River, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. 8166 (NY). Bahia: Blanchet 1016 (BM); Glocker 330 (BM). Pará: Breves, Amazon estuary, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 30211 (NY). Paraná: Balneario de Canoas, Pontal de Paraná, E.L. Siquiera et al. 525 (MBM); Ilha dos Ihres, São Francisco do Sul, F. Vieira 974 (MBM). Pernambuco: Tapera, B. Pickel 128 (BM). Rio de Janeiro: J.F.Widgren 331 (S). Roraima: J.A. Ratter et al. 5900 (E). Rio Grande do Sul: P.P.A. Ferreira 126 (ICN), fide
FRENCH GUIANA. P. Sagot 371 (BM, S), 372 (BM); F. Billiet & B. Jadin 1609 (BM, BR).
SURINAM. W.R. Hostman 330 (BM, OXF); J. Lanjouw 1086 (S).
GUYANA. Jenman 4200 (BM); A.S. Hitchcock 16664 (S).
COLOMBIA. sine data, Linden 1591 (BM, OXF). Magdalena: H.H. Smith 1912 (BM), 1567 (K); E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 20917 (COL); J. Cuatrecasas 13354 (COL, US).
VENEZUELA. Moritz 41 (BM). Delta Amacuro: J. Steyermark 87685 (K). Monagas: Paloma, H.H. Rusby & Squires 15 (BM, NY).
PANAMA. C. Hamilton et al. 1300 (FTG, MO)
COSTA RICA. Vera Blanca de Sarapiquí, A.F. Skutch 3672 (K, S); San José, A. Tonduz 7089 (K), 8622 (BM); Limon, Cahinta, P. Wilkin & S.B. Jennings 117 (BM).
NICARAGUA. L.O. Williams 42321 (BM, F); Jinotega, Mun. Wiwili, I. Coronado et al. 3120 (BM, MO).
HONDURAS. La Mosquitia, C. Ashe 57 (BM); J. Saunders 709 (FTG); Ceiba, T.G. Yuncker 8561 (BM, K, MO).
BELIZE. Hector Creek, Sibun River, P. H. Gentle 1409 (K, S); M.E. Peck 664 (K); Stann Creek, W.A. Schipp 283 (BM, K).
GUATEMALA. Esquintla, J. Donnell Smith 1999 (K); ibid., 2222 (K)
MEXICO. Campeche: E. & H. de Cabrera 14469 (IEB). Chiapas: Esquintla, E. Matuda 2133 (K); San Pedro Nolasco, C. Jurgensen 592 (K). Guerrero: Atoyac, Galeana, G.B. Hinton 10900 (K, S). Yucatán: Izamal, G.F. Gaumer 915 (BM, K, S).
BAHAMAS. Great Bahama, L. Brace 3600 (NY).
CUBA. C. Wright 1648 (BM, S); Bayate, E.L. Ekman 10122 (NY, S); 6636 (BM, S); A.H. Curtiss 249 (HAC); J. Shafer s. n. [4/1903] (HAC). Camaguey: J.A Shafer 1846 (NY). Granma: La Anita, M. López Figueiras 781 (NY). La Habana: Santiago de las Vegas, H. Van Hermann 231 (BM). Pinar del Río: N.L. Britton et al. 9666 (NY). Villa Clara: Manicaragua, F. de la Puente 5324 (FTG); Camajuani, F. de la Puente 5347 (FTG).
CAYMAN ISLANDS. D.R. Stoddart 5057 (BM); M. Brunt 1716 (BM); W. Kings 299 (BM).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 8308 (BM), 21911 (BM); A.B. Rendle 152 (BM); A.D. Skelding 3534 (BM); W. Stearn 38 (BM, S); Maxon 10504 (S).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H9156 (S); Etang Saumatre, E.C. Leonard 3544 (NY).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Santo Domingo, E.L. Ekman H11152 (NY, S); La Vega, A.H. Liogier 24738 (NY); H.A. Allard 13192 (S); P. Fuertes 425 (E), 1156 (E).
PUERTO RICO. R.J. Wagner 457 (BM); Lajas, A.H. Liogier 31128 (NY); San Juan, F.S. Axelrod 3396 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. US Virgin Islands: fide Acevedo-Rodríquez (2005). Netherlands Antilles: St Eustatius: B.M. Boom et al. 11202 (NY). St Marten: I. Boldingh 2913 (NY). St Kitts: G.R. Proctor 18508 (BM). Antigua: H.E. Box 1049 (BM), 1362 (BM). Montserrat: G.R. Proctor 19015 (BM). Guadeloupe: R.P. Quentin 631 (P); Marie Galante, G.R. Proctor 20265 (BM). Dominica: C. Whitefoord 3961 (BM), 43411 (BM). Martinique: W. Hahn 80 (BM); C. Sastre 7691 (P). St Lucia: G.R. Proctor 18007 (BM). St Vincent: H.H. & G.W. Smith 1293 (BM); Bequia fide
TRINIDAD. A. Fendler 585 (BM). Tobago: Clement & Ryves 93/230 (BM); W.E. Broadway 4395 (S).
Tropicos (www.tropicos.org) states that
Ipomoea tiliacea is quite variable in sepal and to a lesser extent corolla size. It is a perennial, which is nearly always completely glabrous and with unlobed leaves. In the neotropics it is only likely to be confused with rare forms of Ipomoea batatas combining glabrous sepals with entire leaves. From these it is best distinguished by the lax, clearly cymose inflorescence. Records of I. tiliacea from the Old World are all, or mostly, errors for the superficially similar I. littoralis, which is best separated by its rounded or obtuse, somewhat succulent leaves and 1–3-flowered cymes. The range of the two species appears not to overlap and molecular studies support their distinctiveness.
Records from Peru (
Ipomoea batatas var. littoralis
(Blume) Nishiyama, Bot. Mag. 84: 385. 1971 (
Convolvulus denticulatus
Lam., Encycl. 3(2): 540. 1789 [pub. 1792]. (
Ipomoea denticulata
(Lam.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 467 [85]. 1834. (
Ipomoea nicobarica
Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 2 (Nat. Hist.) 45(3): 141. 1876. (
Ipomoea choisiana
Wight ex Safford, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 9: 298. 1905. (
Ipomoea gracilis
sensu auct. mult., non R.
INDONESIA. Java, Blume 1710 (lectotype L0004194, designated here; isolectotypes L, P).
Perennial trailing or (less commonly) twining herb, stems often rooting at the nodes, glabrous or with a few hairs. Leaves petiolate, 1–7 × 2–7 cm, somewhat coriaceous, usually ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, less commonly deltoid or sagittate with acute auricles, entire but sometimes angled or lobed, apex subacute, obtuse, rounded, or retuse, mucronulate, both surfaces glabrous, veins prominent abaxially; petioles 2.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes, often reduced to a single flower; peduncles sometimes paired in the leaf axils, 1–5 cm, usually much shorter than pedicels, glabrous; bracteoles 1.5 mm long, filiform, caducous; pedicels 10–25 mm, glabrous; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 6–10 × 3–4 mm, oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, mucronate, inner 8–12 × 7–10 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, mucronate, the margins thin and membranous; corolla 3–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pale pink with a dark throat; stamens short. Capsules globose or depressed globose, 6–7 mm long, glabrous; seeds 3.5–4 mm, glabrous.
Figures
Widely distributed on tropical sea shores through most of the Pacific and Indian oceans (
HAWAII. Hillebrand 393 (K); s.n. (BM). Apparently rare fide A. Whistler (pers. com.).
The leaves of this species are very variable in shape but are characteristically succulent, the apex is usually obtuse to rounded and the base cordate with a very narrow sinus so the auricles almost touch each other. The cymes consist of only 1–3 flowers unlike the somewhat similar Ipomoea tiliacea. The mucros on the sepals are caducous like the bracteoles.
It is reported as being used as a vegetable in Polynesia (
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Ichilo, 2–20 km from Buenavista along road to El Huaytú, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27954 (holotype USZ, isotypes OXF, K, LPB).
Perennial twining herb of unknown height, latex white, stem glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 5–9 × 3.3–7 cm, ovate, base cordate and very broadly cuneate onto the petioles, auricles rounded, apex acuminate to a shortly mucronate apex, margin entire, glabrous except for an area of puberulence on veins and margin at base around point of insertion of petiole; petiole 2.2–6.8 cm, glabrous but thinly puberulent upwards. Inflorescence of long pedunculate, many-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 5–10 cm, glabrous, secondary peduncles 1.5–3 cm; bracteoles 1 × 1 mm, suborbicular, early caducous leaving a prominent basal scar; pedicels 8–14 mm, glabrous to slightly farinose; sepals glabrous or somewhat farinose, unequal, somewhat papery in texture, the margins slightly scarious but not conspicuously pale, outer 5–6.5 × 2.5–3 mm, oblong-obovate, rounded, the central vein prominent, slightly raised and terminating in a mucro, inner 7–8.5 × 5 mm, elliptic, rounded, minutely mucronulate with the mucro deciduous; corolla 3–4 cm long, broadly funnel-shaped and gradually widened from base, limb 2–2.5 cm diam., white or very pale pink with darker centre, glabrous; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to humid forest or forest relics in the Andean foothills of Bolivia and Ecuador between 200 and 1000 m.
BOLIVIA. Beni: Ballivián, upstream from Rurrenabague, D.C. Daly et al. 6639 (FTG); Est. Biologica del Beni, G. Caity 149 (K, LPB, OXF); Cercado, F. de la Puente 3593 (CIP). Cochabamba: Chapare, El Choclotal, J.R.I. Wood 23411 (K, LPB, USZ); P.N. Carrasco, Yanamayo, M. Zarate 6455 (BOLV, LPB). Santa Cruz: Ichilo, P.N. Amboró, opposite El Huaytú, J.C. Solomon 14004 (K, LPB, MO).
ECUADOR. Morona-Santiago: Centro Shuar Yukatais, Chacras, B. Bennett & P. Gómez A 3783 (OXF, ?NY, QCNE).
The discovery of Ipomoea lactifera is of exceptional interest as it is an additional crop wild relative of the sweet potato. Apart from I. batatas itself it is the only perennial species of this group growing in Bolivia and the first with an exclusively Andean distribution. From other species in this clade it can be distinguished by its large white or pale pink corolla and relatively broad obovate to elliptic sepals.
Ipomoea triloba forma lacunosa
(L.) Nishyama, Bot.Mag. Tokyo 84: 385. 1971. (
Convolvulus ciliolatus
Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 137. 1803. (
Ipomoea ciliolata
(Michx.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 180. 1805. (
Ipomoea ciliosa
Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 146. 1813. (
Ipomoea verrucipes
Ten. ex C.A. Mey., Index Seminum (St Petersburg)1843: 76. 1843. (
UNITED STATES. Carolina, lectotype, Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 103. t. 87, f. 102 [103] designated by Staples in Staples and Jarvis in Taxon 55: 1022. 2006.
Slender twining annual herb, stems glabrous to thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 2–7 cm. usually ovate, acuminate and base cordate with rounded auricles but sometimes 3- or 5-lobed with shortly acuminate lateral lobes, subglabrous or more commonly with scattered long hairs; petioles 1–9 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate 1–3-flowered cymes; peduncles 0.6–6.5 cm, very variable in length, usually pubescent; bracteoles 2–4 mm long, filiform; pedicels 2–8 mm; sepals subequal, 10–14 × 2–4 mm, somewhat accrescent in fruit, narrowly to broadly ovate, acuminate to a long fine aristate tip, ciliate on margins and often also pilose; corolla 1.8–2 cm long, funnel-shaped, white or pale pink, glabrous, limb c. 1 cm diam., shortly lobed, the lobes mucronate. Capsules subglobose, 10–15 mm long and wide, pilose; seeds 5–6 mm long, dark brown, ellipsoid, glabrous.
A weedy species of the south eastern United States extending north to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Indiana and west to Texas and Missouri. Perhaps occurring as an ephemeral weed outside the United States, for example in Jamaica (
UNITED STATES. Alabama: S.B. Buckley s.n. (OXF); C.T. Bryson & K. Reddy 20432 (ARIZ). Arkansas: R.A. Thompson et al. 1004 (K); T. Nuttall s.n. (OXF). Delaware: W.D. Longbottom 16023 (NY). Florida: Jacksonville, Drummond (K); D.H. Williams 2635 (SEL). Georgia: W.S.B. Jones et al. 1554 (BM); R.M. Harper 520 (BM, E, K); T. Nuttall (OXF). Illinois: F.E. McDonald s.n. [9/1913] (S). Indiana: R.F. Schulenberg 75-1363 (MOR). Kansas: R.L. McGregor 266 (S). Kentucky: C.W. Short s.n. (K). Louisiana: Monroe, Dale Thomas 21174 (BM); E.J. Palmer 8823 (K). Maryland & D.C.: E.S. Steele s.n. (E). Missouri: J. Steyermark 76626 (BM); R.T. Ovrebo & C.M. Sladewski 1003 (K). Mississippi: C. T. Bryson & K. Reddy 20353 (ARIZ). North Carolina: Biltmore 2575a (S); J.H. Horton 321 (BM). Ohio: J.F. James 2158 (BM); 2163 (K). Pennsylvania: J. Ebert s.n. [8/10/2006] (MOAR). South Carolina: T. Nuttall s.n. (OXF); R.D. Porcher 2132 (CLEMS). Tennessee: A. Ruth s.n. [9/1895] (S); Rugel s.n. (OXF). Texas: D.S. & H.B. Correll 32046 (LL). Virginia: Bedford Co., A.H. Curtiss s.n. (E); K.K. Mackenzie 1778 (E); E.K. Balls 7792 p.p. (BM). West Virginia: R. Hall et al. 52 (MUHW).
Distinguished by the small white corolla and relatively large capsule (> 10 mm wide, not less than 9 mm).
Ipomoea batatas var. leucantha
(Jacq.) Nishiyama, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 84: 385. 1971. (
Euryloma leucantha
(Jacq.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 75. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Quamoclit leucantha
(Jacq.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 258. 1838. (
Convolvulus dentatus
Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 1: 89. 1837. Type. Plate 31 (of Ipomoea commutata) in Fl. Filip., ed. 3. 1877, lectotype designated by
Ipomoea blancoi
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 349. 1845. (
?Ipomoea hirta M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Bruxelles 12 (2): 264. 1845. (
Ipomoea trifida var. ymalensis
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci.18: 254. 1908. (
Ipomoea lacunosa forma purpurea
Fernald, Rhodora 40: 454. 1938. (
Ipomoea trichocarpa forma albiflora Ahles, J. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 75: 129. 1959. Type. UNITED STATES. South Carolina, Colleton Co. H.E. Ahles 17956 (holotype UNC).
Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: t. 318, 1788, lectotype designated by
Twining annual herb similar to I. cordatotriloba and other annual species of the Batatas Clade. Leaves petiolate, 3–5 × 1.5–4 cm, ovate, entire or shallowly 3-lobed, cordate, the auricles sometimes with a large tooth, apex shortly acuminate, abaxially paler, glabrous; petioles 2.5–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of dense cymes comprising about 5 clustered flowers; peduncles 8–12 mm, glabrous; pedicels 4–7 mm; sepals subequal, 10–14 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate and apiculate, pilose or glabrous; corolla 1.5–2 (–3.5) cm long. Capsules subglobose, 6–8 × 5–6 mm diam., pilose; seeds c. 3.5 × 2 mm long, glabrous.
Occurs sporadically, principally in the eastern United States and in Central America south to Ecuador and Brazil. It is also reported from the Old World, principally in Asia, but these records are of uncertain status and have not often been accepted in recent publications on Asian Ipomoea. The following records should be treated as provisional.
BRAZIL. Bahia: R.M. Harley et al. 21816 (K).
ECUADOR. Guayas: Guayaquil, E. Asplund 15643 (S), 15652 (S). Napo: Yasuni, Rio Tiputini, R. Burnham 1439 (MICH, QCA). Sucumbios: Gonzalo Pizarro, Rio Aguarico, A. P. Yañez et al. 1067 (QCA).
COLOMBIA. Sine loc., E. André 1833 (K); 1839 (K).
COSTA RICA. Nicoya, A.H. Tonduz 13680 (BM); U. Chavarria & F. Rizo-Patrón 2244 (MA).
MEXICO. Jalisco: C. & J.G. Cortes 608 (MEXU). Michoacán: Morelia, J.M. Escobedo 2181 (IEB, MEXU); San Antonio Labrador, J.C. Soto Nuñez 10914 (MEXU). Querétaro: Jalpan, E. Carranza & E. Pérez 5209 (IEB, MEXU). Sonora: Mori, Yaqui country, H.S. Gentry 4743 (MEXU); San Luis, Río Colorado, R. Felger 85-1032 (MEXU). Tamaulipas: M.E. González 28 (MEXU).
UNITED STATES. Florida: A.H. Curtiss 5575 (K). Mississippi: T.C. Lockley s.n. [18/8/1997) (FTG). Missouri: Boonville, G. Yatskievych 96-78 (MO).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 16096 (BM); R.D. Henry & C.D. Adams 12893 (BM).
A poorly understood entity considered by
Convolvulus carolinus
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 154. 1753. (Linnaeus, 1753: 154), non Ipomoea carolina L. (1753). Type. Icon. in Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis 1: 100. t. 84 f. 98 (1732), designated by Staples in
Ipomoea trichocarpa
Elliot, Sketch Bot. S.C. 7 Ga. 1: 258. 1817. (
Ipomoea triloba forma trichocarpa
(Elliot) Nishiyama, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 84: 385. 1971. (
Ipomoea commutata
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 228. 1819. (
Convolvulus scrobiculatus
Lindl., Bot. Reg. 13; t 1076, 1827. (
Ipomoea scrobiculata
(Lindl.) Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 372. 1830. (
Ipomoea trifida var. berlandieri
A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2: 212. 1878. (
Ipomoea trifida var. torreyana
A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2: 212. 1878. Type. UNITED STATES. Texas, C. Wrights.n. (lectotype GH00054469, designated by
Ipomoea trichocarpa var. torreyana
(A. Gray) Shinners, Field & Lab.21: 164. 1953. (
Ipomoea cordatotriloba var. torreyana
(A. Gray) D.F.Austin, Taxon 37: 185. 1988. (
Ipomoea trichocarpa forma pubescens
Ahles, J. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 75: 129. 1959. (
Based on Convolvulus carolinus L.
Slender twining (occasionally trailing) annual herb, stems to 3 m, glabrous, thinly pilose with long white hairs or densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–8 × 1.5–6 cm, 3– 5-lobed, the central lobe narrowed at base (very rarely unlobed), narrowly cordate with rounded, entire or dentate auricles, apex shortly acuminate, mucronate, glabrous or thinly pilose on veins and margins or pubescent; petioles 0.5–5 cm, muricate. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate, umbelliform cymes, usually with 1–5(–9) flowers, and more lax than in Ipomoea batatas; peduncles 2–9 cm; bracteoles 5–7 mm, filiform, pilose, relatively persistent; pedicels 4–9 mm; sepals subequal, usually ciliate with stiff spreading hairs, occasionally glabrous, outer sepals 8–11 mm, ovate, gradually narrowed to an outwardly curved fine point, the central vein usually distinct, inner sepals 10–12 mm, obovate, abruptly or gradually narrowed to a mucronate apex, less hairy; corolla (2.5–)3.5–4.5 cm long, gradually widened from base, pink with a dark centre, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 7–8 mm, pilose; seeds brown, hemispherical, 3.5 mm long, shortly pubescent on the angles.
This species is apparently restricted to the United States and Mexico. In the United States it is more strictly southern than I. lacunosa. Records from elsewhere, for example from Venezuela (
MEXICO. Chihuahua: C.G. Pringle 781 (K, S). Tamaulipas: G.S. Hinton 20526 (GBH)
UNITED STATES. Alabama: C.T. Bryson 20420 (MMNS). Arkansas: Leavenworth s.n. (K). Florida: St John’s River, A.H. Curtiss 2161 (K), 5280 (E); Rügel 506 (BM); Gainesville, W. Judd & T. Lucansky 2751 (BM). Georgia: R. Carter 9217, Louisiana: Tracy & Lloyd 125 (ARIZ); P.E. Hyatt 11166 (LSU). Louisiana: Tracy & Lloyd 125 (BM). Mississippi: C. T. Bryson & K. Reddy 20350 (ARIZ), 20355 (ARIZ). New Mexico: J. Skehan 80 (RM). North Carolina: Wilmington, Bradley & Sears 3575(K, S). South Carolina: Drummond s.n. (K). Texas: Lindheimer 1033 (BM, K, S); B.F. Bush 275 (K), 1405 (K); Drummond 215 (K); C.T. Bryson 22361 (VSC).
As interpreted here this is an entirely Northern Hemisphere species that is almost restricted to the United States, where it is a common in the south east. The leaves are nearly always 3–5-lobed and the corolla deep pink with a dark centre. Plants named var. torreyana are a glabrous form of this species.
Ipomoea trichocarpa var. australis
O’Donell, Bol. Bot. Soc. Argent. 4: 260. 1953. (
Ipomoea cordatotriloba var. australis
(A. Gray) D.F. Austin, Taxon 37: 185. 1988. (
Based on Ipomoea trichocarpa var. australis O’Donell
Slender twining (occasionally trailing) annual herb, stems to 3 m, glabrous, thinly pilose with long white hairs or densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–8 × 1.5–6 cm, entire, ovate-deltoid or (very rarely) shallowly 3-lobed, narrowly cordate with rounded, entire or dentate auricles, apex shortly acuminate, mucronate, glabrous or thinly pilose on veins and margins or pubescent; petioles 0.5–5 cm, smooth. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate, umbelliform cymes, usually with 1–5(–9) flowers; peduncles 2–9 cm; bracteoles 5–7 mm, filiform, pilose, relatively persistent; pedicels 4–9 mm; sepals subequal, usually ciliate with stiff spreading hairs, occasionally glabrous, outer sepals 8–11 mm, ovate, gradually narrowed to an outwardly curved fine point, the central vein usually distinct, inner sepals 10–12 mm, obovate, abruptly or gradually narrowed to a mucronate apex; corolla (2.5–) 3.5–4.5 cm long, gradually widened from base, pink with a dark centre, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 7–8 mm, pilose; seeds brown, hemispherical, 3.5 mm long, glabrous.
Restricted to the Southern hemisphere where it is found in Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil, in the last of which it is apparently rare. Records from elsewhere require confirmation. It is a lowland species not usually found above 1000 m. See also
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Brizuela 124 (LIL). Chaco: A.G. Schulz 15973 (CTES). Corrientes: T.M. Pedersen 2593 (C, E, S); M. M. Arbo 718 (CTES). Formosa: I. Morel 7831 (LIL). Jujuy: A. Schinini and Vanni 22343 (CTES). La Rioja: Biurron 3309 (CTES). Salta: Oran, A. Krapovickas & G. Seijo 47683 (CTES), A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 30456 (CTES). Tucumán: S. Venturi 4216 (LIL, LP, US).
PARAGUAY. Amambay: A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 32661 (CTES). Caaguazú: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 44869 (CTES). Caazapá: Abai, Com. Aché de Ypetimi, P. da Motta 98 (FCQ). Central: Asunción, I. Basualdo 98 (FCQ); Patino, G.W. Teague 571 (BM); T. Morong 103 (E); Ñemby, L. Pérez et al. 13 (PY). Concepción: Loreto, M. Dematteis et al. 3149 (CTES, FCQ). Cordillera: Caacupé, E. Lurvey 274 (CTES, PY); Río Salado hacia Limpio, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28142 (FCQ). Guairá: Cordillera de Ybytyruzú, E. Zardini et al. 4237 (FCQ); Col. Independencia, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28155 (FCQ). Ñeembucú: Estancia Redondo, R. García et al. 01 (FCQ). Paraguarí: Paraguarí town, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28151 (FCQ). Presidente Hayes: Est. Fortín Salazar, Laguna Carpa Cue, C. Vogt 372 (FCQ); M.M. Arbo et al. 1600 (CTES). San Pedro: N. Soria 5416 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: Fazenda Nhumirim, Corumba, A. Pott et al. 2929 (MBM).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, Casarave, M.T. Martinez & M. Adler 66 (K, LPB, USZ). Chuquisaca: E. Saravia 10851 (CTES). La Paz: Sud Yungas, bajada de Chulumani a Asunta, J.R.I. Wood et al. 20610 (BOLV, K, LPB, USZ). Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, 28 km al sur del Rincón del Tigre, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24581 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Chiquitos, Valle de Tucuvaca, J.R.I. Wood et al. 23473 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Cordillera, carretera entre Boyuibe y Camiri, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27629 (OXF, LPB, USZ); Florida, Los Negros J.R.I. Wood et al. 22769 (K, LPB, USZ); Ibañez, M. Nee 49030 (NY, USZ); Ichilo, Buenavista, J. Steinbach 7042 (GH, K, S). Ñuflo de Chávez, San Antonio de Lomerío, J.R.I. Wood 27756 (K. LPB, USZ). Sara, La Bélgica J.R.I. Wood 22120 (K, LPB). Velasco, Carmen Ruiz, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27413 (K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: Arce, M. Coro 1174 (LIL). Gran Chaco, 19 km N. of Camatindi, M. Dematteis et al. 1949 (CTES, GH).
Ipomoea australis usually has entire leaves (rarely 3-lobed), but never with the lobe contracted at base, pedicels almost always smooth, seeds completely glabrous. Our molecular studies give support for the recognition of I. australis as a distinct species.
Wood et al. 27611 (K, LPB, USZ) from Villamontes, Gran Chaco, appears to be I. australis but the ovary and capsules are glabrous.
Jacquemontia grandifolia
Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23 (Beibl. 57): 41. 1897. (
Ipomoea setifera var. orbicularis
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 687. 1905. (
Ipomoea coccinea var. luteola
Arechav. Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 4: 191. 1911. (
This is distinguished from Ipomoea australis by the shorter corolla (1.5–2.5 cm long), which is uniformly pink. The sepals are usually narrowly (not broadly) ovate, but this character is not constant. It is essentially a large-flowered form of I. triloba and has the appearance of being an intermediate with I. australis.
Figure
Ipomoea grandifolia is apparently frequent in NE Argentina, Paraguay, eastern Bolivia and much of southern Brazil whereas I. australis is mostly found in the Andean foothills of Argentina and Bolivia but extends into Paraguay. There are few certain records of I. grandifolia from Bolivia, all from the eastern lowlands where it grows on disturbed grassy roadsides at low altitudes. The record from Peru appears correctly named but requires confirmation.
URUGUAY. E.J. Gibert 240 (K).
ARGENTINA. Chaco: A.G. Schulz 10440 (CTES), 6349 (CTES). Corrientes: J. Paula-Souza et al. 7131 (CTES); M. Dematteis et al. 941 (CTES); Cáceres, Zamudio 298 (CTES). Entre Ríos: A. Schinini 12993 (CTES); A. Burkart & N.S.Troncoso 27875 (CTES). Misiones: H. Keller 8726 (CTES), 8738(CTES); M. Dematteis & A. Krapovickas 1920 (CTES).
PARAGUAY. Amambay: Pedro Juan Caballero, A. Krapovickas et al. 45906 (CTES, K). Caazapá: Tavai, I. Basualdo 002204 (FCQ); Abai, Com. Aché de Ypetimi, P. da Motta 93 (FCQ). Canindeyú: Ñandurokai, B. Jiménez et al. 1857 (BM, PY). Concepción: K. Fiebrig 5301 (BM, K). Cordillera: Pirareta, E. Lurvey 427 (PY); Eusebio Ayala, E. Lurvey 429 (PY). Guiará: Villarrica, E. Hassler 8710 (BM); Villarica–Paraguarí, J. de Egea et al. 1323 (FCQ); Yurai near Col. Independencia, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28156 (FCQ). Misiones: E. Lurvey 386 (PY); Itapúa: Triumfo, E. Lurvey 76 (PY). Pres. Hayes: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 43241 (CTES). Misiones: San Miguel, F. Mereles & J. de Egea 10140 (FCQ); San Juan Bautista, E. Lurvey 386 (PY). San Pedro: Est. Alegria, F. González 854 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Acre: Rio Branco, E. Ule 8285 (K). Amazonas: Manaos, J.W.H. Traill 548 (K); E. Ule 5409 (K). Bahia: Correntina, R.M. Harley 21816 (K). Mato Grosso: north of Xavantina, J.A. Ratter et al. 1404 (E, MO) – intermediate with I. cordatotriloba. Minas Gerais: A.F.M. Glaziou 14128 (BM); Trinta and Fromm 1802 (CTES). Paraná: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 40921 (CTES); G. Hatschbach 47573 (HB, K); Jacarahy, G. Jansson s.n. [24/3/1914] (K). Rio Grande do Sul: G.E. Barboza al. 896 (CTES); E. Pereira 8628 (HB, K). Rio de Janeiro: A.F.M. Glaziou 13012 (K). Santa Catarina: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 43979 (CTES), 44000 (CTES, K).
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Carrasco: al lado del retén de Ivirgazama, J.R.I. Wood & B. Williams 27733 (K, LPB, USZ). Chuquisaca: Luis Calvo, La Pista, E. Saravia 10851 (HSB). Santa Cruz: Chiquitos: Santiago, J.R.I. Wood 28136 (LPB, OXF, USZ); Cordillera, Camiri, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28486 (LPB, USZ); Florida, Bermejo, J.R.I. Wood 28107 (LPB, OXF, USZ); Ibañez, salida a Abapó, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28474 (K, LPB, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, c. 1 km from centre of San Javier along road towards Concepción, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27943 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
PERU. Cusco: La Convención, Huayapata, G. Calatayud 3261 (MO, OXF).
Ipomoea grandifolia is relatively easy to distinguish in the field by the small entirely pink corollas which look distinct from the larger corollas of I. australis with their darker throat and pale limb.
Specimens from Formosa e.g. Schinini et al. 32696 (CTES) are intermediate with Ipomoea australis. J.A. Ratter et al. 1404 (E, MO) from north of Xavantina, Mato Grosso is problematic; the corolla is too large for I. grandifolia and I. cynachifolia (to which molecular data suggests it belongs) but it is out of the geographical range of I. australis.
Ipomoea grandifolia was a forgotten species misplaced in Jacquemontia until it was transferred into Ipomoea and rediagnosed by
Ipomoea grandifolia is also very close to the widespread I. triloba L, which is absent from South America according to
Convolvulus trilobus
(L.) Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: 564. 1789 [pub. 1792]. (
Quamoclit triloba
(L.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Amphione lobata Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 79. 1836 [1838], nom. illeg. superf. Type. Based on Ipomoea triloba L.
Ipomoea eustachiana
Jacq., Obs. 2: 12, t. 36. 1767. (
Quamoclit eustachiana
(Jacq.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Ipomoea triloba var. eustachiana
(Jacq.) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.I. 470. 1864 [pub. 1862]. (
Ipomoea parviflora
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3; 34. 1794. (
Ipomoea galapagensis
Anderss., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1853: 313. 1855. (
Ipomoea hirta
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Soc. Bruxelles 12: 264. 1845. (
Ipomoea triloba var. genuina
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 277. 1869, (
Ipomoea triloba var. quinqueloba
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Sp. 2: 446. 1891. (
Convolvulus heterophyllus Sessé & Moçiño, Fl. Mex. 36. 1893. (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1893: 36), nom. illeg., non Convolvulus heterophyllus Willd. (1809). Type. MEXICO. Sessé and Moçiño 1655 (holotype MA603868).
Ipomoea krugii
Urb., Symb. Antill. 5: 472. 1908. (
Ipomoea laxiflora
H.J.Chowdhery & Debta, Indian J. Forest. 32(1): 120. 2009 (
Icon in Sloane, Voy. Jamaica 1: t. 97, f. 1 (1707), lectotype, designated by
Annual herb, stems twining, thinly pilose to glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–8 × 1.5–4 cm ovate or, more commonly shallowly to deeply 3-(5)-lobed, acute to acuminate, apiculate, base cordate, adaxially thinly pilose, abaxially glabrous, paler, occasionally both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.2–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 3–5 cm, glabrous or thinly pilose; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.25 mm, filiform; secondary peduncles 0.2–0.5 cm; pedicels 3–7 mm, thinly pilose, sometimes muricate; sepals scarious-margined, ciliate on midrib and margins, subequal, 5–6 (–10) mm long, oblong-mucronate or oblong-caudate; corolla 1.5–2 (–2.5) cm long, campanulate, glabrous, pink; limb 1.3–1.6 cm diam. Capsules 5–6 mm diam., subglobose, bristly pilose (rarely glabrous); seeds 2.8–3 × 2 mm, brown glabrous.
Figure
Common on the Galapagos Islands and in the Caribbean, but rare elsewhere except as an introduced weed. It is apparently more frequent on islands than on the continent. This species is quite commonly reported as a casual or a weed in the Old World and its near complete absence from continental South America is, therefore, puzzling. It is possible that it has sometimes been confused with Ipomoea grandifolia.
ECUADOR. Galápagos: F.R. Fosberg 45049 (K, US); Snow 560 (K); T.W.J. Taylor 133 (K); G. Harling 5227 (S); Fagerlind & Wibom 2935 (S); U. & I. Eliasson 2167 (S); Santa Cruz, P.S. Bentley 221 (K, US). Loja: Garza Real-Paletillas Malvas, J. Jaramillo et al. 31949 (QCA). Napo: Yasuní, V. Persson et al. 4614a (BM).
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, Golfito, M. Chavarría 673 (K, MO).
HONDURAS. Copán-San Pedro Sula, S. Blackmore & M. Chorley 3776 (BM)
BELIZE. Honey Camp, C.L. Lundell 656 (S); Caye Caulker, C. Whitefoord 8231 (BM).
GUATEMALA. R. Tun Ortíz 258 (S)
MEXICO. Campeche: Kalkiní-El Remate, M. Peña-Chocarro et al. 591 (BM). Chiapas: Berriozabal, A. Reyes-García et al. 431 (BM, MEXU). Chihuahua: E. Palmer 213 (K). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 8416 (K), ibid., Nanchititla, G.B. Hinton 8557 (K). Guerrero: Vallecitos, Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton 10915 (K); Acapulco, E. Palmer 141 (K). Nayarit: Tepic, G. Flores-Franco et al. 4229 (MEXU). Oaxaca: M. Elorsa 2356 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Concordia, M. Ruiz et al. 2009-336 (ARIZ). Sonora: Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 1681 (E, K); Guaymas, E. Palmer 306 (BM, E); Pitihaya, R.S. Felger & F.W. Reichenbacher 85-1296 (ARIZ). Tabasco: E. & H. de Cabrera 14993 (MEXU). Tamaulipas: Tampico, E. Palmer 472 (BM, K). Veracruz: P. Pedraza 236 (F). Yucatán: Izamal, F. Gaumer 981 (BM, E, K); Chichancanab, F. Gaumer 2117 (BM, S); Cozumel Island, F. Gaumer s.n. (K).
UNITED STATES. Arizona: fide
BAHAMAS. Watlings Island, P. Wilson 7296 (K, NY); Grand Bahama, D.S. Correll 40474 (NY); Webster & Williams 10767 (S).
TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS. M.R. Corcoran 41 (K); D.S. Correll 43295 (NY).
CUBA. C.F. Baker s.n. [5/11/ 1904] (HAJB); C. Wright 3085 (BM, NY, S). La Habana: H.A. Van Hermann 159 (NY). Santiago de Cuba: Chrysogone 4890 (NY); R.A. Howard 5783 (S, NY).
CAYMAN ISLANDS. W. Kings GC330 (BM); G.R. Proctor 35184 (BM); M. Brunt 1941 (BM)
JAMAICA. Asprey 372 (K); C.D. Adams 6193 (BM); G.R. Proctor 16094 (BM), 34309 (BM); W. Harris 10163 (BM).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. L.C. Richard s.n. (P).
PUERTO RICO. P. Sintenis 827 (K, S); M. Del Llano s.n. [7/9/1979] (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Thomas, H.F.A. von Eggers 254 (K); St Croix, F.R. Fosberg 54140 (K, NY). U.K. Virgin Islands: Tortola, W.G. D’Arcy 317 (BM, FLAS). Netherlands Antilles: St Eustatius: B.M. Boom et al. 11185 (NY). Anguilla: G.R. Proctor 18520 (BM). St Kitts: G.R. Proctor 18484 (BM). Martinique: Hahn 83 (BM, K); C. Sastre 9910 (P). Guadeloupe: H. Stehlé79 (NY). Barbados: A. Macintosh 349 (K). St Barts, Antigua fide
TRINIDAD. fide
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao fide
HAWAII. Oahu, O. Degener 24355 (K), C. Pemberton & J.P. Martin s.n. [18/3/1943] (BM).
There are two specimens of Ipomoea triloba var. quinqueloba in the Kuntze herbarium at New York, both collected on St Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Neither is a very good specimen, but that labelled no. 26 is here selected as a lectotype, rather than no. 149.
We have included Ipomoea laxiflora as a synonym of I. triloba, even though we have seen no specimens. It differs only in the glabrous ovary and capsule, a variation which is not likely to be significant at species level. Molecular studies of a range of specimens would be desirable to confirm our decision here.
Convolvulus cymosus
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 9. 1799 (
Convolvulus ramosissimus
Poir., Encycl., Suppl. 3: 468. 1813 [pub. 1814]. (
Ipomoea dichotoma
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 383. 1845. (
Ipomoea dichotoma var. longiflora
Choisy Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 383. 1845. (
Ipomoea dichotoma var. integrifolia
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 281. 1869 (
Ipomoea dichotoma var. trilobata
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 281. 1869. (
Ipomoea ramosissima var. rosea
Hallier f., Jahrb. Hamburg Wissens. Anst. 16: 45. 1899. (
Ipomoea ramosissima forma rosea
(Hallier f.) O’Donell, Arq. Mus.Parana 9: 231. 1952. (
Ipomoea dichotoma subvar. hirsuta
Hallier f., Jahrb. Hamburg Wissens. Anst. 16: 45. 1899. (
Ipomoea perplexa
L.O. Williams, Fieldiana Bot. 32: 193. 1970. (
Ipomoea quesadana
Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22: 99. 1940. (
Based on Convolvulus cymosus Ruiz & Pav.
Slender twining annual or possibly short-lived perennial herb, usually nearly glabrous in all parts but occasionally stems thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, mostly 3–5.5 × 2–4.5 cm, ovate or shallowly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded to obtuse auricles, apex shortly acuminate, mucronate, glabrous or adaxially with a few hairs; petioles 1.5–5 cm, glabrous or thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of long pedunculate axillary umbelliform cymes with 2–5 flowers; peduncles 2–10 cm; bracteoles tiny, triangular, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals subequal, oblong-obovate with broad scarious margins, rounded and mucronate, glabrous or with a few marginal cilia, outer sepals 3.5–6 mm,; inner sepals c. 1 mm longer; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, subcampanulate to shortly funnel-shaped, pink with a dark centre, glabrous, limb 1.5–1.75 cm diam., unlobed or shallowly lobed, sometimes dentate. Capsules 2–3 × 4 mm, depressed-subglobose, enclosed by sepals, glabrous, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 3 × 2.5 mm, ellipsoid, dark brown, glabrous or pilose on the angles.
Widely distributed in tropical America south to Argentina growing in the tropical lowlands and perhaps favouring areas with good rainfall but with a distinct dry season. Like Ipomoea dumetorum it is noticeably more common south of the Equator, being rare in Mesoamerica and not recorded at all from Guatemala and Mexico. It grows on forest margins, in forest relics and in disturbed places around settlements, often appearing on wire fences. It is usually found below 500 m but reaches at least 1600 m in the Andes.
ARGENTINA. Salta: Oran, S. Venturi 5590 (BM, SI); Legname & Cuezzo 7483 (LIL, CTES). Jujuy: Ledesma, J.H. Hunziker et al. 12233 (MO).
BRAZIL. Amazonas: I.L. do Amaral 492 (NY). Bahia: Ilheus, Mattos Silva et al. 3487 (CTES, UESC); ibid., J.L. Hage & E.B. dos Santos 1085 (K). Dist. Fed.: H.S. Irwin et al. 15321 (CTES, NY). Espirito Santo: Santa Bárbara de Caparaó, Y. Mexia 4103 (BM, S). Goiás: Caiaponia-Aragarças, D.R. Hunt 6104 (K): Niquelândia, F.C.A. Oliveira 329 (RB). Mato Grosso: Novo Mundo, D. Zappi et al. 1317 (K). Minas Gerais: A. Macedo 1788 (S); D.R. Hunt 5436 (K). Paraná: Jansoun 64 a (K, S); G. Hatschbach 47573 (HB, K). Pernambuco: A.M. Miranda 3466 (RB). Rio de Janeiro: G. Gardner 5558 (BM); Widgen 520 (S); J. Miers s.n. (BM). Rondônia: L. Texeira 435 (NY, RB).
BOLIVIA. M. Bang 2246 (E, NY, GH, F, K, MO). Beni: Est. Biológica del Beni, T. Killeen & Palacios 3441 (ARIZ, BOLV, MO, USZ); Marbán, Puente San Pablo, M. T. Martinez & M. Adler 84 (K, LPB, USZ). La Paz: Sud Yungas, Río Bopi, B.A. Krukoff 10692 (GH, F, K, MO); A.N.M.I. Madidi, Asariamas, L. Cayola 1743 (LPB, MO). Santa Cruz: Guarayos, Ascención, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27933 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); Ibañez: Los Espejillos, G.A. Parada et al. 195 (MO, OXF, USZ); Ichilo, Buenavista, J. Steinbach 7165 (BM, E, F, K, NY); Santiesteban, Río Grande, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27950 (LPB, OXF, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, Concepción, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27937 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
PERU. Amazonas: Condorcanqui, J.A. Leveau 14 (MO). Cusco: Quispicanchis, Río Araza, P. Nuñez 14107 (MO); La Convención, Vilcabamba, G. Calatayud et al. 2554 (CUZ, MO); C. Vargas 4579 (CUZ). Huánuco: E. Asplund 12638 (S). Junín: A. Lourteig 3095 (P, USM); Montayaco, near San Ramón, A. Gentry & G.T. Prance 16427 (MO). Loreto: Aguaytia, F. Woytowski 34457 (MO). Madre de Dios: Manu, Atalaya, C. Sobrevila et al. 1781 (F); Tambopata, P. Nuñez et al. 11116 (MO). Pasco: Oxapampa, Palcazu, R. Vásquez & A. Monteagudo 27727 (MO, USM). San Martín: D. Melin 214 (S); R. Ferreyra 4753 (USM); Taropoto, R. Spruce s.n. (K); Lamas, J. Schunke 9751 (MO, USM).
ECUADOR. Galápagos: G. Harling 5120 (S); U. & I. Eliasson 939 (S). Napo: Río Napo, H. Lugo 2269 (K, MO); J. Korning & K. Thomsen 47027 (AAU). Pastaza: Montalva, B. Ljtnant & U. Molau 13458 (AAU). Pichincha: Cerro Antisana, P. Grubb et al. 36 (K). Zamora-Chinchipe: T. Croat 91949 (MO, QCNE).
COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Araracuara, L. Aguirre 1003 (COL). Putumayo: Puerto Asís, J. Cuatrecasas 11250 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Atabapo, E. Marín 1687 (MO). Portuguesa: Las Cruces, B. Stergios 6629 (MO).
PANAMA. R.L. Liesner 95 (RB); Darién, J.A. Duke 10217 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, Cordillera de Tilarán, G. Rivera 3016 (CR, K); B. Hammel et al. 18888 (MO); Alajuela, Artezalea, A. Molina 17239 (F).
NICARAGUA. Matagalpa, W.D. Stevens 11945 (CTES; MO); Río San Juan, El Catillo, R. Loredo 2366 (BM, MO); Chontales, R. Tate 248 (BM, K).
EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapán, Río Paz, A. Munro et al. 3614 (BM).
BELIZE. Chiquibul Forest Reserve, C. Whitefoord 10516 (BM), 10033 (BM, MO); ibid., A. Munro et al. 1123 (BM, MO).
Ipomoea ramosissima can generally recognised by its small flowers and obovate sepals. It is usually glabrous but can only be safely separated from I. cynanchifolia when in fruit. The ripe capsules are always glabrous and distinctly depressed. There remains a considerable residue of non-fruiting specimens in herbaria, principally from Bolivia which could be either I. cynanchifolia or I. ramosissima.
Records from Paraguay (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa, E. Warming (lectotype BR000005951567, flowering portion on sheet, designated by
Slender twining annual herb, nearly glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, mostly 3–5.5 × 2–4.5 cm, ovate or shallowly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded to obtuse auricles, apex shortly acuminate, mucronate, adaxially thinly pubescent or glabrous; petioles 1.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of long pedunculate axillary umbelliform cymes with 2–5 flowers; peduncles 2–10 cm; bracteoles tiny, triangular, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals subequal, oblong-obovate with broad scarious margins, rounded and mucronate, usually glabrous but occasionally ciliate; outer sepals 3.5–6 mm; inner sepals c. 1 mm longer; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink with a dark centre, glabrous, limb 1.5–1.75 cm diam., unlobed, sometimes dentate. Capsules 3–4 × 4 mm, ovoid, exceeding sepals, glabrous or thinly pilose, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 3–3.5 × 2.5 mm, ellipsoid, dark brown, glabrous.
This species is known from scattered locations in Brazil and Bolivia but may be under-recorded. It is a plant of the Cerrado biome, usually below 700 m in disturbed places usually near settlements or around rock outcrops.
BRAZIL. Bahia: 4 km N. of Bom Jesus da Lapa, R.M. Harley et al. 21572 (K). Dist. Fed.: Ramalho et al. 43 (UB); D. Alvarenga 701 (IBGE, OXF). Goiás: Niquelândia, F.C.A. Oliveira et al. (IBGE, OXF). Rio de Janeiro: A. Glaziou 14128 (K). Minas Gerais: Y. Mexia 4497 (BM, S). São Paulo: Mun. Eldorado, Est. Jacupiranga, Braidotti et al. 1 (SP, CTES).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ángel Sandoval, 51 km S of Las Petas sobre el camino a Candelaria, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24871 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Ascención de Guarayos, en camino a San Ramón, M. Mendoza et al. 2146 (K, USZ). Ibañez, Angostura, R. Steinbach 328 (NY, MICH). Ichilo, Reserva El Choré, G.A. Parada et al. 22 (OXF, MO, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, salida de Concepción, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24117 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); c. 25 km from Concepción along road to San Javier, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27941 (USZ); Velasco, Reserva Forestal Bajo Paraguá, Cerro Diamentina, T. Killeen & J. Wellens 6343 (ARIZ, LPB, USZ, MO); 5 km N de San Miguel en camino a San Ignacio, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24284 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Warnes, Las Barreras, F.E. Tollervey 2519 (K).
Ipomoea cynanchifolia is very close to I. ramosissima and is only safely separable when good fruit is available. It is distinguished by the thinly pilose (rarely glabrous) ovoid capsules which are clearly visible above the fruiting calyx. The shape of the fruiting capsule is the decisive character as the capsule indumentum is not constant in the Batatas Clade. No secondary characters are reliable but it is noteworthy that most specimens cited above and by
Ipomoea cynanchifolia has the appearance of a hybrid between Ipomoea ramosissima and I. grandifolia but there is no molecular evidence to support this suggestion. It combines the characters of the two species and is more or less sympatric with the latter.
HISPANIOLA. Desportes s.n. (lectotype P-JUSS-6797 [P00666123], designated here).
Slender herb, stems glabrous to bristly pilose. Leaves petiolate, small, 2–4.5 × 0.5–1 cm, strap-shaped, strongly sagittate, sometimes with a smaller side lobe, apex obtuse, apiculate, usually both surfaces evenly hirsute; petioles 0.7–1.5 cm. Flowers solitary or paired from the leaf axils; peduncles 1.3–3.5 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, filiform, tardily deciduous; pedicels 2–7 mm; sepals quite variable in indumentum and shape, outer sepals 5–7 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate and apiculate, pubescent, often ciliate, often spreading at maturity; inner sepals narrowly elliptic-obovate, obtuse, mucronate; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, limb c. 1–1.2 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 4–6 mm, the style somewhat persistent, pilose or glabrous; seeds 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous.
Figure
Centred on Cuba and extending north to Florida and east to the Island of Hispaniola. Recorded as growing in pinelands in Florida.
UNITED STATES. Florida: J.K. Small et al. 6557 (S), 6581 (K, S); J.K. Small & Carter 1903 (K); Dade County, L.J. Brass 2421(ARCH).
CUBA. C. Wright 1651 (BM, NY, P, S); Earle & Wilson 2412 (HAC); Bro. León & Dahlgren 23399 (HAC); J. Bisse & F. Meyer (HAJB28182). Camagüey: J. A. Shafer 1139 (NY). Cienfuegos: R. Combs 238 (K, MO, P). Holguin: Mir, E.L. Ekman 7528 (BM, S). Isla de Juventud (Pinos): E.P. Killip 43943 (NY, P, S); A.H. Curtiss 495 (BM, E, HAC, K, MO, NY, P). La Habana: N.L. Britton et al. 680 (HAC, NY); Vibora, E.L, Ekman 1262 (NY). Matanzas: Bro. León 12493 (NY). Pinar del Río: N.L. Britton et al. 6336 (NY). Villa Clara: Manacas, Bro. León 5854 (NY).
HAITI. Massif du Nord, E.L. Ekman H6092 (NY, S), H8395 (S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. La Vega, Jarabacoa, E.L. Ekman H14163 (S); Santiago, San José de las Matas. Leonor, E.J. Valeur 504 (K, MO, NY, S); San Juan, A. Liogier 12462 (NY); ibid., R.A. & E.S. Howard 8738 (BM, NY).
PUERTO RICO. Mona Island, Cabo Rojo, N.L. Britton et al. 2397 (NY).
The lectotype in P-JUSS is not annotated by Choisy but is the only possible specimen that could be chosen as the type.
Easily distinguished by the strap-shaped, strongly sagittate leaves which are hirsute on both surfaces. The flowers are always solitary or paired. For a relatively slender plant the corolla is quite long reaching 3 cm. Ekman H8395 is an unusually robust example.
Ipomoea peckoltii var. major
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 268. 1869. (
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Ichilo, 2–10 km from Buenavista along road to Huaytu, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27955 (holotype USZ, isotypes K, LPB, OXF).
Twining perennial or liana to 5 m, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, ovate-deltoid, mostly 4–10 × 2–7.5 cm, base broadly cordate to subhastate, the auricles usually acute, sometimes rounded, apex acuminate to an obtuse and mucronate apex, both surfaces glabrous; petiole 1–5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of rather dense, 3–15-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 5–12 cm, glabrous; bracteoles ovate, acute, c. 2 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles and pedicels short, 5–8(–13) mm, glabrous; sepals very unequal, glabrous, outer 1–3 mm long, suborbicular to elliptic, the margins scarious, inner 7–8 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded, margins broad, scarious; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, glabrous, funnel-shaped, tube lilac, limb unlobed, 3.5–4 cm diam., pink. Capsules 10–11 × 6–8 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, the style persistent as a long awn about as long as the capsule; seeds 6 × 3 mm, blackish with long white marginal hairs c. 6 mm long.
Locally common in NE Bolivia and present also in Colombia, Peru and Brazil, possibly frequent in the SW Amazonian region. In Bolivia it is a species of lowland forest, forest relics and drainage dykes, growing usually in seasonally flooded places.
BRAZIL. Amazonas: Rio Juruá [Yarúa] near Independencia, B.A. Krukoff 4582 (BM, NY, S).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Yacuma/Ballivián, Est. Biológica de Beni, E. Rivero 152 (CTES, LPB, SP, USZ); Cercado, Laguna Limonsin, D. Soto et al. 1331 (OXF, USZ); Marbán, Casarabe, F. de la Puente 3572 (CIP, FTG); Moxos, G.A. Parada et al. 1537 (OXF, MO, USZ); Laguna Mauso, D. Soto et al. 1487 (USZ). La Paz: Larecaja, Guanay, H. Rusby 1987 (BM, K, NY, MICH, P, US). Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, Rincón del Tigre-La Gaiba, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28721 (K, LPB, UZ); Ichilo, Río Surutú, J. Steinbach 6311 (A, K); Buenavista to Huaytu, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27955 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); San Carlos, M. Martinez 2 (OXF, USZ); Santiesteban, between Montero and Okinawa, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27952 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); Sara, Buenavista to Portachuelo, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27961 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
PERU. Loreto: Florida, Río Putumayo, at mouth of Río Zubineta, G. Klug 2049 (BM, S); left bank of Río Marañon above Rancho Indiana, Y. Mexia 6408 (BM, S).
COLOMBIA. Guainía: Colombian side of Río Orinoco, near Río Atabapo, J.J. Wurdack & L.S. Adderley 42789 (P).
This species is very similar morphologically to glabrous-leaved forms of Ipomoea squamosa and I. anisomeres because of the short outer sepals but molecular studies indicate there is no close relationship. However, like both these species I. cryptica has a congested, many-flowered inflorescence and sepals with distinct scarious margins. From Ipomoea squamosa it is best separated by the very short outer sepal (2–3 mm long) and the completely glabrous stem, petioles and leaves; I. squamosa is usually at least thinly pubescent at the base or near the margins of the leaves in South American specimens. From I. anisomeres it is best distinguished by the much shorter pink corollas and the seeds with long white marginal hairs.
According to our molecular studies (
••• Clade B (species 234–338) comprises species mostly from Mexico and surrounding countries although it includes quite a few South American species. Like Clade A, there is no obvious morphological feature common to the whole clade. Species may be perennial or annual but there are no truly woody plants. Clade B divides into two large but morphologically ill-defined clades, Clade B1 (species 234–289) and Clade B2 (species 290–337). Within both B1 and B2, there are several small clades which are well defined morphologically. These are indicated in the text.
• Species 234–253 comprise the Pharbitis Clade but we have no molecular sequence data for I. spruceana, I. calcicola, I. zacatecana, I. mairetii, I. invicta, I. lambii and I. laeta so their inclusion must be regarded as provisional.
Annual or perennial herbs, stems twining, often robust. Leaves entire or 3–5-lobed, commonly variable within the same species. Flowers in pedunculate axillary cymes (occasionally solitary), often reduced to bracteolate heads; pedicels characteristically shorter than peduncles and sometimes very short; bracteoles usually prominent, persistent and occasionally (I. neurocephala) forming an involucre; sepals herbaceous, often elongate and accrescent in fruit, in some species prominently hirsute with stiff spreading hairs; corolla often large and showy, blue, pink or purple, rarely white; anthers included (except I. jamaicensis and I. ampullacea); stigma typically 3-lobed. The seeds are minutely pubescent or tomentellous but never pilose or lanate. The decisive character in the traditional circumscription of this group lies in the trilocular ovary and capsule, which is 6-seeded. However, this character is not present in all species included in this clade, such as I. neurocephala and I. magnifolia although molecular sequencing shows that they belong.
Species that probably belong to this clade can be separated by the following key.
1 | Corolla glabrous on th e exterior, even in bud | 2 |
– | Corolla pubescent or pilose on the exterior, at least in bud | 10 |
2 | Corolla hypocrateriform,; stamens exserted (Jamaica) | 235. I. jamaicensis |
– | Corolla funnel-shaped; stamens included in corolla tube | 3 |
3 | Flowers in compact bracteolate heads, the pedicels very short; sepals and bracteoles glabrous, puberulent or pubescent | 4 |
– | Flowers in a lax inflorescence, the pedicels > 10 mm long; sepals and bracteoles pilose with long, patent hairs | 5 |
4 | Bracteoles up to 3.7 cm cm long; sepals 20–23 mm long; peduncles up to 17 cm long (Mexico) | 251. I. invicta |
– | Bracteoles usually < 10 mm long, rarely more; sepals 11–20 mm; peduncles < 9 cm long (widespread).... | 234. I. indica |
5 | Corolla 7–9 cm long; leaves 5-lobed; flowers solitary (United States) | 243. I. lindheimeri |
– | Corolla < 5 cm long; leaves entire or 3(–5)-lobed; flowers solitary, paired or in cymes | 6 |
6 | Stem and leaves glabrous; sepals finely acuminate to a mucronate apex (Brazil) | 240. I. spruceana |
– | Stem and leaves hirsute; sepals varied but never finely acuminate to a mucronate apex. | 7 |
7 | Sepals ovate, cordate, c. twice as long as broad; perennial with napiform root; cymes 1(–2)-flowered | 242. I. pubescens |
– | Sepals lanceolate or ovate, three or more times longer than broad, cuneate at base; annuals with fibrous rootstock; cymes usually with several flowers | 8 |
8 | Corolla pink (rarely white or blue); sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; leaves entire or 3–5-lobed | 238. I. purpurea |
– | Corolla blue with a white tube (drying pink): sepals ovate with an elongate apex, notably accrescent in fruit; leaves usually 3-lobed | 9 |
9 | Corolla < 3.5 cm long; sepals < 2 cm long at anthesis, the tips recurving; peduncle very short | 237. I. hederacea |
– | Corolla 4–4.5 cm long; sepals c. 3 cm long at anthesis, the tips erect; peduncles long or short | 236. I. nil |
10 | Corolla very large, 10–12 cm in length; leaves commonly lobed, discolorous | 253. I. laeta |
– | Corolla < 9 cm long; leaves entire or lobed, not usually strongly discolorous | 11 |
11 | Bracteoles linear-filiform, < 6 mm long; leaves small, < 4 cm long | 12 |
– | Bracteoles varied in shape, > 10 mm long, but if narrowly linear, leaves large, exceeding 5 cm long | 13 |
12 | Leaves entire, often with a lateral tooth; sepals green, bristly white-pilose | 239. I. zacatecana |
– | Leaves 3(–5)-lobed without lateral teeth; sepals green with white margins, pubescent....... | 241. I. calcicola |
13 | Corolla, stem and sepals pilose with long spreading hairs | 14 |
– | Corolla, stem and sepals glabrescent, puberulent or pubescent with appressed hairs | 16 |
14 | Pedicels very short or absent; flowers in bracteolate heads, the bracteoles persistent, conspicuous | 15 |
– | Pedicels 3–10 mm long; bracteoles distant from flowers, deciduous and not very conspicuous; flowers solitary or up to 3 (Ecuador) | 245. I. harlingii |
15 | Outer bracteoles ovate to suborbicular, 7–20 × 7–24 mm, pale green with darker veins | 244. I. neurocephala |
– | Outer bracteoles lanceolate to ovate, 20–25 × 5 mm, uniformly green | 246. I. villifera |
16 | Corolla shortly pubescent to sericeous in bud, ±glabrescent at anthesis; bracteoles linear; corolla large, 7–9 cm long (Bolivia and Peru) | 247. I. magnifolia |
– | Corolla pubescent at anthesis; corolla < 8 cm long; bracteoles expanded, ovate to elliptic (Mexico and Central America) | 17 |
17 | Corolla white; stamens exserted | 248. I. ampullacea |
– | Corolla pink; stamens included in the corolla tube | 18 |
18 | Sepals glabrous; stem and leaves pubescent; slender plant with wiry stems and corolla 7–8 cm long | 252. I. lambii |
– | Sepals, stem and leaves retrorse-pilose or tomentose; stout perennial or liana with corolla 4.5–8 cm long | 19 |
19 | Bracteoles caducous; corolla up to 8 cm long, indumentum retrose-pilose | 249. I. temascaltepecensis |
– | Bracteoles persistent; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, indumentum tomentose at least on sepals and abaxial leaf surface | 250. I. mairetii |
Convolvulus indicus
Burm., Herb. Amboin. Actuar. [6]. 1755. (
Pharbitis indica (Burm.) R.C. Fang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 64: 105. 1979. (Fang 1979 and Huang: 105).
Convolvulus roseus
Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8: Convolvulus n.18. 1768. (
Convolvulus acuminatus
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 26. 1794. (
Ipomoea acuminata
(Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 228. 1819. (
Pharbitis acuminata
(Vahl) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 342. 1845. (
Ipomoea vahliana
House, Ann. New York. Acad. Sci. 18: 204. 1908. (
Ipomoea indica var. acuminata
(Vahl) Fosberg, Bot. Not. 129: 38. 1976. (
Ipomoea congesta
R. Br. (
Convolvulus congestus
(R. Br.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 11: 601. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Pharbitis acuminata var. congesta
(R.Br.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 343. 1845. (
Ipomoea mutabilis
Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. 1: t. 39. 1815. (
Convolvulus mutabilis
(Ker Gawl.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 15 bis) 1: 593. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Modesta mutabilis
(Ker-Gawl.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 76. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Ipomoea cathartica
Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Meth. Suppl. 4: 633. 1816. (
Pharbitis cathartica
(Poir.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 342. 1845. (
Convolvulus mollis
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 104. 1818 [pub.1819]. (
Ipomoea mollis
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 275. 1838. (
Pharbitis mollis
(Kunth) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 342.1845. (
Convolvulus bogotensis
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 104. 1818 [pub.1819]. (
Ipomoea bogotensis
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 273. 1838. (
Pharbitis bogotensis
(Kunth) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 341. 1845. (
Ipomoea lilacina
Schrank, Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 2: 31. 1822. (
Convolvulus portoricensis
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 595. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Ipomoea portoricensis
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 278. 1838. (
Ipomoea amoena
Blume, Bijdr. Ned. Ind. 718. 1825. (
Convolvulus pudibundus
Lindl., Bot. Reg. 12: t. 999. 1826. (
Ipomoea pudibunda
(Lindley) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 276. 1838. (
Ipomoea punctata
Macfad., Bot. Misc. 2: 116. 1830 (
Ipomoea cataractae
Endl., Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. 53. 1833. (
Pharbitis insularis
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 57 [439]. 1834. (
Ipomoea insularis
(Choisy) Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 817. 1840. (
Ipomoea learii
Knight ex Paxton, Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 6: 267. 1839. (
Pharbitis learii
(Knight ex Paxton) Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 27: t. 56. 1841. (
Pharbitis medians
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 343.1845. (
Pharbitis rosea
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 342. 1845. (
Pharbitis dealbata
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 272. 1845. (
Ipomoea dealbata
(M. Martens & Galeotti) Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2(11): 386. 1882. (
Pharbitis calycosa
A. Rich., Hist. Fis. Cuba 3: 128. 1850. (
Pharbitis hispida var. imberbis
Beurl., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 40: 138. 1854 [pub. 1856]. (
Pharbitis grandiflora
Beurl., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 40: 139. 1854 [pub. 1856]. (
Ipomoea jamaicensis var. glabrata
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W.I. 474. 1864 [pub. 1862]. (
Ipomoea jamaicensis var. glabrata
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 226. 1869. (
Ipomoea jamaicensis var. intermedia
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 226. 1869. (
Ipomoea jamaicensis var. sericea
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 226. 1869. (
Ipomoea jamaicensis forma triloba Arechav., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 7: 194. 1909. (Arechaveleta y Balpardo 1909: 194). Type. URUGUAY. Not specified, (?MVM, n.v.).
Ipomoea halierca
I.M. Johnst., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 20: 85. 1921. (
Ipomoea congesta var. brevipedunculata Hochr., Candollea 5: 185. 1934. (
Ipomoea indica forma albiflora
Stone, Micronesica 2: 139. 1966. (
Based on Convolvulus indicus Burm.
Twining perennial herb, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 5–15 × 5–15 cm, ovate or, commonly, shallowly 3-lobed, both forms sometimes on the same plant, apex acuminate and shortly mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially pubescent, abaxially paler, pubescent to grey-tomentose; petioles 2.5–10 cm. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate clusters, sometimes reduced to single flowers; peduncles 5–9 cm, pubescent; bracteoles ± persistent, pubescent, usually narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4–10 × 0.5–1 mm but sometimes oblong-elliptic, foliose and shortly petiolate, c. 15–30 × 4–15 mm; secondary peduncles 2–3 mm; pedicels very short, 2–7 mm; sepals subequal, 13–20 × 3–5 mm, narrowly ovate, finely acuminate, pubescent, often somewhat spreading at muturity; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep blue with violet midpetaline bands, drying pink, glabrous, limb unlobed, 4–5 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 8–10 mm diam., glabrous, 6-seeded; seeds black, 4–5 mm long, appearing glabrous but minutely tomentellous.
Figure
Widely cultivated as an ornamental and frequently naturalised throughout tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Of New World, perhaps Mexican, origin, it is not native in India despite its name. Most of the records cited below are of naturalised, wild populations, but some records may have been of cultivated plants. In some areas it is very common, the Caribbean islands, and Misiones Department in Argentina, for example, whereas in others it is surprisingly uncommon as in Bolivia and Ecuador. There is some evidence that it is more common on islands and is certainly on most islands in tropical America. It probably spreads in humid areas by cuttings and broken off shoots as a result of cattle grazing as seeds are not commonly formed.
URUGUAY. W.G. Herter 272 (LIL, MO, S, SI); M. Berro 5009 (K).
ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: C.M. Hicken 14477 (K, SI). Chaco: T. Meyer 519 (LIL). Corrientes: T.M. Petersen 2652 (C, K, S); Corrientes, A. Krapovickas 41921 (CTES, FCQ, K). Entre Ríos: T. Meyer 10213 (LIL). Misiones: E.L. Ekman 1438 (S); Iguazu, R. Vanni et al. 2872 (CTES, K). Tucumán: A. Lourteig 990 (LIL).
PARAGUAY. T. Rojas 13279 (LIL, S). Alto Paraná: Est. San Pedro, E. Zardini & L. Guerrero 42736 (PY). Central: San Lorenzo, N. Soria 727 (FCQ); Guairá: Reserva Ybytyrusu, M. Vera et al. 2804 (FCQ); Villarica, P. Jörgensen 4296 (MO, S). Itapúa: Cordillera San Rafael, F. González 312 (FCQ); Yacyretá, J. de Egea & T. Hostettler 228 (BM, FCQ). Misiones: Isla Yacyretá, S. Keel et al. 1374 (FCQ). Ñeembucú: Pilar, C. Vogt & A. Contreras 718 (FCQ). Paraguarí: 1 km NW of Sapacai, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28153 (FCQ); Macizo Acahay, E. Zardini & A. Aguayo 8397 (PY). San Pedro: A.L. Woolston 1228 (K, S).
BRAZIL. Bahia: Blanchet 694 (BM); J.L. Hage et al. 1369 (CEPEC, K); L.P. de Queiroz et al. 15916 (HUEFS, OXF). Dist. Fed.: E.P. Heringer 13063 (NY). Goiás: W.R. Anderson et al. 7777 (NY). Minas Gerais: C.W. Mosén 1912 (S), Widgen s.n. (K, S). Paraná: P. Dusen 3945 (NY, S). Rio de Janeiro: L. Torres & M. Vianna 110 (NY). Rio Grande do Sul: Malme 488 (S). Santa Catarina: L.B. Smith et al. 7252 (K, S, US). São Paulo: M. Sakane 683 (NY, SP).
GUYANA. Mazarini Forest Station 425 (K).
CHILE. Pahlman s.n. 2/2/1912 (S).
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Cercado, R. Steinbach 69 (F, LPB, NY, MICH, MO, S, US). Santa Cruz: Chiquitos: Santiago, J.R.I. Wood 28138 (LPB, OXF, USZ); Florida, Samaipata, J.R.I. Wood 28108 (LPB, OXF, USZ)
PERU. Amazonas: R. Ferreyra 7096 (K). Cajamarca: San Ignacio, Chulalapa, J. Campos & M. Vásquez 2514 (MO, OXF). Lima: sea cliffs, F.R. Fosberg et al. 28235 (K); Canta, G. Vilcapoma 7649 (USM). Pasco: D.N. Smith 2746 (USM). San Martín: Alto Río Huallaga, Llewelyn Williams 6804 (F).
ECUADOR. Galápagos: A.M. Stewart 323 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Bolívar: E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 14132 (GH). Boyacá: A.E. Lawrance 193 (BM, K, MO, S). Cundinamarca: J. Triana 3803 (BM). Norte de Santander: Ocaña, L. Schlim 210 (K). Quindío: E. André 2058 (K). Valle: F.W. Pennell & E.P. Killip 8497 (K).
VENEZUELA. J. Steyermark 87777 (S). Miranda: A. Carmona 14 (MO). Sucre: J. Steyermark & R. Liesner 120713 (MO).
PANAMA. B.C. Seemann 172 (BM, K); Chagres, A. Fendler 244 (K)
COSTA RICA. Guacimo, A. Tonduz 14738 (BM, K); Alajuela, Valverde Vega, M. Chavarria 592 (K, MO); San José, M. Chavarria 669 (K, MO); Limón Prov., Cahuita, P. Wilkin 473 (BM); S. of Limón, P. Wilkin 481 (BM).
NICARAGUA. Estelí, El Portillo, L.O. Williams & A. Molina 42320 (BM, F).
HONDURAS. Siguatepeque, T.C. Yuncker et al.6041 (K); Colón, J. Saunders 944 (BM); Copán-Sta Rita, A. & A.R. Molina 24671 (BM, F)
BELIZE. P. Gentle 148 (S); Honey Camp, C.L. Lundell 660 (K); New Town, W.A. Schipp 830 (BM, K); Orange Walk, C. Whitefoord 8149 (BM).
GUATEMALA. Petén, P.N. Tikal, R. Tun Ortíz 167 (BM, F), 257 (F, S), 259 (BM, F).
MEXICO. Campeche: E. de Constitución, E.F. & H. Cabrera 13521 (BM, MEXU). Chiapas: Ocosingo, E. Martínez et al. 25219 (K). Durango: El Mezquital, A. García 1053 (IEB). Guanajuato: Santa Catarina, E. Carranza & E. Pérez 5108 (IEB). Guerrero: G.B. Hinton 10432 (K). Hidalgo: S. Montes et al. 47 (IEB). Michoacán: Nuevo Urecho, E. Vargas 37 (IEB); Coalcomán, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6809 (IEB). Querétaro: Pinal de Amoles, E. Pérez 4466 (IEB). Quintana Roo: Tulum, O. Téllez & E. Cabrera 3197 (BM); Chumpon, E. Cabrera 601 (BM, MEXU). Sinaloa: Clarion Island, A.W. Anthony 403 (E, K, S). Tabasco: Tenosique, S. Zamudio 755 (IEB). Tamaulipas: E. Palmer 201 (K); Berlandier 29 (BM). Veracruz: Valle de Córdoba, E. Bourgeau 1737 (K); ibid., E. Kerber 32 (BM, K); Misantla, C.A. Purpus 5955 (BM). Yucatán: Cozumel Island, G.F. Gaumer 119 (K); Kantunilkin, E.F. & H. Cabrera 14287 (IEB).
UNITED STATES. California: R. Moran 13134 (BM); R. Spjut 16034 (BM). Florida: A.H. Curtiss 2168 (BM, K), 5843 (K); H. Moldenke 388 (K, S), 772 (K); Rugel 197 (BM).
BERMUDA. O. Degener 1234 (NY); A.B. Rendle 790 (BM).
BAHAMAS. Hog Island. H.F.A. von Eggers 4149 (BM, K); New Providence, Nassau, A.E. Wright 146 (K); Anguilla Isles, P. Wilson 8019 (K); Eleuthera, W.H. Lewis 7243 (NY); Grand Bahama, W.H. Lewis 7106 (NY).
CUBA. C. Wright 3088 (BM, K, NY); M. López Figuieras 804 (HAC, HAJB). Guantánamo: Baracoa, E.L. Ekman 3984 (NY, S). Cienfuegos: J.G. Jack 631) (A). La Habana: Bro. León 20619 (NY). Las Tunas: Manatí, Bro. León 16782 (HAC, NY). Matanzos: A.H. Curtis 575 (BM, K). Pinar del Río: N.L. Britton 7565 (NY). Santiago de Cuba: F. Millspaugh 1079 (NY). Villa Clara: Bro. Fernando. 357 (NY).
CAYMAN ISLANDS. D.R. Stoddart 7040 (BM); G.R. Proctor 35112 (BM); W. Fawcett [5/1888] (K).
JAMAICA. C.D. Adams 8575 (BM); Sangster 537 (BM); W. Stearn 152 (BM), 262 (BM); W. Purdie s.n. (K); W. Harris & N.L. Britton 10785 (K, NY).
HAITI. L.R. Holdridge 1924 (BM); E.L. Ekman H9255 (S); T.A. Zanoni et al. 34717 (NY).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. R.A. & E.S. Howard 9703 (BM); E.L. Ekman H16116 (S); M.M. Mejía & T. Zanoni 6032 (NY).
PUERTO RICO. H.F.A. von Eggers 618 (K); P. Sintenis 963 (K); C. Taylor 10065 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Thomas: H.F.A. von Eggers 1138 (K); St John: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez & A. Siacca 4666 (NY). U.K. Virgin Islands: Tortula: Fistlock 151 (K). St Kitts: fide
TRINIDAD. W. Johnson 1079 (BM).
HAWAII. C.R. Annable & D. Atha 3091 (NY); G.W. Barclay 1333 (BM); Faurie 1039 (BM).
The type of Ipomoea punctata has not been found. There are two McFadyen specimens at Kew but neither are labelled Ipomoea punctata nor is Aylmer Estate cited on the labels.
Meisner cited various syntypes of Ipomoea jamaicensis var. glabrata but many of these have not been traced and may have been destroyed in Berlin in 1943. We have selected Berlandier 29 (BM) as lectotype as it conforms with the protologue.
This species might be confused with Ipomoea purpurea and I. magnifolia but it is usually easily distinguished by the leaves grey-pubescent or tomentose beneath and the clustered flowers with very persistent bracteoles. However, it is extremely variable so leaves are sometimes glabrous, lobed or entire, bracteoles may be reduced and flowers are occasionally solitary varying in colour from blue to deep violet with prominent darker midpetaline bands. Molecular studies suggest it is not monophyletic so more than one species may eventually be recognised.
Convolvulus jamaicensis
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 595. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Pharbitis jamaicensis
(G. Don) Gibert, Enum. Pl. 28. 1873 (
Convolvulus tomentosus
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 156. 1753. Type. Icon in Sloane, Voy. Jamaica 1: t. 98, f. 2 (1707), designated by
Pharbitis tomentosa
(L.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 342.1845. (
Ipomoea tomentosa
(L.) Urb., Symb. Antill. 3 (2): 344. 1902. (Urban 1902–3: 344), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea tomentosa
Based on Convolvulus jamaicensis Spreng.
Liana to 6 m, stems woody, pubescent when young. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–10 × 3.5–11 cm, ovate in outline, 3-lobed to about half way, shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose, rarely glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 2.5–5 cm, very thinly to densely pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1.5–8.5 cm; bracteoles 3–12 mm, ovate, acuminate, pale green, caducous; pedicels 3–12 mm, noticeably more slender and more pubescent than peduncles; sepals subequal but inner slightly narrower, 10–14 × 2–4 mm at anthesis, oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate to caudate, pubescent, herbaceous, somewhat accrescent in fruit reaching 15 × 8 mm; corolla 5–7 cm long, glabrous, salver-shaped, the tube 4–5 cm long, subcylindrical and only slightly widened, dark purple, limb 4–5 cm diam., pentagonal, crimson to magenta, stamens exserted; stigma 3-lobed, exserted. Capsules 10 × 9 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 5 × 4 mm, blackish, densely covered in short erect hairs.
Endemic to Jamaica where it appears to be common in thickets, scrub and in forest relics on limestone hills.
JAMAICA. March s.n. (K); Manchester, C.D. Adams 8516 (BM); St Catherine, G.R. Proctor 7253, ibid., 8298, ibid., 17443 (BM); Great Goat Island, W. Harris 9212 (BM); St Andrew, G.R. Proctor 18336 (BM); Clarendon, W. Stearn 208 (BM).
This species appears to have evolved as an adaptation of Ipomoea indica for humming bird pollination. It differs in the exserted stamens from a salver-shaped corolla as well as in the leaves, which are always three lobed.
Convolvulus nil
L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2: 219. 1762. (
Pharbitis nil
(L.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 439 [57]. 1834. (
Convolvulus hederaceus
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 154. 1753. (
Convolvulus hederaceus var. zeta
L. Sp. Pl. 154. 1753. Type. Icon in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 96, t. 80., f. 91 (lectotype designated by
Ipomoea scabra
Forssk., Fl. Aegypt-Arab. 44. 1775. (
Pharbitis forskoelii
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 263. 1838. (
Convolvulus dillenii
Desr., Encycl. 3: 544. 1789 [pub. 1792]. (
Ipomoea dillenii
(Desr.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 227. 1819. (
Pharbitis nil var. abbreviata
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 343. 1845. (
Ipomoea bicolor
Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 465. 1793. (
Ipomoea cuspidata
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 11. 1799. (
Convolvulus peruvianus
Syst. Veg. 1: 593. 1824 [pub. 1825]. (
Pharbitis cuspidata
(Ruiz & Pav.), D. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 270. 1838. (
Ipomoea longicuspis
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 227, (
Convolvuloides triloba
Moench, Methodus 452. 1794 (
Ipomoea caerulea
Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. 4: t. 276. 1818. (
Ipomoea caerulescens
Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. 2, 2: 90. 1824. (
Ipomoea hederacea var. integrifolia
C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 4: 200. 1883. (
Pharbitis nil var. integrifolia
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 343. 1845. (
Ipomoea caerulea J. Koenig ex Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. 2, 2: 91. 1824. Type. INDIA. (lectotype Koenigs.n. BM001209637, designated here).
Pharbitis caerulea (J. Koenig ex Roxb.) Wall. ex O’Shaugnessy, Beng. Disp. 505. 1842. (O’Shaungnessy 1842: 505)
Ipomoea setosa
Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ind. Ned. 714. 1825. (
Ipomoea nil var. setosa
(Blume) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 511.1899. (
Ipomoea trichocalyx
Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 819. 1840. (
Convolvulus tomentosus
Vellozo, Fl. Flumin. 74. 1825 [pub. 1827]. (
Pharbitis purshii
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 263. 1838. (
Pharbitis speciosa
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 343. 1845. (
Ipomoea longicuspis var. brevipes
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 227. 1869. (
Pharbitis limbata
Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. 5: 33. (
Pharbitis nil var. limbata (Lindl.) Hook. f., Bot. Mag. t. 5720. 1868. (Hooker, JD 1868: t.5720). Type. Based on Pharbitis limbata Lindl., but wrongly referred to as Ipomoea albomarginata in the text.
Ipomoea githaginea
A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 65. 1851. (
Ipomoea hederacea var. himalaica C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 4: 200. 1883. (
Ipomoea vaniotiana
H. Lévl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 453. 1911. (
Ipomoea hederacea auct. mult., non Jacq.
Based on Convolvulus nil L.
Trailing or twining herb, stems roughly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 3–14 cm, 3-lobed, the lobes typically ovate, abruptly narrowed to an acute or very shortly acuminate apex, base cordate, thinly to densely pubescent on both surfaces, paler beneath; petioles 1.5–7 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary compact cymes, sometimes reduced to 1–2 flowers; peduncles 0.5–18 cm, usually pilose; bracteoles 3–7 mm, filiform, relatively persistent; secondary peduncles 3–8 mm; pedicels 3–10 mm; sepals 15–32 mm, lanceolate tapering into a long linear point, densely pilose with bulbous-based hairs, especially near the base; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, limb blue, drying pink, 3–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 7–10 × 6 mm, subglobose, glabrous, style slender, persistent; seeds puberulent.
Figure
A pantropical weed of disturbed bushy places often near settlements. It is essentially a lowland species usually found below about 1000 m, although it is occasionally found growing to at least 2000 m. Although generally common, records are sparse from some areas, the northern Andes for example, and its presence is by no means universal.
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: A. Hunzinker 18763 (CORD). Chaco: A.G. Schulz 7485 (MO). Córdoba: A. Krapovickas & R. Vanni 41269 (CTES, K); P. Lorentz 63 (BM). Corrientes: T.M. Petersen 9670 (C, NY, S). Formosa: P. Jorgensen 3368 (MO). La Rioja: A.T. Hunziker & J. A. Caro 13510 (CORD). Misiones: M. Múlgura de Romero 2933 (CTES, MO, SI). Santiago del Estero: S. Venturi 10281 (BM, LIL, MO). Tucumán: S. Venturi 10437 (BM, LIL, MO).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Tatí Yupí, Itaipu Binacional 56 (PY). Caazapá: Tapyta, M. Vera et al. 251 (BM, CTES, FCQ, MO). Boquerón: Pirizal, L. Britos 15 (FCQ). Canindeyú: Ygatimi, M. Vera et al. 964 (FCQ). Central: Luque, L. Pérez et al. 64 (MO, PY). Cordillera: Caacupé, E. Lurvey 334 (PY). Guairá: Villarica-Paraguarí, J. de Egea et al. 1318 (FCQ). Itapúa: Alto Vera, F. Mereles 9809 (FCQ). Paraguarí: Cerro Palacios, E. Zardini 4612 (FCQ, MO). Presidente Hayes: Est. 11 de junio, J. de Egea et al. 946 (BM, FCQ). San Pedro: A.L. Woolston 656 (K, S); Jorgensen 4036 (S); Cruce Liberación, J. de Egea et al. 1260 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Alagoas: M.N. Rodrigues 1163 (RB). Amazonas: E. Ule 8283 (NY). Bahia: R.M. Harley et al. 21812 (K, NY). Ceará: J.P. Souza et al. 11124 (RB). Dist. Fed.: H.S. Irwin 12184 (NY). Espirito Santo: R.C. Forzza 5550 (RB). Mato Grosso: Malme s.n. [22 April 1903] (S); D. Philcox & A. Ferreira 4201 (K, NY). Mato Grosso do Sul: S. Moore 848 (BM, NY). Minas Gerais: G. Davidse et al. 11423 (MO, NY). Pará: R. Spruce s.n. (BM, NY). Paraíba: M.F. Agra 748 (RB). Paraná: A. Moreira s.n. (RB). Pernambuco: A.M. Miranda 3449 (RB). Rio de Janeiro: G. Gardner 79 (BM). Rondônia: L. Texeira 517 (MO, NY, RB). Santa Catarina: P. João 183 (RB). São Paulo: H. Filho 65 (RB).
FRENCH GUIANA. R. Benoist fide
SURINAM. Berthould-Coulon 510 (BM); O. Poncy 1188 (P).
GUYANA. K.R. Robertson & D.F. Austin 304 (MO).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Ballivián, Reyes, M. Cardenas 5389 (LIL). Chuquisaca: Oropeza, Río Chico, J.R.I. Wood 9604 (K, LPB); Zudañez, Pasorapa-Mojocollo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27725 (K, LPB, USZ). La Paz: Larecaja, Tipuani, O. Buchtien 605 (BM, GH, K, LIL, NY, MO, US); Murillo, M. Bang 534 (BM, F, GH, K, MICH, MO, NY, US); Sud Yungas, S.G. Beck 32840 (K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, Candelaria, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27833 (K, LPB, OXF, USZ); Santiesteban, M. Nee 47090 (MO, NY, USZ); Vallegrande, L. Arroyo et al. 5165 (MO, USZ). Tarija: O’Connor, Entre Ríos, M. Dematteis et al. 3434 (CTES, K).
PERU. Cajamarca: A. Gentry et al. 22701 (USM). Cusco: G. Calatayud et al. 1455 (CUS, MO); Convención, C. Vargas 3304 (CUZ). Huánuco: R. Ferreyra 6731 (USM). Ica: A. Cano et al. 5853 (USM). Lambayeque: R. Ferreyra 12399 (MO). Lima: T.H. Goodspeed 11336 (UC, K); Chancay, R. Ferreyra 14138 (USM). Loreto: M. Rimachi 11631 (IBE, MO). Piura: R. Ferreyra 5921 (MO, USM). San Martín: G. Klug 4229 (BM, K, S). Tumbes: R. Ferreyra 5667 (MO).
ECUADOR. Galápagos: H. Schimpff 21 (BM, MO); Fagerlind & Wibom 2806 (S). Guayas: J.E. Madsen 63008 (AAU, MO). Loja: G. Harling & L. Andersson 13335 (MO). Los Ríos: C. Játiva & C. Epling 183 (MO, NY, S, US). Manabí: C.E. Cerón 18743 (ARIZ, MO). Pichincha: Alluriquin, G. Harling & L. Andersson (QCA).
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: L. Uribe 2537 (COL). Bolívar: Cartagena, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 14034 (BM, NY, S). Cesar: Poponte, C. Allen 838 (MO). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1572 (BM, K, NY, S). Nariño: Pasto, J. Triana 3808 (BM). Norte de Santander: Ocaña, J. Linden 210 (BM); Valle: W.A. Barklay 17C926 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Tovar, A. Fendler 936 (K). Bolívar: F. Delascio & R. Liesner 6857 (MO). Dist. Fed.: Caracas, A.H.G. Alston 5442 (BM, S). Falcón: R. Liesner et al. 7608 (MO). Guárico: G. Davidse 4219 (MO). Maracaibo: Moritz 1238 (BM, K). Miranda: P.E. Berry 1121 (MO); J. Steyermark 104042 (MO, S). Portuguesa: J.A. Steyermark 126916 (MO). Sucre: J. Steyermark 96083 (MO).
PANAMA. Río La Olla (Cabra), R. Cambra 46 (BM, UNAP).
COSTA RICA. San José, El General, A. Skutch 2876 (K, S), ibid., 4003 (K, S); Puntarenas, M. Grayum & B, Hammel 9563 (BM); Nicoya, A. Tonduz 13687 (BM); Río Ceibo, H. Pittier 6628 (BM).
NICARAGUA. Carretera a Matagalpa, A. Molina 22862 (BM, F); Managua, W.D. Stevens et al. 3943 (BM, MO).
EL SALVADOR. R. Aparicio & R. Hernández 74 (MO, LAGU).
HONDURAS. Río Yeguare, A. Molina 720 (BM).
BELIZE. P.H. Gentle 841 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Petén, P.N. Tikal, R. Tun Ortíz 352 (BM, S); Sacatepéquez, M. Véliz 99.7358 (BM).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: J.L. León 2199 (MEXU). Campeche: Kalkini-El Remate, M. Peña-Chocarro et al. 589 (BM). Chiapas: D. Breedlove 28567 (MEXU, MO). Chihuahua: Guasaremos, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 2409 (S). Colima: A.C. Sanders et al. 11356 (MEXU). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 2004 (BM, K). Guerrero: Temisco, Y. Mexia 8713 (S); Pungarabato, Coyuca, G.B. Hinton et al. 6641 (BM). Jalisco: S.H. Bullock 1451 (MO). Michoacán: Tacupa, Huetamo, G.B. Hinton 5512 (BM, K). Nayarit: G. Flores 1052 (MEXU, MO). Nuevo León: C. Pringle 13276 (MO). Oaxaca: Pinotepa, H. Galeotti (BR, BM). Querétaro: E. Carranza & H. Diáz 4728 (IEB, MEXU). Quintana Roo: F.C. Cabrera 16962 (MEXU). Sinaloa: El potrerillo, J.G. Ortega 5923 (MEXU). Sonora: H.S. Gentry 1683 (MO, MEXU). Tamaulipas: R. Wunderlin et al. 1178 (MO); M.C. Johnston 5814 (MEXU). Veracruz: T. Croat 44027 (MEXU, MO). Yucatán: G.F. Gaumer 1380 (S), Chichankanab, G.F. Gaumer 2055 (BM, K).
UNITED STATES. Florida: A.H. Curtiss 5281, G.V. Nash 2482 (K). Missouri: P. Raven 27688 (BM). North Carolina: L. Kitching [1906] (BM). Texas: J. Reverchon 653 (P).
BAHAMAS. A.E. Wright 130 (K, NY); D.S. Correll 48293 (NY).
CUBA. C. Wright 1647 (K, MO). Cienfuegos: Soledad, A. Gonzáles 441 (BM). Pínar del Río: E.L. Ekman 18028 (MO, S). Santiago de Cuba: Bayate, E.L. Ekman 6652 (BM, K, S). Villa Clara: A. Luna 805 (NY).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 27695 (BM), 18429 (BM); W. Stearn 36 (BM); W. Harris 9155 (K, NY); E.T. Robertson 754 (K); T.G. Yuncker 17768 (NY).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H2003 (K, NY, S); E.C. Leonard 7732 (NY).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. R. Schomburgk 101 (BM). E.L. Ekman H5787 (S); A.H. Liogier 24383 (NY); T.A. Zanoni et al. 18180 (NY).
PUERTO RICO. P. Sintenis 2912 (K); 3216 (BM, S); F. & A. Axelrod 1769 (NY), 8649 (K).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix: F.R. Fosberg 59167 (BM, US). U.K. Virgin Islands: Tortola: D’Arcy 315 (BM). Antigua: H.E. Box 1139 (BM). Montserrat: R.A. & E.S. Howard 19642 (BM); G.R. Proctor 19010 (BM). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 2475 (NY). Dominica: C.A. Shillingford 361 (MO). Martinique: A. Duss 1231 (NY). St Lucia: fide
TRINIDAD. D. Vesey-Fitzgerald 4515 (BM); A. Fendler 588 (BM); N.W. Simmonds 196 (K).
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Curaçao: M. Arnold-Broeders 3651 (BM, NY), A.S.J. van Proosdij et al. 574 (K, U).
The blue flowers, 3-lobed leaves and long, pilose sepals which taper from near the base make this an easily identified species except in North America, where it has commonly been misnamed I. hederacea Jacq., which is distinguished by its smaller corolla and the recurved tips of the sepals – these reported as fleshy but this is not apparent on herbarium specimens.
R. Ferreyra 14138 is a rather remarkable specimen of what appears to be an erect plant. It is one of a number of somewhat aberrant plants from the coastal Lomas of Peru.
Convolvulus hederifolius
Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 123. 1796. (
Cleiemera hederacea
(Jacq.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 77. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Convolvulus hederaceus
var. beta L., Sp. Pl. 154. 1753. (
Convolvulus hederaceus
var. eta L., Sp. Pl. 154. 1753. (
Cleiemera hirsuta
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 78. 1836 [pub. 1838] (
Ipomoea barbata
Roth, Catalecta Bot. 1: 37.1797. (
Pharbitis barbata
(Roth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 263. 1838 (
Ipomoea barbigera
Sweet, Brit. Flow. Gard. 1: t. 86. 1823. (
Pharbitis barbigera
(Sweet) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 262. 1838. (
?Ipomoea avicularis Raf., Fl. Ludov. 47. 1817. (
?Ipomoea phymatodes Spreng., Nov. Prov. 24. 1818. (
Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula
A. Gray. Syn. Fl. N. Amer., ed. 2: 2: 433. 1886. (
Ipomoea hederacea var. integrifolia Hallier f., Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. Beih. 16: 42. 1899. (
Ipomoea desertorum
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 203. 1908. (
Plant cultivated in Vienna Jacquin s.n. (lectotype W, designated by
Annual herb; stems twining, sparsely to densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 5–12 cm long and wide, usually 3(–5)-lobed, rarely entire, base cordate, apex acute to acuminate, both surfaces pubescent; petioles 3–12 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 5–10 cm; bracteoles lanceolate to elliptic, 5–8 × 2–3 mm, persistent; pedicels 3–7 mm; sepals 12–18 × 4–5 mm, lanceolate, abruptly narrowed from a broad base, apex long acuminate, often recurved, densely pilose, especially near base; corolla 2–3.7 cm long, funnel-shaped, light blue with a whitish tube, limb 1.5–5.5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules depressed-globose, 8–12 mm, glabrous, enclosed by accrescent sepals; seeds up to 4, 4–4.5 mm, pyriform, dark brown, densely puberulent.
Figures
A common species of disturbed bushy places in temperate regions of the USA and Canada, which extends uncommonly into northern Mexico. There are many records from elsewhere in the Americas in different databases and in the literature (
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Mesa del Potrero de San Javier, A. Carter 4985 (BM, MEXU, UC). Chiapas: Chicoasén, A. Reyes García 887 (BM, MEXU). Sonora: T.R. Van Devender et al. 90-468B (ARIZ); H.S. Gentry 4733 (MEXU); A. Burquez & V.W. Steinmann 96-1366 (MEXU). Michoacán: Cerro El Águila, G. Cornejo Tenorio 3025 (K, MEXU). Oaxaca: San Juan Bautista Cuicatlán, J.I. Calzada 24613 (K, MEXU). Tamaulipas: Miquihuana, L.R. Standford et al. 793 (ARIZ).
UNITED STATES. Alabama: Mobile, M.G. Lelong 8176.2 USAM). Arizona: R. Felger et al. 02-318 (ARIZ); J. Tedford 06-253 (ARIZ). Arkansas: M. Stewart 88-144 (UARK). Delaware: R.C. Bauman 313 (K). Florida: A.H. Curtiss 2158 (MO, NY); Drummond (K). Georgia: L.E. Foote s.n. (GA). Illinois: G.H. French 2158 (K). Indiana: Posey Co., C. Deam 37698 (ALBC). Kansas: Bodin 1884 (S). Kentucky: G.W. Libby OB-563 (EKY). Louisiana: Assumption, E. Ewan 18902 (BM). Maryland: W.D. Longbottom 18334 (NY). Mississippi: Oktibbeha, M. Kirkpatrick 16 (MISSA). Missouri: Trusik et al. 9A (S), G. Yatskievich 14-43 (MO); Ozarks, Jefferson Co., P. Raven 27296 (BM, MO); G. Davidse 38553 (MO). New Mexico: R.D. Worthington 19948 (DES). New York: D.E. Atha 14192 (NY). North Carolina: Warsaw, D.L. Martin 185 (UNCC). Oklahoma: K.C. Bennett 2689 (KHD). South Carolina: Piedmont, Bio 453 (FMUH). Tennessee: Benton Co., T. Walker 16069 (TENN). Texas: Texar, W.R. Carr 21275 (TEX). Virginia: A.H. Curtiss s.n. [14/9/1872] (S).
CANADA. Ontario: fide
CUBA. La Habana: S.A. Morales s.n. (HAC).
Very similar to Ipomoea nil differing in the smaller corolla 2–3.7 (not 3.5–4.5) cm long and particularly the shorter sepals (12–18 (not 15–32) mm long) with abruptly narrowed, somewhat fleshy, obtuse tips which are usually recurved. As in Ipomoea nil the sepal base is accrescent and becomes even more strikingly ovate in fruit. The two species may intergrade.
Ipomoea phymatodes is cited in synonomy with doubt. It was compared with I. hederacea “carolina”, the flowers are said to be solitary and the root tuberous, which is wrong, but the exterior sepals described as “revolutis” seem correct. Likewise, I. avicularis is also cited in synonomy with doubt. Again no type was preserved and the protologue is inadequate to be certain of the species identity.
Some Specimens from Baja California Sur are intermediate with Ipomoea nil (E. Martinez & A. Ibarra 40654 (MEXU); A. Carter 4985, 5195 (MEXU) with short corolla but erect sepals.
Convolvulus purpureus
L., Sp. Pl. (ed.2): 219. 1762. (
Convolvulus mutabilis
Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 123. 1796. (
Pharbitis purpurea
(L.) Voigt., Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 354. 1845. (
Quamoclit purpurea
(L.) M. Gómez, Fl. Habana 347. 1899 [pub.1897]. (
Convolvulus hederaceus
var. gamma L. Sp. Pl. 154. 1753. Type. Icon in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 99, t. 83, f. 96 (lectotype designated by
Ipomoea punctata
Pers., Syn. Pl.: 1: 184. 1805. (
Pharbitis punctata
(Pers.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 263. 1838. (
Convolvulus hederaceus
var. epsilon L. Sp. Pl. 154. 1753. Type. Icon in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 100, t. 84, figure 97 (lectotype designated by
Ipomoea discolor
Jacq. Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 6. 1798. (
Ipomoea intermedia
Schult., Observ. Bot. 37. 1809. (
Ipomoea glandulifera
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 12, t. 121a. 1799. (
Ipomoea villosa
Ruiz & Pav., F. Peruv. 2: 12. 1799. (
Ipomoea hispida
Zuccagni, Collectanea 127. 1806. (
Pharbitis hispida
(Zuccagni) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 438 [56]. 1834. (
Ipomoea zuccagnii Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 230. 1819, nom. superfl., based on Ipomoea hispida Zuccagni
Ipomoea hirsutula
J. Jacq., Ecl. Pl. Rar. 1: 65. 1811 [pub. 1813]. (Jacquin 1813: 65). Type. t. 44 in J.F. Jacquin (1813), lectotype designated by
Cleiemera cuspidata Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 78. 1836 [pub. 1838]. Type. Based on icon in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 96, t. 80, f. 96.
*Pharbitis diversifolia Lindl., Edwards's Botanical Register 23: t. 1988. 1837 (
*Pharbitis nil var. diversifolia (Lindl.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 343. 1845. (
*Ipomoea purpurea var. diversifolia (Lindl.) O’Donell, Lilloa 26: 385. 1953 (
*Ipomoea affinis M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12 (2): 263. 1845. (
*Ipomoea pilosissima M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12 (2): 264. 1845. (
*Ipomoea purpurea forma triloba Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 223. 1869. (
*Ipomoea mexicana A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2: 210. 1878. (
Ipomoea wattii
C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 49. 1889. (
*Ipomoea diehlii M.E. Jones, Contr. W. Bot. 12: 53.1908. (
Ipomoea chanetii
H. Lévl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. 9: 42. 1911. (
Based on Convolvulus purpureus L.
Twining annual herb, stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 3–8(–15) × 3.5–8(–14) cm, ovate (rarely 3-lobed to half way), shortly acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles, both surfaces thinly to densely hispid-pilose; petioles 3–15 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of 2–5-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes, often umbellate in form; peduncles 1.5–7 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–8 mm, filiform, relatively persistent; pedicels 0.5–1.8 cm, pubescent but pilose apically; sepals subequal, 11–17 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute to subobtuse, hispid-pilose, more densely so in lower half, inner sepals with scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, tube white, limb usually pink, sometimes cream or bluish, glabrous, 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 9–11 mm, glabrous, 6-seeded; seeds 5 mm long, appearing glabrous but minutely tomentellous under a microscope.
Figures
Widely distributed throughout the tropics as an escape from cultivation or as a weed. It is abundant in the dry inter-Andean valleys of northern Argentina, Bolivia and Peru between around 1000 m and 2800 m and is similarly abundant in upland areas of Mexico. It is much less common in more humid lowland areas, there are few records from the Cerrado or Chaco biomes, and it is absent from much of Central America, the Guianas and the Caribbean. There is perhaps a scattering of records of cultivated plants amongst the following.
URUGUAY. W.G. Herter 1372 (S).
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: C. Saravia Toledo et al. 12925 (CTES, S), 13037 (CTES, K); S. Venturi 7052 (BM). Córdoba: Dique San Roque, Stuckert 14826 (LIL); Achiras, D.O. King 727 (BM). Entre Ríos: A. Burkart et al. 29583 (K, MO, SI). Jujuy: C. O’Donell 2803 (LIL). La Rioja: Aimogasta, A.T. Hunziker 4995 (LIL). Mendoza: Cuezzo 2655 (LIL). Misiones: Montes 15484 (LIL, S). Salta: L.J. Novara 7406 (G), 8848 (S); M. Dematteis & A. Schinini 2688 (CTES, K). Tucumán: San Pedro de Colalao, S. Venturi 4396 (LP, NY, LIL).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Est. Río Bonito, E. Zardini & Guerrero 42621 (MO, PY). San Pedro: A.L. Woolston 1254 (K, S).
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Lindberg 162 (S); Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 4153 (K, S). São Paulo: Heiner 282 (S); W. Hoehne s.n. [29/3/1955] (K).
FRENCH GUIANA. Cultivated fide
CHILE: Santiago, Barbosa 5653 (MO)
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Oropeza, Sucre-Yotala, J.R.I. Wood 19287 (HSB, K, LPB); Boeto, Villa Serrano-Nuevo Mundo, J.R.I. Wood 28126 (LPB, OXF, USZ); Tomina, Padilla, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27656 (K, LPB, USZ). Cochabamba: Carrasco, Hoyadas, J.R.I. Wood et al. 19429 (BOLV, HSB, K, LPB, USZ); Cercado, M. Atahuachi 716 (BOLV). La Paz: Nor Yungas, Coripata, M. Bang 2113 (BM, F, GH, K, LPB, NY, MO, US). Potosí: Sud Chichas, F. Zenteno et al. 11569 (K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Caballero, J. Balcazar & Franco 471 (LPB, USZ); Florida, Pampa Grande, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. 4549 (ARIZ, NY, US, USZ). Tarija: Arce, Padcaya-Chaguaya, S.G. Beck et al. 26134 (ARIZ, LPB, MO); Cercado, Pampa Redonda, F. Zenteno et al. 3492 (LPB) – var. diversifolia.
PERU. Amazonas: D.N. Smith & J. Cabanillas 7114 (MO). Ancash: P. Francia 152 (MO). Arequipa: D. Montesinos 2799 (USM). Cajamarca: Huarango, E. Rodríguez 1254 (MO, OXF). Cusco: C. Vargas 537 (CUZ, MO); Anta, C. Vargas 20560 (CUZ) – var. diversifolia. Huancavelica: O. Tovar 5018 (USM) – var. diversifolia.Huánuco: C. Vargas 5270 (CUZ). Junín: F. Woytkowski 35389 (MO). La Libertad: R. Ferreyra 7661 (MO). Lima: R. Ferreyra 6147 (MO). Moquegua: P. Cáceres 2929 (USM). Pasco: D.N. Smith 4130 (MO, USM). Piura: R. Ferreyra 10762 (USM) – var. diversifolia. San Martín: D. Melin 297 (S). Tumbes: C. Díaz et al. 6060 (MO).
ECUADOR. Galápagos: G. Harling 5176 (S). Azuay: C.H. Dodson 11641 (MO). Chimbarazo: H. Lugo 1842 (MO). Imbabura: Ibarra, W. Jameson 408 (BM). Pichincha: X. Cornejo & S. Laegaard 1961 (AAU); E. Asplund 20326 (K, NY, S).
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: J.J. Triana s.n. [6/1857] (COL); L. Uribe 1935 (COL) – var. diversifolia. Boyacá: Tungurahua: M. Acosta-Solis 9064 (F); La Uvita, J. Cuatrecasas 1849 (COL). Cauca: A. Pérez 6074 (COL). Cundinamarca: Santandercito, L. Uribe 584 (COL) – var. diversifolia. Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1575 (MO). Nariño: A. Fernández 1145 (COL). Valle: P.A. Silverstone-Sopkin 2458 (MO).
VENEZUELA. Moritz 1065 (BM) – var. diversifolia. Dist. Fed.: Caracas, A.H.G. Alston 5441 (BM, S). Miranda: B. Trujillo 18800 (MO). Táchira: J. Steyermark & R. Liesner 118507 (MO).
PANAMA. Chiriquí, E.L. Tyson 5662 (MO).
COSTA RICA. M. Chavarria 670 (K, MO); Alajuela, P. Wilkin 501 (BM) – var. diversifolia; ibid., P. Wilkin & S. Jennings 120 (BM);.
NICARAGUA. P.P. Moreno 17845 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. Santa Ana, Chalchuapa, D. Rodríguez et al. 1416 (BM).
GUATEMALA. Barcenas Experimental Station, A & A.R. Molina 26902 (BM, F).
MEXICO. Chiapas: D.E. Breedlove 20366 (MO). Chihuahua: E.W. Nelson 6252 (K); Colonia García, C.H.T. Townsend & C.M. Barber 232 (BM, K) – var. diversifolia; Seven Stars Mine, C.H.T. Townsend & C.M. Barber 413 (BM) – var. diversifolia. Coahuila: J. Gregg 653 (MO); E. Palmer 905 (K) – var. diversifolia. Durango: E. Palmer 639 (BM); E. Palmer 591 (K) – var. diversifolia, 639 (K). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 1820 (B, K) – var. diversifolia, 4606 (K), 5414 (BM, K), 6511 (BM, K) – var. diversifolia, 8413 (K), 8455 (S) –var. diversifolia; E. Bourgeau 624 (K), 727 (K), 1062 (K); C.G. Pringle 6607 (BM, K, S) – var. diversifolia; H. Iltis et al. 28621 (K) – var. diversifolia. Guanajuato: Haage 944 (K). Guerrero: E. Matuda 96 (MO); G.B. Hinton 9694 (K) – var. diversifolia. Jalisco: E. Palmer 583 (BM, K) – var. diversifolia. Michoacán: G. Arsène 1950 (K) – var. diversifolia; Morelia, G. Arsène 5473 (BM) – var. diversifolia. Nuevo León: M. Taylor 105 (S). Oaxaca: type of Ipomoea affinis var. diversifolia. Puebla: Bro. Nicholas s.n. (K); Tehuacan, C.A. Purpus 5732 (BM). Sonora: A.L. Reina & T.R. Van Devender 2005-1651 (MO); Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 1709 (K) – var. diversifolia. Tamaulipas: L.R. Stanford et al. 2309 (MO). Veracruz: Valle de Córdoba, E. Bourgeau 1728 (K, P, S); Orizaba, M. Botteri 565 (BM, K, OXF) – var. diversifolia. Zacatecas: J.E, Kirkwood 74 (MO).
UNITED STATES. Alabama: G. Een s.n. 26/7/1950 (S). Arizona: W.W. Jones s.n. (K); J. C. Blumer 1807 (K) – var. diversifolia. California: P.H. Raven 7963 (K, S). Florida: fide
CANADA. Ontario: Macoun s.n. (K).
CUBA. Pinar del Río: Viñales, Britton & Britton 7530 (NY).
PUERTO RICO. A. Stahl 791 (NY).
The plate (t.121b) in
Ipomoea purpurea is quite variable. It usually has entire leaves but sometimes lobed-leaved specimens occur, apparently more commonly in Mexico than in South America. Specimens with lobed leaves can be named Ipomoea purpurea var. diversifolia (Lindl.)
Specimens with lobed leaves can be confused with Ipomoea nil but can usually be distinguished by the shorter oblong-lanceolate sepals and pink flowers. However, flower colour is variable and occasional specimens are difficult to assign to species. The sepals are usually subobtuse but specimens are found with very acute sepals, such as Rodríguez 1254 (MO, OXF) from Peru. R. Ferreyra 10762 is a short erect specimen from the Peruvian coastal desert region.
MEXICO. Zacatecas, Mun. Villanueva, Carr. 54 on Zacatecas-Guadalajara highway, c. 1 km S del desvio a Laguna del Carretero, 23 Aug. 1995, E. D. Enriquez E. 568 (MEXU964013).
Diagnosis. Superficially resembles Ipomoea purpurea but differs in the prominent lateral tooth and sagittate base of the leaves, the finely acuminate sepals and mostly solitary flowers with a pubescent corolla.
Perennial herb from woody, xylopodium-like rootstock, much-branched at the base; stems prostrate, up to 1 m long, thinly pilose, reddish when young but woody, glabrous and muricate when old. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–3.5 × 0.7–2.4 cm, rather small, ovate, acute, base sagittate with acute auricles, the margin sometimes with a large tooth towards the base, both surfaces green, thinly pilose; petioles 0.4–1.9 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered pedunculate, axillary cymes, the flowers mostly solitary; peduncles 1–4.5 cm, thinly pilose; bracteoles 5–7 mm, linear, relatively persistent; pedicels 3–6 mm, thinly pilose; sepals subequal, 12–13 × 5–6 mm, ovate, finely acuminate, the base rounded to cuneate, bristly white-pilose; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, funnel–shaped, deep pink with whitish tube, pubescent towards the apex. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Zacatecas in Mexico, growing in dry grassland in open oak woodland with Bouteloua, Chloris and Muhlenbegia.
MEXICO. Zacatecas: type collection.
The placement of this species is uncertain but it is provisionally placed here because it bears a superficial resemblance to Ipomoea purpurea, although it differs in the prominent lateral tooth and sagittate base of the leaves, the finely acuminate sepals and mostly solitary flowers with a pubescent corolla. It is also possible that its correct placement is near I. rupicola as it has similar small leaves often with a lateral tooth and a pubescent corolla. However, the sepals are quite different.
BRAZIL. Pará, Santarém, May 1850, R. Spruce 703 (holotype M0184963, isotypes BM, FI, M. MG, K, TCD).
High twining perennial herb, stems glabrous, reddish. Leaves petiolate, 6–11 × 3–9, deeply 3-lobed (to about 3/4ths), shallowly cordate, the central lobes lanceolate 3–4 × 0.5–1 cm, acuminate to a fine point, the laterals slightly smaller, often shallowly lobed, glabrous, the lower surface paler; petioles 1.3–1.7 cm, glabrous. Flowers somewhat densely clustered at apex of a long peduncle; peduncles 2–11 cm, sparsely hispid-pilose with bulbous based hairs; bracteoles 6–15 × 2–3 mm, narrowly ovate, boat-shaped, finely acuminate, relatively persistent, hirsute; pedicels 5–15 mm, variable in length in the same cluster, hispid-pilose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 14–17 mm, ovate, finely acuminate, densely pilose, inner narrowly ovate, pilose with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, dark pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules broadly ovoid, 6–9 × 5 mm, glabrous; seeds 4.5 mm, shortly and densely pilose with hairs c. 1 mm long.
Endemic to Amazonian Brazil, apparently very rare although several, apparently unsupported records from different states are included in
BRAZIL. Maranhão: Loreto, Ilha de Balsas, G. & L.T. Eiten 4131 (NY).
This species has a bilobed stigma (Figure
MEXICO. Querétaro, Cadereyta, Cerros calizos E. de Vizarrón, 13 Sept. 1994. J. Orozco H., R. Hernandez M. & C. Orozco L. 10806 (MEXU).
Diagnosis. Very distinct because of the 3-lobed, discolorous leaves, very long peduncles, acuminate, aristate sepals with prominent scarious margins and the reddish-purple pubescent corolla. Superficially it resembles Ipomoea spruceana but the shortly pubescent indumentum is very different from the pilose inflorescence of that species.
Twining perennial herb; stems dark reddish-brown, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–4 × 3–5 cm, 3-lobed (sometimes 5-lobed, fide field notes), central lobe oblanceolate, laterals with rounded auricles and forward-pointing tips, base broadly cordate, apex finely acute, shortly mucronate, margin undulate to obscurely dentate, adaxially dark green, glabrous, abaxially pale green, pubescent; petioles 2.5–5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of compact, long-pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 8–30 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–3 mm long, filiform; secondary peduncles very short, < 1 cm; pedicels 5–13 mm, pubescent; sepals unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shortly aristate, outer 10–11 × 2 mm, pubescent, dark green with white margins, inner 13–14 × 3 mm, glabrous, entirely scarious apart from a broad central green midrib; corolla c. 3–4 cm long, probably funnel-shaped, reddish-purple, pubescent. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Querétaro in Mexico, where it grows in dry pine and oak woodland at 2200 m on rocky limestone soil.
MEXICO. Querétaro: type collection.
The distinct 3-lobed, discolorous leaves, very long peduncles, acuminate, aristate sepals with prominent scarious margins and the reddish-purple pubescent corolla mark out this species. There is a strong, probably superficial, resemblance to Ipomoea spruceana in the leaf shape and colouring, inflorescence structure and sepal shape but the shortly pubescent indumentum is very different from the pilose inflorescence of I. spruceana. The placement of I. calcicola is uncertain and its inclusion here is based on its similarity with I. spruceana.
Convolvulus pubescens
(Lam.) Willd., Hort. Berol. 1: 203. 1809. (
Pharbitis pubescens
(Lam.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 344. 1845. (
Ipomoea heterophylla
Ortega, Nov. Rar. Pl. Descr. Dec. 1: 9. 1797. (
Batatas heterophylla
(Ortega) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 261. 1838. (
Pharbitis heterophylla
(Ortega) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 344. 1845. (
Aniseia heterophylla
(Ortega) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 321. 1869. (
Ipomoea ortegae
Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 633. 1816. (
Ipomoea papiru
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 11. 1799. Type. PERU. Tarma, Icon, t. 120, f. a in
Convolvulus papiru
(Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 592. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Batatas papiru
(Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 261. 1838. (
Ipomoea subtriloba
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 12. 1799. (
Ipomoea papiru var. subtriloba
(Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 185. 1805. (
Batatas subtriloba
(Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 261. 1838. (
?Ipomoea varia Roth, Catal. Bot. fasc. ii. 17. 1798 [dated1800]. (
Convolvulus heterophyllus
Willd., Enum. 207. 1809. (
Ipomoea willdenowii
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 211. 1819. (
Batatas willdenowii
(Roem. & Schult.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 261. 1838. (
Ipomoea hirsuta
Schrank, Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. ii. 30. 1822. (
Ipomoea martiusiana
Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 817. 1840. (
Ipomoea lindheimeri var. subintegra
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18(6): 196. 1908. (
Ipomoea heterophylla var. subcomosa
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 196. 1908. (
AMERICA. Sine data (holotype P-LAM00357477).
Low trailing or twining herb with slender stems, pubescent in all parts, rootstock a carrot-shaped tuber. Leaves petiolate, 2–6 (–8) × 2–6(–9) cm, ovate, with sinuate margins or, usually 3–5-lobed to near base, lobes oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, acute, shortly mucronate, laterals sometimes shallowly lobed near base, base cordate with rounded auricles, both surfaces densely pubescent; petioles 1–2(–5) cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary or, occasionally paired, axillary flowers; peduncles 1–4 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 4–8 mm long, linear, persistent, pubescent; pedicels 2–10 mm, pubescent; sepals unequal, grey-pubescent or pilose, outer 12–21 × 6–10 mm, ovate, acuminate, base cordate, inner lanceolate, 2–4 mm wide; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube flushed reddish, limb purplish, c. 2 cm diam., unlobed but midpetaline bands terminating in a tooth. Capsules subglobose, 8–12 mm long, glabrous, enclosed by sepals, 3-locular, up to 6-seeded; seeds 4–6 mm long, minutely tomentellous.
Figures
Amphitropical in its distribution occurring in the United States and Mexico and along the Andes from Peru south to northern Argentina with an isolated station in central Colombia. It is locally common in dry stony grassland between 2300 and 3900 m, reaching higher altitudes than by any other Ipomoea species except I. plummerae.
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Belén, G.E. Barboza et al. 606 (CORD). Jujuy: Tumbaya, R. Kiesling 5072 (SI); C. O’Donell 5447 (LIL). Salta: T. Meyer 5015 (LIL); Santa Victoria, E. Zardini et al. 1667 (FCQ, PY). Tucumán: R. Schreiter 10467 (LIL).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Oropeza, Yotala-Sucre, J.R.I. Wood & J. Gutiérrez 20195 (HSB, K, LPB); Tomina, 14 km S of Padilla, S.G. Beck 6269 (FTG, LPB); Yamparaez, Lamboyo, J.R.I. Wood 17844 (HSB, K, LPB). Cochabamba: Campero, Pasorapa-Buenavista, J.R.I. Wood et al. 19449 (BOLV, HSB, K, LPB, USZ); Capinota, E. Thomas 307 (BOLV, LPB); Punata, Cerro Tuti, A. Fuentes 2657 (MO, USZ); Quillacollo, N. Ritter 671 (NY). La Paz: Murillo, Mecapaca, J. Solomon 7406 (FTG, LPB, NY, MO). Potosí: Charcas, Torotoro, J.R.I. Wood et al. 19215 (BOLV, K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27675 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: Arce, Padcaya, M. Serrano et al. 5938 (ARIZ, MO); Cercado, Cuesta del Condor, M. Mendoza 2850 (USZ).
PERU. Ancash: R. Ferreyra 7374 (K). Apurimac: Aymareas, Challhuanca, P. Nuñez 7176 (MO); Grau, C. Vargas 5729 (CUZ). Cajamarca: H. Müller & P. Gutte 8086 (USM). Cusco: Calca, C. Vargas 938 (MO); Urubamba, Pumawanca, P. Nuñez 7467 (CUZ). Huancavelica: O. Tovar 184 (USM). Lima: San Buenaventura, G. Vilcapoma 8012 (USM).
COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Mosquera, Laguna de la Herrera, R. Torres 472 (COL); ibid., Z. Espina 409 (COL); ibid., Zanjón de las Cátedras, A. Lourteig & Hernandez 3068 (P, S).
MEXICO. Chihuahua: E.W. Nelson 6159 (K); Guasaremos, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 2458 (K, S); near Colonia García, C.H.T. Townsend & C.M. Barber 220 (ASU, BM, K, MO, P); San Buenaventura, M.H. Mayfield et al. 269 (MEXY, TEX). Coahuila: J. Gregg 389 (MO); Sierra de San Marcos, W.L. Minckley s.n. (ASU). Durango: E. Palmer 590 (K); R.L. Oliver et al. 650 (MO); Cerro Prieto-La Providencia, E.W. Nelson 4962 (K). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: F. Cesar et al. 185 (MEXU); Encinillas, T. Croat 44130 (MEXU, MO); M. Bourgeau 625 (P). Guanajuato: J. Rzedowski 49770 (MO); San Nicholas, E. Ventura & E. López 7201 (IEB, MEXU). Hidalgo: C.A. Purpus 1756 (MO); Tepeapulco, F. Ventura 23 (ASU, MEXU). Michoacán: El Fresno, J. Rzedowski 44030 (IEB). Oaxaca: Nochixtlán, A. Ibarra 236 (MEXU). Puebla: E.M. Lira Charco et al. 1580 (MEXU). Querétaro: San Joaquín a Vizarron, E. Carranza & S. Zamudio 6223 (IEB, MEXU). San Luís de Potosí: J. G. Schaffner 426 (P), 619 (K); E. Reeves R-6308 (ASU). Sonora: fide
UNITED STATES. Arizona: Santa Cruz County, D.F. & S.K. Austin 7605 (ASU). New Mexico: Luna Co, Baldy Peak, R.D. Worthington 18897 (L).
The lectotype of Ipomoea papiru was wrongly cited and is, therefore, corrected above.
A usually very distinct species on account of its deeply-lobed, hirsute leaves and ovate, basally cordate, outer sepals. Rare entire-leaved forms occur, for example Wood 17697 from Bolivia. Some specimens from the Chihuahua desert are intermediate with I. lindheimeri.
The root is eaten fide
Ipomoea heterophylla
sensu Torrey, Rep U.S. Mex. Bound. Bot. 2(1): 149. 1859. (
Ipomoea heterophylla var. aemula
House, Ann. New York. Acad. Sci. 18: 196. 1908. (
UNITED STATES. Texas, New Braunfels, Lindheimer 622 (lectotype GH00054462, designated here).
Trailing or twining herb, stem adpressed pilose from a tuberous rootstock. Leaves petiolate, 2–3.5 × 2–3.5 cm, palmately 3–5(–7)-lobed to just over half way, base cordate, lobes elliptic, acute or obtuse, narrowed at both ends, thinly adpressed pilose on both surfaces; petioles 1–3.2 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–8 cm, thinly pubescent; bracteoles 3–8 mm, linear, relatively persistent; pedicels 2–15 mm, densely pubescent to densely pilose; sepals subequal, 17–23(–32) × 4–6 mm, broadly lanceolate, finely acuminate, outer pubescent, inner scarious and glabrous except pubescent midvein and ciliate margin; corolla 7–9 mm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, pink with white tube, glabrous, midpetaline bands terminating in distinct teeth. Capsule and seeds not seen.
Uncommon in semi-desert areas of the eastern United States–Mexico border areas.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: 5 km N of San Miguel, M.C. Johnston et al. 8968 (MEXU). Coahuila: Puerto Santa Ana, F.L. Lyle Wynd & C.H. Mueller 238 (MEXU, S); Cañon de la Barrica, T. Wendt & E. Lott 1383 (ARIZ, ASU). Nuevo León: Parque de Chepinque, D. Seigler et al. 13395 (MEXU).
UNITED STATES. Arizona: fide
This species is characterised by its long-pilose, linear sepals and palmately lobed leaves combined with the solitary, narrowly funnel-shaped flowers. Var. aemula has rather broader based sepals and approaches those of Ipomoea lindheimeri var. subintegra. It is possible that this variety represents a hybrid between I. pubescens and I. lindheimeri.
Ipomoea igualensis
Weath., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: 427. 1910. (
Ipomoea federalis
K. Afzelius, Svensk. Bot. Tidsk. 60: 483. 1966. (
Ipomoea sawyeri
D.F. Austin, Brittonia 43: 93. 1991. (
BOLIVIA. [La Paz], Larecaja, Sorata, G. Mandon 1489 (holotype B†, isotypes K000612865, P03547986).
Twining, probably annual herb, stems hispid-pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–7.5 × 2–8 cm, ovate, shallowly cordate and broadly cuneate onto the petiole, auricles rounded, apex shortly acuminate, both surfaces appressed pilose, abaxially paler; petioles 2–8 cm, hispid-pilose. Inflorescence of dense pedunculate axillary heads with 1–5 flowers; peduncles 2–12 cm, hispid-pilose; bracteoles 7–20 × 7–24 mm (but smaller inside head), ovate, acuminate, pale green with prominent dark green veins, persistent, forming an involucre round the flowers; pedicels 3 mm; sepals long-pilose, dissimilar, outer 13–14 × 4–5 mm, ovate, acuminate to an obtuse apex, inner linear-lanceolate, 9 × 2 mm; corolla 2–3.5(–5) cm long, pilose with very long hairs, narrowly funnel-shaped, tube pale with dark midpetaline bands, limb mauve, weakly lobed, c. 1.5 cm in diam. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds minutely puberulent.
This species is of very scattered occurrence in Andean Bolivia and Peru, the planalto of Brazil and central Mexico between 800 and 2400 m in areas of dry forest.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: Universidade de Brasilia, H.S. Irwin et al. 9562 (FTG, MO, NY). Minas Gerais: Rio Arrependido, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 6303 (CEN).
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Muñecas, Río Charazani, A.F. Fuentes & R. Cuevas 7966 (LPB, MO, SP); Sud Yungas S.G. Beck et al. 29796 (K, LPB, MO, SP). Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, Pucarillo, G.A. Parada & V. Rojas 2609 (OXF, MO, USZ).
PERU. Cusco: La Convención, Choquellohuanca, Marin 2112 (F, CUZ); ibid., Potrero, C. Vargas 12735 (CUZ); ibid., Amaiba, C. Vargas 4189 (CUZ); ibid., Santa Ana, G. Calatayud et al. 1575 (MO, OXF); Urubamba, Macchu Pichu, L. Valenzuela et al. 1629 (MO, OXF).
MEXICO. Colima: Ixtlahuacán, E.J. Lott et al. 1928 (MEXU, MO). Guanajuato: J.C. Soto & G. Silva 4543 (MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Nanchititla, G.B. Hinton 8480 (GBH); J.F. Doebley 518 (FTG). Guerrero: Mina, Manchón, G.B. Hinton 9588 (GBH, GH, MO); El Cuindancito, J. Soto Nuñez & G. Silva 4543 (MEXU). Jalisco: J.F. Doebley 452 (FTG); El Limón, A. Flores 3684 (MEXU). Michoacán: Aguililla, E.M. Martínez et al. 5380 (MEXU, MO); Chinicuila, E. Sahagún et al. 1197 (IEB). Nayarit: Amatlafán de Canas, P. Carilllo-R & J.A. Lomelí 3459 (IEB, MO).
The holotype of Ipomoea federalis at S is a small fragment, so we have designated the isotype at UB as an epitype as this species can only be adequately interpreted through this second specimen. The synonymy of this species has been discussed extensively by
Very distinct because of the inflorescence of bracteolate heads, the strongly veined bracteoles forming an involucre around the flowers. However it is quite variable with bracteoles not always as well developed, so sometimes merely lanceolate, and the corolla sometimes up to 5.5 cm as in Marin 2112, which is exceptionally robust.
ECUADOR. El Oro, Zaruma-Portovelo, Harling & Andersson 14154 (holotype GB).
Twining perennial of unknown height, stems with spreading yellowish trichomes. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–17 × 3.5–14 cm, ovate, acute with a distinct acumen c. 1 cm long, cordate, appressed pilose with long hairs on both surfaces; petiole 1.5–10 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary, few-flowered compact cymes, sometimes reduced to single flowers; peduncles 2.5–6 cm, bearded; bracteoles 1–1.7 × 0.2–0.3 cm, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, pilose, deciduous; pedicels 5–10 mm, pilose; sepals very unequal, pilose with golden hairs externally; outer bract-like, 13–20 × 8–10 mm, ovate, cordate, acute, mucronate, middle sepal lanceolate, 11–13 × 4–5 mm, inner linear, c. 9 × 2 mm; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, blue-violet, pilose with stiff spreading hairs, limb apparently lobed. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Ecuador, where it grows in low altitude cloud forest at 1000–1300 m.
ECUADOR. El Oro: the type collection. Loja: Hac. Banderones, 5 km from El Limo-Casadeos road, B. B. Klitgaard et al. 530 (AAH, GB, LOJA, QCNE).
Molecular evidence does not support the distinction of this species from Ipomoea neurocephala. However, morphologically it is easily distinguished by the linear-lanceolate bracteoles, which are positioned 5–10 mm below the flower so not forming an involucre. Further collections may demonstrate that the two species should be merged but we keep them apart for the time being.
GUATEMALA. Huehetenango, near Jacaltenango, E.W. Nelson 3579 (holotype US00111486).
Climbing perennial to 4 m, stem muriculate, densely pilose with brownish hairs. Leaves petiolate, rather large, 7–12 × 6–12 cm, orbicular to ovate, entire or weakly 3-lobed, acute to acuminate, base cordate, adaxially pubescent, abaxially whitish, densely pubescent; petioles 5–7 cm. Inflorescence subcapitate, formed of pedunculate, bracteate heads; peduncles 11–20 cm, villous; bracteoles 20–25 × 5 mm, narrowly oblong-ovate, acuminate, ±persistent; pedicels very short, 0–5 mm; sepals subequal, 16–22 mm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, villous; corolla c. 5 cm long, funnel-shaped, purple, villous on tube and lobes. Capsules and seeds not known.
A plant of forest and scrubby swamp below 1300 m over a limited area of Mesoamerica; apparently uncommon.
HONDURAS. Ocotepeque, Sinuapa, A. Molina et al. 31434 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Huehuetenango, Río Seligua, L.O. Williams et al. 41319 (BM, F, MO); Chiquimula, Esquipulas, A Molina & A.R. Molina 25159 (BM, F, MO).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Ixtapa, R.M. Laughlin 2157 (F); Pinola las Rosas, Teopisca, D.E. Breedlove 41154 (MO). Oaxaca: San Miguel Chimalapa. Río Portamonedas, S. Maya 2441 (MEXU).
Probably closely related to Ipomoea neurocephala but the corolla much larger and bracteoles narrowly oblong-ovate.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba, Espirito Santo, M. Bang 1277 (lectotype NY 319197, designated by
Vigorous liana to 7 m, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, very large. 11–20 × 7–20 cm, ovate (rarely shallowly 3-lobed), acuminate to a fine point, cordate with rounded auricles, thinly to densely adpressed pubescent on both surfaces; petioles 5–15 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, axillary, rather compact cymes; peduncles 8–30 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 10–11 mm, linear or filiform, finely acuminate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–1.5(–10) cm; pedicels 3–14 mm, pubescent; sepals very unequal, somewhat variable in shape and size, outer sepals 12–17 × 4–5 mm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, the tips usually recurved, pilose to glabrous, inner sepals 7–10 × 3–4 mm, oblong, obtuse or acute, sometimes mucronate, pilose to merely ciliate, margin scarious; corolla 7–9 cm long, mauve, funnel-shaped with broad tube, in bud pubescent but glabrescent later, limb 5–6 cm diam; stigma biglobose. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to moist Andean forest in northern Bolivia and southern Peru where it grows from 750 to 1900 m in the lower cloud forest region.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chapare, Locotol, 1800 m, April 1950, M. Cardenas 458 (LIL). La Paz: 5–10 km E of Caranavi on road to Alto Beni J.R.I. Wood & T. Daniel 18384 (K, LPB); Murillo, Valle de Zongo, J. Solomon 18838 (FTG, LPB, MO); Nor Yungas, 8 km from Coroico towards Coripata, J.R.I. Wood & T. Daniel 18416 (K, LPB); Saavedra, ANMI Apolobamba, A. Fuentes et al. 7073 (ARIZ, MO); Sud Yungas, Puente Villa, S.G. Beck 32903 (K, LPB); Tamayo, P.N. Madidi, A. Fuentes et al. 9300 (LPB, MO).
PERU. Cusco: La Convención, Echarate, Papelpata, G. Calatayud et al. 2972 (MO, OXF), 3769 (MO, OXF); Vilcabamba, Espiritopampa, G. Calatayud et al. 2590 (MO, OXF).
Somewhat resembling a large-leaved Ipomoea indica but leaves never grey-tomentose beneath, bracteoles caducous, sepals very unequal, the inner oblong, much shorter than the outer and the inflorescence not usually compact.
Ipomoea magnifolia is very variable with respect to the indumentum of the sepals and the corolla, varying from subglabrous to pilose, although there is always the tendency for hairs to fall with age. Fuentes et al. 9300 (MO) is a very unusual specimen, the inflorescence is exceptionally long-pedunculate and very dense, the outer sepals are broadly oblong not lanceolate, obtuse and mucronate, not acuminate and a mere 10 mm long.
MEXICO. Guerrero, Acapulco, E. Palmer 483 (holotype GH00054482, isotypes: K, US).
Liana with white latex, stem thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 9–14 × 8–14 cm, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate (often shallowly 3 –lobed), thinly hispid-pilose on both surfaces, abaxially paler; petioles 6–12 cm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 11–20 cm, stout, straight; bracteoles narrowly ovate, acuminate, pubescent, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2.5 cm; pedicels 6–22 mm, puberulent; sepals dissimilar, pubescent, 26–40 × 8–10 mm, outer ovate with an elongated obtuse apex, inner sepals narrower, slightly longer, with an elongate spathulate apex; corolla 6–8 cm long, subhypocrateriform with broad basal tube and spreading limb, white, opening at night, thinly pilose on midpetaline bands in bud, anthers exserted, filaments red, pubescent; stamens shortly exserted; stigma 3-lobed. Capsules broadly ovate, c. 2 cm long, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to Mexico growing in humid hill forest 650–2000 m.
MEXICO. Colima: lower slopes of Vulcan de Colima, A.C. Sanders et al. 10730 (MO).
Guerrero: Montes de Oca, Vallecitos, G.B. Hinton 11730 (ARIZ, GH, K, MO); Mun. Azueta, J.C. Soto Nuñez 11632 (MEXU). Jalisco: Mun. Puerto Vallarta, E. Carranza et al. 6130 (ARIZ); Mun. La Huerta, Chamela, S.H. Bullock 2060 (K, MO); Arroyo Colorado, Chamela, E. Lott & T. Wendt 2192 (K); Chamela, A. Megallanes 4151 (F). Michoacán: Mun. Lázaro Cárdenas, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6707 (IEB), 7277 (IEB). Sonora: fide
Unique in the Pharbitis Clade for having white, night-flowering, presumably moth-pollinated flowers.
MEXICO. Est. México, Temascaltepec district, G.B. Hinton et al. 5316 (holotype K000612716, isotype GH).
Liana resembling Ipomoea ampullacea in habit, white latex and thinly retrose pilose indumentum. Leaves petiolate, 6.5–16 × 6–18 cm, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate (sometimes very shallowly 3-lobed), occasionally with marginal teeth, adaxially sparsely adpressed hispid-pilose, abaxially paler, more densely hirsute; petioles 4.5–8 cm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 7–28 cm, pubescent; bracteoles resembling small leaves, caducous; pedicels 5–22 mm, puberulent; sepals somewhat unequal, pubescent, outer 15–28 × 7–12 mm, ovate and gradually tapered to an acuminate apex, inner similar but lanceolate and 2–4 mm shorter; corolla 4.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent; stamens included; stigma 3-lobed. Capsules globose. 10–15 mm, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds up to 6, 5.5–6 mm long, whitish-puberulent.
Endemic to the Temascaltepec region of Mexico State at around 1200 m.
MEXICO. Est. México: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton et al. 8258 (F, K, MO); ibid., Yperricones, G.B. Hinton et al. 341 (K); ibid., Pungarancho, G.B. Hinton et al. 4786 (K, BM, GH); ibid., Platanal, G.B. Hinton et al. 8590 (K, GH); ibid., Rincón del Carmen, G.B. Hinton et al. 8610 (K, GH).
Essentially a locally evolved species related to Ipomoea ampullacea but with pink flowers adapted for insect pollination.
There is an unexpected record from Sonora (T.R. Van Devender & A.L. Reina-G. 99-548 (MO), which we have not seen.
Calonyction venustum
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci, Bruxelles 12 (2): 270. 1845. (
Ipomoea venusta
(M. Martens & Galeotti) Hemsl. ex Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2(11): 395. 1882. (
MEXICO. Mairet s.n. (holotype G-DC, not found).
Climbing or trailing liana to 7 m, stems stout, densely hirsute. Leaves petiolate, 8–20 × 7.5–16 cm, large, ovate-suborbicular, shortly acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially thinly pubescent to strigose, abaxially densely grey-tomentose; petioles 2.5–4 cm densely pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered long-pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–20 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.5–1.5 cm, ovate to narrowly elliptic, obtuse, pubescent, persistent; secondary peduncles 0.5–3 cm; pedicels 5–15 mm, tomentose; sepals equal, 16–22 × 7–11 mm, oblong-ovate, tomentellous, obtuse, somewhat accrescent in fruit; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, pubescent, narrowly funnel-shaped, tube white, limb reddish purple, 5–6 cm diam.; stigma 3-lobed. Capsules subglobose, 1.2–1.5 cm, glabrous, six-seeded; seeds 5–7 mm, minutely puberulent.
Dry oak woodland below 1600 m from central Mexico south to Honduras.
HONDURAS. Comayagua, A. & A.R. Molina 34235 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Chimaltenango, P.C. Standley 80879 (F).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Matuda 18471 (MEXU); Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4350 (K). Durango: Mairet 695 (MO). Guerrero: Mun. San Luis Acatlán, E. M. Martínez & B. Morales 3470 (MO); Mochitlán, Agua de Obispo, H. Kruse 963 (IEB). Michoacán: Chinicuila, I.G. Hernández s.n. [7/3/2009] (IEB). Nayarit: Mesa del Nayar, O. Téllez et al. 12138 (MO). Oaxaca: Putla de Guerrero, T. Croat 45854 (MO); Sierra San Pedro C. Jürgensen 551 (BM, K, OXF); Cafetal Concordia, Morton & Makrinius 2507 (US, MICH); San Miguel del Puerto, Rancho Oreeja de León, J. Pascual 2022 (IEB). Sinaloa: Ocarahui, Sierra Surutato, H.S. Gentry 6250 (ARIZ, MO). Veracruz: Hahn s.n. (P); Valle de Córdoba, Bourgeau 1738 (BM, K, P, S); Mirador, J. Linden 1119 (K); Orizaba, J. Ball s.n. (K); Zacualpan, C.A. Purpus 2391 (BM, MO).
Not unlike Ipomoea temascaltepecensis but more hirsute generally, the leaves tomentose beneath and sepals subequal.
MEXICO. Jalisco, San Sebastián, E.W. Nelson 4087 (holotype US00111404, isotypes K, GH).
Liana climbing to 8 m, stems brown, strigose. Leaves petiolate, 6–14 × 4.5–11 cm, ovate, cordate, apex acuminate, mucronate, adaxially glabrous or nearly so, abaxially paler, thinly pubescent; petioles 4–6.5 cm, subglabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate dense, few-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–17 cm, subglabrous to pubescent; bracteoles 23–37 × 12–18 mm, ovate-elliptic, acuminate, cuneate at base, whitish-green with prominent veins, persistent; secondary peduncles 1.8 cm, stout; pedicels 5–10 mm, widened upwards; sepals unequal, outer 20–22 × 8–10 mm, narrowly elliptic, acute and mucronate, veins prominent, glabrous, inner sepals 13–20 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, noticeably smaller; corolla 6–7 cm long, glabrous, funnel-shaped, widened abruptly above a broad whitish basal tube, limb 7 cm diam., somewhat lobed, deep pinkish-purple; stigma 3-lobed. Capsules subglobose, 10 mm wide, enclosed by persistent sepals; seeds not seen.
A forest species endemic to central Mexico at 1100–1250 m.
MEXICO. Guerrero: NE del valle de Zaragoza, E.M. Martínez & J.C. Soto 3715 (MO); Montes de Oca, Vallecitos, G.B. Hinton 11766 (K). Jalisco: 22 km S of Talpa de Allende, R. McVaugh 23331 (MICH), foothills of Sierra de Manantlán, R. McVaugh 23246 (MICH).
MEXICO. Nayarit, Tepic, F.H. Lamb 556 (holotype GH00054509, isotypes CAS, NY, US).
Perennial herb climbing to 4 m; stems thin, wiry, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 6–17 × 4–15 cm, ovate, often shallowly 3-lobed, base cordate with rounded to acute auricles and a narrow sinus, apex acuminate, abaxially paler, thinly pubescent; petioles 1–8 cm. Inflorescence of compact 2–4-flowered pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 1.7–15 cm; bracteoles 2–3.5 × 0. 5–1.2 cm, oblong-elliptic, boat-shaped, chartaceous; pedicels 5–15 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly unequal 15–20 × 10 mm, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous, the inner slightly shoerter and narrower; corolla 7–8 cm long, deep pink, funnel-shaped, thinly pubescent on midpetaline bands, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules and seed unknown.
A rare species of oak woodland in central Mexico between 1100 and 1300 m.
MEXICO. “Sierra Madre”, 1100 m, Langlassé 909 (P). Guerrero: V.W. Steinmann & J.M. Porter 4942 (IEB). Michoacán: Cerro Cumbitinda, Mun. Tingambato, H. Díaz Barriga 5176 (IEB).
Very similar to Ipomoea invicta but more pubescent, the flower buds noticeably hairy.
MEXICO. Jalisco, Río Blanco, E. Palmer 341 (holotype GH00054508, isotypes BM, NY, MO, NDG, P, US, YU).
Climbing perennial, stems, leaves and other vegetative parts pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–4.5 × 3–6 cm, palmately lobed to near the base, lobes broadly to narrowly ovate-elliptic, acuminate to an acute apex, narrowed at base, leaf base cordate, abaxially whitish, sometimes sericeous; petioles 2–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 5–8 cm; bracteoles 12–14 mm, oblong-lanceolate, finely apiculate, deciduous; pedicels 4–7 mm, densely pilose; sepals unequal, outer 17–20 × 7–10 mm, broadly ovate with rounded to truncate base, apiculate, pilose, inner 15–16 mm, obtuse to retuse, pilose only along midrib, margins broad, scarious; corolla 10–12 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pilose, limb entire, c. 9 cm diam.; stigma biglobose. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Ipomoea laeta. A habit B variation in leaf shape C abaxial leaf surface D outer sepal, abaxial surface (left), adaxial surface (right) E middle sepal F inner sepal G corolla open out to show stamens H ovary and style. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A, B from Pringle 10620; C–H from Solbrig & Orduff 4442.
Endemic to north western Mexico, growing in Quercus and Pinus woodland between 1000 and 1700 m.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: Río Mayo, Sierra Charuco, H.S. Gentry 1788 (F, S). Coahuila: East of 5 de Mayo, Viesca, G.B. Hinton et al. 28506 (GBH). Jalisco: Guadalajara, C.G. Pringle 4456 (BM, E, F, MO, P, S); Lago de Chapala, O.T. Solbrig & R. Ornduff 4442 (NY, UC); Zapotitan de Hidalgo, D.P. Gregory & G. Eiten 214 (MO, P); Zapopan, La Primavera, A. Bourg 139 (IEB); Ixtlahuacan del Rio, Y. Hernandez Magaña et al. 9441 (MEXU); La Huerta, Rancho Cuixmala, E. J Lott 2867 (UCR). Nayarit: Xalisco, G. Flores et al. 4025 (MO, n.v.); Cerro de San Juan, Tepic, Y. Mexia 684 (BM). Sinaloa: Com. La Guásima, Concordia, M. Ruiz et al. 2009-278 (ARIZ). Sonora: fide
This species is usually easily recognised by its large carolla and the palmately-lobed discolorous leaves. However, as with many species in the Pharbitis Clade, the leaves may be entire or lobed. Gentry 1788 and Ruiz et al. 2009-278 differ from other specimens in having entire, strongly abaxially sericeous leaves.
Placement of this species in the Pharbitis Clade is provisional.
Ipomoea gentryi
Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22: 46. 1940. (
Ipomoea sessilis
L.O. Williams, Fieldiana, Bot. 32(12): 195. 1970. (
UNITED STATES. Arizona, G. Thurber 966 (holotype GH00054547).
Twining or trailing perennial from a thickened woody tuberous rootstock like a xylopodium; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate; at least sometimes held at right angles to petiole, 1–5 × 2.5–6 cm, deltoid, finely acuminate and mucronate, margin undulate, base sagittate with basal auricles acute, sometimes bifurcate and leaves becoming ±5-lobed, thinly pilose on both surfaces; petioles 0.6–2.4 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 3–5 (–7) mm, sometimes muricate or with a few stipitate glands; bracteoles 1–2 mm, deltoid; pedicels 4–12 mm, thicker than peduncle and widened upwards; sepals equal, glabrous, 14–25 × 3–4 mm, narrowly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, mucronate, outer sometimes verrucose near base; corolla 5–9 cm long, flared, funnel-shaped, very gradually widened from a narrow basal tube, pale pink, glabrous, limb 5–6 cm diam.; ovary 3-locular. Capsules subglobose to ovoid, 6–7 mm, strongly rostrate with mucro 4–6 mm long, glabrous; seeds up to 6, c. 4 mm long, ovoid, dark brown, tomentellous.
A species with a strikingly disjunct distribution between Central America and the Sonora desert region that is very unusual and merits investigation. It is mostly found between 1100 and 1900 m in dry rocky areas in open oak woodland.
NICARAGUA. Hac. Corpus, Chontales, W.D. Stevens 22449 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Type of Ipomoea sessilis.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: H.S. Gentry 2612 (F, K); Nabogame, J.E. Leferrière 1612 (ARIZ, ASU, MEXU). Durango: Buenos Aires, Tepehuanes, P. Tenorio & S. Romero 1193 (MEXU). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Chorrera, G.B. Hinton 4746 (K); ibid., G.B. Hinton 6502 (K). Nayarit: G. Flores-Franco et al. 2751 (MEXU). San Luis Potosí: C.C. Parry & E. Palmer 665 (P). Sonora: between Ures and Moctezuma, N. Snow & T.P. Prinzie 6594 (MO); Los Pilares, 23 km E de Yécora, T. Van Devender et al. 98-911 (ARIZ, ASU); Yécora, A.L. Reina-G et al.97-717 (MEXU).
UNITED STATES. Arizona: Huachuca Mts, J.G. Lemmon 2833 (BM, GH, K, P); Cochise Co., Canelo Hills, G. Yatskievich 80-347 (MO); Santa Cruz Co., Pena Blanca Lake-Sycamore Canyon, D.F & S. Austin 7603 (ARIZ, ASU).
Very characteristic are the solitary, very shortly pedunculate flowers, the gradually widened flared corolla and the long, narrow sepals.
• Species 255–257 (and more distantly 258) form a small clade of closely related species.
ARGENTINA. Tucumán, Dept. Tafí, Cerro Aconquija, J.B. Sotelo 415 (holotype LIL001262).
Relatively weak, probably annual, twining herb, glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 2.5–7 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, acuminate to a fine point, margins undulate; petioles 3–8(–12) cm, somewhat warted. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes, often with only 2 fully developed flowers; peduncle relatively stout, 2–15 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, deltoid, fugacious; secondary peduncles 0.8–1.5 cm; pedicels mostly 20–30 mm, slightly swollen upwards; sepals subequal, 5–6 ×3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, dark green with white margin; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, yellowish inside, limb blue, c. 3 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 7 mm wide, 8 mm long, rostrate with a beak 3–5 mm long, glabrous; seeds 6–7 mm long, appearing glabrous but minutely tomentellous under a microscope.
Dry inter-Andean valleys of northern Argentina and southern Bolivia but scattered in occurrence and uncommon in both countries, growing between about 700 and 2000 m.
ARGENTINA. Jujuy: San Pedro, A.L. Cabrera et al. 30247 (SI); Candelaria, S. Venturi 3859 (LIL, SI); El Carmen, L.J. Novara & S. Bruno 9846 (G, S). Salta: Capital, Atocha, L.J. Novara 9668 (G, S); Rosario de la Frontera, M. Lillo s.n. (LIL, SI). Santiago del Estero: Guasayán, S. Pierotti s.n. [6/4/1944] (CORD, LIL). Tucumán: type collection.
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Oropeza, Chuquichuqui, J.R.I. Wood 10904 (HSB, NY, K). Potosí: Charcas, Río Caine, L. Rico & Windsor-Shaw 1634 (K, MO, NY). Santa Cruz: Caballero, Saipina, J. Balcazar 367 (MO); Pulquina, N. Biggs & D. Zappi 70 (K, USZ); Cordillera, pie de la Muela del Diablo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27631 (K, LPB, USZ); Vallegrande, Moro Moro, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27692 (K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, Villamontes-Palos Blancos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27612 (K, LPB, USZ); O’Connor, Entre Ríos–Cañadas, M. Coro 1119 (LIL).
Very similar to and possibly conspecific with Ipomoea cardiophylla A. Gray but molecular studies using ITS suggest the two species are distinct. Further sampling is needed to resolve these issues.
Kessler et al. 6119 (LPB) from Loma Larga towards Masicuri in Vallegrande Province (Bolivia) may belong here but differs in the presence of stiff trichomes on the calyx and in having somewhat toothed leaves. It requires further investigation and might represent a distinct species.
UNITED STATES. Texas, near El Paso, C. Wright 511 (holotype GH, isotype K).
Twining annual herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–6 ×1.3–3.8 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, narrowed to an obtuse, mucronate apex, margin entire, both surfaces glabrous and green; petioles 1.5–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 1–3 mm on new shoots, up to 8 cm on older shoots, stout; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 12–14 mm, becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals subequal, 4–6 ×2–4 mm, ovate-deltoid, very acute, glabrous, margins scarious, white; corolla 2.5–2.7 cm long, funnel-shaped, blue drying pink with pale tube, glabrous, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules very large, ovoid, 10–12 ×8–12 mm, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5–6 ×3 mm, shortly and finely puberulent.
In semi-desert in the United States southwest and northern and central Mexico.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: C.G. Pringle 617 (BM, K, P). Coahuila, 25 miles SW of Monclava, E. Palmer 904 (K, P); near Rancho Cerro de la Madera, T. Wendt 1780 (ASU). Durango: Mapimí, A. Herrera 1 (IEB). Guanajuato: Xichú, S. Zamudio & J. Becerra 11623 (IEB); ibid., Ca. De Huamuchil, J. Rzedowski 52929 (IEB). Hidalgo: Tecozautla, S. Rojas 378 (IEB). Michoacán: Cuitzeo, E. Carranza & I. Silva 7255 (IEB). Nuevo León: G.B. Hinton 21674 (GBH). Oaxaca: V. González & G. Conzatti 898 (GH). Querétaro: Salida a San Luis de Potosí, E. Argüelles 276 (MEXU, NY); Mun. Corregiodora, L. Hernández 6536 (IEB). San Luís de Potosí: Villa Juárez, S. Zamudio 3817 (IEB). Sonora: Sierra Anibácachi, SW of Agua Prieta, T.R. Van Devender et al. 2004-117 (ARIZ). Tamaulipas: San Nicholás, M. Martínez 5057 (IEB). Veracruz: Zacuapan, C.A. Purpus 4320 (BM, F, GH, US).
UNITED STATES. Arizona: Cochise Co., Tombstone, D.F. & S. Austin 7608 (ASU); S. Walker s.n. (UTC); Santa Cruz, W. Hodgson 3913 (DES). New Mexico: Grant, Silver City, A.D. Zimmerman 2006 (DES). Texas: Trans Pecos Mountains region fide
Very similar to Ipomoea marginisepala in all characteristics and difficult to separate except geographically, although molecular studies suggest the two species are distinct. In the type only, the peduncles are suppressed.
This species is often confused with and sometimes treated as a synonym of Ipomoea aristolochiifolia (
Convolvulus venustus
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 600. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Ipomoea hookeri
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 274. (
Ipomoea rubrocaerulea
Hook., Bot. Mag. 8: t. 3297. 1834. (Hooker WJ 1834a: t. 3297). Type. Cultivated plant from Guanajuato, MEXICO. Richardson s.n., not preserved, lectotype t. 3297 in Bot. Mag., designated by
Convolvulus rubrocaeruleus (Hook.) D. Dietr., Syn. Pl. 1: 670. 1839. (Dietrich, D 1839: 670).
Pharbitis rubrocaerulea
(Hook.) Planch., Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 9: 281, t. 966. 1854. (
Ipomoea schiedeana
Ham., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 19. 1838. (
Ipomoea violacea auct. mult. (non L.)
[cultivated plant from Mexico], Cavanilles s.n. (lectotype MA475860, designated here).
Twining annual herb, glabrous in all parts, stems robust and often thick (4–5 mm broad). Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 2–10 cm, ovate, cordate with rather angular, nearly rounded auricles, apex acuminate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.5–11 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3–20 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, oblanceolate, early caducous; secondary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm; pedicels 1.5–3 cm, spreading at a wide angle; sepals subequal, 5–7 × 3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, dark green with white margin, inner slightly longer than the outer; corolla 5–7.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, yellowish inside, limb blue, 4 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 7 × 3 mm, blackish, appearing glabrous but minutely tomentellous under a microscope.
Figure
Usually presumed to be of Mexican origin, but widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, even in temperate countries, and the following citations mix cultivated plants with garden escapes, adventives on roadsides and weeds of disturbed areas. It rarely appears truly native even in central Mexico.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: H. Mello Barreto 5170 (F, SP). São Paulo: J. Santoro 589 (LIL, SP).
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Calacota, J. Solomon 18363 (LPB, MO); Inquisivi, Licoma, J.R.I. Wood et al.29179 (LPB, USZ). Santa Cruz: Florida, Pampa Grande, M. Nee & M. Mendoza 52929 (MO, NY); Ichilo, Buenavista, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27960 (USZ).
PERU. Ayacucho: C. Vargas 15676 (CUZ).
ECUADOR. Loja: G. Harling 6006 (MO, S); Catamayo valley, C. Huttel 1980 (QCA, QCNE).
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Medellín, J. Triana s.n. (BM, P). Cundinamarca: Fusagasugá, E. André 1601 (K).
VENEZUELA. Aragua: A. Fendler 2087 (K, MO). Dist. Fed.: Caracas, Moritz 491 (BM); Lara: Barquismeto, F. de la Puente 784 (OXF). Mérida: J. de Bruijn 1345 (K, MO, S, WAG).
COSTA RICA. Alajuela, M. Chavarría 726 (K, MO).
NICARAGUA. Río Grande, J.T. Atwood & P. Mena 2484 (BM, GH, MO, NY); Estelí, Pueblo Nuevo, L.O. Williams & A. Molina 42399 (BM, F); W.D. Stevens 26630 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Casillas, Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4352 (BM); J. Donnell Smith 4352 (K).
MEXICO. Campeche: E.F. & H. Cabrera 10862 (MEXU). Chiapas: Motozintla, D.E. Breedlove 40546 (MO). Guanajuato: León, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6276 (IEB). Guerrero: Adama Temisco, Cerro de Otote, Y. Mexia 8863 (MO, S); Teloloapan, J.C. Soto Nuñez 19892 (MEXU); Zihugio, Mina, G.B. Hinton 9723 (K). Hidalgo: Tasquillo, R. Hernández & D. Rodríguez 4982 (MO). Jalisco: Chapala, E. Palmer 702 (BM, K); ibid., W.B. Gourlay 62 (K); La Unión, J.C. Soto Nuñez et al. 11275 (MEXU); ibid., 12515 (K). Michoacán: Morelia, G. Arsène s.n. [18/8/1910] (K); Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton 12496 (GBH, K, MO). Morelos: Fröderström & Hultén 483 (S), 406 (S); Cuernavaca, E. Bourgeau 1409 (K, P). Miacatlan, G. Flores & E. Cabrera 648 (MEXU). Oaxaca: J. Tournon 564 (P). Puebla: Coxcatlán. J.I. Calzada 24297 (K). Querétaro: E. Argüelles 2797 (IEB). Veracruz: C.M. Rosas 745 (BM). Yucatán: Izamal, G.F. Gaumer 329 (BM, K); Silam, G.F. Gaumer 1661 (BM, K, S).
UNITED STATES. Colorado: S. Peck 193 (KHD). Missouri: J. Sheets 104 (SEMO). Texas: L.H. Shinners 9445 (FSU).
CUBA. Pinar del Río: J. Bissé & C. Schez (HAJB51411).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.J. Valeur 272 (K, NY, S); A.H. Liogier 13861 (NY), 17790 (NY).
PUERTO RICO. N.L. & E.G. Britton 9117 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix: fide Acevedo-Rodríquez (2005); St John: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 3119 (MO, NY). Antigua: H.E. Box 1341 (BM). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 3591 (NY).
USA, Texas, C. Wright 507 (holotype GH00054451, isotypes BM, GH, K, US).
Slender twining annual herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 × 3–9 cm in outline but usually small, palmately divided into 3 lobes, shallowly cordate to truncate and briefly cuneate onto petiole, the terminal lobe lanceolate acuminate, narrowed at base, the 2 lateral lobes forked or trifurcate, glabrous, both surfaces green. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate cymes, flowers often solitary; peduncles 1.5–5 cm, recurving in fruit; bracteoles 2 mm, linear-lanceolate, scarious with green midrib; pedicels 6–15 mm, lateral flowers often developing tardily; sepals subequal, 9–12(–15) × 2–3 mm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, densely covered in stiff bristles c. 3 mm long; corolla 1.6–2.3 cm long, the tube white, glabrous, the limb bluish-purple, c. 2 cm diam., unlobed but midpetaline bands terminating in a tooth. Capsules subglobose 9 × 10 mm, glabrous; seeds up to 6.5 × 2.5 mm, appressed pubescent often appearing glabrous, brown.
We formally recognise two varieties that were previously treated as distinct species.
Distinguished by the lanceolate sepals with stiff spreading bristles.
Figure
Ipomoea angustata
Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4(19): 383. 1913. (
Distinguished by the narrow linear-lanceolate, glabrous sepals.
Locally common between 200 and 2400 m in the Sonora Desert of Southern Arizona, but uncommon and scattered in other semi desert areas of northern Mexico and the United States southwest.
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Comondú, A.M. Narvaez 2012-209 (HCIB). Guerrero: J. Calónico Soto 17769 (MEXU). Jalisco: Montes & Salazar 874 (FTG). Michoacán: J. Soto Nuñez 10918 (MEXU). Oaxaca: Santa Maria de Tule, W.G. D’Arcy 11973 (FTG, MO). Sinaloa: El Potrerillos, J.G. Ortega 874 (K). Sonora: Yécora, T.R. Van Devender 97-1016 (ARIZ, MEXU). UNITED STATES. Arizona: Apache Pass, J.G. Lemmon 439 (BM, P); Pima County, J. Tedford 06-255, (ARIZ); W. Hodgson 23418 (DES); Santa Cruz county, W. Hodgson et al. 15772 (DES). New Mexico: Loma County, Tres Hermanas Mts., R.D. Worthington 19947 (DES, FTG); Florida Mountains, R.D. Worthington 18612 (L). Texas: El Paso, Franklin Mountains, R.D. Worthington 14686 (DES).
Ipomoea barbatisepala appears superficially to be a relative of Ipomoea nil but the capsule is 4-seeded and molecular studies place it close to I. tricolor. The linear-lanceolate sepals with stiff spreading hairs are distinct but these are absent in the type of Ipomoea angustata. This has never been recollected but is superficially very distinct and is recognised as var. angustata.
• Species 259–267 form a small clade but lack any clear common morphological character. The presence of two species with an unusual ovary structure is noteworthy.
PANAMA. Upper valley of Río Chiriquí, P.H. Allen 1512 (holotype MO152718, isotypes GH, L, US).
Liana 3–6 m high, stems glabrous, latex present, white. Leaves petiolate, 10–19 × 9–11 cm, ovate, abruptly shortly acuminate, cordate, glabrous; petioles 7–14 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes of 2–6 flowers; peduncles 8–10 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 2 cm; pedicels 30–50 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 7–10 × 5 mm, oblong-ovate, acuminate, inner 12–15 × 7–8 mm, ovate to broadly oblong, rounded, mucronate, margins broad, scarious; corolla 6–9 cm long, midpetaline bands terminating in a tooth, white, glabrous, limb 7–8 cm diam.; stamens at mouth. Capsules 1.5 cm long, ovoid, glabrous; seeds glabrous.
Apparently rare localised to western Panama and Costa Rica in moist hill forest around 1800–2000 m.
PANAMA. Chiriqui: Nueva Suissa, T.B. Croat 13504 (MO).
COSTA RICA. A. Tonduz 11701 (MO). San José, Cordillera de Talamanca, Copey de Dota, M.M. Chavarria 1069 (K, MO).
This species is characterised by the long-peduncled, few-flowered cymes of white flowers with broad oblong-ovate, mucronate, mostly scarious inner sepals.
Ipomoea oreophila
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 195. 1908. (
Ipomoea emetica auct.
MEXICO. [Jalisco], Zacoalco, Valley of Mexico, E. Bourgeau 797 (lectotype G00342886 ex Herb. DC, designated here; isolectotypes P, S).
Twining perennial to 1 m from a large root tuber, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–8.5 × 1–5.3 cm, ovate-panduriform to subreniform, base cordate to subsagittate, auricles rounded to subacute, somewhat spreading, apex acute to obtuse, mucronate, margin undulate or with 1–2 large lateral teeth or 3–5-lobed, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially paler; petioles 1.2–5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 2–5.2 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–4 mm, linear, tardily deciduous; pedicels 5–14 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, pubescent, strongly accrescent in fruit; outer 7–10 × 4–7 mm, ovate-deltoid with a broad truncate to subcordate base, acuminate, inner c. 1 mm longer, narrower and basally cuneate; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous but with a few hairs towards the apex of the midpetaline bands, tube whitish, limb deep pink, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 10–12 mm, globose, 5-locular with up to ten seeds; seeds lentil-shaped, 4 mm, densely pubescent with short stiff hairs.
Endemic to central Mexico growing in secondary Quercus woodland at 1900–2500 m.
MEXICO. Durango: E. Palmer 592 (BM, K, S); Súchil, S. González & Y. Herrera 1341(MEXU). Est. México y Dist. Fed.: Valley of Mexico, A. Schmitz 108 (BM, W); Mun. Huehuetoca, J. Rzedowski 34330 (FTG, MEXU); Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 6525 (F), 8442 (K), 8454 (K). Guanajuato: Pénjamo, La Loma, E. Pérez & J. Becerra 4009 (IEB, MO); San Felipe, Los Altos de Ibarra, R. & J.D. Galvín 2298 (IEB); Coroneo, E. Carranza 5345 (IEB, MEXU). Hidalgo: type of Ipomoea oreophila. Jalisco: Zacoalco, Vale of Mexico, E. Bourgeau 497 (P, G), 728 (K, P, S), 792 (G, P); Michoacán: Morelia, G. Arsène 3486 (G, MO), 5972 (G, MO); ibid., Cerro del Aguila, G.C. Tenorio et al. 2247 (IEB, K, MEXU). Querétaro: Amealco de Bonfil, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6180 (IEB, MEXU); Huimilpan, E. Argüelles 2613 (IEB, MEXU).
Notes. Very distinct because of the 10-seeded capsule, leaf shape and truncate-based outer sepals. A record from Sonora: fide
O’Donell annotated specimens of this species as Ipomoea emetica Choisy and was followed in this by
Convolvulus orizabensis
G. Pelletan, J. Chim. Méd. 10: 11. 1834. (
Convolvulus serotinus
DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 97. 1813. (
Ornithosperma serotina
(DC.) Raf., Fl. Ludov.: 149 (1817). (
Quamoclit serotina
(DC.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Pharbitis serotina
(DC.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 341. 1845. (
Ipomoea tyrianthina forma serotina
(DC.) Voss, Vilmorins Blumengärtn. 711. 1894. (
Convolvulus superbus
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 103. 1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Ipomoea superba
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 275. 1838, (
Convolvulus sanguineus
Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 3: 302. 1819, (
Ipomoea tyrianthina
Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 24: 87. (Misc. 162). 1838. (
Pharbitis tyrianthina
Hook., Bot. Mag. 69: t. 4024. 1843. (
Pharbitis longipedunculata
Martens & Galetti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12(2): 271. 1845. (
Ipomoea longipedunculata
(Martens & Galeotti) Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2(11): 389. 1882. (
Pharbitis lilacina
Schltdl. ex Kunze, Linnaea 20: 31. 1847. (
Based on Convolvulus orizabensis G. Pelletan
Twining perennial, stems pilose to glabrous, becoming muricate to spinulose when old. Leaves petiolate, 3–13 × 2.5–11 cm, ovate, entire or 3–5-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles and very narrow sinus, shortly acuminate or cuspidate, mucronate, usually pubescent or hirsute at least on the margins and abaxial veins, occasionally glabrous abaxially paler; petioles 2.5–7 cm, usually pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 2–15 cm; bracteoles 2–10 mm, filiform; pedicels 10–35 mm, commonly reflexed in fruit; sepals slightly unequal, lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, finely acuminate, shortly mucronate, glabrous, pubescent or villous, the margins white, scarious, outer (4–)11–18 × 4–5 mm, the inner usually slightly shorter, the scarious margins broader; corolla 5.5–7.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, the tube pale, midpetaline bands ending in a mucro, the limb purple, 5–6 cm diam. Capsules ovate, 10–13 × 6–8 mm, glabrous; seeds 4–5 mm long, rounded, puberulent.
Very variable in indumentum from glabrous to pubescent or hirsute in varying degrees. The sepals too vary from being subequal or the outer or inner slightly longer, the apex usually acuminate but sometimes obtuse. The leaves may be ovate or 3–7-lobed. Pringle 8737 has unusually finely acuminate sepals. This species was divided into four varieties by
1 | Leaves 3–7-lobed | subsp. collina |
– | Leaves entire | 2 |
2 | Leaves hirsute | subsp. orizabensis |
– | Leaves glabrous | 3 |
3 | Leaves with a distinctive cuspidate apex; inner sepals almos entirely scarious | subsp. novogaliciana |
– | Leaves shortly acuminate; inner sepals with narrow scarious margins | subsp. austromexicana |
Stems, leaves and sepals hirsute. Sepals mostly > 10 mm long, with broad scarious margins, the outermost somewhat foliose. Leaves entire, cordate.
The common subspecies of scrubby hillslopes mostly between 1900 and 2500 m extending from central Mexico south to Honduras.
HONDURAS. Morazán, Laperterique, A. & A.R. Molina 25855 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Quiché, San Miguel Uspantan, Heyde & Lux 3189 (F, GH, K); P.C. Standley 82406 (F).
MEXICO. Aguascalientes: R. McVaugh 16635 (MICH). Chiapas: Motozintla, P. J. Stafford et al. 249 (BM, MEXU, MO); San Cristóbal, A. Méndez 8341 (MEXU). Coahuila: Saltillo, J. Gregg 321 (MO); Melchior Múzquiz, J.A. Villarreal et al. 8710 (MEXU). Colima: Rancho El Jabali, A.C. Sanders et al. 8516 (MO). Durango: El Indio, P. Tenorio et al. 9732 (MEXU, MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton et al. 8007 (K); Pedregal, C.G. Pringle 6452 (BM, K, MEXU, MO, S); Toluca, C.G. Pringle 8432 (BM, K, MO); Valle de México, E. Bourgeau 495 (K, P); Amecameca, C.A. Purpus 1755 (BM); San Andrés, E. Lyonnet 474 (BM, MEXU, MO). Guanajuato: Victoria, J. Rzedowski 44744 (IEB, MEXU, MO); San José Iturbide, J. Gutiérrez 194 (MEXU). Guerrero: Mina, Tierras Blancas, G.B. Hinton 9728 (K, MO). Hidalgo: Puerto Ignacio Isidro Díaz, D.L. Spellman et al. 1059 (MO). Jalisco: Guadalajara, C.G. Pringle 4448 (BM, K); Río Blanco, E. Palmer 335 (BM, K). Michoacán: Zitacuaro, G.B. Hinton 11922 (K); Sierra Torricillas, G.B. Hinton 12339 (K); Uruapan, G.B. Hinton 15461 (K); Morelia, G. Arsène 521 (K). Morelos: Cuernavaca, E. Halbinger s.n. [3/9/1977] (MEXU); ibid., G.B. Hinton 17457 (K). Nayarit: R. McVaugh 18713 (MICH); Nayar, G. Flores et al. 1718 (MEXU). Nuevo León: Zaragoza, Cerro El Viejo, F. Meyer & D.J. Rogers 3027 (BM, MO); Monterey, C.G. Pringle 8737 (BM, K, MEXU, S). Oaxaca: Cerro San Felipe, C. Conzatti 1608 (F); Mitla, R. Torres et al. 6980 (MEXU). Puebla: Puerto del Aire, T.S. Elias et al. 1144 (MO); Azumbilla, P. Tenorio 17521 (MEXU). Querétaro: Landa de Matamoros, El Madroño, E. Carranza & E. Pérez 5410 (IEB, MEXU). San Luís Potosí: Álvarez, E. Palmer 2045 (MEXU, MO); km 87, El Milagro, S.M. Mertz 126 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Sierra Surotato, H.S. Gentry 6220 (GH, MO, NY). Tabasco: Macuspana, R.J. & C. Taylor 12569 (MO). Tamaulipas: Tlaxcala, E.K. Balls 4837 (BM, CAS, K). Veracruz: Orizaba, Seaton 256 (F, GH, NY).
Ipomoea collina
House, Bot. Gaz. 43(6): 412. 1907. (
Ipomoea orizabensis var. collina
(House) J.A. McDonald, Lundellia 4: 87. 2001. (
Ipomoea batatoides
Benth., Pl. Hartw. 46. 1840. (
Ipomoea mestitlanica
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 389. 1845. (
Based on Ipomoea collina House
Diagnosis. Leaves 3–7-lobed, the segments narrowly oblong in outline, narrowed at both ends.
Principally in the drier areas of northern Mexico, especially the Sonora desert.
MEXICO. Coahuila: Cuatrociénagas, Sierra de San Marcos, E. Carranza et al. 1667 (IEB); Ramos de Arizbe, Sierra de la Paila, J.A. Villarreal 3923 (IEB). Guanajuato: Jaral del Progreso, Schumann 941 (P); sine loc., Schnee s.n. (P). Hidalgo: Type of Ipomoea batatoides Benth. Sonora: Sierra de Parras, C.G. Purpus 4975 (BM, F, GH, MO). Also Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and Zacatecas fide
Ipomoea orizabensis var. austromexicana
J.A. McDonald, Lundellia 4: 86. 2001. (
Based on Ipomoea orizabensis var. austromexicana J.A. McDonald
Diagnosis. Distinguished by the glabrous leaves and sepals, which are relatively short (< 8 mm long), broadly elliptic to deltoid, the scarious margins very narrow.
Extreme western Guatemala to the Mayan highlands of central Chiapas, growing mostly between 1500 and 2000 m.
GUATEMALA. Sacatepequez, P.C. Standley 64686 (F).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Pinabeto, E. Matuda 15477 (F); La Independencia, D. E. Breedlove 33479 (MEXU).
Ipomoea orizabensis var. novogaliciana
J.A. McDonald, Lundellia 4: 87. 2001. (
Based on Ipomoea orizabensis var. novogaliciana J.A. McDonald
Diagnosis. Distinguished by the small glabrous leaves, 3–5 × 2–3.5 cm, truncate or very shallowly cordate at base and the apex subcuspidate with an elongate prominent acuminate tip. The sepals are relatively short (4–6 mm), the inner sepal broadly elliptic, entirely scarious except for the green midrib. The corolla is relatively short, 3–6 cm long.
Uncommon in central Mexico.
MEXICO.). Jalisco: Tecalitlán, M. Fuentes 612 (MICH). Michoacán: near Rincón, G. Arsène 5489 (MEXU, MO); near Morelia, G. Arsène 5946 (GH, MEXU, NY).
UNITED STATES. New Mexico, 9 km N. of junction of State Highway 152 and Forest Service Road 157, K. Keith 12 (Holotype TEX, isotype UNM).
Perennial twining herb with stems up to 2 m long from a tap root 1–6 cm long. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 3–7 cm, entire or 5–7-lobed, lobes elliptic 1–6 × 0.5–2 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate, glabrous apart from the pubescent veins; petioles 3–9 cm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers, opening at night; peduncles 0–7 cm; bracteoles linear, 5 × 1 mm, linear, persistent; pedicels 15–25 mm, becoming recurved in fruit; sepals subequal, 11–14 × 3–5 mm, somewhat accrescent by 2 mm in fruit, ovate, acute or acuminate, outer adpressed pilose with scarious margins, inner glabrous, scarious; corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, 6–7 cm long, tube white, limb pale blue, limb 6–7.5 cm diam.; stamens shortly exserted or at mouth. Capsules ovoid, c. 15 × 15 mm, glabrous, trilocular; seeds (4–)6, black, 4–6 mm long, glabrous.
Endemic to open forest of Pinus and Quercus spp. in the Black Range in Gila National Park at 2045 m.
UNITED STATES. New Mexico: K. Keith & C. Hunter 2 (UNM).
A night-flowering species with pale blue flowers and shortly exserted stamens.
GUATEMALA. E.W. Nelson 3512 (holotype US00111412, isotype F).
Twining perennial to 4 m, stems silvery-canescent when young, somewhat glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 6.5–12 × 5.5–10 cm, ovate-orbicular, cordate with rounded auricles, apex obtuse but terminating in a mucro up to 5 mm long, margin undulate, sometimes lobed, adaxially thinly adpressed pilose, abaxially silvery-canescent; petioles 2.5–4 cm, grey-pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate, often dense, axillary cymes; peduncles 4–5(–10) cm, sericeous; bracteoles linear, 7–14 × 1–2 mm, sericeous, deciduous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 5–12 mm; pedicels 5–11 mm, grey-sericeous; sepals unequal, outer ovate 8–10 × 3 mm long, including a fine recurving mucro 3–4 mm long, densely tomentose, inner 10–13 × 4 mm, ovate, acuminate, the apex usually erect, margins scarious but thinly tomentose; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, purple, sericeous, limb 5 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules unknown.
Disturbed deciduous forest, 800–1200 m, in Central America, apparently uncommon.
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, Monte Verde, W.A. Haber 4050 (FTG); Monteverde-San Luis, P. Wilkin 434 (BM).
NICARAGUA. Jinotega, A.D. Moore 2107 (BM, FTG, MO); Llano el Pozo, Estelí, P.P. Moreno 19329 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Type collection.
MEXICO. Chiapas: Mun. San Fernando, Tuxtla-Gutierrez-Chicoasen Dam, D.E. Breedlove 41474 (ARIZ, MO).
Ipomoea tuboides var. pubescens
O. Deg. & Ooststr. in O.Deg., Fl. Hawaiiensis, fam. 307. 1940. (
Ipomoea tuboides forma irregularis O. Deg. & Ooststr. [as var. pubescens forma irregularis] in O. Deg., Fl. Hawaiiensis, fam. 307. 1940. (
Ipomoea tuboides forma digitata O. Deg. & Ooststr. [as var. pubescens forma digitata] in O. Deg., Fl. Hawaiiensis, fam. 307. 1940. (
HAWAII. Oahu, O. Degener & Y. Nitta 5981 (holotype BISH1006749; isotypes BISH, F, GH, MASS, MO, NY, S, US, WIS).
Prostrate or twining perennial, stems slender, woody below, glabrous except for small green protuberances. Leaves petiolate, 4–7 × 4–6 cm, ovate, obtuse or acute and mucronulate, cordate, margin entire, toothed, sinuate or 3-lobed, green and glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 2.3–4.7 cm, false stipules sometimes present. Inflorescence of solitary pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 1–1.5 cm; bracteoles 5–6 mm, caducous; pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 7–8(–15) × 3–4 mm, oblong-elliptic, glabrous, margin scarious, becoming reflexed in fruit, inner 9–10(–22) mm, obtuse to mucronate with broad scarious margins; corolla white with lilac tinge, weakly salverform, the basal cylindrical tube narrow, 2.5 cm long and 0.75 cm wide, the limb 4.5–5 cm wide, glabrous, stamens included. Capsules ovoid-conical, glabrous; seeds trigonous, pubescent with woolly marginal hairs.
Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands where it grows on lava flows.
UNITED STATES. Hawaii: J. Lau & C. Cory 2498 (BISH, FTG); Moloka’i, Kamakou Reserve, L.W. Cuddihy 1218 (BISH). Lanai, G. Munro 945 (BM, K); Maui, F.R. Fosberg 48346 (K, US); O. Degener 25100 (BISH, K); Oahu, O. Degener 5978 (K), 27905 (E).
This Hawaian endemic is of considerable interest as molecular studies (
The floral dimensions in the protologue are much larger than in the specimens we have examined.
This is one of a number of species in which extrafloral nectaries have been reported (
Exogonium retropilosum
Pittier, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 143. 1931. (
Ipomoea chenopodiifolia
sensu
Based on Exogonium retropilosum Pittier
Trailing or scrambling liana of unknown size, stems woody, glabrous to scabrid-pilose, sometimes postulate. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 × 2– 7 cm, ovate, abruptly narrowed to an acuminate, mucronate apex, base shallowly cordate, both surfaces adpressed pilose with whitish hairs to glabrous; petioles 4–6.5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes, primary peduncle stout, slightly woody, 1.3–6 cm, roughly pubescent, secondary peduncles 0.3–1 cm; bracteoles 6 × 1 mm, linear, pubescent, caducous; pedicels 15–32 mm, pubescent or glabrous, slightly thickened upwards; sepals subequal, outer 6–8 × 5–7 mm, broadly ovate, acute and shortly mucronate, glabrous to pilose; inner sepals c. 1 mm longer, glabrous or a broad line of hairs along the middle, margins scarious; corolla tubular, ± hypocrateriform, glabrous, the tube 3.5–4.5 cm long, c. 7–8 mm wide, dark, limb 3.5–4.5 cm wide, unlobed, magenta, stamens shortly exserted. Capsules 7 × 8 mm, subglobose, glabrous, rostrate; seeds not seen.
We recognise two subspecies:
Sepals thinly to densely pilose on the abaxial surface. Young stems and abaxial leaf surface thinly to densely pubescent.
Figure
A–H Ipomoea retropilosa subsp. retropilosa. A habit B abaxial leaf surface C outer sepal D middle sepal E inner sepal F corolla opened out to show stamens G ovary, style and stigma H young fruiting calyx. J, K I. retropilosa subsp. cundinamarcana. J outer sepal K calyx with rostrate apex to capsule. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A–H from J. B. Simmons 281; J, K from André s.n.
In cloud forest near streams in the coastal sierra of Venezuela between 1500 and 1800 m approximately.
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Colonia Tovar, Moritz 1686 (BM, K); Ricaurte, 3 km E of Colonia Tovar, J.A. Steyermark & R.L. Liesner 121997 (MO). Mérida: south of Timote[s], 1976, J.B. Simmons 281 (K); Trujillo: Varela, 1500 m, L. Aristeguieta 4884 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca, Quebrada el Chico, al norte de Bogotá, 2700–2800 m, 30 Nov. 1952, H. Humbert, J. Idrobo & R. Jaramillo 27532 (holotype P03538230).
Diagnosis. Sepals completely glabrous. The young stems and abaxial surface of the leaves are also glabrous.
Cloud forest in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia.
COLOMBIA. Boyacá: Tunja-Ramiriqui, J. Infante-Betancour s.n. (COL). Cundinamarca: type of subsp. cundinamarcana. Meta: “Villavicencio,” [1875-6], E. André 137 (K).
This species has been confused with the rather similar Ipomoea chenopodiifolia of Mexico and Guatemala but differs in the shape and size of the sepals, which are subequal, broadly ovate, never more than 9 mm long, rather than distinctly unequal, lanceolate to narrowly ovate with the inner sepals up to 13 mm long.
Calonyction chenopodiifolium
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 269. 1845. (
Based on Calonyction chenopodiifolium M. Martens & Galeotti
Trailing or scrambling liana, 2–4 m high, stems woody, glabrous or thinly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 2–10.5 cm, ovate, acute to shortly acuminate, shallowly cordate, thinly pubescent to glabrous on both surfaces, abaxially prominently veined; petioles 3–5 cm, pubescent or glabrous. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles stout, woody, 6–18 cm long, bifariously pubescent; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 1–1.7 cm; pedicels 15–25 mm, slightly thickened upwards, glabrous to pubescent; sepals unequal, outer 7–9 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, inner 10–12 × 4–5 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse to rounded, the margins broad, scarious; corolla variable in shape from hypocrateriform to funnel-shaped, the tube 3.5–4.5 cm long, c. 7–8 mm wide, limb 3.5–4.5 cm wide, unlobed, deep pink or magenta, stamens included to shortly exserted. Capsules 10–13 mm, conical, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 7–8 mm, shortly pubescent.
Figure
Ipomoea chenopodiifolia subsp. chenopodiifolia A habit showing corolla shape and exsertion of stamens and style. Subsp. signata B habit showing corolla shape and exsertion of stamens and style. Subsp. bellator C habit showing included stamens and style D outer sepal E inner sepal. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A from Olazo 1132; B from from Martínez & García 22197; C from Nuñez 11826; D, E from de Avila 143.
This species can be divided into three subspecies based on corolla shape, exsertion of stamens and geographical distribution:
1 | Corolla tube cylindrical, scarcely widened upwards, < 7 mm wide at summit | subsp. signata |
– | Corolla tube widened upwards, > 10 mm wide at summit | 2 |
2 | Stamens shortly exserted from corolla tube, corolla hypocrateriform, c. 15 mm wide at summit | subsp. chenopodiifolia |
– | Stamens included in corolla tube; corolla funnel-shaped, > 2 cm wide at summit | subsp. bellator |
Corolla tube gradually narrowed upwards, the anthers and style weakly exserted from the corolla mouth. This is the type subspecies which is somewhat intermediate between the other two subspecies.
Figure
Hill forest between 1750 and 1900 m. Endemic to Oaxaca State in Mexico.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Miahuatlan, T. Croat 46030 (MO); ibid., San J. Coatlan, A. Campos 3421 (MEXU); Mun. Santiago Textitlán, Paraje Río Aguacate, I. Trujillo 1131 (MEXU); ibid., I. Trujillo 1132 (IEB, MEXU); ibid., Paraje arriba de Río Tronco Rambo, I. Trujillo 847 (MEXU); Sola de Vega, M.E. Jacob Salinas 320 (MEXU).
Ipomoea signata
House, Muhlenbergia 3: 46.1907. (
Based on Ipomoea signata House
Diagnosis. Corolla tube subcylindrical for almost all its length, slightly widening just below the limb; stamens and style exserted.
Figure
Hill forest in Guatemala and neighbouring Chiapas State in southern Mexico from (1000–)1700 to 2100 m.
GUATEMALA. Valle de Fuego, Salvin s.n. (K); ibid., A.F. Skutch 548 (F);
Sacatepéuquez, A. Molina & A.R. Molina 124834 (F); ibid., A. Molina & A.R. Molina 24834 (F); ibid., San Lucas Sacatepéuquez, M. Véliz 94.3489 (MEXU).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Mun. Unión Juárez, entre Talquián y Toniná, E.M, Martínez & A. García 22197 (MEXU); Mun. Motozintla de Mendoza, Cerro Moxotal, D.E. Breedlove 41722 (MEXU); ibid., D.E. Breedlove 40467 (MEXU); ibid., D.E. Breedlove 22832 (MO); Chiapa de Corzo, D.E. Breedlove 22912 (MO); Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, D.E. Breedlove 23203 (MO).
MEXICO. Guerrero, Mun. Chichihualco 2550 m, 16 Aug. 1985, J.C. Soto Nuñez & S. Román 9974 (holotype MEXU 1354154).
Diagnosis. Differs from Ipomoea chenopodiifolia subsp. chenopodiifolia by the clearly funnel-shaped corolla tube with the stamens and style included below the mouth of the corolla.
Figure
Endemic to hillforest between 2450 and 2700 m in Guerrero and neighbouring parts of Oaxaca in western Mexico, growing at higher altitudes than the other subspecies.
MEXICO. Guerrero: Mun. Tlacotepec, Puerto Jilhuero, J.C. Soto Nuñez 11826 (MEXU); Mun. Chilpancingo, 6 km NW de Omiltemi, P. Tenorio et al. 2613 (MEXU); ibid., 11.3 km al S de Carrizal, R. Torres Colín 7710 (MEXU); Mun. Metlatonoc, A. de Avila 143 (MEXU). Oaxaca: Mun. Putla Villa de Guerrero, San Andrés Chicahuaxtla, Cerro Zarzamora, T.MacDougall s.n. (MEXU37282); San Martín Peras, Juxtlahuaca, J.I. Calzada 22200 (MEXU)
Records of Ipomoea chenopodiifolia from Venezuela are errors for I. retropilosa.
MEXICO. Jalisco, 5 miles SW of Santa Cruz de las Flores, R. McVaugh 16308 (holotype MICH1111344).
Prostrate trailing herb, stems coarsely pubescent with stiff, bulbous-based hairs. Leaves shortly petiolate, 0.8–3 cm long; rounded in outline, the lobes acute, basally cordate, margin dentate, adaxially glabrous or thinly pubescent, abaxially pubescent at least on the veins; petioles 0.6–1.8 cm. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedunculate; peduncles 1–22 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 1 mm, ovate; pedicels 2–15 mm, thickened upwards, pubescent; sepals unequal, outer 2–4 × 1–3 mm, inner 5.5–8.5 mm, ovate to elliptic, obtuse and sometimes mucronate, glabrous; corolla 6–7 cm, funnel-shaped, reddish-purple, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm wide. Capsules ovoid, 5–7 mm long, glabrous; seeds softly pubescent.
Endemic to Jalisco in central Mexico and recorded as growing in degraded woodland.
MEXICO. Jalisco: Zapopan: J.A. Lomeli 3378 (IEB); La Peña, Ejutla, P. Carillo-Reyes 2244 (IEB); Colotitlán, M. & H de Cházaro 4817 (IEB, MEXU).
The inflorescence takes the form of a long leafy raceme. The position of this species here requires confirmation.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, NE of Putla, R. McVaugh 22268 (holotype MICH1111345, isotype ENCB).
Climbing perennial, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, mostly 5–13 × 3–8 cm, ovate, cordate, apex acuminate, glabrous but sometimes ciliate on margins with stiff hairs; petioles 0.5–7 cm. Inflorescence of compact, leafy sessile, axillary cymes, bracts resembling small leaves; bracteoles 1.5–3 × 0.75 cm, ovate; pedicels 3–4 mm, glabrous; sepals unequal, elliptic or obovate, acute or obtuse and mucronate, pubescent on margins, outer 6.5–9 × 2–2.5 mm, inner 11–13 × 5 mm; Corolla 5–7.5 cm, funnel-shaped, pink with whitish basal tube, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Oaxaca in southern Mexico.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Pinotepa Nacional, N of Putla de Guerrero, T. Croat 45865 (MO).
Resembles Ipomoea dumosa by having prominent bracts enclosing the inflorescence but differing in the terminal inflorescence. The position of this species here requires confirmation.
Exogonium mirandinum Pittier, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 143. 1931. Type. VENEZUELA. Miranda, H. Pittier 12217 (holotype US00111498, isotype NY).
Based on Exogonium mirandina Pittier
Liana to 5 m, stems woody subglabrous, striate. Leaves petiolate, 8–14 × 6.5–12.5 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, broadly cordate, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles sulcate, 4.5–8 cm. Inflorescence of 2–5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 6–8 (–19)cm, stout, glabrous; bracteoles 2 mm, filiform, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present) 3–5 cm, arching; pedicels 1–2.5 cm; sepals dissimilar, outer 18–25 × 12–16 mm, broadly obovate, convex, obtuse to rounded, glabrous, purple-brown, inner similar in size but truncate with broad scarious margins, all drying dark brown; corolla glabrous, hypocrateriform, tube 5–6 cm long, somewhat widened in middle to 12 mm, then narrowed to 6 mm, brown, limb 6–7 cm diam., deep pink, stamens exserted; pink. Capsules glabrous, 15 mm ovoid; seeds 8 × 5 mm, densely pilose with brownish hairs c. 5 mm long.
Hill forests at c. 700–1200 m in Venezuela and Panama. Its occurrence in Colombia is to be expected.
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Dist. Ricaurte, carretera Tejerias-Tiara, cerca de Caguita, Bunting 4301 (FTG); Tovar, A. Fendler 942 (K, MO). Carabobo: H. Pittier 8034 (US). Dist. Fed.: Avila, Quebada Chacaito, B. Manara s.n. (FTG). Miranda: Colinas de Carrizal, G. & B. Morillo 4563 (FTG); Cerro Naiguatá, J. Steyermark 91853 (MO). Sucre: Peninsula de Paria, camino de Manical a Los Pocitos de Sta. Isabel, NW de Irapa, K. Dumont et al. VE-7514, (FTG); Manical, J. Steyermark & R. Liesner 120821 (MO). Yaracuy: A. Gentry & L. Puig 14381 (MO).
PANAMA. Altos de Campana, A. Gentry 5768 (MO, FTG); W.H. Lewis et al. 3155(FTG, MO); M.D. Correa & E. Montenegro 10149 (FTG, PMA); W. D’Arcy 9556 (CTES, MO); above Río Primero Brazo, 5 miles NW Santa Fe, T. Croat 23132 (FTG, MO).
The very large sepals combined with the hypocrateriform corolla with exserted stamens make this species distinctive. Its placement here is provisional.
Convolvulus parasiticus
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 103. 1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Convolvulus circinnatus Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 302. 1819. Type. VENEZUELA. Caracas, Bonpland & Humboldt 660 (holotype BW03703010).
Ipomoea perlonga
B.L. Rob., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 29: 319. 1894. (
Based on Convolvulus parasiticus.
Annual or short-lived perennial twining herb to 7 m; stem rather stout and with scattered soft spiny projections, branches rigid. Leaves petiolate, 3–10 × 2–9 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex finely acuminate, abaxially paler, usually adaxially thinly pubescent, sometimes glabrous; petioles 3–5 cm, puberulent. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles stout, 3–5 cm; bracteoles 3 mm, linear-lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 4–6 mm; pedicels 15–22 mm, stout, thinly puberulent, spreading at a wide angle and often reflexed in fruit; sepals slightly unequal, broadly elliptic with wide scarious margins, outer 6–7 × 5 mm, obtuse and mucronate, abaxially with a few hairs, inner sepals similar but rounded and minutely mucronulate, glabrous; corolla sericeous in bud, 2.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, tube white outside, yellow inside, limb blue (drying pink), c. 3 cm diam., deeply lobed. Capsules 7–12 × 5 mm, glabrous, ovoid, acute above a small apical corona; seeds 6–7 mm, brown, glabrous.
Widely distributed in America from Mexico south to Bolivia but scattered in occurrence, generally uncommon and often of uncertain status. It is usually found on fences, field border and similar disturbed bushy places at altitudes below 1000 m.
BRAZIL. Principally in the north east: Ceará: J.P. Souza et al. 11034 (RB). Dist. Fed.: H.S. Irwin et al. 15862 (MO, NY, RB, W). Goiás: H.S. Irwin et al. 14959 (FTG, MO, NY). Minas Gerais: A. Macedo 676 (MO), G. Pereira-Silva et al. 6364 (CEN). Paraíba: J. Coelho de Moraes 1841 (RB). Pernambuco: Miranda et al. 483 (PEUFR); E.P. Heringer et al. 720 (IPA, NY). Rio Grande do Norte: J. Freitas 10100 (UFRN). Serjipe: D.G. Oliveira 300 (ASE). Also Bahia and Maranhão fide
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ichilo, Buenavista, J. Dorantes et al. 1710 (CTES); Ñuflo de Chávez, San Javier, M. Mendoza & Rivadineira 2431 (USZ, K); J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27944 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
PERU. Lambayeque: T. Plowman et al. 14300 (F, MO). Tumbes: A. Gentry & C. Díaz 58297 (MO).
VENEZUELA. Aragua: A. Fendler 930 (K, MO); Moritz 44 (BM). Dist. Fed.: Caracas, La Florida, A.H.G. Alston 5446 (BM, F, S). Also Lara and Miranda fide
COSTA RICA. Nicoya, A. Tonduz 13679 (BM, K, P); San José, San Ignacio de Acosta, Khan et al. 257 (BM); B. Hammel 18682 (F, MO).
NICARAGUA. Matagalpa, P.P. Moreno 25101 (BM), 25082 (BM); Esteli, Pueblo Nuevo, L.O. Williams & A. Molina 42410 (BM, F).
HONDURAS. A. Molina & A.R. Molina 34212 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. G. Davidse et al. 37458 (BM, LAGU, MO).
GUATEMALA. Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4024 (BM, K).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: La Paz, J.I. Calzada 25226 (K, MEXU). Chiapas: D.E. Breedlove 40603 (MO). Chihuahua: P. Tenorio et al. 10070 (MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Valle de México, E. Bourgeau 1265 p.p. (K); Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 8591 (K). Guanajuato: NE de Gavia, J. Rzedowski 40931a (IEB). Guerrero: Atoyac, G.B. Hinton 10898 (K); Montes de Oca, Vallecitos, G.B. Hinton 11716 (GBH, K); Petatlán, E. Langlassé 629 (K, P). Jalisco: R. McVaugh 24625 (MICH). Michoacán: Arteteaga, E. Carranza & V.W. Steinmann 6291 (IEB). Oaxaca: Santa María Chimalapa, S. Maya 2195 (MEXU). Querétaro: Pinal de Amoles, Escanelilla, S. Zamudio 5847 (IEB). Sinaloa: San Ignacio, Ajoya, J. González Ortega 51 (K). Sonora: Algodones, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 1682 (IEB, K, MO); A.L. Reina-G et al. 2001-656 (ARIZ). Veracruz: Catemaco, La Victoria, A. Bourg 182 (IEB); Emiliana Zapata, Ranchito Nuevo, R.A. Pedraza & H. Perales 322 (IEB).
LESSER ANTILLES. Guadeloupe: Stehlé 202 (P) – recorded as introduced.
A rather fleshy plant with a blue, lobed corolla limb, white tube and, usually, soft spines on the stem. The ripe fruit is held on a recurved peduncle. Dried specimens are superficially very similar to Ipomoea tricolor with a blue corolla, white-margined sepals and similar divaricating pedicels but can be distinguished by the sericeous corolla buds and different sepals.
NGS sequencing of nuclear genes places this species in the Calonyction Clade, something suggested by the fleshy spines on the stem. ITS, however, places it in a clade closer to Ipomoea mirandina and its allies.
• Species 271–274 form the small but distinctive Calonyction Clade which consists of night flowering species with white or pale lilac hypocrateriform corollas and often awned sepals. The pollen is also distinct in having blunt gemmiform spines (Figure
Convolvulus muricatus
L., Mant. Pl. 1: 44. 1767. (
Calonyction muricatum
(L.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 264. 1838. (
Calonyction speciosum var. muricatum
(L.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 345. 1845. (
Ipomoea turbinata
Lag., Gen. Sp. Pl. 10. 1816. (
Convolvulus petiolaris
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 105. 1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Ipomoea petiolaris
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 275. 1838. (
Ipomoea bona-nox var. purpurascens
Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. 4: t. 290. 1818. (
Bonanox muricata
Raf., Fl. Tell. 4: 77. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Convolvulus colubrinus
Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 2, 66. 1845. (
Ipomoea tubiflora Hook. f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 204. 1847. (Hooker, J.D. 1847: 204). Type. ECUADOR. Galapagos, James Island, C. Darwins.n. (holotype CGE00308).
Calonyction longiflorum
Hassk., Pl. Java Rar. 523. 1848. (
Ipomoea shirensis
Baker, Bull. Misc. Inf., Kew 46: 74. 1894. (
Ipomoea kirkiana
Britten, J. Bot. 32: 85. 1894. (
Ipomoea spinulosa
Brandegee, Zoe 5: 169. 1903. (
Ipomoea calderonii
Standl., J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 14: 242. 1924. (
Based on Convolvulus muricatus L.
Vigorous annual climbing or trailing plant; stems stout, armed with soft herbaceous spiny projections. Leaves petiolate, 7–18 × 6–17 cm, ovate or, rarely, 3-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles, apex shortly acuminate, glabrous; petioles 3–15 cm. Inflorescence of 1–2(–5)-flowered, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 2.5–20 cm, usually long, but, if short, commonly with soft spines; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 1.5–4.5 cm, stout and strongly swollen upwards, becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals unequal, accrescent in fruit, glabrous, white with green midrib, outer 10–14 mm, narrowly ovate, attenuate into a point up to 7 mm long, inner 7–12 mm, broadly ovate, abruptly narrowed to an awn 3–4 mm long; corolla dark lilac, 5–6 cm long, glabrous, tube narrowly cylindrical below but widened to 10 mm below limb, limb c. 4 cm diam., spreading, unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 1.5–2 cm long and wide, glabrous, rostrate, the persistent style c. 3 mm long, the pedicel commonly reflexed; seeds 8–10 mm long, glabrous.
Scattered throughout the tropics but rarely abundant. It is usually found growing in disturbed bushy places at low altitudes.
ARGENTINA. Salta: Campo Santo, C. O’Donell 2669 (CTES, LIL).
BRAZIL. Ceará: Caucaia, A.S.F. Castro 1810 (EAC); Aquiraz, A.S.F. Castro 2493 (EAC). Minas Gerais: Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 749 (MO). Pernambuco: Fernando de Noronha, A.M. Miranda 4086 (RB).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Com. Orotote, R. Lozano et al. 1183 (MO). Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, Santiago, J.R.I. Wood & B. Williams 27904 (K, LPB, USZ); Cordillera, Alto Parapeti, R. Chávez de Michel 261 (LPB); Velasco, Carmen Ruiz–San José Campamento, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27838 (K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, near Villamontes, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 31182 (CTES, F, MO); O’Connor, 5 km N of Entre Ríos, M. Atahuachi et al. 1519 (BOLV).
PERU. Lambayeque: M. Weigend et al. 8529 (USM).
ECUADOR. Galápagos: Santa Cruz: F. Fagerlind & G.Wibom 3228 (S); P.S. Bentley 235 (NY, MO, QCNE, US). Guayas: E. Asplund 15917 (S). Loja: Zapotepampa, F. Vivar 1358 (LOJA). Manabí: Jipijapa, M. Montesdeoca et al. 976 (QAP).
VENEZUELA. Bolívar: L. Aristeguieta 5817 (US, VEN). Guárico: Valle de Guanape-Altagracia de Orituco, L. Aristeguieta 6454 (MO, VEN).
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, B. Hammel & I. Pérez 25849 (MO).
NICARAGUA. Rivas, San Juan del Sur, W.D. Stevens & O.M. Montiel 30403 (HULE, MO); Carazo, La Palma, Chacocente, M. Aranda 121 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapan, Área Protegida Santa Rita, J.M. Rosales 1940 (BM, MO).
HONDURAS. Comayagua, La Libertad, C.H. Nelson et al. 7579 (MO).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: type of Ipomoea spinulosa. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Naranjo, G.B. Hinton 5011 (K); ibid., Tejupilco, G.B. Hinton 8414 (GBH, K, MO). Guerrero: Punarabato, Coyuca, G.B. Hinton 6932 (BM, GBH, K, MO). Sinaloa: Fuerte, J.N. Rose et al. 13566 (K); Imala, H.S. Gentry 5464 (MEXU). Sonora: Yécora, A.L. Reina-G et al. 98-1515 (MEXU). Yucatán: Izamal, G.F. Gaumer 987 (BM, K, MO, P); Mérida, Schott 684 (BM).
UNITED STATES. Florida: fide
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. St Eustatius: fide
Commonly confused with Ipomoea alba but when flowering easily identified by the shorter lilac corolla which is widened below the limb. In fruit it is more difficult to separate but the aristate tip of the inner sepals is only 2–3 mm long.
Ipomoea tubiflora Hook. f. from James Island (Santiago) in the Galapagos represents a plant with slender stems devoid of fleshy spines. A more recent specimen (P.S. Bentley 235 (NY, MO, US) from Santa Cruz Island) is somewhat similar but with some fleshy stem spines so providing a link to more typical Ipomoea muricata. It is interesting that the Galapagos Islands also have extreme forms of Ipomoea incarnata, suggesting that isolation and the arid climate is allowing the evolution of distinct forms.
Calonyction album
(L.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 591. 1904. (
Ipomoea bona-nox
L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2: 228. 1762. (
Convolvulus bona-nox
(L.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 600. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Calonyction speciosum
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 441[59]. 1834. (
Calonyction bona-nox
(L.) Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 227. 1837. (
Calonyction speciosum var. vulgare
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 345. 1845. (
Ipomoea aculeata forma bona-nox
(L.) Voss, Vilmorins Blumengärtn. 708. 1894. (
Ipomoea aculeata var. bona-nox
(L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2; 442. 1891. (
Quamoclit bona-nox
(L.) M. Gómez, Fl. Habana 345. 1897 [dated 1899]. (
Convolvulus aculeatus var. bona-nox
(L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3: 212. 1898. (
Bonanox indica
Raf., Fl. Tell. 4: 77. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Bonanox riparia
Raf., Fl. Tell. 4: 77. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Convolvulus aculeatus
L., Sp. Pl. 155. 1753. Type. Icon in Plukenet, Phytographia t. 276, f. 3 (1694), designated by
Calonyction aculeatum
(L.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 590. 1904. (
Convolvulus latiflorus
Desr., Encycl. Meth. 3: 561. 1789 [pub. 1792]. (
Ipomoea latiflora
(Desr.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 240. 1819. (
Euryloma latiflora
(Desr.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 75. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Ipomoea longiflora
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Enum. Pl. 1: 207. 1809. (
Quamoclit longiflora
(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Ipomoea grandiflora
Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 14. 1814. (
Ipomoea roxburghii
Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 819. 1840, (
Ipomoea bona-nox var. grandiflora
(Roxb.) C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 4: 197. 1883. (
Ipomoea tubulosa
Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 789. 1819. (
Convolvulus pulcherrimus
Vell., Fl. Flumin. 72. 1829 [dated 1825]. (
Ipomoea noctiluca
Herb., Bot. Reg. 11: t. 917. 1825. (
Calonyction noctilucum
(Herb.) Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 3: 482. 1839. (
Ipomoea ambigua
Endl., Prod. Fl. Norf. 53, 1833. (
Calonyction macrantholeucon
Colla, Mem. Nov. Sp. Calon. 15. 1840. (
Calonyction speciosum var. macrantholeucon
(Colla) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 345. 1845. (
Calonyction megalocarpum
A. Rich. ex Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 3: 129. 1850. (
Ipomoea noctiflora
Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 286. 1854. (
Calonyction pulcherrimum
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Paraguay 12. 1877. (
Ipomoea aculeata var. heterophylla
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2; 442. 1891. (
Calonyction bona-nox var. lobatum
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 1037. 1897. (
Calonyction bona-nox subvar. calvum Hallier f., [as var.
lobatum subvar. calvum] Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 1037. 1897. (
Ipomoea aculeata auct. mult. Amer., non Blume
Icon in Rheede, Hort. Ind. Malabar 11: t. 50 (1692), designated by
Vigorous scrambling or trailing plant, stems to 10 m, glabrous, sometimes armed with soft spiny projections, sometimes subtomentose. Leaves petiolate, 5–15 × 4–14 cm, ovate, sometimes-lobed to about one third, acuminate to a fine hair point, cordate at the base, auricles sometimes with broad teeth, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 3–18 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2–9(–20) cm, stout; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 5–15 mm, swollen below flower; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer sepals 15–25 × 4–6 mm, lanceolate with a long awn 5–12 mm in length, green with white margins inner sepals 12–20 mm including a 2–5 mm long awn, ovate, whitish with green midrib; corolla hypocrateriform, with a narrow cylindrical whitish-green tube 5–12 cm long and a spreading, white limb 4–5 cm in diam., glabrous. Capsules ovoid, c. 3 cm long, glabrous; seeds 11–13 mm long, glabrous.
Figures
A pantropical weedy species, not certainly known as a native anywhere but clearly of neotropical origin. Widely distributed in disturbed damp bushy places, particularly along shaded tropical streams, mostly below about 1600 m and probably native in this habitat in the Neotropics. It is also cultivated growing in gardens as high as Sucre (2800 m) in Bolivia as well as in gardens and conservatories in cool temperate countries.
URUGUAY. W.G. Herter 73 (MO, S).
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: P. Jörgensen 1421 (MO). Córdoba: A.T. Hunziker 17369 (CORD). Corrientes: M.M. Arbo et al. 6607 (CTES, S). Formosa: P. Jörgensen 3065 (MO). Misiones: E.L. Ekman 1439 (S).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Estancia Miranda, F. Mereles 6848 (FCQ). Alto Paraná: E. Zardini & E. Florentin 40048 (MO). Caazapá: P.N.Caaguazú, L. Molas 762 (PY). Canindeyú: Simonis et al. 236 (PY, U). Central: T. Morong 269 (BM); Ypacaraí, E. Zardini et al. 2402 (FCQ, MO). Cordillera: Tobatí, E. Zardini & R. Velázquez 27362 (FCQ, MO). Guairá: Villarica, G.W. Teague 532 (BM); La Colmena–San José, F. Mereles & F. González 7907 (FCQ). Itapúa: Isla Yacyretá, J. de Egea et al. 337 (BM, FCQ). Paraguarí: Macizo Acahay, E. Zardini 6160 (MO, PY); Cerro Acahay, L.R. Landrum et al. 8625 (ARIZ, FCQ). San Pedro: A.L. Woolston 1548 (K).
BRAZIL. Acre: G.T. Prance et al. 12008 (K, MO, NY). Amazonas: B.A. Krukoff 4509 (MO, NY, S); Rio Solimões, R. Spruce 1626 (K); Manãos, J. Loew 182 (K). Bahia: J.L. Hage & E.B. dos Santos 1174 (K). Ceará: Villa de Orato, G. Gardner 1771 (BM, K). Dist. Fed.: E.P. Heringer et al. 1932 (NY). Espirito Santo: H. Boudet-Fernandes 1588 (MO). Mato Grosso: B. Dubs 1268 (K, Z). Minas Gerais: Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 1922 (BM). Pará: E.P. Killip 30648 (NY). Paraná: G. Hatschbach 24141 (MBM, MO). Pernambuco: Fernando do Noronha, Ridley et al. s.n. [1887] (BM, P). Rio de Janeiro: M.R. Barbosa et al. 18855 (K). Rio Grande do Sul: A. Kegler 180 (MO). Rondônia: G.T. Prance et al. 6544 (NY). Santa Catarina: A. Gavieski 81 (K). São Paulo: N.A. Rosa & J.M. Pires 3838 (NY).
FRENCH GUIANA. Courbon s.n. (P); Sastre 4697 (P).
SURINAM. J. Langouw & J.C. Lindman 1551 (MO).
GUYANA. Fide
BOLIVIA. Beni: S.G. Beck 5561 (LPB). Chuquisaca: M. Cárdenas 5733 (US). Cochabamba: Chapare, J. Steinbach 9355 (BM, NY, GH, F, MO, S). La Paz: J. Solomon 13710 (LPB, MO). Pando: S.G. Beck et al. 19555 (COL, LPB). Santa Cruz: J.R.I. Wood et al. 19653 (BOLV, K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: M. Serrano et al. 7608 (LPB).
PERU. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, R.W. Bussmann et al. 16839 (MO). Cajamarca: P.C. Hutchison & J.K. Wright 3607 (K, P, UC). Cusco: G. Calatyud et al. 1942 (CUZ, MO); Convención, C. Vargas 3482 (CUZ). Huánuco: Huallaga valley, A. Gentry et al. 37627 (MO). Ica: San Juan Baptista, O. Whaley et al. 213 (K). Lima: Canta, P. Gonzáles 135 (USM). Loreto: A. Gentry et al. 32130 (MO). Madre de Dios: P. Nuñez 12308 (CUZ, MO). Pasco: L. Valenzuela et al. 12618 (MO, USM). Puno: Sandia, C. Vargas 16409 (CUZ). San Martín: J. Schunke 4022 (F). Ucayali: K.R. Young & G. Sullivan 658 (NY).
ECUADOR. Galápagos: G. Harling 5615 (S). C. Crossland 455 (K). Guayas: R. Spruce 6493 (BM, K). Imbabura: G. Harling 4320 (MO, S). Loja: R. Espinosa 215a (NY). Manabí: Eggers 15461 (P). Napo: H. Lugo 2747 (MO). Pastaza: B. Løjtnant & U. Molau 13283 (AAU, GB).
COLOMBIA. Amazonas: J. Duque 2415 (COL). Antioquia: Naranjo: E. André 372 (K). Cauca: K. von Sneidern s.n. [18/11/1941] (S). Chocó: Bahía Solano, E. P. Killip 33586 (COL, NY). Cundinamarca: G. Dugand 3805 (COL). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1581 (NY, S). Valle: F.C. Lehmann 7906 (K).
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Tovar, A. Fendler 929 (K). Bolívar: J. Steyermark et al. 104063 (MO). Miranda: K. Robertson & D.F. Austin 222 (MO). Sucre: J. Steyermark & R. Liesner 121014 (MO). Zulia: G.S. Bunting et al. 12569 (MO).
PANAMA. A. Gentry 4428 (BM, MO); H. Pittier 2244 (BM); Duchassaing s.n. [1851] (P).
COSTA RICA. El General, A.F. Skutch 4265 (K, S); Puntarenas, Coto Brus, M.M. Chavarría 691 (K, MO); Tucurrique, A. Tonduz 12942 (BM, K).
NICARAGUA. D. Weberbauer 7340 (BM); L.O. Williams & A. Molina 42471 (BM, F); W.D. Stevens 3942 (BM, MO).
HONDURAS. S. Blackmore & G.L.A. Heath 1763 (BM).
EL SALVADOR. Hartman 59 (S); Lago Illopango, K. Sidwell et al. 529 (BM).
BELIZE. M.E. Peck 762 (K); Orange Walk, C. Whitefoord 8174 (BM).
GUATEMALA. Escuintla, J. Donnell Smith 2017 (K); R. Tun Ortiz 665 (BM, F).
MEXICO. Campeche: Calakmul, D. Álvarez & J.C. Soto Nuñez 1251 (IEB). Chiapas: Ocosingo, E. Martínez et al. 25431 (K); P. J. Stafford et al. 150 (BM). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Valle de México, E. Bourgeau 1382 (K, P, S). Guerrero: Galeana, G.B. Hinton 11195 (K). Guanajuato: Valle de Santiago, M. González 70 (IEB). Jalisco: E. Palmer 727 (BM); La Huerta, Rancho Cuixmala, A.C. Sanders et al. 10510 (K). Michoacán: Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton 12698 (K). Morelos: Tlayacapan, Hernández et al. 648 (IEB). Nayarit: Nuevo Vallarta R. Barraza s.n. (IEB). Oaxaca: W.H. Camp 2423 (K, NY). Puebla: Ajalpan, J.I. Calzada 23614 (K, MEXU). Querétaro: Landa de Matamoros, A. Herrera 49 (IEB). Quintana Roo: O. Téllez 2006 (BM, MEXU). Sonora: fide
UNITED STATES. Florida: A.H. Curtiss 2166 (BM, K, P, S); H. Moldenke 758 (K, S); L. Kitching s.n. [1905] (BM). Louisiana: C. Reid & T. Baker 5860 (LSU).
BERMUDA. F.S. Collins 250 (K, NY).
BAHAMAS. New Providence, D.S. Correll 48400 (NY); Ackling Island: L. Brace 4287 (NY).
CUBA. López Figuieras 783 (HAJB); C. Wright 450 (BM); N.L. Britton 6660 (NY); R. Combs 716 (NY); J.A. Shafer 1524 (NY).
HAITI. L. R. Holdridge 2013 (BM, NY); E.L. Ekman H9194 (S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H16197 (S); M.M. Mejia Pimentel & T. Zanoni 9216 (NY); Poiteau s.n. (P).
PUERTO RICO. P. Sintenis 446 (S); A.A. Heller 375 (NY).
JAMAICA. W. Harris 8458 (BM); W. Stearn 398 (BM); G.R. Proctor 20703 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. Guadeloupe: A. Duss 3499 (NY); H. & M. Stehlé 8166 (P). Dominica: C. Whitefoord 6017 (BM); W.H. Hodge 811 (BM). Martinique: A. Duss 428 (NY); Belanger 219 (P). St Vincent: fide
TRINIDAD. A. Fendler 589 (BM, P).
HAWAII. Faurie 1037 (BM); F.R. Fosberg 57423 (K); R. Kuykendall 137 (BM); L.H. MacDaniels 149 (BM); T.G. Lammers 8045 (BM, F); O. Degener 24511 (BM); Honolulu, C.R. Annabale & D.E. Atha 3097 (NY).
McDonald, (1994: 13) designated Velloso (1829 69, t. 25) as the lectotype of Convolvulus pulcherrimus Vell. but there is no plate on this page and t. 25 does not correspond to an Ipomoea. Hence a new lectotype is designated above.
Herbert’s description of Ipomoea noctiluca in the Botanical Register 11: t. 917 (
Unmistakeable when in flower but fruiting material can be difficult to distinguish from Ipomoea muricata except by the longer aristate points of the sepals. Plants with tomentose stems are known from Ecuador: F. Vilar 517 (LOJA) from the Galapogos Islands and F. Vilar 190 (LOJA) from Catamayo, Loja. They may occur elsewhere.
Calonyction ventricosum
Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 556. 1894 [pub.1893]. (
Based on Caloncytion ventricosum Hallier f.
Perennial climber reaching 15 m, stems stout, glabrous, sometimes with occasional fleshy teeth. Leaves petiolate, very large, 15–20 × 12–18 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate, glabrous to thinly pubescent on the abaxial veins towards the base; petioles 10–20 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate axillary cymes with up to 12 flowers, usually in a cymose cluster but sometimes (as in the type) forked into two branches, appearing lax and racemose; peduncles 6–30 cm; bracteoles caducous, suborbicular, convex, with fine terminal mucro c. 2–6 mm long, c. 2–3 cm × 1.5–2.5 cm, membranous with prominent venation; secondary peduncles up to 6.5 cm; pedicels 1–2.5 cm, thickened upwards; sepals similar, 9–14 × 4–7 mm, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, glabrous; corolla white, glabrous, funnel-shaped, basal cylindrical tube 1.5–5 cm long, 0.3–06 cm wide, then abruptly swollen before gradually being widened to mouth, the whole tube 4–6 cm long, the limb 2–3 cm long and 4–5 cm wide,; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules 2.5–3 × 1.5 cm, conical, rostrate, glabrous; seeds glabrous, 10 × 6 mm.
Figure
Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. Disturbed woodland on stony ground, 800–1300 m.
COSTA RICA. San José, P. Döbbeler 934 (BM); Río María, A. Tonduz 8439 (BM), 13051 (K).
EL SALVADOR. La Libertas, Antigua Cuscatlan, P. Lemus s.n. [13/1/1989] (K, LAGU).
GUATEMALA. Chapadero, Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4354 (K).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Mun. San Fernando, J. Carmen Soto et al. 13324 (BM, MEXU, ARIZ); Esquintla, E. Matuda 17292 (K). Colima: Rancho El Jabali, E. Lott et al. 3009 (MICH). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Tejupilco, G.B. Hinton 2296 (BM, K); ibid., Luvianos, G.B. Hinton 7169 (K); Piedras Negras, E. Matuda 29702 (IEB). Guerrero: El Balsamo, J.C. Soto Nuñez 11469 (MEXU). Jalisco: San Sebastián del Oeste, T.S. Cochrane et al. 12045 (IEB). Michoacán: Coalcomán, Sierra Naranjillo, G.B. Hinton 12680 (K); Zirimicuaro, S. Zamudio 11264 (IEB). Oaxaca: Santa Cruz Tepitotula, P. Osorio 265 (IEB). Veracruz: Orizaba, E. Bourgeau 3024 (P, K); Moyapan, Orizaba, M. Rosas 709 (BM. GH, MEXU).
The variations in inflorescence structure and corolla size are so great that it is difficult to believe only one species is involved.
Ipomoea skutchii
J.A. McDonald, Harvard Pap. Bot. 4; 55. 1993. (
COSTA RICA. San José, A. F. Skutch 2982 (holotype S12-2092, isotypes K, GH, NY, US).
Climbing perennial; stem glabrous but strongly muricate. Leaves long petiolate, large, 14–21 × 11–16 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate with narrow sinus and rounded auricles, adaxially with scattered hairs, abaxially paler, pubescent on the veins; petioles 16–24 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence with up to 4 flowers, somewhat racemose in structure; peduncle c. 30 cm, glabrous; bracteoles lanceolate, c. 11 × 2 mm, caducous; pedicels 1.5–2 cm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, long-aristate, glabrous with scarious margins, outer 10–14 mm with 5–6 mm long mucro, oblong-elliptic, inner 14–16 mm with 2–3 mm long mucro, ovate; corolla c. 13 mm long, white, funnel-shaped, the basal cylindrical tube c. 2 cm long, but limb c. 6 cm wide, buds and midpetaline bands pubescent. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Costa Rica and only known from the type collection.
COSTA RICA. Type collection.
• Species 275–279 form another distinct small clade characterised by having pinnatifid leaves and a relatively large corolla. This clade is almost restricted to Mexico.
MEXICO. Hidalgo, Cumbre de Jacala, E. Matuda 37288 (holotype MEXU00050769).
Trailing or climbing plant, stems finely pilose, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–9 × 2.5–7 cm, ovate-deltoid, obtuse, base cordate and then cuneate onto the petiole with distinct rounded auricles, margin irregularly dentate, both surfaces green, abaxially paler, strongly reticulate, veins pubescent; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3 flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 10–15 cm; bracteoles 1–4.5 × 0.5–3.5 cm, ovate, petiolate, dentate, resembling small leaves; pedicels 14–22 mm, tickened upwards, pubescent; sepals subequal, 15–17 × 6 mm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, acuminate, margin scarious, outer sepals pubescent, glabrescent; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pinkish-purple with paler tube, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules and seed unknown.
Endemic to Hidalgo in Mexico and only known from the type.
MEXICO. Hidalgo: type collection.
The leaf shape suggests this species is intermediate between Ipomoea stans and another species, perhaps I. orizabensis. The foliose bracteoles and dentate leaves are distinctive characters.
Convolvulus stans
(Cav.) Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 96. 1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Convolvulus firmus
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 613. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Convolvulus sinuatus
Sessé & Moçiño, Pl. Nov. Hisp. 1: 24. 1888. (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1887–90: 24), nom. illeg. non Convolvulus sinuatus Petagna ex
Ipomoea stans var. hirsuta
B.L. Rob., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 29: 319. 1894. (
Ipomoea jaliscana
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 187. 1908. (
Plant cultivated in Madrid, presumably of Mexican origin, lectotype MA475857, designated by
Perennial herb (reported sometimes to be annual), branched at base with many ascending stems to 1 m forming a small bush, stems woody below, crisped pubescent, rootstock tuberous, reputed to be poisonous. Leaves shortly petiolate 2.3–5.5 × 1.5–2.5 cm, oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse to truncate, base truncate and then broadly cuneate onto petiole, margin lyrate-dentate, both surfaces glabrous with scabrous veins and margins to pubescent with densely pubescent veins, abaxially with prominent venation; petiole 3–5 mm. Flowers solitary (rarely paired), axillary; peduncles 0.5–5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles variable sometimes linear-oblanceolate c. 5 mm long, sometimes foliose with lyrate margins and reaching 15 mm; pedicels 3–10 mm, thickened upwards, scabrous to pubescent; sepals unequal, glabrous to scabrous, margins scarious, outermost 7–12 × 6 mm, broadly to narrowly oblong-elliptic, obtuse, inner 10–16 × 8 mm; corolla 6–7.5 cm long, flared to funnel-shaped, purple, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules 14–16 × 11 mm, ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous, ±enclosed by sepals; seeds 6–8 × 4–5 mm, minutely puberulent.
Locally common in open pine forest, dry scrub and secondary vegetation, 1300–2700 m. Endemic to central Mexico.
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Y. Mexia 2751 (BM, P); Sierra de Guadelupe, E. Bourgeau 496 (BM, MO, P, S); ibid., E.K. Balls & W.B. Gourlay 4948 (K). Guanajuato: E. Ventura & E. López 6964 (MEXU). Guerrero: P. Tenorio et al. 9566 (MO). Hidalgo: Pachuca, C.G. Pringle 6915 (BM, K, P, S); H. Piug 4797 (P). Jalisco: Guadalajara, C.G. Pringle 4488 (BM) – var. hirsuta; Río Blanco, E. Palmer 324 (BM, K) – var. hirsuta; Zapopan, A. Rodríguez & P. Montiel-Moncayo 6340(IEB) – var. hirsuta. Michoacán: Morelia, Punguato, G. Arsène 5967 (BM, S, US); Tiripetio, Morelia, G. Cornejo Tenorio 3475 (K). Oaxaca: Ghiesbreght s.n. (K, P); Tihuacan, C. Conzatti 164 (K). Puebla: P. Tenorio & C. Romero 6828 (MO); San Antonio, E.K. Balls & W.B. Gourlay 4510 (BM, K); Juan N. Méndez, J.I. Calzada 24405 (K, MEXU); San Luis Tultitlanapa, C.A. Purpus 3367 (BM). Querétaro: Colón, Galerías, E. Carranza & E. Pérez 4907 (IEB, MEXU). San Luís Potosí: Parry & Palmer 627 (BM, MO). Veracruz: Totalco, M. Vásquez 2100 (BM, K, MEXU). Zacatecas: Dressler 71 (MO); Hartweg s.n. (K).
Very variable in indumentum and size and shape of sepals and bracteoles. Very hairy plants with relatively short but broad sepals from Jalisco (Pringle 4488, E. Palmer 324, A. Rodríguez & P. Montiel-Moncayo 6340) may be recognised as var. hirsuta.
MEXICO. Michoacán, Tacámbaro, E. Carranza & V.W. Steinmann 6393 (holotype IEB000164902, isotypes CAS, IEB, MEXU, MICH, TEX, XAL).
Clearly resembling Ipomoea stans in the distinct leaves and erect habit but differing as follows. Perennial herb with stout, erect stems to 2.2 m. Leaves distinctly petiolate, mostly 16–30 × 12–24 cm; petioles mostly 2–4.5 cm. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal cymes with 5–15 flowers, appearing a many-flowered panicle; peduncles 9–18 cm; bracteoles 12–17 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 12–30 mm long; sepals subequal, scarious, 15–17 mm, oblong-ovate, usually glabrous; corolla 7–9 cm long, deep red., presumably glabrous.
Ilustration.
Endemic to the Balsas depression area in Michoacán State in central Mexico.
MEXICO. Michoacán: Tacámboro, Punta de la Loma-Paso de Morelos, Carranza & V.W. Steinmann 6397 (IEB).
Resembles a large vigorous form of Ipomoea stans.
MEXICO. Chihuahua, below Pacheco, E.W. Nelson 6276 (holotype US059993, isotypes GH, K, NY).
Erect perennial herb or subshrub to 1.5 m, often much branched, glabrous in all parts. Leaves shortly petiolate, up to 11 cm long, ±pinnately divided into filiform segments 1.5–8 × 0.05–0.1 cm; petioles 0.5–0.8 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, solitary or paired axillary flowers; peduncles 5–11 cm long, usually straight and rather stout; bracteoles ovate-deltoid, 1–2 mm long, deciduous; pedicels 1–2 cm, in fruit widening upwards and becoming recurved; sepals slightly unequal, outermost 5–7 × 4.5–6 mm, broadly ovate to suborbuicular, rounded, with broad scarious margins; inner conspicuously larger 8–10 × 7–8 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded, margins broad, scarious but the midvein extending to apex; corolla 9–10 cm long. funnel-shaped, glabrous, white to pale pink, limb entire, 8 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 15–16 mm, glabrous; seeds 7–8 × 6 mm, glabrous.
Locally common in northern Mexico in the Chihuahua-Sonora border areas at around 1400–2000 m, where it grows in very dry oak woodland on rocky slopes. Endemic to Mexico.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: Mun. De Madera, R. Spellenberg 13835 (ARIZ, NMC); Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 2648 (K, MEXU); Pacheco, Bowman Ranch, J. Spencer & N.D. Atwood 644 (K). Sonora: Mun. Yécora, Van Devender & Reina G. 2000-663 (ARIZ); Cañon de Huépari, S.S. White 2692 (MEXU); 10.3 miles E of Yécora, M. Fishbein et al. 2546 (ARIZ, MEXU).
Sometimes treated as a form of Ipomoea sescossiana but distinguished by the much longer leaves with filiform leaf segments < 1 mm in width. Molecular studies raise doubts about the distinctness of these two species, although they are easily separated morphologically.
Ipomoea pringlei
A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 307. 1887. (
MEXICO. San Luis de Potosí, Sescosse s.n. (lectotype P03560164, designated here; isolectotypes P, US).
Bushy perennial herb to c. 1 m, plant entirely glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, short, 1.5–3.5 cm long, ±pinnately divided into linear segments 0.5–1.5 × 0.1 cm; petioles 0.2–0.7 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, long-pedunculate flowers; peduncles stout, 1–5 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 0.6–1.6 cm, widened upwards; sepals unequal, outer 5–7 × 3–4 mm, broadly or narrowly ovate-elliptic, obtuse, scarious-margined, inner 9–10 × 7 mm, obovate or broadly elliptic, rounded with broad, scarious margins and green centre; corolla 7.5–9 cm long, deep bluish-pink with a pale tube, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb unlobed, 4–7 cm diam. Capsules 10–18 × 8–10 mm, ovoid, rostrate, mucro c. 3 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm (possibly immature), pubescent.
Endemic to northern Mexico growing from 1600 to 2350 m on dry rocky mountains.
MEXICO. Aguas Calientes: Tepezalá, De La Cerda-García 1416 (IEB). Chihuahua: Mun. Guerrero, R. Spellenberg 13842 (ARIZ, NMC); 41 km S. of Villa Ahumada, J. Henrickson 5867 (MEXU); Los Encinillos, H.S. Gentry 8218 (MEXU). Coahuila: 8.4 miles S of Moctezuma, R. Worthington 7284 (ARIZ, TEX, UTEP). km 15 W of Concepción del Oro, L.R. Stanford et al. 534 (ARIZ, NY). Durango: El Oro to Guanacivi, E.W. Nelson 4729 (K); L. McGill 9305 (ASU). San Luis de Potosí: C.L. Lundell 5149 (TEX); Venado, F. Sánchez 412 (ASU, DES, MEXU). Sonora: fide
• Molecular sequence data suggests species 280–288 (and possibly 289) form a natural group but no obvious morphological feature seems to unite the whole clade although individual species clusters are readily discernible.
VENEZUELA. Guárico, Laguna de la Mesa de El Sombrero, H. Pittier 12470 (holotype NY00319208, isotypes G, M, NY, VEN, US).
Prostrate herb, stems somewhat succulent, rooting at the nodes, glabrous. Leaves long–petiolate, palmately divided into 5–7 lobes, appearing to be formed of 3 leaflets, the central leaflet elliptic to lanceolate, 2–3.5 × 0.3–0.8 cm, basally attenuate, the lateral segments bipartite, sometimes with an additional simple lobe; petioles 3.5–7.5 cm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 0–2 mm; bracteoles 2–3 mm, obovate acute, scarious; pedicels very long, 3–15 cm; sepals similar, 3–3.5 mm long, oblong–elliptic, obtuse to emarginate, somewhat scarious, glabrous; corolla 2–3 cm long, funnel–shaped, pink with dark throat, glabrous, limb unlobed, c. 1.5 cm diam.
Seasonally flooded plain in the Llanos of Venezuela and the lower Magdalena in Colombia.
COLOMBIA. Atlántico: A. Dugand 4828 (US).
VENEZUELA. Anzoátegui: Río Caní, entre Guanipa y Cantaura, H. Pittier 15111 (VEN). Apure: just south of Mantecal, G. Davidse et al. 3886 (MO, FTG); Montecal, B. Sergios (MO, PORT); Sabana de la Candelaria, H. Guyon 131 (P). Falcón: Carretera Marsillal–Geritu, B. Trujillo 8804, (ARIZ). Guárico: Calabozo, Palmar de las Barbitas, R.A. Montes 933 (MO).
A very distinctive prostrate rooting herb with palmately divided leaves.
Ipomoea serotina
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 215. 1819. (
Convolvulus pauciflorus
Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 789. 1819. (
Convolvulus dumetorum
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 101. 1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Convolvulus pulchellus
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 101. 1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Ipomoea pulchella
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 276. 1838. (
Convolvulus glaucescens
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 101. 1818. [pub. 1819]. (
Ipomoea glaucescens
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 275. 1838. (
Ipomoea dumetorum var. glaucescens
(Kunth) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 378. 1845. (
Quamoclit mutica
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 335. 1845. (
Ipomoea oligantha
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 380. 1845. (
Ipomoea chilensis
A. Braun & C.D. Bouché, Index Sem. [Berlin], append. 1: 1. 1857 [pub. 1858]. (
Convolvulus pauciflorus var. chilensis
(A. Braun & C.D. Bouché) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 214. 1898. (
Ipomoea paposana
Phil., Viage Des. Atacama 299. 1860. (
Ipomoea dumetorum forma alba
Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 224. 1947. (
Sine loc, probably Colombia or Ecuador, Humboldt & Bonpland (holotype B–W 03750-01 0), photo F).
Twining annual herb, stems glabrous, sometimes muricate. Leaves petiolate, mostly 4–10 × 3–7 cm, ovate–deltoid (rarely 3–lobed), hastate to broadly cordate, auricles rounded or acute, apex acute and finely mucronate, margin entire or with a large marginal tooth, both surfaces usually glabrous but sometimes abaxially pubescent on veins near base; petioles 2.5–4(–8) cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2–8 cm, sometimes paired, glabrous or hirsute at base; bracteoles 2–3 mm, narrowly linear–lanceolate, acuminate, ±persistent; secondary peduncles short, 0.5–1 cm; pedicels mostly 1–1.5 cm, often recurved in bud; sepals slightly unequal, the inner slightly shorter than the outer, 5–6 mm, broadly ovate to elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate, pale green with prominent dark spots and pale margins, outer sepals sometimes muricate, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent; corolla 2–2.8 cm long, broadly funnel–shaped, glabrous, tube pale pink or white, limb pink (sometimes reported to be bluish), c. 2 cm diam. Capsules glabrous, ovoid, rostrate, the persistent style c. 2 mm long; seeds 5–6 × 2–2.5 cm, black, microscopically tomentellous.
Figure
This is a common species extending from Argentina north along the Andes through Central America to reach the southern United States. It is noticeably more common south of the Equator than further north. It is mostly found in disturbed bushy places and on woodland borders between 2000 and 3000 m but reaches at least 3500 m in Bolivia and Peru and is reported from low altitudes in the coastal deserts of Chile around Antofagasta and commonly from the coastal Lomas in Peru, suggesting that the presence of damp cloud and mist are significant in its distribution.
CHILE. Antofagusta: type of Ipomoea paposana.
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Andalgalá, P. Jorgensen 1213 (LIL, MO, US). Jujuy: Tumbaya, A. Krapovickas et al. 46658 (CTES), 47893 (CTES. MO). Salta: Los Toldos, L.J. Novara 5274 (G); R. de Lerma, L.J. Novara 6580 (G), La Caldera, L.J. Novara 6642 (G); Orán, Pierotti 1302 (LIL). Tucumán: T. Meyer 13978 (LIL); Burruyacu, Monetti 2032 (LIL, P).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Boeto, Nuevo Mundo, J. Gutiérrez et al. 603 (ARIZ, HSB, LPB, MO); Zudañez, A.N.M.I. El Palmar, J.R.I. Wood et al. 23298 (K, LPB). Cochabamba: Campero, Pasorapa–Bellavista, J.R.I. Wood et al. 19450 (BOLV, HSB, K, LPB, USZ); Capinota, Apillapampa, E. Thomas 371 (BOLV, LPB); Cercado: E.K. Balls 6214 (BM, BOLV, K, US). La Paz: Murillo, Valle de Zongo, S.G. Beck 3668 (MO, LPB); Saavedra, Charazani, A. Fuentes et al. 6840 (ARIZ, LPB, MO); Sud Yungas, Puente Chiltuayo, below Lambate, J.R.I. Wood et al.29194 (LPB, USZ). Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, G.A. Parada & V. Rojas 2610 (OXF, MO, USZ). Tarija: Arce: Cerro Pabellón, S.G. Beck et al. 26076 (ARIZ, LPB); O’Connor, Narvaez, J. Solomon 10389 (LPB, MO).
PERU. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, A. Mathews s.n. (K). Ancash: E. Cerrate 550 (USM); R. Ferreyra 8668 (USM). Apurimac: C. Vargas 8760 (CUZ). Arequipa: Condesuyos, Chuquibamba, D. Stafford 1181 (BM, K); Mollendo, D. Stafford 832 (BM, K). Cajamarca: C. Díaz & M. Severo Baldeón 2873 (MO); A. Sagástegui 15377 (F). Cusco: Macchu–Picchu, T.G. Tutin 1274 (BM); Urubamba, H.H. Iltis et al. s.n. [19/12/1962] (K), Paucaratambo, E.K. Balls 6787 (BM, K). Huánuco: Proaño 175 (USM). Ica: Santiago, Lomas de Amara, O. Whaley et al. 1744 (K). Junín: Huancayo, J. Soukup 3152 (MO, P, S). Lima: Lomas de Atocongo, T.W. Böcher et al. 377 (K); Lomas de Chancayllo, R. Ferreyra 16599 (MO USM); M. La Torre et al. 973 (USM). Moquegua: R. Ferreyra 11603 (USM). Piura: R. Ferreyra 13757 (USM). Tacna: R. Ferreyra 12647 (USM).
ECUADOR. Azuay: C.W.T. Penland & R.H. Summers 1045 (F, US). Cañar: T. Croat & M. Menke 89025A (MO). Chimbarazo: L. A. Mille (US). El Oro: G. Harling & Andersson 18798 (GB). Loja: B. MacBryde 309 (MO); Sparre 16674 (S). Manabí: E. Asplund 15946 (S). Pinchincha: C.E. Cerón 15212 (MO). Tungarahua: M. Acosta–Solis 9313 (F); Ambato, E. Bravo 625 (QCA).
COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Bogotá, J. Triana 3801 (BM); Goudot (K). Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, J. Cuatrecasas 24782A (COL, US). Nariño: H.H. Martines 29 (COL). Quindío: type of Convolvulus dumetorum Kunth
VENEZUELA. Mérida/Táchira: San José to Mucutuy, C. Jeffrey et al. 2120 (K).
COSTA RICA. M. Chavarría 625 (INB).
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Ciudad Universitaria, R. Bye 27004 (MEXU); Tepotzotlán, J. Rzedowski 36567 (MO); Polotitlán, E. Matuda et al. 26545 (MEXU); Pedregal, E. Lyonnet 108 (BM). Guanajuato: San Felipe, W of Altos de Ibarra, G. Arias 2297 (IEB); R. & J.D. Galván 2297 (MEXU). Hidalgo: 6 km al N de Tlalnalapa, J. Rzedowski 35931 (ASU, IEB, MEXU). Jalisco: E. Bourgeau 796 (P, S, US). Michoacán: Zacapu, W of La Angostura, A. Grimaldo 534 (IEB, MEXU); Pedregal de Arocutín, M.E. Molino & S. Zamudio 296 (IEB). Morelos: Huitzilac, I. Diáz 1145 (MEXU). Oaxaca: C. Conzatti 2274 (US) fide McDonald. San Luis Potosí: J.G. Schaffner 620 (GH, K).
UNITED STATES. New Mexico: White Mountains, E.O. Wooton 630 (NY, P); Organ Mountains, A. McDonald 140 (TEX). Texas: Mount Livermore, Hinckley 322 (NY).
Although commonly misidentified, this species is readily identified in the field by its small pink (reported as pale blue in the northern hemisphere) flowers and pale green sepals with distinct dark spots. The sepals are usually completely glabrous but some specimens from Peru (G. Calatuyud 2382, 3261 (both MO, OXF) have pubescent sepals. It is sometimes confused with Ipomoea aristolochiifolia but usually grows at a higher altitude and the peduncle never passes through the sinus of the leaf base.
Quamoclit mutica was identified as Ipomoea tricolor by
Cultivated plant from MEXICO, Guanajuato, Sierra Gorda near San Luis de la Paz, Finck s.n. (lectotype K000612720, designated by
Slender twining perennial herb, stems glabrous, roots reported to be tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–11 × 1.5–6 cm, ovate, cordate, the auricles sometimes incurved and almost touching, apex acuminate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of solitary (or paired) pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 2–6 cm, sometimes arising through the leaf sinus, commonly flexuose; bracteoles 2 mm, oblong–lanceolate; pedicels 7–15 mm, distinctly thicker than the peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, ovate to ovate–oblong, obtuse to rounded, glabrous, the margins scarious, abaxial surface with dark spots, outer 4–6 × 5 mm, inner 6–8 × 5–6 mm; corolla 2.5–4.5 cm long, shortly funnel–shaped and flared from the base, blue (?) drying purple, glabrous, limb 2–4 cm diam. Capsules 9 × 6–7 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds up to 4, 5 × 3–4 mm, glabrous.
Endemic to central Mexico at altitudes of 1500–2500 m.
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 8348 (GBH, K). Hidalgo: A. Villa Kamel 91 (IEB). Michoacán: Morelia, N of Zapote, G. Arsène s.n. [4/8/1910] (P). Morelos: Cuernavaca, C.G. Pringle 6565 (BM, GH, K, MO, S, US); Huitzilac, J. Vásquez 2300 (MEXU). Oaxaca: Cerro San Felipe, C. Conzatti 4174 (US); Santiago Textitlán, A. Zarate Marcos 683 (MEXU). Querétaro: Pinal de Amoles, E. Carranza & E. Pérez 5415 (IEB, MEXU); ibid., S. Zamudio & E. Carranza 6850 (IEB); Landa de Matamoros, B. Servín 1291 (IEB). San Luis Potosí: Xilitla, E. Carranza & S. Zamudio 5933 (IEB).
Rather similar to Ipomoea dumetorum but perennial with tuberous roots and a larger corolla reaching 4.5 cm in length. The leaves are also more strongly sagittate.
This is the source of “Tampico Jalap”.
MEXICO. Tamaulipas, 7 km SW of Miquihuana, Stanford, Retherford & Northcraft 705 (holotype GH00054520, isotype MO).
Slender twining herb, stems glabrous, reddish. Leaves petiolate, ovate–deltoid, base cordate to sagittate with narrow acute to obtuse auricles, apex finely acuminate and mucronate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 0.5–3 cm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 1.2–3 cm; bracteoles minute, aristate; pedicels 3–11 mm; sepals unequal, ovate–oblong, obtuse to rounded, sometimes mucronulate, glabrous, dotted with dark glands, margins narrow, scarious, outer 3–4 × 2 mm, inner 4.5–6 × 3 mm; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel–shaped, reddish–purple with paler tube, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., subentire. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Apparently rare in pine forest at 2000–3200 m in NE Mexico.
MEXICO. Tamaulipas: type of Ipomoea miquihuanensis. San Luis de Potosí: M. Virlet d’Aoust 1852 (P). Nuevo León: J.C. Hinton 19261 (GBH, n.v.).
The dark glands on the sepals and the high altitude habitat confirm the affinity with Ipomoea dumetorum, but it is easily distinguished by its much larger corolla.
Ipomoea hintonii
L. O. Williams, Econ Bot. 24: 400. 1970. (
MEXICO. Morelos, Sierra de Tepoxtlán, C.G. Pringle 8448 (holotype GH00054487, isotypes AC, BM, CM, DAO, E, ENCB, F, GOET, ISC, K, M, MEXU, MICH, MIN, MSC, MO, NDG, NY, P, PH, RM, RSA, S, UC, US, VT).
Slender, probably twining perennial herb, stems glabrous, reaching 3 m. Leaves petiolate, 4–11 × 1–4.5 cm, narrowly ovate, long acuminate to a fine mucronulate point, base sagittate with acute, apiculate auricles, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially somewhat reticulate and somewhat glaucous; petioles 1.5–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely in 2–3-flowered cymes) pedunculate flowers; peduncles 8–12 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, squamose, caducous; pedicels 18–30 mm; sepals very unequal, outer 3–6 × 3–4 mm, ovate, obtuse, scarious-margined, dotted with conspicuous dark glands, inner 8–11 mm, broadly oblong, retuse, mostly scarious except at base; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, salverform with a basal tube c. 4 cm long, pink, glabrous, limb short, c. 2 cm diam., stamens exserted. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to seasonally upland pine and oak woodland in central Mexico.
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: type of Ipomoea hintonii. Morelos: Sierra de Tepoxtlán, C.G. Pringle 13590 (GH, S); Tlayacapan, Barranca Tepecapa, R. Hernández-Cárdenas et al. 522 (IEB); Tepozteco, E. Lyonnet 540800007 (IEB); J. Espinosa 79 (MEXU).
Close to Ipomoea simulans and I. miquihuanensis differing in the narrow corolla tube and exserted stamens.
Ipomoea lemmonii
A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 19: 91. 1884 [pub. 1883]. (
Ipomoea tenuiloba var. lemmonii
(A. Gray) Yatsk. & C.T. Mason, Madroño 31(2): 106. 1984. (
Ipomoea leptosiphon S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 23: 280. 1888. (Watson 188: 280). Type. MEXICO. Chihuahua, C.G. Pringle 1337 (holotype GH00054514, isotypes E, F, K, NDG, NY, PH, TEX, US).
UNITED STATES. Texas, near Puerto de Paysano, J. M. Bigelow et al. s.n. (holotype NY00319068, isotype US).
Perennial herb from a thickened tuberous rootstock (like an elongated bulb), scrambling or twining, completely glabrous. Leaves petiolate, digitate with 5–9 (usually 8) linear, acute leaflets 1–6 × 0.05–0.25(–0.6) cm; petioles 5–35 mm. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, pedunculate; peduncles 1–5 cm, often bent at apex ; bracteoles 1–2 mm, filiform, tardily deciduous; pedicels 2–8 mm, thickened upwards, recurving in fruit; sepals unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, broader in fruit, outer 5–9 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, acute, mucronate, sometimes muricate abaxially, inner 7–14 × 3–4 mm, oblanceolate, rounded, shortly mucronate; corolla 3.5–10 cm long, with a long trumpet-shaped tube gradually widened in upper half to c. 1.5 cm, white, pale pink or purplish, glabrous. midpetaline bands terminating in a mucro, limb c. 2 cm diam.; stamens held at mouth of corolla. Capsules held on a recurved pedicel, compressed-globose, 6–9 mm diam., glabrous, rostrate with mucro up to 5 mm long; seeds 2.5–5 × 2–4 mm, ellipsoid, black.
Semi-desert areas of the United States Southwest and NW Mexico, mostly growing at altitudes of 1700–2200 m, but rather local and infrequently collected.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: S of Guadelupe, E. H. Nelson 4822 (K, US); Temosachi, J. Laferrière 1727 (ARIZ, MEXU); Sierra Canelo, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 2529 (ARIZ, F, GH, K, MEXU, US); Colonia García, C.H.T. Townsend & C.M. Barber 271 (BM, F, K, MO, NY, P, US). Durango: Durango-Mazatlan, G. Yatskievych 85-236 (INDIANA, ARIZ); Tepehuanes O. Bravo Bolañsa 150 (MEXU). Sonora: Río Bavispe Region, Sierra de el Tigre, S.S. White 3474 (ARIZ, GH); Yécora, T.R. Van Devender & A.L. Reina-G 2001-844 (MEXU).
UNITED STATES. Arizona: Pima Co, Santa Catalina Mountains, J. Tedford 06-218 (ARIZ); Cochise Co., Mule Pass, F.W. Reichenbacher 811 (ARIZ); ibid., Chiricaha Nat. Mon., D.G. Doramus s.n. (ARIZ); ibid., Coronado Nat. Forest, K. Stieve 49 (ASU). New Mexico: Hidalgo Co, Peloncillo Mts., E. Makings & C.D. Littlefield 3054b (DES, UCR). Texas: type collection.
This species can be recognised by its distinctive subhypocrateriform corolla, the tube only expanding just below the limb. Yatskievich and Mason (1984) and
MEXICO. Chihuahua, C.G. Pringle 1338 (holotype GH00054517, isotypes: E, F, GH, K, MEXU, MIN, MO, NDG, NY, PH, US).
Perennial herb to 50 cm from a bulb-like tuber, stems ascending or decumbent, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1.5–5 × 0.3–4 cm, rhombic, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute and mucronate, cuneate at base, entire or with 2–4 small linear-oblong lobes from the base of the main lobe or ± palmately divided into 3 leaflets, glabrous; petioles 0.5–1.5 cm. Flowers solitary, rarely in pairs, axillary; peduncles 0.3–3.3 cm, usually glabrous; bracteoles 1–3 × 2 mm, filiform, moderately persistent; pedicels 4–11 mm, muricate; sepals subequal, narrowly ovate, acuminate, outer 6–10 × 4–6 mm, abaxially muricate, inner slightly larger, the midrib muricate, the margins glabrous, scarious; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, the limb purplish, 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules 3-locular, depressed-subglobose, 5–6 mm wide, glabrous; seeds c. 2 mm wide, densely puberulent.
Endemic to northern and central Mexico, growing in pine and oak woodland, 1600–2700 m.
MEXICO. Aguascalientes: J. Rzedowski 14159 (MEXU); Sierra del Laurel. R. McVaugh 18383 (MICH). Chihuahua: La mesa de Urucán, P. Tenorio & C. Romero 6158 (MO); Caborachi, R. Hernández 8527 (MEXU). Durango: González & Acevedo 1805 (MEXU). Est. Mexico & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Timbres, G.B. Hinton 1234 (F, GH, K, NY). Guanajuato: Sierra Santa Rosa, E. Carranza & H. Zepeda 5022 (IEB). Michoacán: Cerro El Aguila, G. Cornejo Tenorio 2810 (IEB). Nayarit: J.N. Rose 2109 (US). Querétaro: Amealco-San Juan del Río, J. Rzedowski 48571 (IEB). Sonora: Yécora, A.L. Reina-G 2000-541 (ARIZ). Zacatecas: J.N. Rose 2780 (US).
The leaves are somewhat polymorphic varying from entire to palmately lobed, a feature that together with the muricate sepals suggests a relationship with Ipomoea plummerae, which is supported by molecular results.
Ipomoea plummerae var. typica
Ooststr., Recueil. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 30: 210. 1933. (
Quamoclit pedata
M. Martens & Galeoti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 270. 1845. (
Ipomoea capillacea var. patens
A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer., ed. 2: 434. 1886. (
Ipomoea patens
(A. Gray) House Ann, New York Acad. Sci. 18: 237. 1908. (
Ipomoea armata var. patens
(A. Gray) M.E. Jones, Contr. W. Bot. 12: 53. 1908 (
Ipomoea minuta
R.E. Fries, Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 4: 113. 1905 (
Ipomoea cuneifolia
A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 19: 90. 1884 [pub. 1883]. (
Ipomoea egregia
House, Torreya 6: 124. 1906. (
Ipomoea plummerae var. cuneifolia
(A. Gray) J.F. Macbr., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 4. 1931. (
Ipomoea plummerae forma adiantifolia
Ooststr., Recueil. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 30: 210. 1933. (
Ipomoea minuta forma adiantifolia
(Ooststr.) O’Donell, Lilloa 29: 193. 1959. (
Ipomoea plummerae forma rhombifolia
Ooststr., Recueil. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 30: 221. 1936. (
Ipomoea plummerae var. cupulata
J.A. McDonald, Harvard Pap. Bot. 6: 115. 1995. (
UNITED STATES. South Arizona, Wright, Loew, Mr and Mrs J.G. Lemmon 2839 (holotype GH00054464 (portion on top right of sheet), isotypes UC).
Completely glabrous perennial herb with subterranean bulb-like root tuber; stems usually several, branched near base, decumbent or ascending, up to 30 cm long but often very short. Leaves petiolate, small, digitately divided into 5–7 segments, segments 3–30 × 1–3 mm, linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse and mucronate or (less commonly) simple, rhomboidal, basally cuneate but apically acute or 3-fid with acute lobes; petioles 3–15 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 5–12(–40) mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, filiform; pedicels 1–4 mm; sepals slightly unequal outer 5.5.–7 mm, oblong, acute to obtuse, muricate, inner similar but 7–8 mm and with broad scarious margins and green, central, sometimes muricate midrib; corolla 2–3 cm long, glabrous, funnel-shaped; tube dirty white, limb dark pink, c. 2 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 6–7 mm long, subglobose, glabrous, the slender style persistent, up to 6-seeded; seeds 3–4 mm, dark brown, minutely tomentellous.
Figures
A species with a disjunct distribution closely paralleling that of Ipomoea pubescens, being found in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina in South America and the United States and Mexico in North America. It is characteristic of open stony hillsides with subpuna vegetation between 2400 and 4000 m, the lower altitudes recorded from the extreme south and the extreme north of its range. It usually grows in small populations, often only a single plant being found.
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: El Candado, P. Jorgensen 1043 (LIL, MO); Ambat, A.T. Hunziker & T di Fulvio 19823 (CORD); R. Schreiter 10559 (LIL). Córdoba: A. Burkart 7447 (SI). Jujuy: F.O. Zuloaga et al. 6039 (MO). La Rioja: Kurtz 15482 (CORD). Salta: L.J. Novara 1601 (S), E. Zardini et al. 1880 (MO). San Luis: Vignati 169 (LP). Tucumán: C. Olrog s.n. [1/1951] (S); Tafi, Schickendantz 1892 (LIL).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Oropeza: H. Huaylla 989 (MO); Tomina, El Villar, Carretero et al. 1153 (ARIZ, HSB, MO); Zudañez, A.N.M.I. El Palmar, J.R.I. Wood 17843 (K, LPB). Cochabamba: Arque, P. Ibisch & Rojas 745 (BOLV, LPB); Carrasco, López Mendoza, J.R.I. Wood 8959 (K, LPB). Cercado, M. Cardenas 2261 (GH, LIL); Quillacollo, M. Zarate et al. 2180 (BOLV, LPB, MO). La Paz: Larecaja, G. Mandon 1490 (BM, K, P, NY, S); Murillo, Aranjuez, S.G. Beck 24966 (LPB). Potosí: Bustillos, S.G. Beck 6172 (LPB); Charcas, Torotoro, J.R.I. Wood et al. 19214 (BOLV, K, LPB); Frías, La Palca-Cayara, J.R.I. Wood 9021 (K, LPB); Sud Chichas, F. Zenteno 11610 (LPB). Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, L. Arroyo et al. 5466 (USZ). Tarija: Arce, Cerro Pabellón, S.G. Beck et al. 26106 (LPB); Cercado, Tucumilla, K. Fiebrig 2446 (BM, K, GH, P).
PERU. Apurimac: Grau, C. Vargas 12413 (CUZ); Abancay, C. Vargas 9055 (CUZ). Arequipa: Quequena, D. Stafford 1293 (BM). Ayacucho: J. Barrientos 78 (USM). Cusco: D. Stafford 221 (BM); Urubamba, P. Nuñez 7444 (MO, USM); Calca, C. Vargas 6364 (CUZ). Lima: E. Asplund 13822 (S); Surco, R. Ferreyra 9654 (USM). Junín: Tarma, P.C. Hutchison & O. Tovar 4206 (MO). Moquequa: Carumas, A. Weberbauer 7275 (BM, S); D. Montesinos 751 (USM). Puno: J. Soukup 485 (P); C. Vargas 12500 (CUZ).
COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: M. Schneider 1126 (S); Mosquera, R. Jaramillo (COL).
MEXICO. Chihuahua: Juárez, E.W. Nelson 6085 (GH, K, US); Colonia García, C.H.T. Townsend & C.M. Barber 228 (BM, F, GH, P, US); Arroyo Hondo, Sierra Charuco, H.S. Gentry 1787 (CAS, F, K, US).Coahuila: fide
UNITED STATES. Arizona: Coconino Co., E. Lehto 3454 (ARIZ, BM); Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mts., S. Walker s.n. [11/8/1963] (UTC); ibid., W. Hodgson 2600 (DES). New Mexico: White Mountains, E. O. Wooton 627 (CAS, GH, K, NMC, P, US); C. Wright 1616 (K); Mogollon Mts., O.B. Metcalfe 271 (K). Texas: Glass Mountains, Warnock 160 (GH).
There are several problems with the typification of the names listed above. The sheet with barcode GH00054464 (Ipomoea plummerae) consists of two collections of which only the portion towards the top and on the right of the sheet is the lectotype (Wright, Loew, Mr and Mrs J.G. Lemmon 2839), the other collection on the left (mounted on whiter paper) is Wright 1616, which is not part of the lectotype. Similarly, GH00054486 (Ipomoea capillacea var. patens) consists of two collections, of which only the plant on the left (whiter) side of the sheet is Palmer 910, constituting the lectotype. In the case of Quamoclit pedata there are three syntypes and we have designated the sheet annotated “holotype” by McDonald as the lectotype. McDonald chose Kurtz 11437 as the lectotype of Ipomoea minuta but it is actually a mixed gathering consisting of a typical plant (S07-4678) and forma adiantifolia (S12-7294), as annotated by O’Donell. In order to clarify the ambiguity we have redesignated the portion on the left of the sheet with barcode S07-4678 as the lectotype.
Ipomoea plummerae is exceptionally variable in its leaf form and various infraspecific taxa have been recognised. The typical plant has leaves digitately divided into 5–7 linear leaflets. However, plants with rhomboidal leaves occur sporadically, the leaves basally cuneate but apically acute, the margin crenate, deeply 3–5-toothed or variously lobed. These are found usually in the presence of typical plants and can be recognised as forma adiantifolia if so desired.
In NW Mexico there occurs a relatively distinct variety with a nearly salverform corolla and a cylindrical basal tube 10–14 mm long. This can be recognised as var. cupulata.
The root is eaten in some Andean communities (Gutiérrez-R, 2016).
Convolvulus capillaceus
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 97. 1818 [pub. 1819].
Ipomoea muricata Cav., Icones 5: 52, pl. 478, f.2. 1794 [pub. 1799], nom. illeg., non Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacq. (1798). Type. MEXICO. Guanajuato, L. Nées.n. (lectotype MA 475850, designated here).
Ipomoea armata
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 214. 1819. (
Leptocallis armata
(Roem. & Schult.) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 3: 482. 1839. (
Ipomoea muricatisepala
Matuda, Ann. Inst. Biol. Mex. 34: 124. 1964. (
Ipomoea pseudo-linum
Pittier, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 287. 1927. (
Ipomoea muricata
forma alba Woodson & Seibert, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 201. 1937. (
Based on Convolvulus capillaceus Kunth
Perennial herb with a subterranean elongate, bulb-like rootstock, similar to Ipomoea plummerae; stems to 30 cm, usually erect, glabrous. Leaves imbricate, subsessile, digitately divided into 5 segments, the segments 6–7 mm long, filiform, acute, apiculate; petioles 0–1.5 mm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 1–2 mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm long, scarious, lanceolate to ovate; pedicels 2–6 mm; sepals unequal, outer 4–5 × 2 mm, ovate, acute, muricate or warty except on broad scarious margins; inner 5–6 × 4 mm, broadly ovate, acute to obtuse, muricate, scarious except for midrib, mostly smooth but warted near base; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb entire, 1.7 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 3–5 mm, glabrous, the delicate style persistent; seeds 3 × 2.5 mm, brown, tomentellous.
Seasonally dry mountainous regions from the United States Southwest through Mexico and Central America to Peru, occurring mostly from 500–2000 m often at somewhat lower altitudes than Ipomoea plummerae. It is very sporadic in South America.
PERU. Cusco: Convención, Potrero, C. Vargas 1855 (CUZ).
ECUADOR. Imbabura: Near Carchi, L.B. Holm-Nielsen & J.L. Jaramillo 28931 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Cauca: F.C. Lehmann 602 (K), 7907 (F, K, US); K. von Sneidern 280 (S), 2539 (S, US). Magdalena/Cesar: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Purdie s.n. (K); L. Schlim 760 (BR, K).
VENEZUELA. Aragua: Col. Tovar, Moritz 782 (BM), A. Fendler 952 (GH, K). Carabobo: H. Pittier 9025 (GH); Dist. Fed.: J. Steyermark 56982 (F). Mérida: J. Steyermark 57048 (F). Miranda: G. & B. de Morillo 3718 (MO); R.W.G. Dennis 2253 (K).
PANAMA. Chiriquí: Llanos del Volcán, R.J. Seibert 341 (GH, K, MO, NY): P.H. Allen 4847 (F, K, MO).
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, Buenas Aires, M. Valerio 122 (K, MO).
NICARAGUA. Nuevo Segovia, W.D. Stevens 3308 (MO); ibid., Santa Maria de Los Pinos, P.P. Moreno 24527 (BM, MO).
HONDURAS. A. Molina 7510 (F); Siguatepeque, T.G. Yuncker et al. 5712 (K).
EL SALVADOR. Chalchuapa, Calderon 6969 (US).
GUATEMALA. J. Steyermark 48220 (F, NY): G. Bernoulli 331 (K).
MEXICO. Aguascalientes: K.T. Hartweg 94 (BM). Baja California Sur: Sierra San Francisquito, T.S. Brandegee s.n. (CAS, NY, US). Coahuila: E. Palmer 9100 (K). Chiapas: Tonalá, E.W. Nelson 2879 (US). Chihuahua: C.G. Pringle 1340 (F, K); Río Mayo, Guasaremos, H.S. Gentry 2334 (CAS, F, GH, K, S). Durango: E. Palmer 302 (BM, K); Mun. Santiago Papasquiaro, P. Tenorio & C. Romero 1034 (MO), 4179 (MEXU); E.W. Nelson 4640 (K, US). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Tacubaya, M. St. Pierre 2595 (K, P); Tepotzotlán, D.G. Saucedo s.n. [7/8/1966] (F); Texcoco, A. Ventura 4252 (BM, NY); Temascaltepec, Mina de Agua, G.B. Hinton 1407 (K), ibid., Nanchititla, G.B. Hinton 6523 (BM, K), ibid., G.B. Hinton 8456 (K, NY, US). Guanajuato: San Felipe, J. Rzedowski 47296 (IEB). Guerrero: Manchón, Mina, G.B. Hinton 9211 (GH, K, NY, US). Jalisco: Guadalajara, C.G. Pringle 11048 (K). Michoacán: Morelia, G. Arsène 6701 (MO, US); Cerro del Águila, Morelia, E. Sánchez et al. 86 (K, MEXU); Pátzcuaro, Cerro Blanco, E. Pérez 4006 (IEB). Morelos: W of Cuernavaca, J. Flores Crespo 327 (ASU). Nayarit: fide
UNITED STATES. Arizona: J.G. Lemmon 2836 (BM, K, US); Cochise Co., Chirocahua Mts., J.C. Blumer 1643 (ARIZ, F, K, NMC, RM, US). New Mexico: Catron Co., Gila Cliff Mont., E. Bennet 156 (ARIZ); ibid., J. Kramer 4 (RM). Texas: Trans-Pecos Mountains region fide
Ipomoea capillacea and I. plummerae are very close and often confused. Indeed molecular evidence appears to give little support for their distinction. Morphologically I. capillacea is distinguished by its erect habit and imbricate leaves with filiform leaflets. The sepals are slightly shorter reaching only 5 mm.
ARGENTINA. Jujuy, Dept. Capital, Lagunas de Yala, O’Donell 4835 (holotype LIL 182934, isotype P).
Twining perennial to 6 m from a tuberous rootstock, stems pubescent to subhispid. Leaves petiolate, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles, thinly adpressed pubescent; petioles 2–10 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with up to five flowers; peduncle 5–15 cm, pubescent, stout; bracteoles 2–3 mm long, broadly lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 1–2.5 cm, thickened upwards, stout, pubescent, often deflexed at maturity; sepals slightly unequal, rounded and emarginate, usually mucronulate, the margins scarious, outer 6–8 × 5–6 mm, elliptic, obtuse, thinly pubescent, inner 7–8 × 8–9 mm, suborbicular, glabrous; corolla 6.5–9 cm long, funnel–shaped from a short basal tube, violet, glabrous or minutely puberulent on the midpetaline bands, limb 4.5–6 cm diam., undulate. Capsules 14–16 × 8–10 mm, ovoid, rostrate, the apex c. 4 mm long; glabrous; seeds 7 × 5–6 mm, blackish, tomentellous.
Figure
Scattered along the Andes from northern Argentina to Peru and southern Ecuador, mostly 1800 to 2500 m, but apparently absent from Bolivia.
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Yacutula, F. Schickendantz 70 (CORD); Belén, G.E. Barboza et al. 604 (CORD, MA); ibid., 1959 (CTES); H. & O. Brücher s.n. [21/2/1949] (S). Jujuy: Laguna Yala, O’Donell 4871 (LIL, P), 5554 (LIL, P); ibid., M.A. Negritto et al. 295 (CORD, CTES); T. Meyer 16958 (LIL). Salta: Rosario de Lermo, A.M. Ciadella 354 (SI). Tucumán: Tafi, L. Castillon 355 (LIL); S. Venturi 2917 (US).
PERU. Cusco: Paruro, Mayhura, C. Vargas 855 (LIL).
ECUADOR. Loja: C.W.T. Penland & R.H. Summers 1134 (GH, US); M. Rivet 950 (P); Loja–Zamora road, G. Harling & L. Andersson 14075 (AAU, MO). Pichincha: B. Sparre 14627 (S); F. de la Puente 1299 (CIP).
Molecular studies indicate this species is an isolated species in Clade B. It is somewhat arbitrarily placed near Ipomoea dumetorum with which it shares a strongly rostrate capsule, scarious-margined sepals and minutely tomentellous seeds. It is easily distinguished, however, by the perennial habit, pubescent leaves, larger corolla and the absence of dark spots on the sepals.
The record from Bolivia (
•• Clade B2 is composed of species 290–338. Although this clade is well supported by all our sequence data, no obvious morphological feature characterises the clade.
• Species 290–311 form a clade within B2. Although there seems to be no character uniting this clade, there are obvious species clusters such as species 290–294.
Convolvulus purga
Wender., Pharm. Central-Blatt 1: 457. 1830. (
Exogonium purga
(Wender.) Benth., Pl. Hartw. 46. 1840. (
Batatas purga
(Wender) Peterm., Pflanzenreich, ed. 1: 497, t. 132, fig. 750. 1838–1845. (
Ipomoea jalapa
Nutt. in Coxe, Journ. Am. Med. Sci. 5: 305. 1829 [pub.1830]. (
Ipomoea schiedeana
Zucc., Flora 14 (2): 801. 1831. (
Ipomoea jalapa
Schiede
& Deppe ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 271. 1838. (
Convolvulus officinalis
Pelletan, J. Chim. Méd. 10: 6. 1834. (
Based on Convolvulus purga Wender.
Perennial twining or trailing herb to 7 m, roots tuberous, stems often dark-red pigmented, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–12 × 3–8 cm, ovate, cordate to sagittate, the auricles rounded or acute, apex narrowly acuminate, mucronulate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2.5–6 cm. Flowers solitary or paired from the leaf axils; peduncles 4–8.5 cm long; bracteoles 2 mm long, lanceolate-deltoid; pedicels 10–20 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, glabrous, ovate, acute, obtuse or emarginate and mucronulate, margins scarious, outer 3–8 × 3–4 mm, inner slightly larger, up to 10 × 7 mm; corolla hypocrateriform, 4–6 cm long, widened from the cylindrical base at about half way, glabrous, limb c. 5.5 cm diam., deep pink; stamens and style exserted up to 1 cm. Capsules conical, 7–9 mm long and wide, glabrous; seeds up to 4, 5–6 mm long, puberulent.
A local Mexican endemic centred on where Hidalgo, Puebla and Veracruz meet. It grows in montane pine and oak forest around 2000 m.
MEXICO. Hidalgo: Trinidad Iron Works, C. G. Pringle 8889 (BM, F, K, MEXU, NY, S, US); Zacualtipan, K.T. Hartweg s.n. (K); H. Puig 3094 (P); Tenango de Doria, O. Alcantara Ayala & E. Ortiz 1183 (MEXU). Puebla: Texiutlán, W. Orcutt 4003 (F); El Mirador, Ocpaco, J.L. Contreras 9105 (MEXU). Veracruz: E.K. Balls 5475 (US); R.V. Ortega 1520 (F).
Similar to Ipomoea dumosa with which it is often confused differing in the subequal sepals 6–10 mm long, the apex obtuse or emarginate, the inner sometimes mucronate, and the longer peduncles 4–8.5 cm in length so leaves not enveloping the base of the corolla.
The tuberous roots were much valued in the past as a “safe” purgative. Still sometimes cultivated (
Exogonium dumosum
Benth., Pl. Hartw. 46. 1840. (
Calonyction galeottii
M. Martens, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 268. 1845. (
Ipomoea purga auct.
Based on Exogonium dumosum Benth.
Climbing perennial herb to 5 m with fibrous roots, stems glabrous, relatively slender, wiry. Leaves usually very shortly petiolate, 4–10 × 2–6 cm, ovate, acuminate to an obtuse mucronate apex, base cordate with rounded auricles and narrow sinus, thin in texture, glabrous, abaxial veins prominent, usually glabrous, occasionally puberulent; petioles 2–6(–50) mm long, puberulent or glabrous. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate, 1–5-flowered axillary cymes, the base often enveloped by the leaves; peduncles 0.2–4 cm, often briefly fused to the petiole and penetrating the leaf sinus, shortly pilose or glabrous; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate, caducous; pedicels 3–15 mm, glabrous or thinly and very shortly pilose; sepals unequal, glabrous with white scarious margins, outer 3–5 × 3 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse and mucronate, inner 8–12 mm, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate; corolla 5–7 cm long, glabrous, hypocrateriform with subcylindrical tube 4.5–6 cm long, slightly widening upwards, limb 3.5–4.5 cm diam., unlobed, deep reddish-purple to red, stamens exserted. Capsules 12–14 × 7–8 mm, conical, glabrous; seeds 4–5 × 4 mm, puberulent.
Widely distributed from Panama through Central America north to central Mexico. It is found at altitudes below about 1300 m in various kinds of disturbed and natural woodland but often in rather moist areas of otherwise dry woodland. The two records from Brazil are anomalous but appear correctly named.
BRAZIL. Goiás: A. St. Hilaire 778 (P). Paraná: Sete Quedas/Guaíra, Buttura s.n. (MBM74804).
PANAMA. Chiriqui, W.H. Lewis et al. 729 (MO).
COSTA RICA. San José, El General, A.F. Skutch 2270 (K, NY, MO, US); Tucurrique, A. Tonduz 12854 (BM); Wall 31 (S); Puntarenas, Coto Brus, M.M. Chavarria 688 (K, MO).
NICARAGUA. W.D. Stevens et al. 29321 (MO)
HONDURAS. Copán, L.O. Williams et al. 43009 (BM, F); A. Molina & A.R. Molina 24606 (F, MO, US).
EL SALVADOR. Hartman 98 (S)
GUATEMALA. Esquintla, San Luis, J. Donnell Smith 2014 (K); A. Molina & A.R. Molina 25372 (F, MO); Kellermam 5140 (MEXU, US); Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4353 (BM, K); L. Rodríguez 1439 (P).
MEXICO. Chiapas: D.E. Breedlove & R.F. Thorne 20949 (MO). Colima: foothills of Vulcan de Colima, A.C. Sanders et al. 10418 (MEXU). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 479 (BM, GBH); ibid., G.B. Hinton 2220 (BM, K, NY US); ibid., G.B. Hinton 4810 (K); ibid., San Lucas, G.B. Hinton 8594 (K); ibid., G.B. Hinton 11207 (K). Guerrero: G.B. Hinton 9479 (K); Mina, G.B. Hinton 9637 (K, NY, US); Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton 11770 (K), Zitacuaro, G.B. Hinton 13427 (K). Jalisco: E. Palmer 373 (BM, MO); Jalpa, E.W. Nelson 4022 (K, US). Michoacán: L. Rowntree 246 (ARIZ); Zitácuaro, El Tizate, Y. Ramírez & V.W. Steinmann 490 (ARIZ, IEB); Charo, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6780 (IEB). Oaxaca: Choapam, Y. Mexia 9173 (K, MO, S); San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, A. Flores 1019 (IEB). Puebla: Fröderström & Hultén 870 (S); Hueytamalco, Las Margaritas, G. Cornejo Tenorio 2764 (IEB); ibid., B. & G. Gómez 374 (K, MEXU, MO). Puebla: Hueytamalco, B. & G. Gómez 374 (MO). Querétaro: Landa de Matamoros, J. Rzedowski 54119 (IEB). San Luis Potosí: Tamazunchale, D.B. Dunn et al. 17534 (MO). Sonora: San Pedro Nolasco Island, C. Jurgensen 553 (BM). Veracruz: Valle de Córdoba, E. Bourgeau 1730 (K, P); ibid., E. Kerber 40 (BM, K); Orizaba, M. Botteri 561 (BM, K); C. Hernández et al. 222 (F).
Ipomoea dumosa is usually recognised easily by the short peduncle which is enclosed in the folded leaf combined with the hypocrateriform corolla and exserted stamens.
The two records from Brazil are anomalous but the specimens appear correctly named. There is no evidence that Ipomoea dumosa is cultivated and it is unlikely that the labels were wrongly attached, especially in the case of the collection from Sete Quedas. Unfortunately this site has been flooded as a result of the construction of the Itaipú Dam so this species is presumably extinct in this site.
Ipomoea dumosa has rather distinct pollen (Figure
Ipomoea dumosa is the best known species in a complex of partially intergrading species. Ipomoea seducta is only distinguished by its funnel-shaped corolla and some specimens from Guerrero, Michoacán and Estado Mexico, are rather arbitrarily placed in one or other of these species. Ipomoea tubulata is only separated by the distinctly lobed corolla with short, ovate-deltoid lobes but some specimens from Michoacán are intermediate in character.
GUATEMALA. Altaverapaz, H. von Tűrckheim7926 (holotype NY00547070, isotypes GH, K, MICH, US).
Perennial twining herb to 5 m, stems glabrous, somewhat wiry. Leaves petiolate, 3–11 × 2.5–9 cm, ovate with long acuminate apex, cordate, glabrous, frequently enclosing the inflorescence; petioles 0.3–5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely in cymes of 2–3) axillary flowers; peduncles 0.3–5 cm, often penetrating the leaf sinus; bracteoles scale-like, c. 1 mm; pedicels 6–8 mm; sepals unequal, the outer 3–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, acute, the inner 7–9 × 3–4 mm, elliptic; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, flaring from near the base, lilac-purple, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules c. 12 × 10 mm, conical, rostrate; seeds 6–7 × 3–4 mm, puberulent and minutely ciliolate on margins.
Deciduous forest up to 2200 m from central Mexico south to Honduras.
EL SALVADOR. La Libertad, hacia Túneles, A. Molina 21447 (F).
HONDURAS. Comayagua, C. Nelson 7454 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Cobán. Alta Verapaz, H. von Türckheim 101 (K), Cubilquitz, 7926 (K); Cañon del Río Chixoy, L.O. Williams et al. 40563 (MO).
MEXICO. Chiapas: E.W. Nelson 3403 (US); D.E. Breedlove 10069 (F). Colima: Comala, Rancho El Jabali, A.C. Sanders et al. 10647 (K, MO); L. Vásquez 370 (MEXU). Guerrero: Galeana, Tecpán, G.B. & J.C. Hinton 10813 (GBH, K). Jalisco: R. McVaugh 26396 (MICH); San Sebastián, Y. Mexia 1643 (BM, US). Michoacán: Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton et al. 12700 (F, K, MO, US), ibid., 12332 (K); ibid., E. Carranza & I. Silva 6926 (IEB, MEXU). Nayarit: Tepic-Miramar, S. Aguilar 89 (MEXU); ibid., E. Carranza et al. 6124 (IEB, MEXU). Oaxaca: Santa María Chimalapa, H. Hernández 2121 (MO). Sinaloa: Concordia, A.C. Sanders et al. 4542 (UCR).
Identical to Ipomoea dumosa apart from the funnel-shaped corolla with included stamens. Some specimens, especially from Guerrero, Michoacán and Est. Mexico, are rather arbitrarily placed here or in I. dumosa.
Quamoclit tubulosa
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 270. 1845. (
Ipomoea tubulosa
(M. Martens & Galeotti) Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2: 395. 1882. (
Exogonium uhdeanum
Fenzl. ex Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 559. 1894 [pub.1893]. (
Ipomoea uhdeana
(Hallier f.) D.F. Austin, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 332. 1977 [pub. 1978]. (
Ipomoea urbinei
House, Muhlenbergia 3(3): 41. 1907. (
Exogonium woronovii
Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 171. 1932. (
Ipomoea shinnersii var. woronovii
(Standl.) D.F. Austin, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 337. 1977 [pub. 1978]. (
Ipomoea woronovii
(Standl.) D.F. Austin, Taxon 32: 626. 1983. (
MEXICO. [Michoacán], Uruapan, Sessé & Moçiño 463 (lectotype MA603821, designated here).
Perennial herb to 2 m, stems glabrous or pubescent, often reddish. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–7 × 3–5.5 cm, ovate, finely acuminate and mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, sometimes concealing petiole, adaxially glabrous to thinly pubescent, abaxially paler, minutely pubescent; petioles 1–3 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence of usually 1–3-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 1.4–3.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent; bracteoles 4–5 × 2 mm, oblong-elliptic; secondary peduncles, if present, much shorter than pedicels; pedicels 5–9 mm, glabrous or puberulent; sepals unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, outer 3–4 × 2 mm, ovate-deltoid, acute to obtuse, minutely mucronate, inner 7–9 × 3–4 mm, obtuse to emarginate and mucronate; corolla 3–4.5 cm long, hypocrateriform, red, glabrous, limb c. 1.5 cm diam., deeply lobed, the lobes deltoid, acute, 5–7 mm long, stamens weakly exserted. Capsules 11–12 mm, conical; seeds 6–10 mm, dark brown, puberulent.
Mexico. Moist hill forest around 1600–2000 m, many records are from around Uruapan.
MEXICO. Sine loc., Schiede s.n. (K). Jalisco: Tuxpan, J. Villa & J. Chávez 572 (IEB, MICH). Michoacán: Coalcomán, Zarzamora, G.B. Hinton 12254 (K, NY, TEX, US); 2.5 km N. de Zirimicuaro, Mun. Ziracuaretiro, S. Zamudio 11263 (FTG, IEB); Tepelcatepec to Coalcomán, V.W. Steinmann et al. 5603 (ARIZ); Puerto de Las Cruces, J. C. Soto Nuñez 10987 (MEXU).
Although
A little-known species somewhat similar to Ipomoea dumosa in habit, corolla shape and colour. It differs in the relatively long pedicels and the lobed corolla with short triangular lobes, a character which also serves to separate it from I. electrina. The stamens are weakly exserted and the cymes 1–3-flowered.
Exogonium luteum
House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 103. 1908. (
Ipomoea woronovii var. lutea
(House) D.F.Austin, Taxon 32: 626. 1983. (
Ipomoea shinnersii
D.F. Austin, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 337. 1977 [pub. 1978]. (
Ipomoea crocea
McPherson ex Breedlove, Listados Floríst. México 4: 75. 1986. (
Based on Exogonium luteum House
Perennial herb to 3 m, stems woody below, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 1.5–7 cm, ovate, finely acuminate, adaxially pubescent, abaxially tomentellous; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of axillary cymes of 3–18 flowers; peduncles 1.5–5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1 mm, somewhat persistent; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 1.5–3 cm, pubescent ; sepals unequal, coriaceous, often verrucose basally, glabrous or pubescent, outer 4–6 × 3–4 mm, ovate-deltoid, acute, inner 6.5–9.5 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to rounded, scarious marginally; corolla 5–6.5 cm long, hypocrateriform, yellow or orange, glabrous except apically, the cylindrical tube 4–6 mm wide, the limb deeply lobed, the lobes linear-oblong 15–23 × 2 mm, being more deeply lobed and spreading when mature, the apex comose; stamens exserted 5–10 mm. Capsules conical; seeds dark brown, long-pubescent.
Endemic to southern Mexico, where it grows in dry deciduous oak forest between 700 and 2100 m.
MEXICO. Chiapas: D.E. Breedlove 27626 (MICH, MO). Oaxaca: Hac. Monserrate, C.A. Purpus 9189 (MO, US); Nejapa de Medero, E. Martínez Luis 332 (IEB); San Miguel Suchixtepec, P. Tenorio et al. 18410 (MEXU); Cerro Marimba, Tehuantepec, C. Martínez 1035 (MEXU).
In Flora Mesoamericana,
Rivea bernoulliana
(Peter) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 158. 1894 [pub.1893]. (
Ipomoea santae-rosae Standl. & Steyerm., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23(2): 81. 1944. Type. GUATEMALA. Santa Rosa, vic. Chiquimulilla, P.C. Standley 79287 (holotype F0054894).
GUATEMALA. Bernoulli & Cario 1902 (lectotype GOET002541, designated by
Slender liana to c. 5 m, stems woody, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 3–7 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex finely acuminate and mucronate, margin undulate to slightly denticulate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent to subglabrous with hairs only at intersection with petiole; petioles 1.5–7 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary, long-pedicellate, axillary, flowers, often arising on axillary branchlets; peduncles 2–5 mm, pubescent or glabrous; bracteoles 2 mm, deltoid, scarious, caducous; pedicels 2.5–3.3 cm, relatively slender, glabrous; sepals unequal, acute or ±oblong, obtuse mucronate, chartaceous with narrow, scarious margins and prominent longitudinal veining, glabrous, outer 18–21 × 4 mm, strictly oblong, inner 22–30 × 6–7 mm, oblong-oblanceolate; corolla 6–8 cm long, pinkish-purple, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 4 cm wide, shallowly lobed. Capsules 8–12 mm, globose, glabrous; seeds 7–10 mm, puberulent.
An infrequently collected species of Central America growing in disturbed forest, mostly at altitudes below 1000 m.
COSTA RICA. San José, Mora, Ciudad Colón, M.H. Grayum & N. Zamora 9667 (MO); ibid., El Rodeo, A. Cascante 1381 (CR, K).
NICARAGUA. Estelí, Condega, P.P. Moreno 23480 (MO); Madriz, Las Sabanas, W. D. Stevens et al. 26942 (HULE, MO).
HONDURAS. Morazán, San Antonio de Oriente, P.C. Standley 27496 (BM, F); ibid., Tegucigalpa, C. Nelson 3925 (BM); San Joséde Comayagua A. Molina et al. 31459 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. Usulután, Laguna de Alegría, D. Williams 145 (MO); La Libertad, A. K. Munro et al. 3737 (BM, MO).
GUATEMALA. Sacatepéquez, Alotenango, J.J. Mont & J.M. Vargas 2725 (MO, NY).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Berriozábal, D. Breedlove 23051 (MO).
Very distinct because of the finely acuminate leaves, short peduncles combined with long pedicels, solitary flowers and long oblong, chartaceous, veined sepals.
Ipomoea odorata
Eastw., Leafl. W. Bot. 3: 257. 1943. (
MEXICO. Baja California Sur, Magdalena Island, T.S. Brandegee s.n. 1889 (holotype UC105236; isotype US, fragment GH).
Perennial twining herb with tuberous roots to 2 m, stem glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–5.5 × 2–3 cm, broadly ovate, cordate, acute, margin weakly to strongly sinuate-dentate with broad irregular teeth, glabrous; petioles 1–3.5 cm. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1–1.5 cm; bracteoles c. 1 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 22–35 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 10–12 mm, lanceolate, acute, inner 16–22 mm, narrowly ovate, acute and apiculate; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped above a basal tube 1–1.5 cm long, glabrous, pale pink with a white throat, limb 4–4 cm diam., weakly lobed; stamens included. Capsules ovoid, 8–9 × 6 mm, glabrous; seeds up to 4, 5–7 mm long, shortly puberulent.
Endemic to the southern part of the Baja California peninsula, where it grows on rocky slopes in dry deciduous forest around 500–600 m.
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Sierra de la Giganta, Valle de Arroyo Hondo, A. Carter 5007 (BM), 5620 (BM, MICH, MO, UC); sine data, M.L. Diguet (P).
Somewhat similar to Ipomoea tastensis but the corolla much smaller and the stamens included.
Calonyction tastense
(Brandegee) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 318. 1906. (
MEXICO. Baja California Sur, Sierra El Taste, T.S. Brandegee s.n. [11/1902] (lectotype UC105180, designated by
Liana to 10 m, stems woody, glabrous, twining; rootstock tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 3–7 cm, ovate, long-acuminate, cordate to sagittate, the auricles with deltoid teeth, margin usually with several large teeth, glabrous; petioles 2–5.5 cm, slender. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 20–45 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous but basally muricate, outer 16–30 × 3–5 mm, inner 26–37(–50) mm; corolla 9–12 cm long, white, glabrous, subhypocrateriform, the basal tube long, c. 6 cm in length, limb 5–8 cm diam., lobes mucronate; stamens inserted high in tube and shortly exserted. Capsules subglobose, 1.5–2 × 1.5 cm; seeds 9–12 mm long, puberulent.
Endemic to the southern part of the Baja California peninsular, where it grows in low deciduous forest at around 400 m.
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: one mile W of San Antonio, B.J. Hammerly 416 (CAS, US); Sierra San Francisquito, T.S. Brandegee Oct 1 1899 (US); El Palmiar Canyon, R.M. Turner & C.H. Lowe 59-138 (ARIZ); 3 km al N. del Poblado La Huerta, M. Domínguez-L. 3526 (ARIZ, HCIB).
The stamens are reported to be exserted but this is only visible in one specimen.
Convolvulus aristolochiifolius
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 102. 1818 [pub.1819]. (
Ipomoea oocarpa
Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur 136. 1844 [pub. 1845]. (
Ipomoea peckoltii
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 269. 1869. (
Ipomoea tuerckheimii Vatke ex Donn.-Sm., Bot. Gaz. 40: 8. 1905. (Donnell Smith 1905: 8). Type. GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz, H. von Tuerckheim 386 (holotype US00111480, isotypes BM, K, US, GH, P, PH).
Ipomoea peninsularis
Brandegee, Zoë 5: 168. 1903. (
Ipomoea austin-smithii Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.18: 1566. 1938. (Standley 1938: 1566). Type. COSTA RICA. San Ramón, A.M. Brenes 16899 (holotype F0054827).
Ipomoea concinna
House, Muhlenbergia 3: 42, 1907. (
Ipomoea cordata
L.B. Smith & B.G. Schub., Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 31. 1939 (
Ipomoea viscosa
Wiggins, Contr. Dudley Herb. 4: 21. 1950 (
Ipomoea tweediei
auct., non Hook., Bot. Mag. 69, t. 3978. 1842. (W.J.
Based Convolvulus aristolochiifolius Kunth
Slender twining annual herb, stems shortly pilose or glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–6 × 1–3.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, narrowed to an acuminate and mucronate apex, base very narrowly cordate often with overlapping rounded auricles, margin often with a few teeth, ciliolate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, the veins puberulent; petioles 0.5–5.5 cm, glabrous to sparsely pilose. Inflorescence of 1–3(–6)-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncle 2.5–6 cm, puberulent, very slender, often curved, arising through the sinus of the leaf base; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, triangular-lanceolate; pedicels mostly 5–10 mm, very slender, glabrous; calyx lanceolate in outline; sepals subequal, often warted on exterior near base but otherwise glabrous, 3–5 × 1.5–2 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, dark green with pale scarious margin; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, campanulate, tube white, limb blue (drying pink), very shallowly lobed, 1.2–1.8 cm diam. Capsules glabrous, ovoid, the style often persistent as a rostrate tip; seeds puberulent.
Figures
Ipomoea aristolochiifolia. A habit B leaf C adaxial leaf surface D abaxial leaf surface E inflorescence showing position of peduncle F calyx and corolla G corolla opened up to show stamens H calyx and capsule. Drawn by Eliana Calzadilla A, C–H from Wood et al. 27680; B from Wood et al. 27651.
Widely distributed through the Americas up to 2300 m, principally in the mountains of Central America (especially Nicaragua and Costa Rica) and the Andes but absent from both the very wet and the drier regions and never very abundant. It is a plant of shrubberies such as coffee plantations and disturbed scrubby places.
ARGENTINA. Jujuy: A. Krapovickas et al. 47387 (CTES, MO). Salta: Antillas, Cerro Negro, S. Venturi 10403 (BM, LIL, MO); Cerrillos, L.J. Novara 7704 (G, S). Tucumán: S. Venturi 315 (LIL, SI, US).
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Y. Mexia 4624 (BM, MO, NY, S). Paraíba: J. Vasconcellos 371 (RB). Paraná: Y.S. Kuniyoshi & A.C. Svolenski (MBM). Rio de Janeiro: O.C. Góes 630 (RB). São Paulo: K. Mizoguchi 1548 (NY). According
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Boeto, below Nuevo Mundo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27660 (K, LPB, USZ); Luis Calvo, Serrania de Iñao, J.A. Peñaranda & J. Tudela 924 (MO, OXF); Tomina, Thiumayo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27651 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ). La Paz: Muñecas, Río Charazani, A. Fuentes & R. Cuevas 7969 (BOLV, LPB, MO); Inquisivi, couth of Licoma, J.R.I. Wood et al. 29178 (LPB, USZ); Murillo, Zongo Valley, J. Solomon 13130 (FTG, LPB, MO); Nor Yungas, Coroico, O. Buchtien 3879 (E, NY, US). Potosí: Charcas, Torotoro, J.R.I. Wood et al. 21968 (K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Florida, Achira Camping, M. Nee et al. 49024 (NY); Vallegrande, Piraimiri, J.R.I. Wood et al. 21764 (K, LPB, USZ). Tarija: O’Connor, Chuquiaca, K. Fiebrig 2753 (BM, E, GH, K, P, S, US).
PERU. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, A. Mathews s.n. (BM). Ancash: Chiquian, K. Young & M. Eisenberg (MO). Cajamarca: Llatas Quiroz 2916 (F). Cusco: G. Calatayud et al. 2283 (MO). Pasco: Oxapampa, D.N. Smith 4129 (MO, USM). Piura: E. Laure 5492 (P). Tumbes: Zarumilla, C. Díaz et al. 4834 (MO, USM).
ECUADOR. Guayas: A.S. Hitchcock 20027 (F, NY, US). Loja: G. Harling & L. Andersson 13587 (MO). Pichincha: R. Benoist 2157bis (P). Tungurahua: E. Asplund 7644 (S).
COLOMBIA. Cauca: K. von Sneidern 24 (S). Cesar/Magdalena: “Ocaña” (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta?), L. Schlim 256 (BM, P). Cundinamarca: Pacho, L. Rosero 382 (COL). Norte de Santander: J. Cuatrecasas 13451 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Dist. Fed.: Funck 175 (C, P); L. Aristeguieta 7771 (VEN). Mérida: Moritz 1289 (BM). Táchira: Saisayal, Río Negro valley, L. Bernardi 11012 (G). Also Lara, Miranda, and Yaracuy fide
PANAMA. Los Santos, Tonosi, J.A. Duke 12483 (MO).
COSTA RICA. El General, A.F. Skutch 3823 (K, S); Alajuela, San Ramón, Khan et al. 715 (BM); W.D. Stevens & O.M. Montiel 26719 (BM, MO); Puntarenas, Coto Brus, M.M. Chavarría 700 (K, MO).
NICARAGUA. Estelí, L. Williams & A. Molina 42472 (BM, F); Cerro El Coyolito, P. Moreno 25266 (BM) ; I. Coronado et al. 471 (P).
HONDURAS. S. Lagos-Witte et al. 54 (MO) fide Tropicos.
EL SALVADOR. Morazán, Montes deb Cacaguatique, J.M. Tucker 670 (K, UC).
BELIZE. C.M. Brown 14 (E); Chiquibul Forest Reserve, C. Whitefoord 10029 (BM).
GUATEMALA. Chiquimula, A. Molina & A.R. Molina 25390 (BM, DUKE, MO).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Type of Ipomoea peninsularis. Chiapas: Berriozábal, D.E. Breedlove 20404 (MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 5173 (K), 8555 (K, MO); Tejupilco, G.B. Hinton 8555 (K, MO, NY). Guerrero: Mina, El Mono, G.B. Hinton 9675 (GBH, K, MO). Michoacán: Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton 12258 (GBH, K, MO). Nayarit: La Bahada, E. Lehto 24226 (ASU). Querétaro: Tanchanaquito, E. Carranza 4294 (IEB). Sinaloa: Sierra Surotato, H.S. Gentry 6477 (MO). Sonora: Agua Prieta, Rancho La Calera A.L. Reina-G & T.R. Van Devender 2006-705 (MO, NMC, USON). Veracruz: Valle de Córdoba, E. Bourgeau 1733 (K, P).
UNITED STATES. Texas: Cameron Co., W.R. Carr 14104 (TEX) – not seen.
Readily recognised by the delicate habit, small blue flowers, warted sepals with white margins and, particularly, by the peduncle which passes through the sinus of the leaf base. It is commonly confused with Ipomoea dumetorum but in that species the sepals have dark blotches and the peduncle does not pass through the sinus at the base of the leaf.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Florida, bajando c. 3 km de La Yunga de Mairana, hacia el puesto de los guardeparques, J.R.I. Wood, M. Mendoza & C. Antezana 21431 (holotype USZ, isotypes K, LPB).
Twining perennial reaching 5 m in height, stems glabrous, pale brown. Leaves petiolate, 6–13 × 4–10 cm, ovate, deeply cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute to shortly acuminate, mucronate, margin denticulate with acute teeth, adaxially pubescent on the veins with scattered hairs on the intercostal areas, abaxially pubescent, veins prominent; petioles 3–8 cm, sparsely pubescent but the widened base strongly pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–6 cm long, glabrous; bracteoles 1–2 × 0.5 mm, very narrowly lanceolate; pedicels 10–25 mm, notably thickened upwards and differing somewhat in texture from the peduncles, glabrous or with a few hairs at base of calyx; sepals subequal, outer 7 × 3–4 mm, lanceolate to ovate, acute or subacute, glabrous, margin scarious, inner sepals slightly larger, 8 × 4–5 mm, ovate to suborbicular, rounded, scarious except near base; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, limb blue, drying pink, c. 3.5 cm diam., shallowly lobed; stamens included. Capsules 16 × 13 mm, ovoid, glabrous, rostrate, the mucro c. 3 mm long; seeds 9 × 4 mm, oblong in outline, brown, glabrous.
Figure
Ipomoea odontophylla. A habit B flowering shoot C stem D adaxial leaf surface E abaxial leaf surface F outer sepal G middle sepal H inner sepal J corolla opened out to show stamens K stamen L ovary and style M capsule N seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A–L from Wood et al. 21431; M, N from Nee et al. 52029.
A narrowly endemic species known only from the Yunga de Mairana in the Parque Nacional Amboró near Santa Cruz, Bolivia, where it grows in somewhat disturbed cloud forest around 2200–2300 m.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Prov. Florida, La Yunga de Mairana, M. Nee et al. 52029 (K, NY, USZ); ibid., J.R.I. Wood et al. 19636 (K, LPB, USZ); ibid., J.R.I. Wood 28111 (LPB, OXF, USZ)
Readily distinguished from Ipomoea aristolochiifolia by its relatively large denticulate leaves 4–5 cm in length, larger corolla and by the peduncle that does not pass through the leaf sinus.
BOLIVIA. La Paz, Prov. Tamayo, ANMI Apolobamba, camino Pelechuco-Apolo, entre Puente Coronara y Hac. Corapara, A. Fuentes & H. Huaylla 12939 (holotype LPB; isotypes MO, OXF, K).
Twining herb, possibly annual, stems thinly pubescent with spreading hairs when young, glabrescent when older. Leaves petiolate, 6–10 × 3–7 cm, ovate, acute and finely mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin entire to slightly undulate; petioles 1–7 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers (rarely a second, non-developing flower present); peduncle, 3–5.5 cm, pubescent, penetrating leaf sinus; bracteoles 1 × 0.25 mm, deltoid, obtuse, green with white margins; pedicels 6–12 mm, thickened upwards, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6 × 2.5 mm, acute, green, pubescent, the hairs with swollen bases, margins scarious, glabrous, inner sepals 7–9 × 4 mm, broadly oblong-elliptic, minutely mucronate, only the middle green and pilose, the margins and apex scarious, glabrous; corolla glabrous, c. 4 cm long, funnel-shaped with the rim of the limb recurved, pale blue with whitish tube and midpetaline bands, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed, midpetaline bands ending in a point. Capsules glabrous, ovoid, 14–15 × 11 mm; seeds 7 × 6 mm, flattened-ovoid, dark brown, superficially glabrous but minutely pilosellous under a microscope.
Endemic to Bolivia and only known from Yungas cloud forest with secondary vegetation between 2100–2300 m in the ANMI Apolobamba.
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Prov. Tamayo, ANMI Apolobamba, camino Pelechuco-Apolo, H. Huaylla et al. 2754 (MO, OXF).
Closely related to Ipomoea aristolochiifolia as apparent from the peculiar placement of the peduncle in the leaf sinus but immediately distinguished by the larger corolla c. 4 cm long (not 1.5–2.5 cm), the pubescent sepals and the larger leaves, pubescent beneath.
Calonyction dubium
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 268. 1845. (
Ipomoea dubia
(M.Martens & Galeotti) Hemsley, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 286. 1882. (
Ipomoea mestecensis
House, Bot. Gaz. 43: 411. 1907. (
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Andrieux 212 (holotype G00135527, isotype K).
Trailing or twining perennial, stems slender, nearly glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.3–5.5 × 1–2 cm, deltoid, acuminate to an aristate point, base sagittate with elongate, lanceolate or ovate, acute, sometimes bifurcate auricles, margin entire, undulate or with a few broad teeth, both surfaces glabrous to thinly pubescent, abaxially paler; petioles 1–3 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired) pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 5–48 mm, sometimes penetrating leaf sinus, thinly pubescent bracteoles 1–2 mm, deltoid; pedicels 3–19 mm, commonly bent at right angles to peduncle, thinly pubescent; sepals unequal, outer (5–) 8–9 × 2–2.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous but often muricate on dorsal surface, inner (8–) 9–11 × 3 mm, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, margins broadly scarious; corolla 6–10 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped with a long gradually widening paler tube, glabrous, midpetaline bands terminating in a distinct tooth, limb pink 3.5–4 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, glabrous; seeds 4, 6–7 × 4–5 mm, puberulent.
Low oak woodland and scrub, mostly between 1500 and 2500 m in southern Mexico and Guatemala.
GUATEMALA. Huehuetenango, A. & A.R. Molina 26497 (F).
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton et al. 4987 (K); ibid., Nanchitla G.B. Hinton et al. 8474 (K); Valle de Bravo, E. Matuda et al. 31768 (MO). Guerrero: Mina, G.B. Hinton 9703 (GBH, K), Manchón, G.B. Hinton 9646 (GBH, K, MO), Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton 11542 (GBH, K). Michoacán: Charo, Pie de la Mesa, E. Carranza & M.E. Molina 7143 (IEB). Oaxaca: C.G. Pringle 4693 (BM, CM, K, MO); Cerro San Felipe, C. Conzatti 4975 (MO); El Cerezal, Ixtlan, D.H. Lorence et al. 3542 (MO); Cerro Verde, San Luis Tultitlanapa, C.A. Purpus 3535 (BM); San Felipe Tejalapam, M. Cruz 570 (IEB); Juxtlahuaca, A. García Mendoza 5093(MEXU). Puebla: Lomas de San Alfonso, J.L. Contreras 7749 (MEXU); Cerro del Pavilan, C.A. Purpus 3904 (BM, MO). Querétaro: E. Pérez & E. Carranza 3766 (IEB); Jalpan de Serra, E. Carranza et al. 5872 (IEB).
The muricate outer sepals are rather distinctive. Some Querétaro specimens have large lateral teeth.
MEXICO. San Luis de Potosí, J.W. Schaffner 621 (holotype GH00054541, isotypes K, MEXU).
Trailing or climbing herb, stems thinly pilose. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.5–4.5 × 2–4.5 cm, broadly ovate to suborbicular, base broadly cordate and cuneate onto the petiole, apex shortly acuminate, mucronulate, margin irregularly sinuate to coarsely dentate, thinly adpressed pilose on both surfaces, especially on the veins; petioles 1–3 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, pedunculate flowers; peduncles 1.5 –3 cm; bracteoles 3–7 mm, lanceolate, semi-persistent; pedicels 5–18 mm, noticeably stouter than peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, outer 8–12 × 3–4 mm, ovate, acute, thinly pilose, the margins scarious, inner similar but 1–2 mm longer, mucronate and with fewer hairs; corolla 5–6 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, pale pink, glabrous; stamens held at corolla mouth. Capsules conical, c. 10 mm long; seeds 6 × 5 mm, brown, puberulent.
Endemic to north east Mexico, apparently only known from the type.
MEXICO. San Luis de Potosí: type collection.
Ipomoea maltratana
Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22: 46. 1940. (
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Las Sedas a La Carbonera, C. Conzatti & G. Gonzáles 261 (holotype GH00054504, isotype NY).
A slender trailing or twining herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 1–5.5 × 1–6 cm, ovate, acuminate, mucronulate, base hastate, auricles rounded or angled, margin dentate with large teeth, strigose on both surfaces or glabrous adaxially; petioles 0.5–4 cm. Inflorescence of solitary or paired flowers from the leaf axils; peduncles 1.2–4.8 cm, erect; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 4–13 mm, thicker than peduncles, becoming reflexed; sepals unequal, glabrous, strongly muricate, outer 3–4 × 3–4 mm, ovate, acute or obtuse, often mucronate, inner 5–8 × 3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or purplish, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules 8 × 6 mm, conical, glabrous; seeds 5 × 4 mm, puberulent.
A rare Mexican endemic of dry deciduous forest at altitudes of 2000–2400 m.
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Nanchititla, G.B. Hinton 8563 (GBH, MO, n.v.). Guerrero: Chilpancingo, H. Kruse 2097 (IEB, MEXU). Oaxaca: La Carbonera, C. Conzatti 804 (GH); Santiago Naranjas, S. Zamudio et al. 12817 (IEB); Tlaxiaco, R. Torres et al. 7145 (MEXU). Querétaro: Cadereyta, S. & E. Zamudio 10296 (IEB). Veracruz: type of Ipomoea maltratana.
Differs from Ipomoea schaffneri in the shorter sepals and the clearly funnel-shaped corolla.
MEXICO. [Veracruz], Orizaba, F. Műller s.n. (holotype NY00319087).
Trailing perennial herb, stems slender, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1–2 × 1–2 cm, ovate to deltate or reniform, apex obtuse, mucronulate, base cordate, margins strigose; petioles 4–14 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 0.4–1.1 cm, glabrous or thinly strigose; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 4 mm, muricate; sepals unequal, oblong, outer 3–4 × 2 mm, acute, muricate, central vein prominent, inner 4–5 mm, acute or obtuse, smooth; corolla 5–7 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, purple with white tube, apparently glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A rare species endemic to central Mexico, where it is recorded from Pine Forest at around 1800 m.
MEXICO. Hidalgo: Los Reyes, E. Matuda 37451 (MEXU), 37452 (IEB). Veracruz: type collection.
Somewhat similar to Ipomoea ignava, but leaves entire, deltoid in shape and with smaller, muricate sepals. The corolla of the Matuda specimen is rather small but otherwise fits well.
Convolvulus meyeri
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 597 1824 [pub.1825]. (
Convolvulus hederaceus
Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8. 1768. (
Ipomoea brachypoda
Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur 135 1844 [pub. 1845]. (
Ipomoea caerulea
Bello
, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 296. 1881. (
Ipomoea iostemma
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 207. 1908. (
Ipomoea iodantha Brandegee, Univ. California Publications in Botany 4(19): 383. 1913. Type. MEXICO. Baja Caifornia Sur, Cape region, La Mesa, T.S. Brandegees.n. (UC105204).
Ipomoea chiapensis
Brandegee, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 6; 60. 1914 (
Based on Convolvulus meyeri Spreng.
Twining herb, possibly annual; stems slender, glabrous to thinly pubescent or pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–9 × 1.7–7.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, cordate with rounded auricles, apex acuminate, shortly mucronate; margin slightly undulate or with a broad triangular lateral tooth on either side above the rounded auricles, rarely shallowly 3 lobed, usually glabrous, sometimes adaxially thinly pilose; petioles 0.5–10 cm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of dense pedunculate axillary clusters, noticeably shorter than the leaves; peduncles 0.3 to 4(–8) cm, glabrous; bracteoles 7–25 mm, linear, thinly pilose, persistent; secondary peduncles 0–17 mm; pedicels 2–7 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, herbaceous, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate with a partially recurved apical mucro, outer (12–)15–17 × 2 mm, accrescent to 20 × 4 mm, glabrous, thinly or densely long-pilose especially towards the base, inner sepals with thin scarious margins, c. 2 mm shorter; corolla 2.3–3 cm long, subcampanulate, the tube white but lobes blue, glabrous, limb 2 cm diam., entire. Capsules 6–8 × 5–6 mm, ovoid, rostrate with 4 mm long persistent style, scurfy puberulent; seeds 4 × 3 mm, tomentose.
Moist scrubby forest and disturbed bushy habitats, usually below 500 m, from northern Brazil and Peru to NW Mexico and the larger Caribbean Islands; apparently absent or rare in some areas including smaller islands, southern Colombia, Guatemala and Belize and very scattered in occurrence towards the limits of its range, especially in South America.
BRAZIL. Pará: Santarém, Zerny s.n. (W).
PERU. Cusco: La Convención, Echarate, Papelpata, G. Calatayud et al. 4137 (MO, OXF).
ECUADOR. Guayas: J.E. Madsen 63753 (AAU); C.H. Dodson & A. Gentry 13872 (MO). El Oro: J. Steyermark 54079 (F). Esmeraldas: J. Hudson 731 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Atlántico: Barranquila, H. Elias s.n. (COL). Bolívar: Turbaco, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 14232 (F, US); J. Espina 818 (COL). Cesar: C. Allen 835 (K, MO). Córdoba: B. Anderson 1895 (COL, K). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1573 (BM, E, K, MO, NY, P, S).
VENEZUELA. Anzoátegui: Libertad, G. Davidse & A.C. González 19736 (MO). Aragua: Tovar, A. Fendler 934 (K, MO). Bolívar: E. Holt & W. Gehriger 181 (NY, US, VEN). Carabobo: Barbula, Ll. Williams & A.H.G. Alston 342 (P, BM, S). Dist. Fed.: T. Croat 21596 (MO). Miranda: K.R. Robertson & D.F. Austin 219 (MO).
PANAMA. Herrera, P. H. Allen 4073 (MO); Chiriqui, T.B. Croat 22542 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, U. Chavarría 1370 (K, MO); Puntarenas, B.E. Hammel 18633 (CR, MO); San José, D. Santamaria 377 (CR, MO).
NICARAGUA. Nueva Segovia, P.P. Moreno 13354 (MO); Rivas, W.D. Stevens & O.M. Montiel 30424 (MO).
HONDURAS. Comayagua, C.H. Nelson et al. 6265 (MO)
EL SALVADOR. Morazán, J.M. Tucker 482 (K); Santa Ana, Metapán, J. Monterrosa 2108 (LAGU, MO, W).
GUATEMALA. Fide Standley and Williams 1970: 41.
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: type of Ipomoea iodantha. Chiapas: type of Ipomoea chiapensis. Guerrero: Petatlan. E. Langlassé 641 (K); Coyuca, G.B. Hinton 6908 (K); Mina, G.B. Hinton 9808 (BM, K); ibid., G.B. Hinton. 9674 (K). Michoácan: Lázaro Cárdenas, near La Mira, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6882 (IEB). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec, S.H. Salas et al. 3377 (MEXU, MO). Querétaro: Jalpán de Serra, Tancanaquito, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6000 (IEB). Quintana Roo: José María Morelos, F. Gaumer et al. 2125 (F, MO, S). Sonora: Mun. Alamos, Río Mayo, A.C. Sanders et al. 12560 (ARIZ); Rancho Mezquite Cuate, Arroyo de Alamos, C.D. Bertelsen & C. Smith 92-134 (ARIZ). Vera Cruz: J.A. McDonald 1954 (XAL). Yucatán: Izamal, F. Gaumer et al. 991 (K, MO, S).
CUBA. Bro. Clemente 5694 (HAC), 5732 (HAC); C. Wright 451 (K); Guantanamo, Bayate, E.L. Ekman 6555 (BM, S).
JAMAICA. McFadyen s.n. (K); E.T. Robertson 768 (K); St. Andrew, G.R. Proctor 8280 BM); ibid., C.D. Adams 8509 (BM), St Thomas, G.R. Proctor 2421 (BM).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H7221 (K, S); St. Raphael, E.C. Leonard 9102 (S, US).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H10916 (S); H. A. Allard 13880 (MO, S); A. Liogier 9065-21 (MO).
PUERTO RICO. P. Sintenis 828 (MO, S), 5533 (BM, K).
TRINIDAD. A. Fendler 587 (BM, K).
Ipomoea variabilis
auct. sensu
HONDURAS. Atlántica, La Fragua, P. C. Standley 52658 (holotype F0054855, isotype US).
Twining or trailing perennial; stems slender, rugose, glabrous or pilose. Leaves petiolate; 6–15 × 4–12 cm, ±ovate-deltoid, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, margin sometimes with a single lateral tooth, base subhastate, apex obtuse and mucronate; petioles 6–12 cm. Inflorescence of 1–4-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3–5 cm; bracteoles c. 6–8 × 2 mm, linear-oblong, relatively persistent; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, 12–14 × 3–4 mm, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate to apiculate, herbaceous, pilose with spreading hairs near base but glabrous towards the apex, the inner sepals narrower; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, the tube whitish, the limb blue. Capsules subconical, 2.5–3 cm long and wide, glabrous; seeds 3–4 mm long, rounded, puberulent, black.
Primary and secondary woodland at low altitudes in southern Mexico and Central America, locally common, for example in Veracruz, but perhaps overlooked, particularly in Central America.
COSTA RICA. P. Wilkin 474 (BM).
HONDURAS. F. de La Puente 4569 (CIP), 4455 (CIP); La Mosquitia, C. Ashe 159 (BM).
MEXICO. Campeche: fide
Resembles Ipomoea meyeri but differs in the larger corolla. It is also confused with and is superficially similar to Ipomoea indica but differs in the bilocular capsule with 4 seeds (v. trilocular with 6 seeds) and the distinctive sepals with long, often yellowish hairs.
For a discussion about the application of the name Ipomoea variabilis, See Austin and MacDonald (2014b).
MEXICO. Guerrero, 3.6 miles N of turnoff to San Vicente de Benitezon road from Atoyac to El Paraíso, J.A. McDonald 185 (holotype TEX00372564, isotypes MEXU, TEX).
A slender trailing or twining perennial to 8 m, stems becoming woody. Leaves petiolate, or subsessile on fertile branches, 2.5–10 × 1–7 cm, often somewhat dimorphic, ovate to broadly lanceolate, cordate, hastate or sagittate with rounded or acute auricles, sometimes with dentate lobes, apex acuminate, glabrous; petioles 1–6 cm. Flowers solitary or paired, axillary; peduncle 0.5–2 cm, often penetrating the leaf sinus; bracteoles minute, c. 1 mm long; pedicels 8–30 mm, often stouter than peduncle; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, margins white, scarious, outer 3–5 × 2.5–3 mm, inner 6 × 3 mm; corolla 4–6 cm long, pale blue, glabrous, subsalverform, flaring upwards, the basal cylindrical tube 1–1.5 cm long, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules conical, 11 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds up to 4, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, minutely puberulent.
A rare species of disturbed areas on the southern slopes of the Sierra Occidental growing in moister areas than Ipomoea puncticulata.
MEXICO. “Sierra Madre”, E. Langlassé 903 (K, P). Guerrero: Atoyac, El Ranchito, J.C. Soto Nuñez & E.M. Martínez 5109 (MEXU). Oaxaca: Pochutla Dist., Concordia, E. Makrinius 841 (US); Tlaxiaco, Cerro Yucuntusu, M. Mendoza 134 (IEB); Etla, San Felipe Tejalapa, C. Cervantes-M 149 (MEXU).
Very close to Ipomoea puncticulata differing in the larger, blue-coloured corolla with a distinct cylindrical basal tube up to 1.5 cm long. The leaves are often dimorphic, differing in appearance on trailing or twining stems.
Ipomoea sagittula
House, Ann, New York. Acad. Sci. 18: 244. 1908. (
MEXICO. Guerrero, circa Acapulco, Sinclair s.n. (holotype K000612722).
Slender twining perennial with wiry whitish stems with flaky bark, reaching several metres in length, sometimes rooting at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 1–6 cm, lanceolate, acute and mucronate, base sagittate, cordate or subtruncate, the auricles up to 1 cm long, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, white-punctate, glabrous or puberulent; petioles 3–20 mm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–2 cm, often penetrating leaf sinus as in I. aristolochiifolia; bracteoles scale-like, c. 1 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals very unequal, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, outer 2–5 × 2 mm, acute, inner 5–7 mm, rounded; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, gently flared from a slender base, white, glabrous, limb 3.5–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 8–9 × 6–7 mm; seeds 4, 4 × 3 mm, dark brown, puberulent.
A rare species of central Mexico, growing in disturbed deciduous forest between 400 and 1800 m.
MEXICO. Guerrero: Vallecitos, Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton 11612 (GH, K, MO, US); La Unión, V.W. Steinmann & J.M. Porter 9496 (MEXU). Jalisco: NW of San Sebastián, Y. Mejia 1896 (BM, F, GH, MO, US); 7 miles S of El Tuito, R. Spellenberg 6438 (MICH). Michoacán: Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton 12594 (F, GH, K, MO, US); ibid., Aguila G.B. Hinton 12615 (K); San Juan de Lima, R. McVaugh 22991 (MICH); Lazáro Cárdenas, E. Carranza & I. Silva 7279 (MEXU). Nayarit: G. Flores et al. 943 (MO); San Blas & Tepic, G.W. Barclay s.n. (BM).
In the type the leaves are densely white-punctate on the lower surface. These dots only occur obscurely in Hinton 11612 and 12594.
Quamoclit nationis Hook., Bot. Mag. 90: t. 5432. 1864. (Hooker, WJ1864: 191). Type. PERU. A. Mathews 721 (lectotype K000612866, designated here; isolectotypes K, OXF).
Based on Quamoclit nationis Hook.
Perennial climbing herb with root tubers, stems glabrous or pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–8.5 × 1.3–8 cm, ovate-deltoid to suborbicular, acute, base truncate to cordate, the auricles rounded to subacute, margin entire or undulate, abaxially paler, glabrous except at apex of petiole and on main veins beneath; petioles 1–7 cm, usually glabrous below but pubescent upwards. Inflorescence of long pedunculate, 1–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 6–20 cm, thinly retrorse-pilose, occasionally glabrous; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate, tardily caducous; pedicels 7–15 mm, retrorse-pilose; sepals unequal, outer 8–10 × 2–3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute to mucronulate, pubescent, green, inner 8–10 × 4 mm, ovate, obtuse and strongly mucronate, scarious apart from a green central area; corolla scarlet, glabrous, hypocrateriform with cylindrical tube 3–3.5 cm long and c. 0.5 cm wide, limb 3–5 cm diam.; stamens exserted. Capsules 6 × 5 mm, ellipsoid, enclosed by persistent sepals, glabrous; seeds 4 × 1.5 mm, glabrous.
Figures
Endemic to Peru, occurring principally in the coastal lomas near Lima, but ascending to at least 2700 m in the Canta district.
PERU. Cajamarca: San Pedro, A. Sagástagui et al. 15609 (F, MO). Junín: Satipo-Junín, F. de la Puente 680 (CIP). Lima: D. Stafford 36 (K); Matucana, J.F. Macbride & Featherstone 144 (F); Canta, R. Ferreyra 8992 (USM); Lomas region, C. Sandeman 4339 (OXF), R. Ferreyra 6917 (F, USM); Puruchuca, A. Matthews 778 (K).
In choosing a lectotype we have selected the Mathews collection at Kew. This sheet has a copy of the Botanical Magazine plate pinned to it and it is obvious that the illustration and much of the protologue must have been based on this collection rather than the piece sent by W. Nation (K000612867) which lacks an open corolla.
ECUADOR. Loja, SW slope of Cerro Villonaco, 2100 m, B. Sparre 16212 (holotype S07-4318).
Twining perennial with stems pale brown, wiry, probably woody below, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–4.5 × 2–3 cm, ovate-deltoid, acute to acuminate, base subtruncate to very shallowly cordate, glabrous with prominent veins; petioles 0.5–2 cm. Inflorescence of very compact, shortly pedunculate, axillary cymes of up to 6 flowers, sometimes borne on short branchlets; peduncles 2–4 mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, deltoid, subscarious, caducous; pedicels 8–10 mm; sepals very unequal, outer 3–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, usually emarginate and mucronate, inner 7–8 × 4 mm, oblong to oblong–ovate, emarginate, margins broad, scarious; corolla scarlet, glabrous, salverform with cylindrical tube 2.5–2.8 × 0.6–0.8 cm, the limb 3.5 cm diam., slightly lobed. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Southern Ecuador and northern Peru, on mountain slopes between 1500 and 2000 m; known from one collection in each country and only one collection apart from the type.
PERU. Cajamarca: Choropampa–Magdalena, A. Sagástagui & O. Tellez 12708 (MO, HUT, FTG, NY).
ECUADOR. Loja: type collection.
Appears to be related to Ipomoea nationis but sepals very unequal in size, the corolla tube shorter and all parts glabrous. The placement of this species is provisional.
Ipomoea velardei var. aequatoriana
O’Donell, Lilloa 26: 395, t. 17. 1953. (
PERU. Lima, Tornamesa, Velarde Nuñez 1633 (holotype LIL001297).
Probably perennial twining herb with pilose to glabrescent stems. Leaves petiolate, 4–12 × 3–10 cm, ovate to suborbicular, acuminate to an acute or obtuse apex, mucronulate, base cordate with rounded auricles, sometimes with a lateral tooth, both surfaces nearly glabrous to pubescent; petioles 2.5–6 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate cymes, often subumbellate in form; peduncles 8–20 cm, pilose; bracteoles 3–5 mm, linear; pedicels 5–32 mm, glabrous to pilose, widened upwards; sepals 6–7 mm, lanceolate to oblong, finely obtuse to acute and submucronate, margin white scarious, glabrous to pilose; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, funnel-form, bluish-purple with white tube, sericeous to pilose in bud or glabrous (var. aequatoriana), limb 2.5 cm diam. Capsules 10–11 × 3 mm, ovoid, rostrate (but soon deciduous), glabrous; seeds 5–5 × 2.5–3 mm, blackish, tomentellous.
A rarely collected plant of Peru and Ecuador, apparently growing in dry areas of the Andes below 2200 m.
PERU. Sine loc., Castelnau s.n. [6/1847] (P). Ancash: Santa Arriba de Lampanin, J. Mostacero et al. 1824 (FTG, MO). Cajamarca: Prov. Contumazá, Yetón, A. Sagástegui et al. 9716 (FTG, MO, OXF).
ECUADOR. Chimbarazo: Huigra, Rose & Rose 23818; F. de la Puente 1465 (CIP). Loja: between Catamayo and Loja, F. de la Puente 1255 (FTG, CIP); between Catamayo and Catacocha, P.M. Jorgensen et al. 1459 (LOJA, QCA); Sabanilla, B. Merino et al. 4895 (LOJA).
A poorly known and rather variable species distinguished (in the type variety) by its hirsute corolla and by the pilose sepals, stem peduncles and pedicels. In Ecuador the glabrous var. aequatoriana is most likely to be confused with Ipomoea dumetorum but lacks the distinctive dark glands on the sepals which are characteristic of that species. Molecular studies suggest var. aequatoriana is sister to Ipomoea meyeri. It is possible that var. aequatoriana and the typical variety represent different species but the lack of material renders it impossible to make an informed decision.
• Species 312–327. The Quamoclit Clade. Annual or perennial twining herbs, usually rather slender in habit; stem and leaves glabrous or thinly pubescent. Leaves variable in form, ovate, entire, 3-lobed, palmately divided, or pinnate. Flowers in pedunculate cymes (never solitary), bird-pollinated; bracteoles very small; sepals usually unequal, with a prominent subterminal abaxial awn (absent in I. quamoclit); corolla always glabrous, hypocrateriform or suburceolate, always with a relatively long, subcylindrical tube and a spreading limb which may be entire, deeply lobed or much reduced; anthers usually exserted but sometimes (I. rubriflora) held at the mouth of the corolla. Ovary and capsule 4-locular and 4-seeded; seeds tomentellous, the hairs equal or unequal in length but long marginal hairs are always absent.
Species 321 to 327 are superficially very similar and have often been treated in the past as Ipomoea coccinea L. All are slender annual twining herbs with hypocrateriform red flowers and exserted or near exserted stamens. Several species are very similar, differing only in one or two characters (I. cholulensis and I. indivisa, for example), so diagnostis descriptions only are provided in several cases so that species can be distinguished as clearly as possible.
This clade has long been accepted as a distinct group. Its most distinct features are the presence of an awn on the abaxial surface of the sepals and the 4-locular ovary.
1 | Leaves pinnatidifid, usually bearing pseudostipules | 312. I. quamoclit |
– | Leaves entire, bifid or palmately lobed; pseudostipules absent | 2 |
2 | Corolla suburceolate, the limb reduced to five short teeth | 3 |
– | Corolla not as above, the limb prominent, entire or lobed, not reduced to five short teeth | 4 |
3 | Corolla red, yellow or orange; sepal awns 3–4 mm long; secondary peduncles c. 12 mm long | 319. I. lobata |
– | Corolla maroon; sepal awns 5–6 mm long; secondary peduncles to 25 mm long | 320. I. gloverae |
4 | Corolla limb deeply lobed | 5 |
– | Corolla limb unlobed, at most undulate | 8 |
5 | Leaves palmately lobed to the base into 5–9 lobes | 313. I. fissifolia |
– | Leaves entire or shallowly lobed into 3(–5) lobes | 6 |
6 | Leaves 3-lobed; corolla yellow, red or yellow with purple markings | 7 |
– | Leaves entire, sagittate; corolla red | 318. I. spectata |
7 | Corolla yellow with purple markings, lobes 10–15 mm long | 314. I. neei |
– | Corolla yellow or red, lobes 5–6 mm long | 317. I. lutea |
8 | Inflorescence corymbose, long-pedunculate, peduncles at least 10 cm long, usually much more | 9 |
– | Inflorescence cymose, the peduncles usually < 10 cm long but occasionally to 20 cm | 10 |
9 | Corolla limb 3–4 cm diam. | 315. I. funis |
– | Corolla limb < 2.5 cm diam | 316. I. hastigera |
10 | Leaves entire | 11 |
– | Leaves 3–5-lobed | 18 |
11 | Inner sepals very short, usually < 3 mm; Capsule always muticous | 321. I. hederifolia |
– | Inner sepals 4–6 mm long; Capsule rostrate, the style persistent | 12 |
12 | Ovary and Capsule usually pubescent; awns on sepals 4–8 mm long; fruiting pedicels usually erect (Peru and Ecuador) | 325. I. dubia |
– | Ovary and capsule glabrous; awns on sepals 2–6 mm long; fruiting pedicels deflexed or (in I. rubriflora) erect | 13 |
13 | Fruiting pedicels erect (Andean Argentina and Bolivia) | 323. I. rubriflora |
– | Fruiting pedicels deflexed | 14 |
14 | Desert species of Mexico and United States Southwest; slender herb | 322. I. cristulata |
– | Plants of other areas and habitat; plant relatively robust | 15 |
15 | Leaves glabrous adaxially; sepal awns 2.5–6 mm long (United States) | 327. I. coccinea |
– | Leaves glabrous to hirsute adaxially; sepal awns 2–3.5 mm long | 16 |
16 | Seeds with hairs of different lengths, distributed unevenly over the seed; leaves ovate, usually glabrous (southern South America, usually below1000 m) | 324. I. indivisa |
– | Seeds uniformly tomentellous; leaves ovate to lanceolate usually pubescent (Ecuador and Venezuela north to Mexico, above 700 m) | 325. I. cholulensis |
17 | Style persistent on capsule; inner sepals 4–6 mm long | 19 |
– | Capsule muticous; inner sepals 2–3(–4) mm long | 321. I. hederifolia |
18 | Fruiting pedicel erect (Andean Argentina and Bolivia) | 323. I. rubriflora |
– | Fruiting pedicels reflexed (Mexico and United States) | 322. I. cristulata |
Convolvulus pennatifolius
Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 124. 1796. (
Convolvulus quamoclit
(L.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 591. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Quamoclit vulgaris
Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 52 [434]. 1834. (
Ipomoea cyamoclita
St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7(1): 128. 1880, (
Quamoclit quamoclit
(L.) Britton, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. 3: 22. 1898. (
Convolvulus pinnatus
Desr. in Lamarck, Encycl., 3: 567. 1789 [pub.1792]. (
Quamoclit pinnata
(Desr.) Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 224.1837. (
Ipomoea erecta
Michx, J. Hist. Nat. 1: 410. 1792. (
Quamoclit vulgaris var. albiflora
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 260. 1838. (
INDIA. Herb. Clifford 66, Ipomoea 1 (BM000558077), designated by
Twining annual herb, plant completely glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, often bearing pseudo-stipules, 1–7(–9) × 0.8–7 cm, ovate-elliptic in outline, deeply pinnatifid to the main vein, the segments linear, acute, mostly 8–15 pairs; petioles 0.5–3(–4.5) cm. Inflorescence of 1(–5)-flowered axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–5 (–14) cm; bracteoles elliptic, c. 1 mm long; pedicels 8–20 mm, swollen upwards; sepals slightly unequal, oblong-elliptic, obtuse and very shortly mucronate, the mucro < 1 mm long, margins scarious, the outer 4–6 × 2–3 mm, the inner c. 1 mm longer; corolla usually metallic red, hypocrateriform, the tube 2–3 cm long, widened upwards, the limb c. 2 cm diam., deeply lobed with acute lobes; stamens exserted. Capsules ovoid, 7–9 mm long, rostrate, glabrous; seeds c. 5 mm, hirsute with hairs in patches.
Figure
Widely cultivated and sometimes naturalised throughout the tropics. Most records cited below are of cultivated plants, but it is occasionally naturalised around villages particularly in the humid lowlands. It seems to be most common in the Amazon region, especially in Loreto (Peru) and Amazonas, Para and Mato Grosso in Brazil. It is of an uncertain New World origin but might come from the Amazon region given the existence of apparently natural populations in this region.
URUGUAY. fide
ARGENTINA. T.M. Pedersen 5335 (S). Misiones: G.J. Schwarz 2200 (LIL). Salta: C. O’Donell 2592 (LIL). Tucumán: S. Venturi 322 (LIL).
PARAGUAY. Amambay: J. Solomon et al. 6989 (MO).
BRAZIL. Acre: C.A. Cid Ferreira & A. Souza 3010 (NY). Amazonas: Lago Tefé, T.C. Plowman et al. 12571 (MO, NY). Bahia: Blanchet s.n. [1831] (BM, NY). Goiás: D. Philcox & Ferreira 4447 (K, MO, S). Mato Grosso: B. Dubs 2024 (E, NY, S, Z). Mato Grosso do Sul: E.P. Heringer et al. 944 (MO, NY). Minas Gerais: G. Prance et al. 14367 (MO, NY, S). Pará: Conceição do Araguaia, T.C. Plowman 8762 (MO, NY). Paraíba: L.A. Pereira & E. Chagas 241 (NY). Paraná: P. Dusen 11430 (GH, S). Rio de Janeiro: Gardner s.n. [1837] (BM). Rondônia: M.G. da Silva 450 (NY). Santa Catarina: A.C. Cervi 6120 (NY). Tocantins: M.G. da Silva 3594 (NY).
FRENCH GUIANA. P. Sagot 369 (BM, S).
SURINAM. W.R. Hostman 645 (MO, S).
GUYANA. A.S. Hitchcock 17367 (NY, S).
BOLIVIA. Beni: J. Balderrama 361 (NY, LPB, USZ). Cochabamba: T.J. Killeen et al. 3498 (ARIZ, BOLV, LPB, MO, USZ). La Paz: O. Buchtien 1478 (US). Pando: Suárez, Porvenir, F. Fernández Casas & A. Susanna 8352 (LPB, MA, MO, NY). Santa Cruz: Santa Rosa de la Roca, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27793 (K, LPB, USZ).
PERU. Cajamarca: J. Campos et al. 4111 (MO, OXF, USM). Cusco: C. Vargas 2481 (CUZ, LIL, MO). Junín: J. Soukup 2843 (F). Loreto: Balsapuerto, G. Klug 3115 (BM, F, S); R. Ferreyra 3351 (LIL, MO); Maynas, Iquitos, R. Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 16704 (MO, OXF). Madre de Dios: P. Nuñez & P. Monice 5364 (MO). Ucayali: J. Schunke & J. Graham 15099 (MO, USM).
ECUADOR. Guayas: I. Holmgren 115 (S). Los Ríos: C. Dodson et al. 13754 (MO); B. Ståhl & J. Knusen 1289 (GB). Napo: L.B. Holm-Nielsen et al. 19773 (AAH, MO). Sucumbíos: E. Freire et al. 2879 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Amazonas: J. Duque 2466 (COL). Antioquia: F.J. Roldán et al. 571 (MO). Chocó: H. León 551 (COL, MO). Magdalena: H.H. Smith 1586 (COL, MO). Meta: R. Jaramillo 310 (COL); H. Humbert 27177 (COL, P). Putumayo: G. Klug 1646 (F, MO, S). Valle: Gorgona Island, J. Aguirre et al. 300 (BM, MA).
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: A. Gentry & P.E. Berry 14614 (MO). Anzoátegui: A. Fernández 13709 (USM). Bolívar: L. Williams 11225 (VEN). Carabobo: H. Pittier 8179 (VEN); Guárico: R. Rondeau 358 (MO). Nueva Esparta: Margarita Island, O.O. Miller & J.R. Johnston 76 (BM, F, NY).
PANAMA. R.E. Woodson & R.W. Scherry 825 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, Puerto Quepos, Khan et al. 426 (BM); Puntarenas, A. Molina 27407 (BM).
NICARAGUA. P.N. Volcán Masaya, D. Weberbauer 2899 (BM, MO).
HONDURAS. Olancho, Catacamas, M. Chorley 221 (BM, MO).
EL SALVADOR. J.M. Tucker 510 (K).
BELIZE. Forest Home, W.A. Schipp 1055 (BM, K, S), P.H. Gentle 3017 (K).
GUATEMALA. Petén, R. Tun Ortíz 1487 (BM); P.C. Standley 23960 (S), 64033 (F).
MEXICO. Campeche: E.F. & H. Cabrera 14537 (MEXU). Chiapas: E. Martínez & R. Lombera 26193 (K); A. Reyes García & M. Sousa 2059 (BM). Chihuahua: H.S. Gentry 2434 (K, S). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Luvianos, G.B. Hinton 5022 (BM, K). Guerrero: G.B. Hinton 10848 (K). Jalisco: E.J. Lott 734 (MO). Michoacán: F.R. Barrie & M. Luckow 1528 (NY). Narayit: Y. Mexia 972 (BM). Oaxaca: Ghiesbrecht s.n. (K). Sinaloa: Maztlan, A. Carter & L. Kellogg 3646 (BM, UC). Sonora: H.S. Gentry 1059 (S). Tabasco: N. del Rivero 7 (MO). Veracruz: Comaltepec, G. Martínez Calderón 1174 (BM). Yucatán: G.F. Gaumer 1263 (F).
UNITED STATES. Alabama: J.R. MacDonald 10868 (IBE). Florida: A.H. Curtiss 2155 (BM, K, S). Georgia: J.B. Walker & C.R. Annable 1066 (NY), 6009 (K). Mississippi: K. Rogers 3868 (IBE). Missouri: B. Summers 9961 (MO). New Jersey: H. Moldenke 2656 (FSU). South Carolina: Leonard & Radford 1942 (S).
BAHAMAS. J.E. Eckenwalder 1625 (NY).
CUBA. López Figuieras 684 (HAJB). Cienfuegos: Soledad, A. González 101 (BM, NY). Isla de Juventud [Pinos]: E.L. Ekman 11963 (S). La Habana: H. van Hermann 1125 (NY).
CAYMAN ISLANDS. G.R. Proctor 29367 (BM).
JAMAICA. W. Harris 6985 (BM); G.R. Proctor 27666 (BM); T.G. Yuncker 18138 (NY)
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H9155 (S)
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.J. Valeur 719 (BM, C, F, K, S); Samaná, E.L. Ekman H15367 (K, NY, S); H.A. Allard 13215 (MO).
PUERTO RICO. P. Sintenis 4946 (K); F.S. Axelrod & A. Comas 7490 (MO, NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. US Virgin Islands: St Croix, A.E. Ricksecker 26 (MO, NY). Netherlands Antilles: St Eustatius fide
TRINIDAD. Dale s.n. (K). Tobago: G.S. Meyer 32 (K).
HAWAII. Maui, H. St John 24741 (K).
A unique species because of its pinnate leaves. The pseudo-stipules and vermilion flowers are also unusual.
In designating a lectotype for Convolvulus pinnatus we have chosen the most complete of the two specimens in the Lamarck herbarium.
Quamoclita
[Quamoctita] multifida Raf., New Fl. 4: 57. 1838 (
Quamoclit sloteri
House in Bailey, Gentes Herbarum; Occasional Papers on the Kinds of Plants 1(3): 128, f. 60. 1923. (
Ipomoea × sloteri
(House) Ooststr., Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 4: 483. 1953. (
A cultivated plant ex Herb. Collins (not found).
Diagnosis. This is the garden hybrid Ipomoea quamoclit × coccinea, which was originally grown as long ago as the 1830s (
Although Rafinesque suggested it sometimes grew spontaneously, there are no other reports that this hybrid grows outside gardens. The following are records of cultivated plants:
UNITED STATES. Missouri: G. Engelmann (K). New York: Ithaca, W.J. Dress 1199 (BM).
The name Ipomoea × sloteri is generally used for this hybrid but there seems no reason why the older Ipomoea × multifida should not be adopted.
Quamoclit fissifolia
McPherson, Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 14: 97. 1980 (
Based on Quamoclit fissifolia McPherson
Woody liana, 4–6 m long, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–14 × 2–14 cm, deeply palmately and subpedately lobed nearly to the base, the lobes usually 5–9, 2–9 × 0.1–1.4 cm, linear to lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, entire, glabrous; petioles 2.8–10 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, many-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 20–50 cm long; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, deltoid, mucronate; secondary and tertiary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 10–40 mm; sepals unequal, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse or retuse, carinate, glabrous, outer 2.5–3.5 mm with 1–3 mm long awn, inner 4.5–6 mm with 2–5 mm long awn; corolla, greenish-red, glabrous, hypocrateriform with a curved tube 2.5–3 cm long, the limb c. 3 cm diam., lobed with lobes ovate, 9–12 mm long; stamens and style exserted. Capsules ovoid, 8–10 mm long, glabrous, muticous; seeds shortly pubescent.
On limestone rocks at 1400–1450 m in central Mexico. Only known from the type.
MEXICO. Michoacán: the type collection.
The deeply palmately divided leaves with up to 7 leaflets are very distinct.
Calboa vitifolia
Cav. Ic. 5: 51, tab. 476. 1794 [pub.1799]. (
Macrostemma vitifolia
(Cav.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 185. 1805. (
Quamoclit vitifolia
(Cav.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Convolvulus neei
Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 593–4. 1825 [pub.1824]. (
Ipomoea peduncularis
Bertol., Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Inst. Bononiensis 4: 408–9. 1840. (
Ipomoea hartwegii
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 220. 1869. (
Ipomoea acaponetensis
M.E. Jones, Contr. W. Bot. 18: 65. 1933. (
Based on Calboa vitifolia Cav.
Somewhat woody climber (less commonly trailing), stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–14 × 3.5–13, palmately 3-lobed, lobes acute to acuminate, base deeply cordate with right-angled sinus, lateral lobes often with some marginal teeth, moth surfaces nearly glabrous but veins pubescent especially near the base beneath; petioles 2.5–11 cm. Inflorescence usually very long-pedunculate, corymbose, many-branched with 10–70 flowers; peduncles 0.5–40 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm, tertiary to ultimate peduncles1–2.5 cm ; pedicels 8–20 mm, slender; sepals, unequal, outer 2.5–4 mm, ovate, obtuse, the mucro 2–5 mm, often spreading, inner 4–4.5 mm, the mucro up to 5 mm long; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long, tube 1–2.4 cm, widened above a cylindrical base, the limb deeply lobed 1–1.5 cm, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, yellow or yellow with purple markings in throat, glabrous, anthers and style strongly exserted. Capsules ovoid, c. 9 × 8 mm, glabrous, erect, muticous; seeds irregularly hirsute.
Figures
River margins, swampy areas and similar moist scrub at low altitudes from Panama north to central Mexico.
PANAMA. B.C. Seemann (BM); Chiriqui, W.H. Lewis et al. 410 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Tucurriques, A. Tonduz 12972 (BM, K), 2237 (BM); San José, Mora, El Rodeo, A. Cascante 1242 (CR, K).
NICARAGUA. Madriz, Cerro El Fraile, P. Moreno 23511 (BM, MO); Chontales, Hac. San Martín, W.D. Stevens 22865 (BM, MO).
HONDURAS. J. Hjalmarson (S); Copán Ruinas, A. Molina & A.R. Molina 34252 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. V. Hartman (S); Lago Ilopango, K. Sidwell et al. 570 (BM, MO).
GUATEMALA. Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4349 (BM, K); Quezaltenango, A.F. Skutch 2043 (BM); Aceituna, J. Donnell Smith 1874 (K).
MEXICO. Chiapas: El Chichon, Burnham 132 (BM); Ocosingo, E. Martínez & R. Lombera 26191 (K); E. Tripp et al. 5757 (COLO, OXF). Colima: E. Palmer 1104 (BM, K); Rancho el Jabalí, L. Rico & E. Martínez 990 (K). Durango: San Dimas, M. González 2404 (IEB). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Luvianos, G.B. Hinton 3199 (BM, K), ibid., Tenaya, G.B. Hinton 3320 (BM, K). Guerrero: Montes de Oca, Vallecitos, G.B. Hinton 11723 (K); Río de Santiago, Galeana, G.B. Hinton 11196 (K); Arcelia, V.W. Steinmann & J.M. Porter 839 (IEB). Jalisco: San Sebastián, Y. Mexia 1790 (BM, MO); Zacoalco de Torres, J.A. Lomelí (IEB); Lago La María, A.C. Sanders et al. 10694 (K, MO). Michoacán: Coalcomán, Aguila, G.B. Hinton 15846 (K); Aguililla, E. Carranza et al. 6679 (IEB). Nayarit: Tepic-Puerto Vallarta, R. Ramírez & G. Flores 863 (MEXU, MO). Oaxaca: Santa María Chimalapa, H. Hernández 958 (MO). Sinaloa: Sierra Tacuicamona, H.S. Gentry 5578a (MEXU, MO). Tabasco: Teapa, M.A. Margaña et al. 1016 (MO). Veracruz: Sanborn, C.R. Orcutt 3034 (BM, MO); Catemaco, G. Martínez Calderón 1836 (BM, MEXU, MO).
In choosing a lectotype of Ipomoea hartwegii Meisn., we have selected the Kew specimen as the most complete of the existing syntypes. It is not clear where the specimen Meisner used to prepare the protologue was housed.
Morenoa grandiflora
La Llave in La Llave & Lex., Nov. Veg. Descr. Fasc. 1: 17. 1824. (
Quamoclit grandiflora
(La Llave) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Ipomoea llaveana
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 219. 1869. (
Quamoclit langlassei
House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 36; 597. 1909. (
Ipomoea funis var. langlassei
(House) O’Donell, Lilloa 29: 41. 1959 (
MEXICO. Veracruz, San Andrés, Schiede & Deppe 556 (lectotype HAL98219, designated here; isolectotype NY).
Climbing herb, stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves ovate, petiolate, 7–12(–17) × 3–8(–13) cm, entire (var. langlassei), undulate, irregularly dentate or 3-lobed, base cordate sometimes with a square sinus, apex finely acuminate, both surfaces thinly pubescent to glabrous; petioles 2.5–15 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate few-flowered cymes; peduncles 10–35 cm; bracteoles 0.5–3 mm, ovate, caducous; secondary to ultimate peduncles 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 7–35 mm; sepals with scarious margins, outer 4–5 × 4 mm, ovate, obtuse or truncate, strongly mucronate, awn 3–9 mm, inner elliptic, slightly longer and broader with a similar awn; corolla 5–6 cm long, red, glabrous, funnel-shaped, basal cylindrical tube 2.5–3 cm, then strongly widened, limb broad, c. 5 cm diam., shallowly lobed, stamens weakly exserted. Capsules globose, glabrous; seeds tomentose with scattered tufts of longer hairs.
Figure
Endemic to central Mexico, where it grows in disturbed bushy places, especially in damp gullies and along streams between 1600 and 2300 m.
MEXICO. Dist. Fed.: A. García-M 4368 (MEXU) – possibly introduced. Guanajuato: fide
We have designated the specimen at Halle as lectotype of Ipomoea funis as it has Schiede’s original label attached to the sheet.
O’Donell recognised Ipomoea funis var. langlassei for plants recorded from Guerrero which differ from the type in their entire, adaxially nearly glabrous leaves. However, there is much variation overall in this species in leaf shape, lobing and dentation as well as in indumentum, and we do not think this variety merits recognition.
A specimen from Chinicuila (Michoacán) J.C. Soto Nuñez et al. 11115 (MEXU) appears to be intermediate with Ipomoea hastigera.
Convolvulus hastiger
(Kunth) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 605 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Quamoclit hastigera
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838 (
Ipomoea humboldtiana
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 789. 1819. (
Morenoa globosa La Llave in La Llave & Lex., Nov. Veg. Descr. Fasc. 1: 5. 1824. (La Llave amd Lexarza 1824: 5). Type. MEXICO. [Veracruz], San José del Corral (wherabouts unknown).
Quamoclit globosa
(La Llave) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Calboa globosa
(La Llave) Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. 5: 82 1850. (
Ipomoea globosa
(La Llave) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 220. 1869. (
Quamoclit lindleyi
House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 36; 597. 1909. (
Quamoclit russeliiflora
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Brux. 12, 2: 271. 1845. (
Quamoclit kerberi
E. Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 30: 187. 1883. (
Ipomoea kerberi
(E. Fourn.) C. Sprenger, Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 19: 116. 1894. (
MEXICO. Near Mexico City, Humboldt & Bonpland 3993 (P00670771).
Twining, presumably annual herb, stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 8–10 × 7–12 cm, entire, ovate, or, more commonly, 3-lobed, base shallowly cordate with a broad sinus, lobes acuminate, mucronate, the central lobe narrowed at base, glabrous to pubescent; petioles 5–10 cm. Inflorescence a long-pedunculate corymb, with flowers clustered; peduncles mostly 10–25 cm long, corymbose branches short, mostly < 1 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate-deltoid; pedicels 7–20 mm; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse or truncate, glabrous or pilose, margins scarious, outer 2–3.5 × 2 mm, mucro 4–7 mm, inner slightly larger, 3–4 mm long, the mucro 4.5–7 mm; corolla red, 3–3.5 cm long, tube 2.2–2.5 cm long, subcylindrical and gradually widened from base, limb, 5-angled but not lobed, c. 10–12 mm wide, stamens exserted. Capsules globose, c. 7 mm diam., glabrous, style not persistent; seeds 3.5–5 mm long. tomentellous.
Endemic to south-central Mexico mostly between 700 and 1800 m, so often at lower altitudes than Ipomoea funis. It grows in disturbed deciduous woodland, often near streams.
MEXICO. Chiapas: Cintalapa, A. Reyes García et al. 1499 (BM, MEXU); Tzimol, A. Reyes García 1041 (BM, MEXU); Mapastepec, Reserva El Triunfo, R.J. Hampshire et al. 606 (BM). Guerrero: Galeano, Pie de la Cuesta, G.B. & J.C. Hinton 11061 (K, MO); Cruz de Ocote, E. Martínez & F. Barrie 5697 (MEXU); Mun. Azueta, J. C. Soto Nuñez 11544 (MEXU). Jalisco: Rincón de Mananatlán, M. Cházaro & J.A. Vásquez 8665 (MEXU). Michoacán: Coalcomán, G.B. & J.C. Hinton 12704 (MO). Oaxaca: Choapan, Y. Mexia 9253 (K, MO, S); M. Ghiesbreght s.n. (K, P). Puebla: Tuxamapan de Galeana, S. Hernández & J.L. Contreras 657 (MEXU). Veracruz: Zacuapan, C.A. Purpus 6317 (BM, MO); Córdoba, E. Bourgeau 1727 (K, P, S); Atoyac, E. Kerber 159 (BM, K); Puente de San Miguel, M. Rosas 939 (BM); Ixtaczoquiatlán, M. Nee 23866 (BM, F).
Quamoclit
lutea (Hemsley) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. 16: 537. 1894 [pub.1893]. (
Ipomoea lutea forma rubra
O’Donell, Lilloa 29: 67. 1959. (
GUATEMALA. O. Salvin & C. Godman s.n. (holotype K000612779).
Diagnosis. Very similar to I. hastigera but reaching 5 m, the corolla yellow, orange or red, 4–5 cm long, the tube 3.5–4 cm, the limb distinctly lobed to 4–6 mm.
Endemic to woodland between 700–1500 m in the extreme south of Mexico and Guatemala.
GUATEMALA. Quezaltenango, T. Croat & Hannon 63459 (MO, FTG); Sololá, H. Förther 10241 (BM); Sacatepeguez, Hunnewell 14879 (GH).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Unión Juárez, Córdoba, E. Ventura & E. López 1283 (BM); Kulaktik, Tenejapa, A. Méndez Ton 5560 (IEB, MO). Oaxaca: Ixtlán de Juárez, J.C. Flores et al. 054 (IEB, MO). Tabasco: Huimanguillo, J. Calónico Soto 21293 (BM, IEB).
Quamoclit coccinea var. jaliscana
House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36. 601. 1909. (
Ipomoea hastigera var. jaliscana
(House) O’Donell, Lilloa 29: 45, 1959. (
Based on Quamoclit coccinea var. jaliscana House
Diagnosis. Distinguished from I. hastigera by the sagittate or hastate leaves, extended inflorescence with secondary peduncles 2–12 mm long, outer sepals 5–6 × 3–5 mm, the corolla tube 2.7–3 cm, the limb deeply lobed, 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules at least sometimes with a persistent style.
Endemic to central Mexico occurring in and near the Sierra Manantlán at around 1500–2000 m where it grows seasonally moist pine and oak woodland.
MEXICO. Jalisco: San Sebastián, Y. Mexia 1439 (BM, F, MO, US); H.H. Iltis et al. 1291 (WIS); J. Villa et al. 116 (MICH); O. Téllez et al. 13763 (MEXU). Michoacán: Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton 12729 (K); Villa Victoria, E. Carranza & I. Silva 7087 (IEB). Nayarit: Tepic, Cerro San Juan, O. Téllez et al. 12380 (IEB, MO); ibid., G. Flórez & O. Ramírez 2357 (MO); ibid., G. Flórez & R. Ruenes 1943 (IEB).
Mina lobata
Cerv., Nov. Veg. Descrip. 3. 1824. (
Quamoclit lobata
(Cerv.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 602. 1909. (
Quamoclit mina
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259, 1838. (
Ipomoea mina (G. Don) Voss., Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3: 710. 1895. (Voss 1894–6: 710)
Ipomoea versicolor
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 220. 1869, (
Convolvulus mina
(G. Don) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 215. 1898. (
Based on Mina lobata Cerv.
Annual twining herb, stem usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 2.5–10, ovate or, more commonly 3-lobed to about half way, base cordate with rounded auricles, apex shortly acuminate, obtuse and mucronate, near glabrous but sometimes puberulent on the veins beneath, abaxially paler; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate axillary cymes appearing to form an elongate bifurcate secund raceme; peduncles (5–)10–16(–30)cm; rhachis above branching point, (2–)8–12 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, linear-lanceolate, moderately persistent; pedicels slender, 2–6 mm, longer below; sepals dissimilar, glabrous or, occasionally, thinly pilose, outer oblong-ovate, 2–3 × 1.5 mm with terminal awn 2–4 mm long, inner sepals with broader base, elliptic, 3–3.5 × 2 mm and awn 2–4 mm long; corolla tubular, curved, suburceolate,1.8–2.5 cm long, yellow, red or orange, limb formed of 5 small tooth-like lobes; stamens strongly exserted; style exserted. Capsules subglobose, 7 mm diam., glabrous; seeds 4 mm long, pubescent with hairs in patches.
Figure
This species is probably of Mexican origin but is widely cultivated and occasionally naturalised in the Americas. It is perhaps native in deciduous forest in south-central Mexico in and near the state of Guerrero. The following citations mostly represent cultivated plants–it is rarely naturalised.
BRAZIL. Reported from São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Pará in
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Prov. Nor Yungas, Coroico, pie de Uchumachi, S.G. Beck 29599 (LPB).
PERU. La Libertad: Pacasmayo, H.O. Forbes (BM).
COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: H. Garcia 10978 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Mérida: L.E. Ruiz-Terán 1115 (MO).
HONDURAS. P.C. Standley 13347 (F).
GUATEMALA. J. Steyermark 52164 (F).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Esquintla, Monte Ovando, T. Croat 47530 (MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 5070 (K, S); ibid., Ixtapan, ibid., G.B. Hinton 2248 (K); ibid., Platanal, G.B. Hinton 7092 (BM, K); ibid., Ixtapan, G.B. Hinton 2248 (BM, K); Tejupilco, V.W. Steinmann et al. 4136 (IEB). Guerrero: W of Suriana, Y. Mexia 8807 (F, K, MO, S, US); Mun. de Iguala y Buenavista. Cañón de La Mano, entre Los Amates y El Naranjo, C. Catalán et al. 439 (MO); Amatitlán, R. Cruz Duran & M.E. García 459. Michoacán: Tacupa, Huetamo, G.B. Hinton 5631 (BM, K); Zitacuaro, G.B. Hinton 13258 (K); Morelia, G. Arsène 3277 (K, P); Huacana, V.W. Steinmann & E. Carranza 3150 (IEB). Oaxaca: C.L. Smith 900 (MO). Puebla: Father Nicolas s.n. (P). San Luis Potosí: J.G. Schaffner 111 (K), 355 (BM, NY). Veracruz: Orizabi, M. Botteri 954 (K).
UNITED STATES. North Carolina: J.W. Hardin & A. Russell s.n. (NCSC). Utah: M.B. Piep 13087 (UTC).
Quite unlike other species of Ipomoea except I. gloverae on account of its raceme-like inflorescence combined with aristate sepals and tubular corolla, the limb replaced with five small teeth.
MEXICO. Michoacán, 12 km W. of Aguililla on road to Dos Aguas, F. Barrie, T.P. Ramamoorthy & E. Martínez 568 (holotype TEX00372567, isotype MEXU).
Twining herb 5–6 m high, stems sparsely pilose. Leaves petiolate, 4–12.5 × 4–11.5 cm, ovate or shallowly 3-lobed, acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, glabrous or pilose on the veins; petioles 4–9 cm, pilose. Inflorescence a compound, long-pedunculate axillary raceme with 5–10 flowers; peduncles 21–28 cm, pilose; bracteoles 2–2.5 × 1.5 mm, ovate, apparently caducous; secondary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, diminishing in length upwards; pedicels 3–6 mm, glabrous except for a few hairs at base; sepals subequal, 2–2.5 × 1.5 mm, ovate or elliptic, obtuse, but with an awn 5–6 mm long; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, maroon, glabrous, curved above a short basal cylindrical tube, suburceolate, limb reduced to 5 small teeth c. 1 mm long; stamens and style strongly exserted. Capsules and seeds unknown.
On roadsides around 1200 m in Michoacán in the same general area as Ipomoea fissifolia.
MEXICO. Michoacán: Aguililla, J. González et al. 412 (IEB); ibid., E. Carranza & I. Silva 6665 (IEB)
The corolla is suburceolate resembling that of Ipomoea lobata but is maroon in colour and the inflorescence is secund, not cymose as stated in the protologue. It is distinguished by the corolla colour, much longer secondary peduncles to 25 mm (not 12 mm) and longer sepal awns.
Quamoclit hederifolia
(L.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 259. 1838. (
Ipomoea coccinea var. hederifolia
(L.) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2: 209. 1878. (
Mina hederifolia (L.) Bello, Apuntes Fl. Puerto Rico 1: 294. 1881. (Bello y Espinoza 1881: 294).
Convolvulus coccineus var. hederifolius
(L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 213. 1898. (
Quamoclit coccinea var. hederifolia
(L.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 599. 1909. (
Ipomoea luteola
Jacq., Collectanea 2: 266. 1789 [dated 1788]. (
Convolvulus luteolus
(Jacq.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. (Sprengel) 1: 599. 1825 [pub. 1824). (
Quamoclit luteola
(Jacq.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 258. 1838. (
Quamoclit coccinea var. luteola
(Jacq.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 335. 1845. (
Ipomoea coccinea var. luteola
(Jacq.) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 218. 1869. (
Ipomoea coccinea forma luteola (Jacq.) Voss, Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3, 1: 709. 1894. (Voss 1894–6: 709).
Ipomoea angulata
Lam., Encycl. 1: 464. 1793 [dated 1791]. (
Convolvulus angulatus
(Lam.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. (Sprengel): 1: 594. 1825 [pub. 1824 [[(
Quamoclit angulata
(Lam.) Bojer, Hortus Maurit. 224. 1837. (
Ipomoea acutangula
Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 10, t.119. 1799. (
Convolulus acutangulus
(Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. (Sprengel): 1: 605. 1825 [pub. 1824). (
Quamoclit acutangula
(Ruiz & Pav.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 335. 1845. (
Ipomoea sanguinea
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 33. 1794. (
Convolulus sanguineus
(Vahl) Spreng., Syst. Veg. (Sprengel): 1: 595. 1824 [pub. 1825). (
Doxema sanguinea
(Vahl) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 75. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Quamoclit sanguinea
(Vahl) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Ipomoea angularis Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 4: 197. 1803. Type. INDIA. Rottler s.n. (holotype B-W03747-01).
Ipomoea dichotoma
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 112. 1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Quamoclit dichotoma
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Ipomoea phoenicea
Roxb., Fl. Indica 2: 92. 1824. (
Convolvulus phoeniceus
(Roxb.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. (Sprengel): 1: 596. 1825 [pub. 1824). (
Quamoclit phoenicea
(Roxb.) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: 433 [51]. 1834. (
Ipomoea coccinea var. curviflora
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. I. 472. 1864 [pub. 1862). (
Ipomoea nephrophylla
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 219. 1869. (
Quamoclit brevipedicellata
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss.7: 416. 1899. (
Ipomoea brevipedicellata
(Hallier f.) Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 46: 20. 1922 (
Ipomoea praematura
Eckenwalder, Brittonia 41(1): 75. 1989. (
Ipomoea coccinea auct. mult., non L.
Icon in Plumier in Burman, Pl. Amer. 4: 82, t. 93, f. 2 (1756), lectotype designated by
Twining annual, stems glabrous or thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–12 × 2–11 cm, variable in shape, most commonly 3-lobed to about half way, sometimes very shallowly lobed so leaf coarsely 3–5-dentate, sometimes simply ovate, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, base cordate with obtuse auricles, glabrous to thinly pubescent; petioles mostly 1–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 5–15 cm long; bracteoles ovate, c. 1 mm, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2.5 cm; pedicels 3–12 mm, remaining erect in fruit; sepals slightly unequal, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to rounded with a prominent awn, margins scarious, glabrous, outer sepals 1.5–3 mm with mucro mostly 2–5 mm long, inner slightly larger with broader scarious margins; corolla red, hypocrateriform, usually curved, glabrous, the tube 2–4 cm long, slightly widened upwards, limb 1.8–2.5 cm diam., very shallowly lobed to entire, weakly spreading, acute; stamens exserted. Capsules 5–7 mm, subglobose, lacking an apical mucro, glabrous; seeds 3–4 mm long, shortly tomentose.
Figure
Common in tropical America from the southern United States to northernmost Argentina; introduced but widespread and frequent in the Old World tropics. It is usually found in disturbed bushy places and secondary scrub below 1000 m (rarely reaching 1500 m). It is more strictly tropical than many widespread species being absent from the three southern states of Brazil, Uruguay and most of Paraguay as well as most of northern Mexico. It is also rare in the Venezuelan Llanos, the Guianas and the Amazon region and there are no records from Pando in Bolivia, Amazonas in Colombia or Acre and Amapá in Brazil, indicating that it tends to avoid the Amazon basin.
ARGENTINA. Salta: Oran, T. Meyer 8372 (LIL), fide
PARAGUAY. Amambay: Rojas in Hassler 10544 (BM, S); Fernández Casas & J. Molero 6196 (MO, NY).
BRAZIL. Bahia: C. von Glocker 597 (BM, NY, US); Espigão Mestre, W.R. Anderson et al. 36954 (MO, NY); Feira de Santana, L.P. de Queiroz 15975 (HUEFS, OXF). Ceará: A. Löfgren 522 (S). Dist. Fed.: V.F. Paiva 576 (RB). Espirito Santo: A.C. Brade 18439 (HB, RB). Goiás: B. Walter 1408 (CEN, RB); H.S. Irwin 15077 (NY). Maranhão: G. Eiten 4046 (NY, RB). Mato Grosso: C.A.M. Lindman 3411 (S); L.M. Carreira 814 (NY). Mato Grosso do Sul: D. Smith 49 (K). Minas Gerais: Viçosa, Y. Mexia 4690 (BMS); A. Macedo 330 (RB). Pará: R. Spruce 695 (NY). Paraíba: J. Coelho de Moraes 917 (RB). Pernambuco: Igarassu, H.C. Silva 43 (MO). Piauí: Gardner s.n. (BM). Rio de Janeiro: J.F.Widgren 148 (S). Rio Grande do Norte: S. Tsugaru B1218 (NY, MO). Rondônia: W. Thomas et al. 5023 (MO, NY). Roraima: G.H. Tate 107 (NY). São Paulo: A. Macedo 693 (S); C.W. Mosén 22 (S).
FRENCH GUIANA. Fide G. Léotard (pers. com.).
GUYANA. R. Schomburgk 511 (BM).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Est. Biológica del Beni, E. Villanueva et al. 859 (F, LPB). Chuquisaca: Calvo, Sierra Mandiyapecua, E. Saravia et al. 11740 (LPB). La Paz: Inquisivi, Cahuata-Miguillas, T. Ortuño et al. 346 (K, LPB); Nor Yungas, J. Solomon et al. 18973 (MO, K, LPB, USZ). Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, Serranía de Mutún, D. Villarroel et al. 2053 (USZ); Ibañez, A. Fuentes 393 (BOLV, LPB, MO, NY, USZ); Velasco, Bajo Paraguá, T.J. Killeen & J. Wellens 6274 (ARIZ, BOLV, LPB, NY, MO, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, west of Villamontes, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 39175 (CTES, LPB).
PERU. Amazonas: R. Ferreyra 13337 (MO). Cajamarca: F. Woytkowski 6863 (MO). Cusco: La Convención, Y. Mexia 8041 (BM). Junín: A. Gentry & G.T. Prance 16405 (MO). Lambayeque: A. Gentry et al. 22600 (MO). Loreto: M. Rimachi 10498 (MO, USM). Pasco: Oxapampa, Chontabamba, R. Rojas et al. 2337 (MO). San Martín: Chazuta, Río Huallaga, Klug 4021 (BM); F. Woytkowski 35037 (MO, S); G. Klug 3442 (MO, S).
ECUADOR. El Oro: G. Harling & L. Andersson 13416 (MO). Guayas: Guayaquil, Pavón s.n. (BM); C. E. Cerón et al. 19963 (MO). Imbabura: L.B. Holm-Nielsen & J. Jaramillo 28916 (MO). Loja: B. Klitgaard et al. 466 (AAU). Manabí: C. Cerón et al. 6742 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Atlántico: A. Dugand 4032 (COL, US). Antioquia: R. Callejas & A. Echeverri 11461 (MO). Bolívar: A. Dugand & R. Jaramillo 2846 (COL, US); R. Romero C. 9256 (COL). Boyacá: A.E. Lawrance 223 (BM, MO). Caldas: G. Lozano 5967 (COL). Cesar: Chimichagua, O. Rivera-Díaz 3307 (COL). La Guajira: T. Saravia 2308 (COL). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1587 (BM, COL, F, GH, MICH, MO, S). Norte de Santander: J. Cuatrecasas 16264 (COL). Quindío: M.C. Vélez et al. 551 (COL). Santander: J.L. Fernández 20863 (COL). Sucre: L.H. Soto & H. Giraldo 64 (MO). Valle: I. Cabrera 7023 (MO).
VENEZUELA. Bolívar: B.K. Holst & H. Van de Werff 2521 (MO). Dist. Fed.: Caracas, La Florida, A.H.G. Alston 5445 (BM, S). Guárico: G. Davidse 4192 (MO). Nueva Esparta: Margarita Island: O.O. Miller & J. Johnston 75 (BM). Portuguesa: F.J. Ortega 539 (MO). Sucre: Peninsula de Paria, J. Steyermark & M. Rabe 96440 (MO).
PANAMA. T. Croat 12911 (MO); Hunter & Allen 9 (S); Alhajuela, H. Pittier 2341 (BM); J. A. Duke 6063 (E, MO).
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, U. Chavarria 1098 (BM, MO); Puntarenas, M.H. Grayum & B. Hammel 9564 (BM, MO); H. Pittier 13670 (K); Nicoya, A. Tonduz 13670 (BM).
NICARAGUA. Managua, W.D. Stevens 5354 (BM, MO); peninsula de Coseguina, S. Marshall 6621 (BM, F).
EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapán, J.M. Rosales 1764 (BM, LAGU); P.C. Standley 19569 (US).
HONDURAS. Tiger Island, G.W. Barclay 2560 (BM); A. Molina 718 (F).
BELIZE. Cayo, C. Whitefoord 2201 (BM); H.H. Bartlett 369 (US, MO, MEXU, F); Corozal, P. H. Gentle 839 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Petén, R. Tun Ortiz 662 (BM, F), ibid., 526 (BM, F); Lago Petén Itzá, B. Wallnöfer 9536 (K, W).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Rancho Palmilla, A. Carter & F. Chisaki 3598 (BM, UC); La Junta, I.L. Wiggins 15386 (CAS, K). Campeche: Kalkiní-El Remate, M. Peña-Chocarro et al. 590 (BM); Calakmul, E. Martínez et al. 31473 (BM, MEXU). Chiapas: Acacoyagua, E. Matuda 17398 (K). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 1759 (BM, K). Guerrero: Coyuca, G.B. Hinton 6875 (BM, K); Acapulco, W. Hancock 32 (K). Jalisco: M.G. Ayala 983 (K, MEXU); Ajijic, Harker & Mellowes 1 (BM). Michoacán: Huetamo, G.B. Hinton 7114 (BM, K); Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton12333 (K); Churumuco, K.B. Hernández & L. Sánchez 74 (K). Nayarit: Yxtlan del Rio, Y. Mejia 748 (BM, MO). Oaxaca: C. Conzatti 4433 (US). Querétaro: Landa de Matamoros, L.J. Ramos 1401 (K). Quintana Roo: Pucté, O. Téllez & E. Cabrera 1258 (BM, MEXU). San Luís Potosí: M.T. Edwards 484 (F). Sinaloa: W.G. Wright 1269 (US). Sonora: E. Palmer 310 (US). Tamaulipas: R.M. King 3810 (NY). Veracruz: San Miguel, L. Monroy et al. 93 (BM). Yucatán: Chichankanab, G.F. Gaumer 2124 (BM).
UNITED STATES. Florida: J.R. Buckhalter 12850 (UWFP). Georgia: L.C. Anderson 3786 (FSU). Louisiana: C.B. Coryell 21 (LSU). Mississippi: B. Parajuli 5 (NKU). North Carolina: Kitching s,n. [1/10/1906] (BM). Texas: S.M. Tracy 7718 (BM).
BAHAMAS. A.R. Northrup 120 (K); D.S. Correll et al. 49560 (NY).
CUBA. Bro. Clemente 6303 (HAJB); López Figueras 439 (HAJB), 686 (HAJB). Cienfuegos: Soledad, J.G. Jack 6571 (A, K, P). Holguín: Sierra de Nipe, E.L. Ekman 10705 (BM, K, S).
CAYMAN ISLANDS. M. Brunt 1688 (BM).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 20563 (BM), 15885 (BM); T.G. Yuncker 17210 (S); L. Wynter 747 (K); C.R. Orcutt 3428 (K, UC, US).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H2093 (S), 9091 (S); L.R. Holdridge 1814 (NY).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. M. Fuertes 1360 (BM, K, S); W. Greuter & R. Rankin 24912 (B, K, S); E.L. Ekman H11155 (K, S).
PUERTO RICO. F. Axelrod & P. Chávez 7315 (K); D.E. Atha & T. Zanoni 794 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix, F.R. Fosberg 59368 (BM, US). St Kitts: G.R. Proctor 18483 (BM). Antigua: H.E. Box 1266 (BM, US). Montserrat: J.A. Shafer 132 (NY, US). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 2477 (NY, US). Dominica: fide
TRINIDAD. Baker & Simmonds 14838 (K); Gasparee Island, N.L. Britton 2792 (NY); Pinte Gourde, N.L. Britton & W.E. Broadway 2651 (NY).
HAWAII. Cultivated fide St John (1973).
There appears to be no specimen at W of Ipomoea luteola, so we have designated the corresponding plate as the type. This is a yellow-flowered form of this normally red-flowered species.
In designating a lectotype for Convolvulus angulatus Lam. we have chosen the most complete of the three specimens in the Lamarck herbarium, the specimen being attributed to Sonnerat.
We have designated the BM specimen of Jameson 395 as the lectotype of Ipomoea nephrophylla as the specimen at K is Ipomoea abutiloides. At some stage labels must have been mixed and this may have happened with other duplicates of this number, which we have not traced.
A lowland species that can be recognised by the very short sepals and, in fruit, by the erect peduncle and muticous capsule. It has commonly been misidentified as I. coccinea L., a species which is endemic to the south east of the United States.
Ipomoea praematura was based on a cultivated plant grown in Toronto from seeds collected in Grenada. This seems at best a form of the widespread I. hederifolia and is not recognised here. It is distinguished with difficulty from a widespread and variable I. hederifolia by the greenish-pink corolla tube, the limb alternating pink and orange and the ovoid, acute capsule with persistent valves but these differences do not seem significant.
Quamoclit gracilis
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 416. 1899. (
Based on Quamoclit gracilis Hallier f.
Slender annual twining herb; stems glabrous or pilose at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–10 × 1–7 cm, ovate, 3–5-lobed or, less commonly, entire, base cordate to subtruncate with rounded auricles, apex acute to acuminate, margin irregularly dentate, abaxially glabrous or pubescent; petioles 2–9 cm. Flowers 3–7 in axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3–10 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 5–14 mm, becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals unequal, oblong, rounded or truncate, outer c. 3 × 2 mm, often adaxially muricate, the subterminal arista 3–5 mm long, inner sepals 4–6 × 3–3.5 mm, the arista c. 3 mm long; corolla hypocrateriform, 2–2.6 cm long, red or orange-red, glabrous; the limb 1–1.5 cm diam.; stamens exserted. Capsules globose, 7–8 mm long; seeds 3.5–5 mm long, ovoid, blackish, tomentellous.
Dry, often semi-desert regions of the United States Southwest and northern and central Mexico. It grows in disturbed bushland and similar habitats up to about 2300 m, but appears to be rare below 1500 m.
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Sierra de la Giganta, A. Carter 4986 (BM, CAS, MEXU). Chihuahua: E.W. Nelson 6739 (K); Sierra Canelo, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 2505 (K, S); Seven Star Mine, C.H.T. Townsend & C.M. Barber 382 (BM, K). Coahuila: D. Flyr 1164b (MO). Durango: C.W. Bollwinkel & R.P. Wunderlin 155 (MO); Vicente Guerrero, S. González 1490 (IEB). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Churubusco, C.R. Orcutt 4306 (BM); Pedregal, E. Lyonnet 684 (K). Guanajuato: J.N. & J.S. Rose 11512 (US); Laguna de Yuriria, S. Zamudio & H. Diáz 4624 (IEB). Jalisco: Tuxpan, Barnes & Land 320 (K). Michoacán: Morelia, G. Arsène 3477 (MO); ibid., G. Cornejo Tenorio 2340 (IEB); Morelia-Quiroga, J.I. Calzada 8153 (IEB, MEXU). Querétaro: Colón, Santa María del Mexicano, R. Hernández 11783 (IEB). San Luis de Potosí: C.C. Parry & E. Palmer 625 (K). Sinaloa: La Palmito-El Carrizo, J.L. Reveal & N.D. Atwood 3626 (K). Sonora: S.S. White 2670 (S); Yécora, Río Maycoba, A.L. Reina-G 95-456 (ARIZ); Alamos, Eggli et al. 1997 (MEXU).
UNITED STATES. Arizona: Santa Rita Mts., Kearney & Peebles 10563 (K, US): J. Tedford 06-504 (ARIZ); Pima, Rincon Peak, M.A. Baker 16352 (ARIZ); Chiricahua Mts, J.C. Blumer 1808 (K). New Mexico: Lovelace Ranch, F.A. & M.M. Iwen 151 (BM); Organ Mts., G.R. Vasey 344 (BM), E.O. Wooton 629 (K); Grant, Mangus Valley, S. Beckworth 150 (DES). Texas: C. Wright 506 (BM); Presidio, Shafter, A.C. Sanders 4179 (UCR); Trans Pecos Mountains fide
Hallier cited various syntypes following his description of Quamoclit gracilis, all those from Berlin apparently destroyed in 1943 so the Bourgeau specimen at G is here selected as lectotype. It is duplicated at K, P and S.
This species is similar to Ipomoea hederifolia and I. rubriflora in its morphology but is generally more slender. From I. hederifolia it is distinguished by the often muricate outer sepals, the inner sepals 4–6 mm long, the corolla tube generally straight, the narrower limb < 1.5 cm diam. and the style persistent on the capsule; from I. rubriflora it can be distinguished by the often reflexed fruiting pedicel.
Ipomoea cristulata favours desert conditions and sometimes has stiff, virgate branches as in Eggli et al. 1997 (MEXU).
ARGENTINA. Cordoba, Dept. San Alberto, entre Mina Clavero y Nono, O’Donell & Rodríguez 708 (holotype LIL, n.v., isotype NY00319220).
Similar to I. hederifolia in habit, variability of leaf shape and general features of the inflorescence but more robust, the stems distinctly angled, glabrous except at nodes. Leaves usually glabrous or nearly so; sepals unequal, glabrous or pubescent, outer sepals oblong-obovate, 3–4 × 2–2.5 mm; inner sepals 5–6 × 3–4 mm; corolla limb 2–3 cm diam., stamens very shortly exserted. Capsules strongly rostrate terminating in a persistent mucro 3–5 mm long, the fruiting pedicel erect; seeds tomentose with hairs unequal in length those bordering the central groove longer.
Figures
Ipomoea rubriflora. A habit B adaxial leaf surface C abaxial leaf surface D outer sepals E inner sepals, middle at bottom F calyx and corolla G corolla opened up to show stamens H corolla mouth showing position of anthers. Drawn by Eliana Calzadilla A–C, G, H from Wood et al. 27678; D–F from Wood et al. 27657.
Endemic to scrubby banks in the dry inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia and northern Argentina, mostly growing between 1500 and 2700 m.
ARGENTINA. Córdoba: P.G. Lorentz 61 (BM. P). Catamarca: La Puntilla, M. Villafane 1240 (LIL, RB); Ancasti, J. Brizuela 1048 (LIL, P). La Rioja: Castellamos s.n. [4/2/140] (LIL). Jujuy: Capital, S. Venturi 8702 (BM, L, NY, S, SI); Cochinoca, Abra Pampa, S. Venturi 9372 (BM, LIL, SI). Salta: Cachi, L.J. Novara 6066 (G); R. de Lerma, L.J. Novara 6296 (G), 7883 (G, S), 9675 (S). Santiago del Estero: Cuezzo 2441 (LIL). San Luis: A. Vignati 494 (LIL, LP, NY). Tucumán: Cerro del Campo, S. Venturi 10438 (S); Tafí, R. Rocha 808 (CTES, LIL).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Azurduy, Com. San Pedro, R. Lozano et al. 3173 (MO, OXF); Boeto, Nuevo Mundo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27657 (OXF, K, LPB); Oropeza, M. Cardenas 575 (NY); Tomina, Padilla, J.R.I. Wood 8306 (K, LPB). Cochabamba: Capinota, M. Mercado & A. Haigh s.n. (K); Mizque, W.J. Eyerdam 25205 (F, K). La Paz: Sud Yungas, Plazuela-Lambate, J.R.I. Wood et al. 29191 (LPB, USZ). Santa Cruz: Caballero, Pulquina, Com. Anamal, M. Garvizu & Muñoz 1089 (USZ, K); Vallegrande, L. Arroyo et al. 5214 (MO, USZ). Tarija: Arce, Padcaya, S.G. Beck et al. 26166 (LPB); Cercado, E. Bastian 827 (LPB, USZ); O’Connor, Serranía Nogal, M. Serrano & J. Villalobos 7436 (LPB).
Ipomoea rubriflora is most easily distinguished from similar species by the erect, rostrate fruiting capsule combined with the lobed leaves and slightly longer sepals. However, some specimens such as Hieronymus s.n.[10/1879] (BM); D.O. King 731 (BM) have erect muticous capsules although the sepals are too large for Ipomoea hederifolia so presumably belong to Ipomoea rubriflora.
Convolvulus indivisus
Vell. (Vellozo 1825 [1829]: 71). Type. BRAZIL (lectotype, original parchment plate of Flora Fluminensis in the manuscript section of the Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro [cat. no.: mss1198651-050], redesignated here; later published in Vellozo, Fl. Flum. Icon. 2: t. 50. 1827. [pub. 1831], the published plate designated as lectotype by
Quamoclit indivisa
(Vell.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 732. 1898. (
Based on Convolvulus indivisus Vell.
Diagnosis. Very similar to Ipomoea hederifolia and I. rubriflora, differing from both in always having unlobed leaves which may be either entire or dentate. In habit, indumentum, sepal dimensions and rostrate capsule it is similar to Ipomoea rubriflora but in fruit it is easily distinguished by the reflexed fruiting pedicels. Flowering specimens can sometimes be impossible to separate but Ipomoea rubriflora usually has 3-lobed leaves, whereas in I. indivisa the leaves are always unlobed.
Common in southern Brazil and adjacent parts of Argentina and Uruguay but almost absent from the Andean region, being essentially a lowland species. It has possibly been confused with Ipomoea rubriflora in some areas of South America.
URUGUAY. Gibert 231 (K); W.G. Herter 1835 (MO); Berro 1166 (LIL).
ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: La Plata, Gomez 65 (CTES). Entre Ríos: T.M. Pedersen 8205 (K, S), A. Burkart et al. 25392 (CTES). Misiones: Iguazo, H. Keller et al. 1731 (CTES); San Pedro, Mulgura de Romero et al. 3144 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: E.P. Heringer et al. 3781 (K). Espirito Santo: A. Stival-Santos 557 (RB). Minas Gerais: A.F. Regnell I, 301 (S); J.F.Widgren 298 (K, S). Paraná: G. Hatschbach 26338 (MBM, G), 42763 (CTES, MO); Curitiba, P. Dusen 3260 (S), 11441 (S). Rio de Janeiro: O.C. Goés 260 (RB). Rio Grande do Sul: Palacios-Cuezzo 2039 (LIL, S); C.A.M. Lindman 1263 (S); A. Krapovickas et al. 22984 (CTES); M. Ritter 395 (F). Santa Catarina: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 41976 (ARIZ, CTES); A. Korte 6713 (FURB); L.B. Smith 11896 (NY). São Paulo: C.L. Mosén 1496 (P, S); K. Mizoguchi 1549 (MO).
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Yungas, 1890, M. Bang 587 (F, K, NY, GH, RB); O. Buchtien 5525 (F, GH, MO, S, US); Guaybillas, T. Herzog 162 (S).
The Bolivian population of this species is disjunct from the main population in southern Brazil and Uruguay, and grows at a higher altitude (to 1400 m). It has not been recollected for almost a hundred years.
Ipomoea indivisa is very close to I. coccinea and I. cholulensis Kunth, both of which also have unlobed leaves and deflexed fruiting pedicels. It is distinguished from both with difficulty by the crests on its seeds which have longer hairs, different from the short tomentose hairs covering most of the rest the seed. Ipomoea cholulensis differs additionally in the narrower, usually pubescent leaves. Preliminary molecular studies tend to support I. coccinea as a distinct species but do not confirm that I. indivisa is distinct from I. cholulensis.
Convolvulus cholulensis
(Kunth) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 599. 1825 [pub.1824]. (
Quamoclit cholulensis
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 259. 1838. (
Ipomoea coccinea var. pubescens
Schltdl. & Cham., Linnaea 5: 118. 1830. (
Quamoclit coccinea var. pubescens
(Schltdl. & Cham.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 258. 1838. (
Quamoclit indivisa var. pubescens
(Schltdl. & Cham.) Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 414. 1899. (
Ipomoea parviflora
Sessé & Moc, Fl. Mexic., ed. 1: 42. 1893 (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1893: 42), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea parviflora
MEXICO. Puebla, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype P00670774).
Twining annual herb, stems glabrous to tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 1.5–3.5 cm, lanceolate, or ovate, acuminate, mucronate, base cordate to sagittate, strongly auriculate, the auricles rounded to acute, sometimes very shallowly bilobed, the margin entire or undulate, abaxially usually pubescent, but sometimes glabrous; petioles 7–35 mm. Inflorescence of lax. few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles usually long, 6–19 cm, angled, pubescent or glabrous; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate, persistent; pedicels 5–13 mm becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals unequal, outer c. 3 mm, oblong or oblong-ovate, rounded with a mucro 1–3 mm long, glabrous but veins muricate on dorsal surface, inner sepals 4–5 mm, elliptic, the mucro 1–2 mm long; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, narrowly hypocrateriform, red, limb 8–10 mm diam., shallowly lobed, stamens exserted. Capsules 6 × 6 mm, compressed-globose, rostrate with 3 mm long persistent style, glabrous; seeds 3 × 2 mm, minutely puberulent, appearing glabrous under a hand lens.
Figure
Frequent on mountains from 700 to 2700 m from Ecuador north to southern Mexico.
ECUADOR. Imbabura: Cotacachi, E. Freire et al. 809 (QAP, QCNE). Loja: Jera, 10 km N. of Saraguro, L. Ellemann 66985 (AAU); Pichincha: Reserva Pululahua, H. Gavilanes et al. 167 (QCNE).
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Bello, W.A. Archer 125 (MEDEL, MO, US). Cauca: El Tambo, K. von Sneidern 282 (S); ibid., J.M. Idrobo 261 (COL); Popayan, F.C. Lehmann 5860 (K). Cundinamarca: Ubalá near Bogotá, J. Triana 3806 (BM, COL); Sumapaz, Tracey 352 (K). Huila: San Agustín, T. Sprague 306 (K, US); R. E. Schultes & M. Villarreal 5294 (MO); R. Romero 6645 (COL). Nariño: D. Diáz et al. 881 (COL). Norte de Santander: J. Cuatrecasas et al. 12376 (US, F). Santander: L. Uribe-Uribe 1990 (LIL). Valle: La Calera, J.E. Ramos 512 (MO).
VENEZUELA. Sine data, Moritz 46 (BM). Aragua: Tovar, A. Fendler 933 (K, MO). Mérida: Funcke & Schlim 112 (BM).
COSTA RICA. San José, Khan, Tebbs & Vickery 38 (BM); A. Tonduz 1571 (F, US).
NICARAGUA. P.P. Moreno 18442 (MO); W.D. Stevens & A. Grijalva 15658 (MO).
HONDURAS. J. Valerio 1741 (F, LIL).
EL SALVADOR. San Salvador, M.A. & H. Renderos 71 (LAGU, MO).
GUATEMALA. Cobán, Alta Veracruz, H. von Türckheim 304 (BM, K, US): R.A. Montes 350 (S); Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4025 (BM).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Sierra de La Giganta, J.L. León de la Luz 9842 (IEB). Chiapas: Chuchil Ton, Bochil, D.E. Breedlove 29305 (MO). Colima: Vazquez & Phillips 63 (K). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Calera, G.B. Hinton 2550 (BM, K), ibid., Pungarancho, G.B. Hinton 5132 (BM, K, US), ibid., Ypercones, G.B. Hinton 5163 (BM, K, US). Guerrero: G.B. Hinton 11166 (K, LIL, US). Hidalgo: Tlanchinol, I. Luna et al. 732 (MEXU). Jalisco: San Sebastián, E.W. Nelson s.n. (K, US). Michoácan: Tingambato, A. Martínez 482 (IEB). Morelos: H. Fröderström & E. Hultén 571 (S); E. & H. de Cabrera 12242 (MEXU). Nayarit: A. Bourg 135 (IEB). Oaxaca: R. Torrez & C. Martínez 12704 (ARIZ, MEXU); Zimatlán, A. Miranda & O.L. Hernández 558 (MEXU). Puebla: H. Fröderström & E. Hultén 1184 (S). Querétaro: Jalpan de Serra, B. Servín 581 (IEB). Veracruz: Orizaba, M. Botteri 463 (BM), 558 (K); E.K. Balls & Gourlay 5484 (K, US); Ortiz 1421 (F); Ojo de Agua, Orizaba, M. Rosas 75 (A, K); Coacoatzintla, R. Arriaga 2 (MEXU).
In designating a lectotype for Ipomoea parviflora Sessé & Moçiño, we have chosen MA00603909, to which is pasted Sessé and Moçiño’s draft description, in preference to MA603910 or MA603911. This last is Ipomoea costellata. All three specimens are incorrectly labelled in Madrid.
Apparently most common in Colombia and Mexico, this species grows at higher altitudes than its close relative Ipomoea indivisa and is rarely found below 1000 m.
A.L. Gentry 22600 (MO) from 26 km E of Olmos in Lambeyeque (Peru) appears to be Ipomoea cholulensis but the material is very poor and further collections are needed to confirm the presence of I. cholulensis in Peru.
Ipomoea angulata Ortega, Nov. Rar. Pl. Dec. 7–8: 83 1797. (Ortega 1797 –1800: 83), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea angulata Lam. (1793). Type. Plants grown at Madrid from seed sent by Ruiz and Pavón (lectotype OXF00006441, designated here; isolectotype P).
Quamoclit ruiziana
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 258. 1838. (
Based on Ipomoea angulata Ortega
Prostrate, ascending or erect annual herb; stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–7 × 1.5–5.5 cm, entire (rarely shallowly 3-lobed), ovate, cordate with rounded or angled auricles, apex finely acuminate, mucronate, margin entire or (rarely) undulate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glabrous or pubescent, especially on the veins; petioles 2–7 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles (1.4–)3–7.5 cm, remaining erect in fruit, glabrous or pubescent; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate, acuminate; secondary peduncles 5–7 mm; pedicels 2–7 mm, often angled, glabrous or pubescent; sepals unequal, outer ovate with scarious margins, midvein sometimes extended to form a wing, glabrous or puberulent, 4–5 × 2–3 mm, terminating in a mucro 4–8 mm long, inner sepals 5–6 × 3 mm with a mucro 4–8 mm long; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, hypocrateriform, scarlet, glabrous, limb c. 1.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 5–6 × 6–7 mm, compressed globose, rostrate, the persistent style c. 3 mm long, pubescent or glabrous; seeds 4 × 2 mm, distinctly tomentose.
Endemic to Peru and Ecuador between 400 and 2700 m, most records from coastal and lower western semi-desert slopes of the Andes in the Lima area.
PERU. Ancash: E. Cerrate et al. 5180 (MO, USM). Cajamarca: Contumaza, A. Sagástegui & López 9166 (FTG, MO), 10529 (FTG, MO), 1573 (F). Ica: Mun. Yauca del Rosario, O. Whaley et al. 460 (K). La Libertad: P. Nuñez et al. 6265 (CUZ); Trujillo, A. Sagástegui & Cabanillas 8743 (TYG, HUT); ibid., A. Sagástegui & J. Mostacero 10447 (MO); ibid., Contumaza, El Balconcito, A. Sagástegui & S. Leiva 16404 (OXF). Lambayeque: E. Cerrate et al. 5242 (USM). Lima: S.G.E. Saunders 855 (K); C.A. Weatherby 11320 (K); A. Gentry et al. 19912 (FTG, MO); entre Chosica y Surco, R. Ferreyra 6938 (MO, USM). Piurá: Chililique, Bajo Naranjo, E. Laure 5477 (P); Huancabamba, La Beatita, Llatas Quiroz 2455 (F). San Martín: Chrostowski 69-197 (S). Tumbes: Zarumilla, Lechugal, R. Ferreyra 10659 (MO, USM).
ECUADOR. Chimbarazo: Cañon del Río Chanchan, Huigra, W.H. Camp 2970 (FTG, S); Huigra, J.N. & G. Rose 22298 (NY, US). Loja: Sabanilla, C. Quintana et al. 2887 (QCA). Pichincha: Reserva Pululahua, Canton Quito, C. E. Cerón 2258 (MO). Tungurahua: J.E. Madsen 36442 (AAH).
There appears to be no syntype at Madrid so we have selected the specimen at OXF as the lectotype as this is a more complete specimen than that at Paris.
Distinct because of the relatively large sepals with long erect awn-like mucros. The capsule is very unusual, being often pubescent. The short, angled or winged pedicels are also noteworthy.
Quamoclit coccinea
(L.) Moench, Methodus 493. 1794. (
Convolvulus coccineus
(L.) Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 126. 1796. (
Neorthosis coccinea
(L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 75. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Mina coccinea
(L.) Bello, Apuntes fl. Puerto Rico 1: 294. 1881. (
Convolvulus coccineus var. typicus
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3(2): 213. 1898. (
Herb. Linn. No. 219.3 (LINN), designated by
Annual herb, stems glabrous except on nodes. Leaves petiolate, entire, 5–8 × 3–5.5 cm, ovate to coarsely dentate, acute and mucronate, cordate, usually sagittate with dentate auricles, glabrous except on the veins beneath; petioles 2.5–5.5 cm. Inflorescence of lax, few-flowered cymes; peduncles 1–13 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, broadly lanceolate; pedicels 5–15 mm, eventually becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals unequal, outer 3 mm, oblong to elliptic, rounded to obtuse, smooth, the mucro 2–6 mm, the inner c. 5 mm long, oblong, the mucro 2–5 mm; corolla tube 2–2.5 cm long, lobes 0.5–1 cm, virtually undivided, red or red or variegated with yellow, glabrous, stamens exserted. Capsules broadly ovate, muticous or shortly rostrate, c. 7 mm, glabrous; seeds uniformly tomentose.
Endemic to southeastern USA, where it grows on waste ground, roadsides, stream sides and in ditches, apparently with a preference for seasonally moist habitats.
UNITED STATES. Arkansas: V. Board s.n. [2/8/1967] (UARK). Florida: Buckley s.n. (K). Georgia: C. Dorby 110 (GA). Illinois: G.H. French 2154 (K). Kansas: W.H. Horr & R.L. McGregor E424 (S). Kentucky: R. Peter s.n. (K); D.R. & B.K. Windler 2836 (VSC). Louisiana: Drummond s.n. (K). Maryland & Dist. Col.: L.C. Wheeler 5148 (BM, RSA). Missouri: Mackenzie 1055 (S). New Jersey: W.M. Benner 9773 (LSU). North Carolina: Sandy Creek, N of Gillburg, H.E. Ahles & R. Leisner 20404 (UNC, BM); Rügel 436 (BM); R.K. Brummitt 21959 (E, K). South Carolina: G. Newberry 16055 (UCSC). Tennessee: A. Armstrong 594 (KHD). Texas: C. Wright 511 (K). Virginia: G.W. Ramsey 493 (BM); E.K. Balls 7704 (BM, US). West Virginia: E.L. Morris 1209 (K).
The name Ipomoea coccinea is still commonly but erroneously used for many different species in this clade.
Some specimens from outside the eastern United States may be correctly named Ipomoea coccinea, for example Martínez 31473 (BM) from Campeche, Mexico. These merit further investigation.
• Species 328–334 form another well-defined small clade characterised by their palmately (sometimes pedately) lobed leaves and mucronate sepals. Most species are annuals. It is centred on Mexico and, following
Convolvulus digitatus Sessé & Moc., Pl. Nov. Hisp. 24. 1888. (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1887–90: 24). Type. MEXICO. Sessé & Moçino 887 (holotype MA00603823).
Convolvulus pedatus
Sessé & Moc., Pl. Nov. Hisp. 24. 1888. (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1887–90: 24), nom. illeg., non Convolvulus pedatus
Ipomoea painteri
House, Muhlenbergia 3: 41. 1907. (
Ipomoea pusilla
Brandegee, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 4: 382. 1913. (
Ipomoea futilis A. Nelson, Univ. Wyoming Publ. Sci. Bot, 1(3): 65. 1924. (Nelson, A 1924: 65). Type. UNITED STATES. Arizona, Hanson 1016 (holotype RM0002262).
Ipomoea costellata var. edwardsensis
O’Kennon & G.L. Nesom, Sida 20: 39. 2002. (
UNITED STATES. Texas, C. Wright 505 (lectotype GH00054454, designated by
Slender annual herb, usually branched at base with decumbent or ascending branches, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; stems to 2 m long but usually much less. Leaves petiolate, small, 0.7–2.5 × 2–3 cm, variably palmatisect with 5–7 separate leaflets, the laterals pedate, leaflets 1–2.7 × 0.1–0.2 cm, linear-oblong, apiculate, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; petioles 0.2–3 cm. Flowers solitary (rarely paired), axillary, pedunculate; peduncles slender, 1.8– 5 cm, straight; bracteoles 1–2 × 0.25 mm, filiform, scarious-margined; pedicels 7–25 mm; sepals subequal, lanceolate to ovate, acute, mucronate, the mucro c. 1 mm long, glabrous or nearly so, margins scarious, outer 3–5 × 1–2 mm, often muricate along prominent midrib, inner up to 6 × 3 mm; corolla 1–1.2 cm long, funnel-shaped, purplish, glabrous. Capsules 4–5 × 4 mm, globose to ovoid, glabrous, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 3–3.5 × 2 mm, black, minutely tomentellous.
Dry scrub and deserts, principally in the United States Southwest and Mexico but of unknown status in Guatemala and apparently naturalised in Venezuela. It is found from low altitudes up to at least 2300 m.
VENEZUELA. Dist. Fed.: H. Pittier 15137 (VEN) n.v.
GUATEMALA. J. Steyermark 29498 (F), 50738 (F, US).
MEXICO. Aguascalientes: Calvillo, M.C. Provance et al. 1436 (UCR). Baja California Sur: Sierra de La Giganta, Puerto Escondido, A.M. Carter & R. Moran 5536 (MO); ibid., Mesa de San Gerónimo, A. Carter 5019 (BM, UC). Chiapas: Tuxtla Gutiérrez, D.E. Breedlove 13875 (F); Mun. Comitan, A.R. Garcia 1101 (BM). Chihuahua: Sawakoa, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 2456 (K, S); Seven Star Mine, C.H.T. Townsend & C.M. Barber 383 (BM, K, MO, P). Coahuila: E. Palmer 2095 (K); Ramos Arispe, Sierra de la Paila, J.A. Villarreal 4690 (ASU). Durango: E. Palmer 649 (BM, E, K, MO); Nombre de Dios, R. Jiménez & S. Acevedo 111 (IEB). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: J. Rzedowski 37551 (IEB). Guanajuato: Romita, San Francisco de Gavia, J. Rezedowski 52424 (IEB). Hidalgo: Alfajayucan, R. Hernández 6482 (MO). Jalisco: Guadalajara, C.R. Barnes & W.J.G. Land 124 (K). Michoacán: Morelia, G. Cornejo Tenorio 2350 (IEB). Morelos: Cuernavaca, Berlandier 974 (BM). Oaxaca: Cerro Juárez, C. Conzatti 1957 (MO); Cañon de Tomellin, C. Conzatti 2055 (K). Puebla: Coxcatlán, C.A. Purpus 4215 (BM, MO). Querétaro: Ezequiel Montes, Las Rosas, J. Rzedowski 53658 (IEB); 3 km W de Las Rosas, E. Argüelles 2664 (IEB). San Luis de Potosí: fide
UNITED STATES. Arizona: Parker 8421 (S); Patagonia Mts., T.H. Kearney & R.H. Peebles 10143 (K, US); Pima Co., McManus & McLaughlin 439 (ARIZ); Gila Co., J. Ward 881 (DES); Chiricahua Mts, J.C. Blumer 1663 (K). New Mexico: Florida Mts., A.I. Mulford 1111 (K); Mogollon Mts., O.B. Metcalfe 766 (BM, K); Apache Pass, Chiricahua, J.G. Lemmon 442 (BM); Organ Mts., E.O. Wooton 625 (K). Texas: Franklin Mountains, R.D. Worthington 17077 (L); Presidio Co., W.R. Carr 31818 (NY).
In selecting a lectotype for Convolvulus pedatus we have chosen MA606866 in preference to MA603824 (cited by Nelson, 1997; 393) because it has Sessé and Moçiño’s original manuscript notes attached and these correspond to the protologue in Flora Mexicana.
Var. edwardensis differs in the short peduncle (<2.2 cm) and pure white corolla with ovate, apiculate (not rounded) lobes.
MEXICO. Jalisco, La Huerta, Arroyo Colorado, cerca de los Pozos, Est. Biologica Chamela, E.J. Lott 729 (holotype MEXU00448375, isotypes MO, US, XAL).
Annual herb with slender twining glabrous stems. Leaves small, palmately divided into 6–10 linear, acute segments, apparently one central lobe and various secondary lobes arising on the two lateral lobes, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary, pedunculate flowers; peduncles slender 0.7–2.5 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, deltoid, sessile, scarious; pedicels 6–12 mm, distinctly thicker than the peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, outer 4–5 × 1 mm, lanceolate, finally acuminate and apiculate, muricate along the midrib, glabrous, margins scarious, inner 6 mm long, abaxially smooth, the apex obtuse and apiculate; corolla 1.7–2.5 cm long, subcampanulate, yellow, glabrous, the midpetaline bands ending in a point. Capsules subglobose, glabrous; seeds black, glabrous or minutely puberulent.
Endemic to Mexico and apparently restricted to the area around La Huerta in Jalisco at low altitudes.
MEXICO. Jalisco: G. Ayala 985 (K, MEXU), Rothschild & Phillips 058 (K); Los Conejos-Llano Grande, T.S. Cochrane et al. 11996 (IEB).
MEXICO. Guerrero. Agua de Obispo, 745 m, 31 Dec. 1965, Kruse 964 (Holotype MEXU74987).
Diagnosis. Probably related to Ipomoea costellata and its allies because of its lobed leaves and aristate sepals but very distinct because of the winged stem, deeply 3-lobed leaves, the much-branched, almost paniculate inflorescence, the white corolla with stamens held at the corolla mouth.
Completely glabrous climbing perennial; stems 5–6 m long, stout, slightly winged, reddish Brown. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–7 × 5–10 cm, 3-lobed, the central lobe broadly to narrowly oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, acuminate, mucronate, the mucro 2 mm long, lateral lobes shallowly lobed or, near base, bilobed, the upper lobe forward-pointing, the lower lobe spreading, base broadly cordate, margin entire, abaxially paler; petioles 4–5.5 cm. Inflorescence of lax, compound, long-pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 11–14 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, deltoid; secondary and subsequent peduncles 3–4.5 cm; pedicels 1–2.3 cm; sepals unequal, oblong-elliptic, terminating in a fine aristate point, the arista 2–3 mm long; outer 13–15 × 6 mm, the inner slightly longer and broader with broad scarious margins; corolla 6–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with tube yellowish-green inside, glabrous, the stamens held at the corolla mouth; stigma biglobose. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Guerrero in Mexico, growing in a damp gully on alluvial soil at 745 m.
MEXICO. Guerrero. Type collection.
A very distinctive species because of the winged stem, deeply 3-lobed leaves, much-branched, almost paniculate inflorescence and the aristate sepals. The white flowers are reported to be aromatic. Molecular sequencing using ITS suggests a relationship with Ipomoea costellata and its allies but there is little superficial morphological similiarity apart from the aristate sepals and trilobed leaves.
MEXICO. Jalisco, Cabo Corrientes, R. McVaugh 26371 (holotype MICH1111343).
Twining herb to 3 m, stems glabrous, woody. Leaves shortly petiolate, 0.5–2 × 0.7–2.5 cm, palmately divided into 5–7 segments, the segments with 1–3 pinnately arranged lateral lobes, all linear, acute, glabrous; petioles short, 2–12 mm, pseudo-stipules present at base. Inflorescence of 1–2-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2–5.5 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 8–12 mm, noticeably thicker than peduncle; sepals unequal, oblong-ovate, mucronate, glabrous, margins whitish, outermost 3.5–5 × 2.5 mm, inner 6–7.5 mm; corolla 3–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with purple tube, glabrous, limb 2.5 cm diam. Capsules glabrous, 6–7 mm long; seeds 3 × 1.5 mm, minutely pubescent.
Endemic to Jalisco in central Mexico.
MEXICO. Jalisco: 18 km W of San Sebastián, Cochrane et al. 12053 (A, IEB, WIS); Cabo Corrientes, E. Carranza et al. 6133 (IEB).
Like Ipomoea cairica and I. quamoclit, this species has pseudo-stipules at the base of the petiole. It is also distinguished by the bipinnatisect leaf segments.
MEXICO. Guerrero, Mun. Iguala de la Independencia, M. Castro 40 (holotype FCME, isotypes ENCB, IEB, MEXU).
Climbing or prostrate annual herb to 1 m, from a fibrous root, stem glabrous. Leaves petiolate, deeply palmatisect into 14–16 segments, segments 10–60 × 0.3–2.8 mm, diminishing in size outwards, linear or ensiform, acute and mucronate, glabrous; petioles 0.3–3.6 cm, often with pseudo-stipules arising from the base. Inflorescence of few-flowered, long pedunculate axillary cymes, sometimes reduced to solitary flowers; peduncles 5–13 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate, persistent; secondary peduncles (if present) 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 13–20 mm; sepals unequal, broadly lanceolate, mucronulate, green with scarious margins glabrous, outer 8–8.5 × 2 mm, inner 9–14 × 3–4 mm, the scarious margins wide; corolla 4.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4–6.5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 10 × 6 m, glabrous; seeds 4, 5.5 × 2.5 mm, puberulous.
Endemic to the Valle de Iguala in Guerrero (Mexico) growing in disturbed areas derived from dry forest between 500 and 1000 m.
MEXICO. Guerrero: Iguala, M. Castro 179 (IEB, MEXU).
Distinguished from similar species by the relatively long leaf segments and sepals (> 8 mm long). The pink corolla is also distinctive and the division of the leaves into 14–16 segments also serves to distinguish this species.
MEXICO. Yucatán, J.L. Tapia-M & Carnevali 1120 (holotype CICY047694, isotypes: F, FTG K, MEXU, MO, NY, UCAM, XAL).
Twining annual herb to 2 m, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–5 × 3–7 cm, pedately 5–7-lobed, lobes entire or basal lobes 1–3 lobed, lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous; petioles 2–3 cm. Inflorescence in 1–2-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 5–3.5 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 4–5 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 5–8 mm, ovate, cordate, with a reflexed lanceolate terminal mucro, abaxially with 3 prominent papillae (soft spines), inner 6–8 mm, ovate, with a 3–4 mm mucro, the margins scarious but abaxial papillae absent; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, white with a lavender throat, funnel-shaped, glabrous, stamens included. Capsules 5 × 4 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds unknown.
Endemic to dry forest bordering mangrove swamp near sea level in southern Mexico.
MEXICO. Campeche: 2 km NE of Chiná, C. Gutiérrez 6056 (UCAM); Punta Arenas, Tankuche, F. & H. Cabrera 15304 (MEXU). Yucatán: Hunucmá, A. Espejo et al. 1281 (MO).
Similar to Ipomoea costellata and I. ternifolia but with distinct papillose outer sepals, and also occupying a distinct habitat.
MEXICO. Guerrero, Acapulco, L. Née s.n. (holotype MA654733).
Trailing or climbing annual or perennial herb, stems and vegetative parts glabrous or thinly pilose with scattered hairs. Leaves petiolate, 1–8 × 1–6 cm, palmately divided to the base into 5–11 leaflets, the principal leaflets variable in shape, usually oblong-elliptic, acute, narrowed at both ends, the two basal lobes 3-lobed to near base with two lobes smaller, having 7–11 segments in total; petioles 1–3 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered (often solitary) axillary cymes; peduncles 1–6 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, narrowly deltoid, caducous; pedicels 6–18 mm; sepals subequal, 6–11(–14) × 2–3 mm lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acuminate to a fine point, bristly-pilose to subglabrous, margins white, scarious; corolla 1.5–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules depressed globose, 5–7 mm diam., glabrous, rostrate; seeds dark brown, 3-angled, 2–3 mm, puberulent.
Ipomoea ternifolia is a variable species in habit and in the size and shape of the leaves, sepals and corolla. It is here divided into two geographical subspecies:
Ipomoea muricata var. villosa
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 353. 1845. (
Ipomoea ternifolia var. villosa
(Choisy) Staples & Govaerts, Phytologia 97: 221. 2015. (
Convolvulus tenuifolius
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 260. 1845. (
Ipomoea delphiniifolia
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 265. 1845. (
Ipomoea pedatisecta
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 265. (
Ipomoea valida
House, Muhlenbergia 3: 40. 1907. (
Ipomoea ternifolia var. valida
(House) J.A. McDonald, Harvard Pap. Bot. 6: 122.1995. (
Plants always twining. Longest leaf segments on mature branches < 4 cm long; sepals narrowly elliptic 5–9 mm; corolla 1.5–2.8 cm long. The basal cylindrical part of the corolla tube is usually < 5 mm long but in var. valida, which is only known from the type locality in Colima, the basal cylindrical tube is 16–18 mm long.
Figure
Open dry forest in central Mexico extending in scattered locations into Central America. It is found at different altitudes up to 2300 m.
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, P.N. Santa Rosa, B.E. Hammel & C. Cano 19575 (CR, MO).
EL SALVADOR. Fonseca, G.W. Barclay 2602 (BM, NY, US).
MEXICO. Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Puerto de Santa Isabel, Sierra de Guadelupe, E.K. Balls & W.B. Gowlay 4934 (K); Zacoalco, E. Bourgeau 726 (K, P). Guanajuato: E. Hernández et al. X-2308 (MEXU). Guerrero: Acapulco, E. Palmer 234 (BM, K); Ajuchitlán del Progreso, P. Chamu Alonso 246 (IEB); Copalillo, Monroy de la Rosa 164 (IEB). Jalisco: Barranca de Tequila, C.G. Pringle 4439 (BM, F, GH, K, MO, NY, S, US). Michoacán: Huetamo, P. Tenorio et al. 1546 (ENCB, MO); Zitácuaro, G.B. Hinton 13215 (IEB, K), Tiquicheo, G.B. Hinton 13327 (F, GH, K, MO, NY, US); Churumuco, G. Ibarra 6619 (K). Morelos: Fröderström & Hultén 484 (S); Mayotepec-Las Estancas, J.F. Doebley 486 (ARIZ). Nayarit: SE of Acaponeta, R. McVaugh 21753 (NY). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec, Puente Zimatán, S.H. Salas et al. 3539 (ARIZ), ibid., 4745 (MO); J.I. Calzada 24271 (K, MEXU). Puebla: C.A. Purpus 1281 (F). Sinaloa: Sierra Surotato, H.S. Gentry 6215 (MEXU, MO). Querétaro: Cadereyta de Montes, Las Moras, H. Diáz & E. Carranza 7486 (IEB). Zacatecas: San Juan Capistrano, J.N. Rose 2454 (F, GH).
Two specimens each of Convolvulus tenuifolius, Ipomoea pedatisecta and I. delphiniifolia are held at BR. The lectotypes chosen are each based on the specimens annotated as holotypes by McDonald as these have corollas.
Ipomoea leptotoma
Torr., in Emory, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 150. 1859. (
Pharbitis leptotoma
(Torr.) Peter Nat. Pflanzenfam. IV (3a): 31. 1891 [dated 1897]. (
Ipomoea ternifolia var. leptotoma
(Torrey) J.A. McDonald, Harvard Pap. Bot. 6: 120. 1995. (
Ipomoea radiatifolia
Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 7: 163. 1876 [pub. 1877]. (
Ipomoea leptotoma var. wootonii
E.H. Kelso, Rhodora 39: 151. 1937. (
Ipomoea leptotoma forma wootonii
(E.H. Kelso) Wiggins, Contr. Dudley Herb. 4: 21. 1950. (
Ipomoea divergens
House, Muhlenbergia 3: 40. 1907. (
Based on Ipomoea leptotoma Torr.
Diagnosis. Plants relatively robust, initially suberect, eventually decumbent or twining. Longest leaf segments on mature branches 4–7 cm long; sepals lanceolate usually 9–14 mm long, rarely less; corolla 2.5–4.5 cm long.
Essentially a plant of the Sonora Desert region of Arizona and NW Mexico with a few records from outside this area.
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Bahía de Concepción, I.L. Wiggins 11421 (US); A. Carter 4969 (MEXU); Cerro de la Giganta, A. Carter & L. Kellogg 3136 (BM); Arroyo del Rancho de la Presa, J.L. León de la Paz 9807 (IEB). Chihuahua: Batopilillas, 2624 (CAS, F, GH, K, MEXU, S, US). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Chorrera, G.B. Hinton 1822 (K), ibid., Plaza de Gallos 5176 (BM, K), ibid., 8499 (GH, NY); Guerrero: Mezcala, A.A. Monroy 685 (MEXU); Coyuca, G.B. Hinton 5459 (BM, K), ibid., 6471 (BM, K). Puebla: Jolalpan, SW of San Pedro Las Palmas, R. Razo & R. García 8 (IEB); Jolalpán, E. Guizar 1410 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Imala, E. Palmer 1705 (F, GH, NY, S, US); San Ignacio, R. Vega & J.A. Gutiérrez 9415 (MEXU); ibid., J. González Ortega 583 (K), H.S. Gentry 9483 (CAS, GH, NY); Choix, El Potrerilos, J. González Ortega 872 (K). Sonora: I.L. Wiggins & Rollins 280 (CAS, GH, MO, NY, US); Tecolote road, F.W. Reichenbacher 1038 (ARIZ); W of El Sabino, P. Tenorio et al. 4609 (IEB, MEXU); Mun. Cucurpe, T.R. Van Devender 90-477 (ARIZ); Cajón de los Guerrijos, C. E. Lloyd 431 (GH, K); Oputo, C.V. Hartman 195 (CAS, GH, K, US).
UNITED STATES. Arizona: J.G. Lemmon 3039 (BM, CAS, F, US); Gooding 2436 (CAS, GH, S); Cochise County (probably), C. Wright 1614 (BM, GH, K, MO, NY, US); ibid., E. Makings 868 (ASU); Pima Co., D.F. & S. Austin 7595 (ARIZ). New Mexico fide
Ipomoea nelsonii
Rose, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1(9): 343. 1895. (
Ipomoea amplexicaulis
Fernald, Bot. Gaz. 20(12): 535. 1895. (
Ipomoea equitans
M.E. Jones, Contr. W. Bot. 15: 149. 1929. (
MEXICO. Guerrero, Acapulco, Sinclair s.n. (lectotype K000612734, designated here; isolectotypes K).
Climbing herb to 4 m, stems glabrous or thinly pilose, slender or stout and woody. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–6 × 0.7–3.5 cm, small, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, obtuse to acuminate, mucronate, usually glabrous; petioles 0.2–1.5 cm. Inflorescence of simple or compound axillary cymes from the leaves and/or in the axils of bracts (resembling reduced leaves) in a many-flowered raceme-like axillary inflorescence up to 20 cm long; peduncles 3–5 cm, usually passing through the sinus of the leaf blade; bracteoles 1–2 mm, linear-lanceolate, deciduous; secondary peduncles 4–6 mm; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, 2–2.5 × 1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, margins white, glabrous; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, yellow, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb prominently flared and deeply lobed. Capsules 4–6 mm, globose, glabrous; seeds 2–3 mm, puberulent.
Scrub at low altitudes below 1000 m in central and southern Mexico and neighbouring parts of Guatemala.
GUATEMALA. Bernoulli & Cario 1923 (K).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Cacahoatán, D.E. Breedlove 42584 (CAS, MO). Colima: type of Ipomoea nelsonii. Durango: Chacala, E.A. Goldman 339 (BM, US). Guerrero: Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton 11658 (GBH, K); Atoyac de Alvarez, G.B. Hinton 11002 (GBH, K, MO); Petatlán, J.C. Soto Nuñez et al. 12091 (MEXU). Michoacán: Huetamo, G.B. Hinton 5510 (K); Lázaro Cárdenas, J.C. Soto Nuñez et al. 2745 (MEXU). Oaxaca: Tuxtepec, E.W. Nelson 318 (US); Pochutla, S.H. Salas et al. 3638 (MEXU); Tehuantepec, M. Elorsa 4285 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Sierra Tacuichamona, H.S. Gentry 5561 (MEXU, MO); Concordia, T.R. Van Devender et al. 2006-192 (MEXU). Veracruz: La Lima, M. Nee 23777 (BM); Cosamaloapan, Martínez Calderon 1323 (BM, F, GH, K, MEXU, MO).
There are three sheets of the type collection of Ipomoea microsepala at K, of which the sheet with bar code 000612734 was annotated as holotype by McDonald. Since there seems no particular reason why this sheet was identified as the holotype in preference to the others, we are here lectotypifying it to remove any uncertainty.
Convolvulus minutiflorus
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 262. 1845. (
Ipomoea filipes
Benth. ex Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 274. 1869. (
Ipomoea gracillima
Peter, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4 (3a): 30. 1897 [pub. 1891], (
Based on Convolvulus minutiflorus M. Martens & Galeotti
Annual herb; stems trailing, spreading from a central rootstock, pilose with white bulbous based whitish hairs, sometimes glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 0.5–2.7 × 2.5, broadly ovate to subreniform, abruptly and shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margins ciliate, both surfaces thinly pilose to glabrous; petioles 2–17 mm, pilose. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers or few-flowered cymes often appearing to form apparently terminal panicles at the branch tips; peduncles 1–3 cm, filiform, usually straight, often arising through the sinus at the base of the leaf, thinly pilose; bracteoles c. 1 × 0.25 mm, linear-lanceolate, glabrous; secondary peduncles, if present, 2–2.5 cm, glabrous; pedicels 1.5–6 mm, often recurved or bent at an angle to the peduncle, glabrous; sepals subequal, 2–3 × 1 mm, accrescent to 3.5–4 mm in fruit, lanceolate, acuminate, pilose, margins narrow, white; corolla 4.5–5 mm long, pale yellow, campanulate, glabrous. Capsules globose, muticous, c. 3 mm. glabrous; seeds 2 × 1.5 mm, rounded-trigonous, minutely puberulent.
Deciduous tropical forest in northern South America to northern Mexico, usually at low altitudes except in Mexico where it reaches 1600 m. Widespread but very scattered and rather uncommon.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: E.P. Heringer 3810 (MO). Pará: Carajás, F.D. Gontijo 183 (RB).
COLOMBIA. La Guajira: T. Saravia 2899 (COL). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1589 (BM, COL, K, MO, P, S); Tucarinca, C. Romero 577 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Aragua: H. Pittier 15639 (US, VEN). Bolívar: T. Sprague s.n. (K). Carabobo: Barbula, Valencia-La Entrada, A.H.G. Alston 5628 (BM). Guárico: Est. Biol. Calabozo, L. Aristeguieta & F. Tamayo 4394 (MO, VEN). Monagas: Ezequiel Zamora, A. Fernández 10184 (COL). Also Barinas and Yaracuy fide
PANAMA. W.H. Lewis et al. 3004 (MO, RB).
COSTA RICA. Nicoya, A. Tonduz 13669 (BM, K); Puntoarenas, P.N. Corcovado, R. Aguilar 3777 (BM, INB, K, MO); ibid., B. Hammel 18761 (CR, F, MO); ibid., Aguirre, A. Estrada et al. 2641 (CR, K).
NICARAGUA. P.N. Volcán Masaya, D. Weberbauer 2812 (BM, MO); Chontales, W.D. Stevens & O.M. Montiel 26592 (BM, MO).
EL SALVADOR. Morazán, Montecristo, J.M. Tucker 438 (K); Sonsonate, D. Rodríguez & J. Trejo 00139 (B, BM, LAGU, MO, W).
HONDURAS. A. Molina 18392 (F); Comayagua, C.H. Nelson et al. 6074 (MO).
BELIZE. Stann Creek, W.A. Schipp 740 (BM, K, MO, S).
GUATEMALA. Santa Rosa, Chupadero, W.C. Shannon 4026 (K).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Los Cabos, R. Domínguez Cadena 2455 (MEXU). Campeche: Chan 6156 (CICY). Chiapas: Tonala, C.A. Purpus 6909 (BM, MO, NY). Chihuahua: Río Moris junction with Río Agua Caliente, P.D. Jenkins 91-79-A (ARIZ). Colima: C.R. Orcutt 4536 (BM, MEXU, MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 5002 (GBH, K). Guerrero: Galeana, San Luis, G.B. & J.C. Hinton 10864 (GBH, K, MO); Acapulco, E. Palmer 109 (K). Jalisco: La Huerta, M.G. Ayala 1023 (K). Michoacán: Huetamo, Tacupa, G.B. Hinton 7119 (K). Morelos: Ixtla, R. Ramírez et al. 3924 (MEXU). Nayarit: San Blas, G. Flores & R. Ramírez 2479 (MEXU). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec, E. Martínez & M. Elorsa 32727 (MEXU); Pochutla, A. Sánchez Martínez & A. Nava 357 (MEXU). Puebla: Acatlan, R. Miranda 2461 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Imala, E. Palmer 1674 (S, US); Las Mesas, Sierra Surotato, H.S. Gentry 6665 (DES); Sonora: Pinal, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 1687 (K, MEXU, S); Mun. Alamos, Arroyo Huirotal, T.R. van Devender 94-935 (ARIZ). Veracruz: Palmilla, F. Ventura 2690 (ASU, MEXU).
Very distinctive because of the small yellow corolla and tiny sepals.
Convolvulus suffultus
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 102. 1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Based on Convolvulus suffultus Kunth
Procumbent perennial herb with woody rootstock, stems glabrous or hispid-hirsute, up to 4 m long. Leaves petiolate, 1–6 × 1–5 cm, suborbicular to reniform, shortly acuminate, mucronate, margin entire to slightly dentate, glabrous to thinly hispid-pilose; petiole 0.5–1.6(–5.8) cm. Flowers usually solitary, bracteate, the fertile leaves (bracts) folded so forming a spathe around the flower; peduncle not differentiated from the petiole; bracteoles 1 mm, ovate to suborbicular, mucronulate, apparently persistent; pedicels 2–3 mm; sepals somewhat unequal, glabrous to thinly pubescent, outer 3 × 1.25–1.5 mm, lanceolate, obtuse, minutely mucronate, inner 4–5 × 1.5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, margins scarious; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, gradually widened (flared) from a short narrowly cylindrical basal tube, reddish-purple, pink or white, glabrous, limb 3.5–4 cm wide. Capsules subglobose, 8–10 mm, glabrous, enclosed by bracts; seeds 6–7 mm long, rounded, blackish, puberulent.
Figure
Rock outcrops in open deciduous oak or pine forest, mostly between 1000 and 1700 m in central Mexico south to Guatemala.
GUATEMALA. J. Steyermark 51602 (US).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Valley of Jiguipilas, E.W. Nelson 2920 (GH, K, US); Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, D.E. Breedlove 27543 (MO); Tzimol, A. Reyes García & G. Urquijo 825 (BM, MEXU). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Ixtapan, G.B. Hinton 1631(BM, K, MEXU); Tejupilco, G.B. Hinton 1606 (BM, K); Tejupilco, H. Vibrans 5449 (MEXU). Guerrero: Mina, G.B. Hinton 9271 (GH, K, MO); Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton 11363 (K); Cajeles, H. Kruse 1975 (IEB). Jalisco: Tecalitlán, E. Carranza al. 6793 (IEB, MO); Tuxpan, C.R. Barnes & W. Land 323(K). Michoacán: Zitacuaro, G.B. Hinton 13188 (K, MO); Cerro Cobrero, V.W. Steinmann 5453 (ARIZ, IEB); Carácuaro, E. Carranza & P. Carrillo 6388 (IEB). Nayarit: Ixtlán to Cerro Juanacata, Y. Mexia 869 (MO), 896 (BM); Ahuacatlan, O. Téllez 9313 (MEXU). Oaxaca: C.G. Pringle 4755 (BM, E, K, MO, P, S); Santo Domingo Tonalá, A. Torres Hernández 191 (IEB); San Juan Mixtepec, E. Hunn 1854 (MEXU).
Very distinct because of the leaf-like bracts folded to form a spathe around the very small calyx and small subglobose Capsules and the suppression of the peduncle by fusion with the petiole. The flared funnel-shaped corolla is also distinct.
Exogonium bracteatum
(Cav.) Choisy ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 264. 1838. (
Quamoclit bracteata
(Cav.) Roberty, Candollea 14: 41. 1952. (
Ipomoea cincta
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 254. 1819. (
Convolvulus obvallatus
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 595. 1825. [pub. 1824]. (
Ipomoea spicata
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 112. 1818 [pub.1819]. (
Exogonium spicatum
(Kunth) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8: 50 [128]. 1837 [pub. 1838]. (
Exogonium olivae
Bárcena, Viaje Cav. Cachuam. 29. 1844. (
Convolvulus bractiflorus
Sessé & Moçiño, Pl. Nov. Hisp. 23. 1888). (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1887– 90: 23). Type. MEXICO. Cuernavaca, Sessé & Moçiño “1629” (lectotype MA00603817, designated by
Ipomoea bracteata var. pubescens B.L. Rob. & Greenm., Amer. J. Sci. ser. 3. 50: 160. 1895. Type. MEXICO. Jalisco, Guadalajara, C.G. Pringle 4734 (holotype GH00054485, isotypes BM, BKL, BR, CM, G, GOET, ISC, K, MEXU, MIN, MO, MSC, NDG, NY, S, US, UC, VT).
Exogonium bracteatum var. pubescens
(Rob. & Greenm.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 101. 1908. (
Ipomoea bracteata var. viridibracta
McDonald, Brenesia 28: 60. 1987. (
MEXICO. Guerrero, Dos Caminos near Acapulco, Née s.n. (lectotype MA475867, designated by
Vigorous liana; stems climbing or trailing to 7 m, glabrous, plant often leafless when flowering. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 2–7 cm, ovate to deltoid, acute or acuminate, mucronate, base shallowly cordate, glabrous or (var. pubescens) pubescent; petioles 0.1–4 cm. Inflorescence of bracteolate axillary raceme-like cymes, rhachis 2–23 mm long, slightly zigzag; peduncles fused to petioles, 3–7 mm; bracteoles showy, 2–4.5 cm long and wide, ovate, acuminate, folded, pink or, rarely (var. viridibracta), greenish, glabrous; pedicels 2–5 mm, usually recurved; sepals subequal, 5–9 × 2–3 mm, oblong-ovate with white margins, the outer obtuse, mucronate, innerslightly larger; corolla 2.2–4 cm long, hypocrateriform, the tube 4–7 mm wide, pink or (rarely) greenish, glabrous, limb reduced to 5 lobes 2–3 mm long and wide, stamens exserted. Capsules 6–10 × 4–8 mm, conical, glabrous; seeds 4–5 × 2–3 mm, ellipsoid, puberulent.
Endemic to Mexico but locally common in deciduous tropical forest below about 1600 m.
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: Sierra Laguna, H.S. Gentry 4437 (K, MEXU); Miraflores, A. Carter 2659 (K, UC). Chihuahua: Río Batapilas, M. Kimnach & Brandt 905 (MEXU). Colima: Colima-Manzanillo, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6036 (IEB, MEXU). Durango: Topia, S. Acevedo & D. Bayona 346 (IEB, MEXU). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, Plaza de Gallos, G.B. Hinton 1749 (BM, K), ibid., Ixtapan, G.B. Hinton 3019 (BM, K), ibid., Calera, 7529 (BM, K, NY). Guerrero: Coyuca, G.B. Hinton 5560 (K); Placeres, Mina, G.B. Hinton 9974 (BM, K); Achotla, Y. Mexia 8743 (K); Coyuco de Catalán, J.C. Soto Nuñez 11436 (E, MEXU). Hidalgo: Chapalhuacan, R.M. Saucedo & O.A. Ayala 855 (MEXU). Jalisco: Talpa de Allende-Tomatlán, K.M. Peterson & C.R. Broome 442 (K); Patalarga, P. Carillo-Reyes et al. 7248 (IEB); San Sebastián to Los Reyes, Y. Mexia 1917 (BM). Michoacán: G.B. Hinton 6974 (K); S. of Taretan, E. Carranza & V. Steinmann 6316 (IEB). Morelos: Cuernavaca, C.G. Pringle 8012 (GH, K, MO, US); ibid., Bourgeau 1246 (K, P). Nayarit: Acaponeta, R. Ramírez & G. Flores 816 (IEB). Oaxaca: Laguna el Portrerón, M. Elorsa 5731(IEB). Puebla: Teotalca, A.G. Miranda & C. García 898 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Rosario, F.H. Lamb 450 (GH, K); Mazatlan, J.G. Ortega 5590 (K); Culiacán, Rito Vega 2646 (MEXU). Sonora: Mun. Alamos, T.R. Van Devender 94-166 (ASU); Mun. Huatobampo, S.L. Friedman 32-94 (ASU); San Bernardo, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 1293 (K). Veracruz: Remulatero, C.A. Purpus 8644 (BM), 16377 (K).
A very distinctive species with woody stems and a subcylindrical hypocrateriform corolla which is enclosed by a pair of showy bracteoles. As in Ipomoea dumosa the petiole and peduncle are partially fused. Although very distinct I. bracteata is also very variable. The leaves are usually glabrous but a pubescent form (var. pubescens) occasionally occurs; the bracteoles and corolla are usually pink but plants with greenish bracteoles (var. viridibracta) and green corollas are occasionally found.
Ipomoea bracteata flowers in the dry season, fide
••• Clade C (Species 339–378) comprise a morphologically heterogeneous group of American and Australasian species, which contains a number of small, well-supported and morphologically distinct clades, which are indicated in the following sequence.
Convolvulus pes-caprae
L., Sp. Pl. 159. 1753. (
Plesiagopus sovana
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 78. 1838. (
Ipomoea aegopoda
St. Lag., Soc. Ann. Bot. Lyon. 7: 70. 1880. (
Quamoclit pes-caprae
(L.) M. Gómez, Fl. Habana 346. 1899 [pub.1897]. (
Convolvulus brasiliensis
L., Sp. Pl. 159. 1753. (
Ipomoea brasiliensis
(L.) Sweet, Hort. Suburb. Lond. 35. 1818. (
Latrienda brasiliensis
(L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 81. 1836 [pub.1838]. (
Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis
(L.) Ooststr., Blumea 3: 533. 1940. (
Ipomoea pes-caprae var. emarginata
Hallier f., Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 37: 98.1898. (
Ipomoea bilobata var. emarginata (Hallier f.) F.N. Williams, Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 438. 1905. (Williams, FN 1905: 438).
Ipomoea brasilianus, L., Fl. Jam. 14. 1759 (lapsus?). (
Ipomoea biloba
Forssk., Fl. Aegypt-Arab. 44. 1775. (
Ipomoea pes-caprae var. biloba
(Forssk.) Hallier f., Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 7: 231. 1898. (
Convolvulus maritimus
Desr. Encycl. Meth. 3(2): 550. 1792 [dated 1789). (
Convolvulus bauhiniarefolius
Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Hort. Chapel Allerton 125. 1796. (
Ipomoea maritima R.Br., Prodr. 486. 1810. (Brown, R 1810: 486). Type. Based on Convolvulus maritimus Desr.
Batatas maritimus
(R.Br.) Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 225. 1837 (
Convolvulus biglandulosus
Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 326. 1812. (
Convolvulus capripes
Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 327. 1812. (
Ipomoea orbicularis
Elliot, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1(3): 257. 1817. (
Bonanox orbicularis
(Elliot) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 77. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Convolvulus bilobatus
Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. 2: 73. 1824. (
Ipomoea bilobata
(Roxb.) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 3, 489. 1839. (
Convolvulus retusus
Colla, Hort. Ripul. append. 3: 144 [31]. 1826. (
Convolvulus rotundifolius
Schumach. & Thonn., Beskr. Guin. Pl. 102. 1827. (
Ipomoea brevipes
Sessé & Moçiño ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 349. 1845. (
Ipomoea pes-caprae forma arenaria
Dammer, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas 332. 1895. (
Ipomoea pes-caprae forma albiflora
Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 1090. 1928. (
Ipomoea pes-caprae var. perunkulamensis
P. Umam. & P. Daniel, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 23: 691. 1999. (
Based on Convolvulus pes-caprae L.
Vigorous trailing perennial; stems stout, glabrous, rooting at the nodes, up to 30 m in length; latex present. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–9 × 3–10 cm, coriaceous and somewhat succulent, ovate to reniform or suborbicular, apex emarginate to shallowly bilobed (rarely rounded), base truncate to weakly cordate, abaxially paler, prominently veined and with glands near base of midrib; petioles 2–10 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–14 cm; bracteoles 2–3.5 mm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, caducous; pedicels 1.5–2.7 cm, thickened upwards; sepals slightly unequal, pale green, coriaceous, suborbicular or broadly ovate, outer 5–12 × 6 mm, elliptic, mucronate, inner 7–11 × 7–9 mm, slightly larger, suborbicular with scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaded, pink, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules 1.5–2.2 cm, subglobose, glabrous, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 6–8 mm, “pea”-shaped, black, shortly tomentose; pedicel often persistent on fallen capsule so aiding dispersal in the sea.
Illustrations. Figure
Photographs of Ipomoea species. A I. sagittata B I. fimbriosepala C I. imperati D I. pes-caprae. A Alamy Ltd. B John Wood C Alamy Ltd. D http://plantworld2.blogspot.com.
Pantropical on sand near the sea; a characteristic seashore plant, also occurring rarely in saline conditions inland.
BRAZIL. Alagoas: S. Tsugaru B1452 (NY, MO). Bahia: Blanchet 336 (BM); R.M. Harley 17098 (K, MO, RB), 18056 (K, RB). Ceará: A. Löfgren 1 (S); A.S.F. Castro 1371 (EAC). Espirito Santo: Z.A. Trinta & E. Fromm 2147 (K). Pará: M.N. Bastos 1362 (RB). Paraíba: J.C. de Moraes 2276 (NY); M.F. Agra 1440 (K). Paraná: G. Hatschbach1208 (S). Pernambuco: G. Gardner s.n. [12/1837] (BM); Fernando de Noronho, G. Prance 26336 (NY). Piauí: M.L. Montes 12 (CEPEC). Rio de Janeiro: J. Fontella 2997 (RB); Hemmendorf 410 (S). Rio Grande do Norte: M.B. de Sousa 154 (RB). Santa Catarina: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 42118 (K, CTES); Guanabara, A.P. Duarte 6251 (K, RB). São Paulo: C.W. Mosén 3442 (S); K. Mizoguchi 974 (MO, NY). Sergipe: C. Farney 2746 (RB).
FRENCH GUIANA. B. Bordenave 112 (P)
SURINAM. Fide
GUYANA. A. Leechman s.n. [5/4/1917] (K); A.S. Hitchcock 16571 (NY, S); A.C. Persaud 140 (F).
PERU. Lambayeque: E. Cerrate et al. 5279A (MO). Tumbes: R. Ferreyra 12282 (MO).
ECUADOR. Galapagos: T. Taylor 94 (K), H. Van der Werff 1851 (S), G. Harling 5574 (S). Esmeraldas: B. Sparre 15336 (S). Guayas: L. Holm-Nielsen 2504 (AAU, MO, NY, S). Manabí: L. Holm-Nielsen 21793 (AAU, K, MO).
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: F.J. Rodán et al. 512 (MO). Cauca: K. von Sneidern 4862 (S). Chocó: A. Gentry & M.E. Fallen 17504 (COL, MO); P. Pinto 142 (COL). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1582 (K, NY, MO, S); T. Plowman 3538 (K). San Andrés Island: Romero 9021 (COL); A. Fernández 5178 (COL).
VENEZUELA. E. Asplund 15015 (S). Anzoátegui: F. & J.F. Delascio 12885 (MO). Carabobo: El Palito, A.H.G. Alston 6094 (BM, S). Delta Amacuro: J.A. Steyermark et al. 114915 (MO). Dist. Fed.: J. Luteyn 8347 (F). Sucre: J. Steyermark 108325 (MO).
PANAMA. A. Fendler 239 (K); W.H. Lewis 2852 (MO, RB).
COSTA RICA. A.A. Beetle 26212 (K, UC); J. Solano 140 (K, MO); M. Chavarría 707 (K, MO).
NICARAGUA. R. Tate 344 (K); W.D. Stevens 27205 (MO).
HONDURAS. T.G. Yuncker et al. 8250 (K, US); A. Molina 23284 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. K.J. Sidwell et al. 639 (BM, MO).
BELIZE. C.L. Lundell 1931 (MICH, S); W.A. Schipp 624 (K); P.H. Gentle 7836 (MO).
GUATEMALA. R. Escobar s.n. [20/9/2003] (MO).
CLIPPERTON ISLAND. M.H. Sachet 320 (K).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: J.I. Calzada 25244 (K); Las Cruces, I.L. Wiggins 15672 (K). Chiapas: D.E. Breedlove & R.F. Thorne 20851 (MO). Colima: Clarion Island: H.J. Mason 1559 (K, UC). Jalisco: R. Acevedo 1015 (UCR). Michoacán: J.C. Soto 3738 (MO). Nayarit: O. Téllez & G. Flores 11768 (MO). Oaxaca: C. Martínez 828 (MO). Quintana Roo: O. Telléz & E.F. Cabrera 1870 (MO). Sinaloa: M. Ruíz et al. 2006-481 (ARIZ). Sonora: S.L. Friedman 43-96 (ASU). Tabasco: F. Ventura 20544 (MO). Tamaulipas: G.L. Fisher 46180 (S); E. Palmer 257 (K, MO). Veracruz: C.R. Orcutt 3463 (K). Yucatán: G.F. Gaumer 662 (K, S).
UNITED STATES. Florida: A.H. Curtiss 2160 (BM, K, S), 5533 (K); H. Moldenke 258a (K). Louisiana: S. Javed & C. Reid 8 (LSU). Mississippi: D. Damaree 33337 (S), 33688 (S). Texas: Gust & Stone 308 (MO); H. Aguilar et al. 1058 (K).
BERMUDA. A.B. Rendle 800 (BM); F.S. Collins 252 (K).
BAHAMAS. F. Dale (BM); R.A. & E.S. Howard 10196 (NY, S); P. Wilson 7973 (K, NY)
TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS. P. Raven 28245 (BM, MO)
CUBA. H. Manitz s.n. [6/11/1983] (HAJB), (HAJB29817); C. Wright 452 (K); W. Palmer 1146 (NY); R. Combs 614 (NY).
CAYMAN ISLANDS. M. Brunt 1743 (BM).
JAMAICA. Morley & Whitefoord 978 (BM); W. Stearn 179 (BM); G.R. Proctor 11504 (BM); T.G. Yuncker 17126 (NY).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H9960 (K, NY, S); E.C. Leonard 14211 (NY)
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. M. Fuertes 1159 (BM, K); H.A. Allard 14392 (S); T.A. Zanoni & M. Mejia 17119 (MO, NY).
PUERTO RICO. G.P. De Wolf 1910 (A, BM, MO, S); P. Sintenis 86 (K).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix: Thompson 983 (S); St John: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. 2052 (NY). U.K. Virgin Islands: Tortola: W.G. D’Arcy 4759 (BM, MO). Netherlands Antilles: St Eustatius: B.M. Boom et al. 11266 (NY). St Kitts: A.L. Britton & J.F. Cowell 434 (NY). Barbuda: Gregory s.n. (BM). Antigua: Wheeler 5 (BM). Montserrat: D. Potter 5557 (GH). Guadeloupe: Duchassaing (K, P); A. Duss 3501 (NY). Dominica: Wilbur et al. 7984 (BM). Martinique: Hahn 1200 (BM). St Lucia: G.R. Proctor 18117 (BM). St Vincent: H.H. & G.W. Smith 490 (K). Grenada: G.R. Proctor 17206 (BM); P. Beard 1266 (K, NY, S). Barbados: E.G.B. Gooding 189 (BM).
TRINIDAD. W.E. Broadway 9401 (K). Tobago: H.F.A. von Eggers 5624 (K).
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao fide
HAWAII. Phillips & Johnson 716 (MO); A.A. Heller 2097 (BM); G.W. Barklay 1328 (BM).
Ipomoea pes-caprae is commonly divided into two subspecies or varieties. Only subsp. brasiliensis (or var. emarginata, if recognised at varietal level) occurs in the New World. It is recognised by its emarginate leaves, whereas the type from the northern Indian Ocean area has deeply bilobed leaves, the lobes somewhat divergent. Opinions about the status of these two forms have varied over the years. Recent molecular studies (
Ipomoea pes-caprae is sometimes confused with I. asarifolia but the latter has subreniform leaves and very unequal, often muricate sepals.
Molecular data suggests this species is most closely related to a small clade of Australian species. It is widespread on tropical sea shores. Its total world distribution is given in detail by St John (1970).
We have been unable to trace any publication data for the combination. Ipomoea pes-caprae var. brasiliensis (L.) A. St.-Hil.
PARAGUAY. Banks of the Pilcomayo, T. Morong 974 (lectotype NY00319140, designated here, isolectotypes MO, NY, R).
Somewhat succulent twining or trailing perennial, completely glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, 2–8(–12) × 2–8-(10) cm, ovate, sometimes broadly so, usually constricted in the middle to form a tapering acuminate apical portion, base cordate with rounded auricles, abaxially slightly glaucous; petioles 1–10 cm. Inflorescence of lax to rather dense, many-flowered, pedunculate, simple or compound cymes; peduncles 1–5 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate to ovate, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–20 mm; pedicels 0.8–2.5 cm; sepals slightly unequal, coriaceous, glabrous, outer 4–6 × 3–4 mm long, ovate-elliptic, convex, obtuse and shortly mucronate, inner 5–7 × 4–5 mm long, broadly oblong-elliptic to obovate, rounded, with broad scarious margins; corolla 2–5.5 cm long, pale lilac to pink with dark centre, glabrous, funnel-shaped, the limb 2.5–3.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 7–12 × 6 mm, conical, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5–7 × 2.5–4 mm, reddish brown, the surface minutely tomentellous, the angles densely pilose.
We recognise two subspecies, which intergrade in the region around the Pantanal and perhaps elsewhere.
Ipomoea nuda
N.E. Br. Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 20: 63. 1894, nom. illeg., non Ipomoea nuda
Inflorescence of usually rather dense axillary cymes; peduncles 1–5 cm; outer sepals 4–5 mm long, inner sepals 5–5.5 mm long; corolla 2–3 cm long, pale lilac with dark centre, the limb 2.5–3 cm diam; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm.
This subspecies has an amphitropical distribution being found in the southern United States and South America. In South America it is most common as a species of dry Chaco scrub near the Andes in western Argentina, western Paraguay and southern Bolivia but penetrates the Andean cordillera along dry river valleys. It also occurs in dry areas of NW Peru and neighbouring parts of Ecuador and in the upper Magdalena valley in Colombia. In the United States it is perhaps introduced and is most common in the Rio Grande region of Texas. No records from Mexico have been traced.
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Brizuela 626 (LIL); Pomán, P.D. Cantino 807 (CORD, GH). Chaco: C. O’Donell 5563 (LIL). Córdoba: Cuezzo 903 (LIL); Pocho, A.T. Hunziker & J.A, Caro 13477 (CORD). Corrientes: T.M. Pedersen 3866 (C, P, S); A. Schinini 4470 (ASU, CTES). Formosa: S. Pierotti 4175 (LIL, P). Jujuy: A.L. Cabrera 34061 (MO). La Rioja: Stucker 17135 (LIL); General Ángel Peñalosa, A.T. Hunziker et al. 15117 (CORD, MO). Salta: L.J. Novara et al. 8901 (S). Santa Fe: S. Venturi 297 (LIL). Santiago del Estero: T. Meyer 17076 (LIL).
PARAGUAY. Chaco región. Alto Paraguay: F. Mereles 6728 (FCQ). Boquerón: F. Mereles & R. Degen 5150 (FCQ), 5680 (FCQ), 5948 (CTES, FCQ). Central: E. Zardini 2674 (FCQ, MO). Paraguarí: Carpegua, T. Rojas 3371 (S). Presidente Hayes: Maroma, M. Peña-Chocarro et al. 1918 (BM, 2556 (BM); F. Mereles & R. Degen 6425 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: Faz. Uberaba, J. Almeida de Jesus 1735 (RB); Estrada Pantaneira, E.P. Heringer 831 (NY).
BOLIVIA. Inter-andean dry valleys and chaco. Chuquisaca: 100 km E of Boyuibe, B. Mostacedo & T.J. Killeen 354 (NY, LPB, USZ); Zudañez, Puente Inca, J.R.I. Wood et al. 2724 (K, LPB, USZ). Cochabamba: Campero, Puente Arce, J.R.I. Wood 28119 (K, OXF, USZ). La Paz: Sud Yungas: S.G. Beck 22444 (K, LPB); Tamayo, ANMI Madidi, A. Araujo-M et al. 2869 (LPB, MO). Potosí: Charcas, Río Caine bridge, J.R.I. Wood et al. 23244 (K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Ángel Sandoval, Candelaria, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24870 (K, LPB, UB, USZ). Chiquitos, Taperas: J.R.I. Wood et al. 27873 (K, LPB, USZ). Caballero: La Palisada, J.R.I. Wood & A. Haigh 21839 (K, LPB, P); Cordillera, Abapó, J.R.I. Wood & F. Mamani 27484 (K, LPB, USZ). Ibañez, M. Nee 49480 (LPB, MO, NY, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, San Julián, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27947 (K, LPB, OXF, USZ); Vallegrande, Río Grande, G.A. Parada et al. 4387 (MO, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, Palos Blancos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28028 (LPB, OXF, USZ).
PERU. Amazonas: Río Chamaya, Bagua-Olmos, T. Croat 58302 (MO). Cajamarca: T. Croat 58367A (MO); P.C. Hutchison & J.K. Wright 6734 (F, UC). Lambayeque: Llatas Quiroz 2402 (F).
ECUADOR. Loja: La Toma-El Tambo, J.E. Madsen et al. 7772 (AAU).
COLOMBIA. Upper Magdalena Valley. Huila: F.R. Fosberg 19610 (US). Tolima: Honda, E. André 561 (K).
UNITED STATES. Georgia: Spalding County, W. Hardcastle s.n. (GA); Missouri: Jackson, B.F. Bush 9691 (BM, MO). Texas: Cameron County, R. Runyon 2916 (BM), 2904 (S); Hidalgo County, E.U. Clover 301 (MEXU); Kleberg County, W.R. Carr 25097 (MEXU).
There are two sheets of Morong 974 at NY. We have selected the best of these as lectotype, rather than the sheet labelled as holotype in an unknown hand as this lacks most diagnostic details.
In the field Ipomoea amnicola (especially subsp. amnicola) is usually easily recognised by the relatively small corolla which is pale pink with a dark centre. It often blankets shrubs and small trees where it occurs. The leaves are quite glabrous, usually somewhat glaucous and slightly fleshy. It is not a very easy plant to dry successfully so leaves are often deciduous on herbarium specimens. It can be confused rather easily with species from the Batatas Clade.
Ipomoea chiliantha Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (5), append. 1: 50. 1899. (
Based on Ipomoea chiliantha Hallier f.
Diagnosis. Inflorescence of usually long pedunculate, axillary cymes, sometimes compounded; peduncles 5–13 cm; outer sepals c. 6 × 4 mm long, inner c. 7 × 5 mm; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, pink, darker in the centre, limb 3–3.5 cm diam.; seeds 7 × 4 mm.
Figure
This subspecies seems to prefer seasonally flooded swampy ground both in Bolivia, Paraguay and the Brazilian Pantanal.
ARGENTINA. Misiones: T.M. Pedersen 5497 (C, S). Chaco: Isla Anequera, A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 12733 (CTES), A. G. Schulz 2059 (CTES, LIL). Formosa: Dept. Pilcomayo, C. Cristóbal et al. 2146 (CTES), Santa Fe: Pensiero & Tivano 3212 (CTES). Corrientes: Dept. Capital, S.G. Tressens et al. 769 (CTES, MO).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Est. Cerrito, F. Mereles 7006 (FCQ). Central: Ypacaraí, E. Hassler 11582 (BM, K), 12532 (BM). Concepción: San Luis: K. Fiebrig 4485A (BM, K, MO). Cordillera: E. Hassler 1856 (K); E. Zardini & U. Velázquez (MO). Presidente Hayes: Est. Santa Maria del 12, M. Peña-Chocarro et al. 2565 (BM, FCQ); km 130, Ruta Transchaco, F. Mereles 2244 (CTES), Puente Remanso, F. Mereles 4460 (FCQ); km 58, Ruta Transchaco, A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 43220 (CTES, F, FCQ, K). San Pedro: abundant in plain west of Com. 25 de Diciembre, J.R.I. Wood & G. González 28473 (FCQ); between Río Apa y Río Aquidaban, K. Fiebrig 4483 (BM).
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: Puerto Murtinho, Robert 885 (K).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, Puerto Varodor, Maldonado et al. 58 (LPB). Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, El Tinto–Quimome, J.R.I. Wood & B. Williams (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); Germán Busch: Yacuses, J.R.I. Wood & D. Villarroel 25541 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez J.R. Abbott 16966 (BOLV, HSB, LPB, MO, USZ); Puente San Miguelito, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27743 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
Subsp. chiliantha has the appearance of a large-flowered subsp. amnicola and intermediates occur particularly in the Corumbá region. Parada et al. 947 (USZ, MO, OXF) from Carmen Rivero Tórrez and Wood & Pozo 26078 (K, LPB, UB, USZ) from San José de Chiquitos are examples from Bolivia but intermediates appear more commonly in the Brazilian Pantanal.
• Species 341–343 comprise a small clade with distinctive ribbed sepals
Ipomoea setifera var. fimbriosepala
(Choisy) Fosberg, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 36: 24. 1977. (
Ipomoea choisyi
Montrouz., Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon 10: 237. 1860. (
Aniseia hastata Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 319. 1869, non Ipomoea hastata L. (1771). Type. BRAZIL. São Paulo, W.J. Burchell 4752 (lecotype BR000005837595, designated here; isolectotype K000612829).
Ipomoea phylloneura
Baker, J. Linn. Soc. 21: 426. 1885. (
Ipomoea assumptionis
Morong, Ann. New York. Acad. Sci. 7: 170. 1892. (
Ipomoea rubra var. palustris Urb., Symb. Antill. 3: 345. 1902. (Urban 1902–3: 345). Type. PUERTO RICO. P. Sintenis 962 (isotypes BM, K).
Ipomoea palustris
(Urb.) Urb., Symb. Antill. 9: 423. 1925. (
Ipomoea gilletii
De Wild. & T. Durand, Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2, 1: 36. 1901 [pub. 1900]. (
Ipomoea pinosia
Alain, Revista Soc. Cub. Bot. 13: 60. 1957 (
Ipomoea indica var. hosakae
Fosberg, Bot. Notis. 129: 38. (
Ipomoea stenantha
Dunn, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 10: 180. 1912. (
Aniseia stenantha
(Dunn) Ling ex R.C. Fang & S.H. Huang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 64(1): 42. 1979. (
Aniseia stenantha var. macrostephana
Y.H. Zhang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24(2): 155. 1986. (
Ipomoea calidicola
Standley & L.O. Williams Ceiba 3: 127.1952. (
Mauritius. Culta in Hort. Bot. Pamplemousse, 1839, L. Bouton s.n. (lectotype G00135515, designated by
Twining annual herb, young stems glabrous, older stems setose. Leaves petiolate, 4–9 × 3–5 cm, narrowly (to broadly) deltoid, base sagittate to hastate, auricles acute to obtuse, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 2–7.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1(–2)-flowered axillary, pedunculate cyme; peduncles 0.5–3.5 cm; bracteoles 8–15 × 3–5 mm, ovate, acuminate to apiculate, membranous, pale green, moderately persistent; pedicels 1–2.5 cm; outer sepals 13–20 × 7–10 mm, ovate, apex finely mucronate, base truncate, abaxially 3-winged, the wings smooth or (especially below) dentate, inner sepals c. 5 mm shorter, unwinged; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c.5 cm diam., shallowly lobed, the lobes acute. Capsules 12–15 × 12–14 mm, ovoid, glabrous, enclosed by the sepals; seeds 5–6 mm long, minutely tomentellous.
Illustrations. Figure
Pantropical in distribution but scattered in occurrence, the populations usually small and impermanent, growing in lowland areas besides lakes, ponds and similar disturbed moist habitats; perhaps most common in the New World around the fringes of the Chaco and in the Llanos of Colombia and noticeably less common in Central America and Mexico.
ARGENTINA. Chaco: A.G. Schulz 8126 (CTES); C. Cristóbal et al. 1534 (CTES). Corrientes: M.M. Arbo et al. 6591 (CTES, MO, S); S.G. Tressens et al. 5027 (CTES). Misiones: M.E. Rodriquez 01111 (CTES); H. Keller and Paredes 9580 (CTES).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: G. Caballero Marmori 301 (CTES). Amambay: E. Hassler 7961 (K, S), 10780 (BM, K); 26 km S. de Bella Vista, M. Dematteis et al. 3377 (CTES, FCQ). Central: near Asunción, B. Balansa 1060 (K). Canindeyú: 23 km E of Ygatimi, B. Jimenez & G. Marin s.n. (PY). Presidente Hayes: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 45113 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Acre: Gwynne Vaughan 47 (K). Amazonas: Río Jurua, Ule 5196 (K); L. Teixera 1333 (NY). Mato Grosso: Río Turvo, N of Xavantina, H.S, Irwin et al. 16080 (NY). Minas Gerais: A. Macedo 1675 (S), 1802 (BM, MO, S). Paraná: sine col. 257 (RB). Rio Grande do Sul: P.P.A. Ferreira 233 (ICN) fide
GUYANA. Appun 2458 (K)
BOLIVIA. Beni: Ballivián, Est. Biológica del Beni, J. Balderrama 370 (LPB, MO); La Paz: Luisita, R. Haase 666 (LPB). Santa Cruz: Velasco, c. 35 km N of Santa Rosa de la Roca, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27081 (K, LPB, USZ); Chiquitos, Robore, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 36379 (CTES).
PERU. Loreto: F. Ayala 808 (MO). San Martín: M. Rimachi 10265 (F, MO, NY); R. Ferreyra 7879 (USM).
COLOMBIA. Casanare: Tauramena, L. Uribe-Uribe 3587 (COL). Guainía: Río Iníridi, J. Espina 361 (COL). Guaviare: R. López & O. Rodríguez 1818 (COL). Meta: R. Cortes et al. 1106 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Delta Amacuro: J.A. Steyermark et al. 114849 (MO). Monagas: G. Davidse et al. 4590 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Bernoulli & Cario 1899 (K).
MEXICO. Tabasco: E. Matuda 3252 (MEXU). Veracruz: Orozco 252 (F, MEXU, XAL).
CUBA. A. Alvarez et al. (HAJB50908). Pinar del Río: E.L. Ekman 17908 (NY, S).
PUERTO RICO. Type of Ipomoea rubra var. palustris.
Deroin suggested that Bosser and Heine had lectotypified Ipomoea fimbriosepala with the Lindley collection at CGE. However, they merely cited the collection under the acronym CAM.
The type material of I. assumptionis may be a mixed collection with I. setifera but the holotype at NY looks unmistakeably to be I. fimbriosepala.
This species is similar to Ipomoea setifera in having sepals in which the veins are extended into wings, these commonly dentate; also in the relatively persistent, pale green membranous sepals but differing in being annual, the bracteoles narrower, the sepals only 3-winged and the corolla much shorter. Fruiting specimens can be difficult to distinguish and the two species are commonly misidentified.
Convolvulus setifer
(Poir.) Spreng., Syst. Veg.1; 597. 1825 [pub.1824]. (
Calystegia setifera
(Poir.) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 316. 1869. (
Convolvulus ruber
Vahl, Eclog. Amer.2: 12. 1798. (
Ipomoea rubra
(Vahl) Millsp., Publ. Field Colomb. Mus., Bot. ser. 2: 86. 1900. (
Ipomoea breviflora
G. Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. 100. 1818. (
Calystegia setifera var. poeppigii Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 317. 1869. (
Ipomoea setifera var. poeppigii
(Meisn.) Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Secc. Bot. 1, Fasc. 6: 63. 1922. (
Ipomoea pandurata var. cuspidata
O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1(2): 445. 1891. (
Ipomoea lesteri
Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1892: 83. 1892. (
Ipomoea rubra var. alboflavida Urb., Symb. Antill. 3: 345. 1902. (Urban 1902–3: 345). Type. PUERTO RICO. Stahl 791 (whereabouts unknown, ?B†).
Ipomoea serrulifera
Stand & Williams Ceiba 3: 128. 1952. (
GUYANA. Brocheton s.n. (holotype P-LAM00357506, isotype P-JUSS-6811).
Trailing or twining herb, stems often roughly hirsute with stiff hairs. Leaves petiolate, 4–14 × 3–11 cm, ovate-deltoid or subreniform with wide-spreading obtuse or rounded auricles, base broadly cordate, apex obtuse, emarginate and mucronate, less commonly acute or acuminate, glabrous, lower surface paler, reticulate-veined; petioles 1–8 cm, glabrous but often with scattered tubercles. Inflorescence of pedunculate, 1–3(–5)-flowered, axillary cymes peduncles (0.3–)3–5(–8) cm, sometimes tuberculed; bracteoles 1.2–2 × 0.6–1.5 cm, ovate, long-mucronate, persistent, pale green, convex, concealing the pedicel bases; pedicels 8–28 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer sepals 15–22 × 10–15 cm, elliptic, acute, finely aristate, abaxially 5-winged, wings smooth or, often, softly tubercled, inner sepals c. 15 × 6 mm shorter, ovate, pale, unwinged; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 10–12 mm long and wide, often enclosed in slightly accrescent sepals; seeds 7–8 mm, minutely pubescent.
Illustrations. Figure
Widely distributed in tropical America and Africa and apparently more permanent everywhere than Ipomoea fimbriosepala. It occurs in many different habitats but prefers stream sides and is occasionally abundant in flooded forest as along the Río Guapore on the Brazil-Bolivia frontier. It seems most common in the Americas in the Amazon basin, the Guianas, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. We have seen no specimens from Mexico, Peru, Ecuador or Haiti.
ARGENTINA. Corrientes: San Ignacio, A. Krapovickas et al. 44141 (CTES, MO); Ituzaingó, T. Meyer 6036 (LIL). Misiones: Eldorado, R. Vanni et al. 4060 (CTES); Iguazú, F.O. Zuloaga 5655 (MO, SI); San Ignacio, G.J. Schwarz 7735 (LIL, RB).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: K. Fiebrig 6097 (LIL, SI). Central: E. Zardini & C. Velázquez 27531 (MO). Concepción: M. Dematteis et al. 2922 (CTES, MA). Itapúa: Yacyreta, J. De Egea et al. 347 (BM, FCQ); Cerro Ybycui, M. Quintana et al. 226 (FCQ, PY). Misiones: Isla Yvyku’i, F. González Parini & M.J. López 602 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Acre: R.C. Forzza 6174 (RB). Amapá: D.F. Austin et al. 6959 (MBG, NY). Amazonas: D.G. Campbell et al. P22077 (K, MO, NY, S); D.F. Austin 6959 (MBG, MO). Dist. Fed.: G. Davidse et al. 12160 (MO). Goiás: N.T. Silva 4823 (RB, MBG, MO, NY); Serra Dourada, E.P. Heringer 10861 (NY); Alto Paraíso, H.S. Irwin et al. 12685 (NY). Mato Grosso: P. Estadual Cristalino, D. Sasaki et al. 1694 (K); Santa Ana, S. Moore 488 (BM). Mato Grosso do Sul: Rio Paraná, L. Bernardi 18211 (NY). Minas Gerais: Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 1076 (BM, MO, RB, S); V.C. Souza et al. 5194 (K, SPF). Pará: D.F. Austin 4023 (MO), 4044 (MO); F. Drouet (F); Itaituba, I.L. do Amaral et al. 1224 (NY); Santarém, R. Spruce s.n. (BM, K). Paraná: Gueira, G. Hatschbach et al. 13324 (K, MBM, NY); A. Duarte 1829 (RB). Roraima: G.T. Prance et al. 4090 (NY, K).
FRENCH GUIANA. Von Rohr 110 (BM); F. Billiet et al. 6240 (K); Sagot 1308 (BM, P).
SURINAM. J. & P.A. Florschütz 551 (F, K); B. Hammel & S. Koemar 21200 (MO).
GUYANA. J. G. Myers 5495 (K); S.A. Harris EC22 (K).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Vaca Díaz, Guayamerin, Anderson 12084 (NY). Pando: Río Manuripi, A. Paniagua & P.F. Foster 739 (LPB). Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, Río Paraguay, S.G. Beck 27559 (K, LPB); Guarayos, Com. Momene, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27934 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, Concepción–Lomerío, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24971 (K, LPN, UB, USZ); Velasco, Bajo Paraguá, T. Killeen 6250 (ARIZ, MO, SP, USZ).
COLOMBIA. C. Feddema 2023 (MICH, S). Antioquia: Turbo, A. Gentry 9460 (COL). Chocó: Bahía Solano, E.P. Killip & H. García 33596 (COL, US). Norte de Santander: Ocaña, Kalbreyer 1273 (K).
VENEZUELA. Delta Amacaru: J. Steyermark et al. 115154 (MO).
PANAMA. A. Fendler 243 (K).
COSTA RICA. Puertarenas, Golfito, F. Quesado 825 (BM, K, MO); R. Schlising 2860 (F).
NICARAGUA. Greytown, R. Tate 346 (K); Puerto Isabel, E. Narvaez & J.T. Atwood 2888 (BM, F, MO, NY).
BELIZE. Stann Creek, W.A. Schipp 495 (BM, K, MO, NY, S); J.D. Dwyer et al. 647 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Friedrichsthal s.n. (K).
BAHAMAS. D.S. & H.B. Correll 47982 (BM, NY).
CUBA. [Guantánamo]: Baracoa, E.L. Ekman 4014 (NY, S).
JAMAICA. W. Harris 12468 (K); W.T. Stearn 227 (BM, K); C.D. Adams 12297 (BM); C.R. Orcutt 4149 (BM).
DOMINICAN REPUBIC. E.L. Ekman H11053 (K, S), 11235 (S); Higgins & Higgins 59 (K, NY); A.H. Liogier 14415 (NY); H. von Türckheim 3741 (NY).
PUERTO RICO. A. Heller 376 (K, NY); R.J. Wagner 432 (BM, S); P. Sintensis 963 (K, NY, S); B.M. Boom 10071 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St John: P. Acevedo-Rodríquez 3094 (NY). Guadeloupe: Hammarlund 20 (S), 42 (S); A. Duss 2474 (NY). Dominica: C. Whitefoord 5296 (BM). Martinique; fide
TRINIDAD. W.E.Broadway s.n. [8/12/1932] (BM, K); R.E.D. Baker 14570 (K).
Distinguished from Ipomoea fimbriosepala by the much larger corolla, perennial habit, broader bracteoles which enclose the pedicel bases and the 5-winged sepals. The two species are commonly confused.
BRAZIL. Bahia, Casa Nova, estrada para a Fazenda Santarém, L.P. de Queiroz et al. 9615 (holotype HUEFS88992, isotype MBM).
Twining perennial herb reaching 3.5 m; stems slightly woody, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 1–4 × 1–4 cm, ovate to suborbicular, abruptly narrowed to an acute or shortly acuminate apex, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin slightly undulate; abaxially paler; petioles 0.6–2 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 2.2–8.5 cm, noticeably thicker than the secondary peduncles and pedicels; bracteoles 3 × 0.5 mm, somewhat scarious, caducous; secondary peduncles 0.8–2.5 cm; pedicels 1–3 cm long; sepals unequal, ovate or ovate elliptic, acute and mucronate, glabrous, outer 15–27 × 8–11 mm, dark green, prominently 5-ribbed, the ribs sometimes muricate; inner 12–18 × 6–8, pale green with scarious margins, the longitudinal veins many, the midvein terminating in a fine, fragile mucro; corolla 10–10.5 cm long. funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 9 cm diam., entire. Capsules enclosed by the persistent sepals, 13 × 7 mm, narrowly ovoid, muticous, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, blackish, minutely scabridulous.
Figures
Endemic to Brazil and apparently restricted to the area round Petrolina on the borders of Bahia and Pernambuco States in locations under the influence of the Rio São Francisco.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Barra, Ibiraba, L.P. de Queiroz 4888 (HUEFS); 40 km E de Ramanso, L.P. de Queiroz et al. 9675 (HUEFS); Pilão Arcado, L.P. de Queiroz et al. 14713 (HUEFS). Pernambuco: Arredores de Petrolina, E.P. Heringer et al. 80 (IPA, OXF); M.M. da Silva et al. 18 (HUEFS, K).
Obviously related to Ipomoea setifera, under which name it is usually identified, this species is distinguished by its very small leaves, very large corolla (and other flower parts) and the tiny, linear bracteoles.
• Species 344–347 comprise a distinct clade characterised by the very unequal sepals, which are transversally muricate.
BRAZIL. J.B. Pohl s.n. (holotype BR00006972585, probable isotype W).
Undershrub to 2 m, stems ascending or arching stems (rarely (?never) climbing), stout, glabrous, woody. Leaves petiolate, large, coriaceous, 6–14 × 4–9, oblong-elliptic, elliptic or suborbicular, retuse and mucronulate, base broadly cuneate, both surfaces usually glabrous, rarely abaxially tomentellous; petioles 0.4–1 cm. Inflorescence often somewhat “wizened” and scarred, formed of small, pedunculate, somewhat umbellate cymes from the uppermost leaf axils or arising on short lateral branches; peduncle 1–5 cm, stout, often woody; bracteoles triangular, acuminate, 2(–5) mm, moderately persistent; secondary peduncles often present, short, < 10 mm long, woody; pedicels 10–22 mm, relatively slender but widened below calyx; sepals very unequal, glabrous, outer 6–8 × 7 mm, ovate, rounded, muricate, inner 13–16 mm, obovate-elliptic, rounded, somewhat scarious, nearly smooth; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, gradually widened from base, pink, glabrous, limb 3.5–7 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules 13 × 8 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Endemic to the Cerrado biome in the Planalto of Brazil at about 1000 m and almost restricted to Goiás.
BRAZIL. Goiás: G. Gardner 3710 (K), 3910 (K); W.J. Burchell 7944 (K, BR). Niquelândia. H.S. Irwin 34669 (MO, NY); ibid., Cavalcanti et al. 1580 (CEN, SP); ibid., B.M.T. Walter 1210 (CEN, RB); Campinaçu, Faz. Praia Grande, T. Cavalcanti et al. 1841 (CEN, NY); Cavalcante. H.S. Irwin et al. 24241 (MO, NY); Teresina de Goiás, W.R. Anderson 7491 (NY); M.A. Da Silva et al. 3359 (IBGE, K). Tocantins: Arraias, A.M. Amorim 9398 (RB).
A vigorous woody subshrub which differs from Ipomoea procurrens in its erect or arching woody stems but the two species are not well-defined.
Ipomoea procurrens var. pilosula
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 692. 1905. (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, 1845, J.F.Widgren 302 (lectotype BR000005307715, designated here; isolectotypes K, M, R, S).
Decumbent, ascending or erect plant with xylopodium, stems somewhat woody, glabrous or, especially on young stems, shortly pubescent. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 2.3–6.5(–14) × 0.6–5.5 cm, very variable in size and shape fom plant to plant, lanceolate, ovate, narrowly or broadly oblong, apex retuse, obtuse or rounded and mucronulate, base broadly cuneate to rounded, slightly asymmetric, both surfaces usually glabrous, veins prominent abaxially; petioles 3–8 mm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, 1–3-flowered cymes from upper leaf axils; peduncles 2–30 mm, glabrous to densely pubescent; bracteoles 4–5 mm, narrowly deltoid; pedicels 5–20 mm, longer than peduncles, sometimes muricate; sepals unequal, outer sepals 7–13 mm, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate to obtuse and mucronate, muricate; inner sepals 11–18 × 4–6 mm, lanceolate to ovate, obtuse and mucronate; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
A characteristic cerrado species of the planalto of central Brazil extending to Bolivia and Paraguay.
PARAGUAY. Amambay: E. Hassler 9760 (BM, K, S); A. Krapovickas et al. 45908 (CTES, K); N. Soria 7683 (FCQ); A. Schinini et al.36061 (CTES). San Pedro: E. Zardini & S. Zavala 46794 (MO).
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: Ferreira 174 (IBGE, K); H.S. Irwin 26635 (MO, NY, RB, W). Goiás: Cristalina, J.R. Pirani 1528, 1614 (K, SPU); Serra da Ortiga, G. Hatschbach 33324 (MO, RB); Niquelândia, B. Walter 1382 (CEN, RB); Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 31 (MO, NY, R); Alto Paraíso, W.R. Anderson 6235 (NY). Mato Grosso: 27 km N of Xavantina, D.R. Gifford 82 (K); 4.5 km S of Xavantina, D. Philcox & A. Ferreira 3737 (K); 60 km N of Xavantina, H.S. Irwin et al. 15983 (MO, NY); Pedro Gomes, G. Hatschbach 37422 (RB). Mato Grosso do Sul: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 34305 (CTES, G); E.P. Heringer et al. 934 (IBGE, FTG). Minas Gerais: A.A. Arbo et al. 3188 (CTES, K); Morro das Pedras, H.S, Irwin et al. 25559 (MO, NY); Serra do Rio Preto, H.S. Irwin 10298 (NY); Formoso, M.A. da Silva 3680 (RB). São Paulo: C.W. Mosén 4284 (S).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Velasco, P.N. Noel Kempff Mercado, W.W. Thomas et al. 5595 (FTG, NY); J.R.I. Wood et al. 25231 (K, LPB, UB, USZ).
Although rather variable in habit and in leaf and sepal shape this species is usually recognised easily by the shortly petiolate, oblong to ovate leaves with a cuneate base and the distinctive muricate outer sepals.
The type of var. pilosula is very atypical with large flowers and scarcely muricate sepals. It is one of a number of atypical specimens found by Hassler in Paraguay but never recollected.
Ipomoea serpens
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 275. 1869. (
Based on Ipomoea serpens Meisn.
Erect, twining or trailing herb, glabrous in all vegetative parts; rootstock stout and somewhat tuberous; stems slightly succulent, often rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, sagittate, often strongly so, the auricles linear to lanceolate, acuminate or less commonly, rounded, 2–4 × 0.2–6 cm, the blade (excluding auricles) 2.5–7.5 × (0.1–) 1.7–1.9 cm, lanceolate, narrowly to broadly oblong or oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse and mucronulate, green on both surfaces but somewhat darker adaxially; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, axillary cymes, often reduced to a single flower; peduncles 0.5 –3.5 cm; bracteoles 1–1.5 × 0.2 mm, deltoid, caducous; pedicels 8–15 mm; sepals very unequal, outer sepals 4–7 × 3–3.5 mm, oblong, obtuse to rounded, mucronate, the mucro deciduous, dark green, often transversely muricate, margin scarious, inner sepals much larger, 8–14 × 5 mm, broadly oblong-obovate, rounded or retuse and mucronulate, the mucro deciduous, conspicuously pallid and subscarious; corolla 7–8.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 4–5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 8 × 8 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 4.5 × 3 mm, blackish, minutely puberulent.
Figures
Common in Bolivia on seasonally flooded lowland plains in parts of the Beni, the Río Paraguá basin around the Noel Kempff Park and in Brazil in the Pantanal. It is also extends along the Río Paraguay into Paraguay and occurs in Minas Gerais and Bahia states in Brazil as well as in Venezuela and north to Costa Rica. It may be more widespread that the following records suggest.
PARAGUAY. Cordillera: 47 km W de Caacupé, F. de la Puente 3599 (CIP-Lima). Paraguarí: 1901/2, E. Hassler 7680 (BM). San Pedro: Distr. Lima, Estancia Carumbe, T.M. Pedersen 9460 (MBM); Rosario, E. Zardini & L. Guerrero (ARIZ, MO).
BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaos, E. Ule 8955 (K). Bahia: 3 km de Campo Alegre de Lourdes, Nunes et al. 420 (ARIZ, HUEFS). Mato Grosso: Mun. Cáceres, Pantanal, 1976, Dobreimer & Tokarnia 1255 (R). Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, A. Pott et al. 2436 (MBM); A. & V.J. Pott 7678 (CPAP); ibid., V. J. Pott et al. 1353 (CPAP); Mun. Poconé, A. Pott et al. 4808 (MBM); A. Pott 5036 (CPAP, MBM); V.J. Pott et al. 1716 (CPAP). Minas Gerais: Rio Das Velas, J.B. Pohl 2173 (W); 2 km de Januaria, Merdes Maghalães 6087 (RB); Itacarambi, O.S. Ribas & J.M. Silva 7772 (MBM);
GUYANA. Rapununi River, Dadanawa, M.L. Jansen-Jacobs et al. 5612 (ARIZ, MO, P).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, Ibiato, M.T. Martinez et al. 81 (K, LPB, USZ); Yacuma, Santa Ana de Yacuma, M. Atahuachi et al. 985 (BOLV, LPB). Santa Cruz: Velasco, El Toledo, J.R.I. Wood & H. Huaylla 20763 (HSB, K, LPB, USZ); Pampas de San Ramón, S.R.P. Halloy et al. 4307 (NY).
VENEZUELA. Apure: Est. Biológica “El Frio”, S. Castroviejo & Ginés López 142 (MA); Muños, 63 km W of Mantecal, G. Aymard et al. 5051 (MO); Mantecal, B. Stergios 2380 (MO). Bolívar: El Palmar, Hac. Costa Rica, C. Sastre et al. 8558 (P).
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, L. D. Gómez 18943 (COL, MO); ibid.; Cantón de la Cruz, de Bahia Salinas a Santa Cecilia, E. López & M. Segura 92 (MO, K).
MEXICO. Tabasco: Huimanguillo, E. Lott et al. 1352 (IEB, MEXU, MO).
This species has usually been included within Ipomoea asarifolia and is clearly closely related but is easily distinguished by the sagittate rather than suborbicular, reniform leaves. Molecular data (
Various forms of I. paludicola can be encountered. Where it is growing among bushes it occurs as a climbing plant. On open flood plain it is usually trailing and rooting at the nodes, but erect flowering specimens occur during the dry season.
Convolvulus asarifolius
Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: 562. 1792 [dated 1789]. (
Amphione asarifolia
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 79. 1836[1838]. (
Convolvulus rugosus
Rottler, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 4: 196. 1803. (
Ipomoea rugosa
(Rottler) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 446 [64]. 1834. (
Ipomoea crassifolia
Cav., Descr. Pl. 100. 1802. (
Ipomoea beladamboe
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 233. 1819. (
Convolvulus beladambu
(Roem. & Schult.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 608. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Ipomoea latifolia
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 266. 1845. (
Ipomoea nymphaeifolia
Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 203. 1866. (
Ipomoea grisebachii
Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, part 2, Nat. Hist. 63(2): 107. 1894. (
Ipomoea urbica
Salzm. ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 349. 1845. (
Ipomoea urbica var. muricata
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 350. 1845. (
Ipomoea pes-caprae var. heterosepala
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 692. 1905. (
Based on Convolvulus asarifolius Desr.
Trailing glabrous perennial rooting at the nodes, stems much branched, stout, angled, fleshy. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–8(–9) × 3–9(–11) cm, reniform, suborbicular, obtuse to rounded, base truncate to shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, usually folded when pressed, veins radiating from base, glabrous; petioles 2.5–9 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with up to 10 flowers, flowers often solitary, but sometimes umbellate from apex of peduncle; peduncles 0.5–7 cm, angular; bracteoles 1–2 mm, deltoid; pedicels often rather short, 5–25 mm; sepals unequal, elliptic, obtuse to emarginate and mucronate, outer 5–9 × 4 mm, often somewhat muricate, inner 9–15 × 6–7 mm, elliptic, ±scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, yellow-green or pink with darker centre, glabrous, limb 3.5–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules glabrous, suborbicular, 10–12 × 8–10 mm, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 5–7 × 4 mm; minutely tomentellous (appearing glabrous under a hand lens).
Widespread in the Americas, West Africa and Asia, but apparently absent from east and South Africa, Madagascar and China and many areas of the Americas. It grows in disturbed wet places, often near the coast or inland near large rivers; it is sporadic in occurrence.
PARAGUAY. North: Villa Socna, between Río Apa and Río Aquidaban, 1908–9, K. Fiebrig 5008 (K, P). Concepción: I. Basualdo 3782 (FCQ). San Pedro: Com. 25 de Diciembre, J.R.I. Wood & G. González 28472 (FCQ); Puerto Rosario, A.F. Woolston 1166 (K, NY, S)
BRAZIL. Amapá: D.F. Austin et al. 6965 (MG, MO, NY). Amazonas: Pabst 9432 (K); A. Lasseign P21174 (MO, NY, S); P. & H. Maas 367 (K, MO); Manãus, E.P. Killip 30046 (NY). Bahia: Blanchet s.n. (BM, NY); M.M. Arbo et al. 7366 (CTES, NY). Ceará: F.E. Drouet 2491 (F, K, MO, NY, S). Maranhão: G & L.T. Eiten 4570 (K). Pará: B.A. Krukoff 5863 (K, NY); T. Croat 62098 (MO); S. Tsugaru & Y. Sano B-510 (MO, NY). Paraíba: M.F. Agra 1168 (K). Pernambuco: G. Gardner 1072 (BM, K, P); B. Pickel 3709 (NY). Piauí: L. Coradin et al. 5859 (CEN, K); Teresina, F. Chagas & Silva 57 (IBGE, K, MO). Rio Grande de Norte: M.T. Dawe 6 (K). Rondônia: G.T. Prance et al. 5896 (K, NY, S).
FRENCH GUIANA. Oyapock River, G. Léotard 1240 (CAY).
PERU. Ancash: P. Francia 144 (MO). Cajamarca: R. Ferreyra 7057 (K); A. Sagástegui 14479 (MO); C. Vargas 10397 (CUZ). Huánuco: R. Bird 1517 (MO). Ica: Mun. Ocucaje, O. Whaley et al. 571 (K). La Libertad: A. Sagástegui 14911 (MO); I. Sánchez Vega 4337 (F). Lambayeque: P.C. Hutchison & Wright 3365 (K, P, S, UC, USM); J. Hudson 948 (CTES, MO); R. Ferreyra 7609 (USM). Lima: H. Cuming 975 (BM). Piura: R. Ferreyra 10760 (MO); O. Haught F-177 (F); O. Haught 210 (BM, US); M.S. Chrostowski 5/1 (K); C.R. Worth et al. 9007 (K, UC). Tumbes: R. Ferreyra 12330 (MO, USM); A. Gentry & C. Diáz 58179 (NY, MO).
ECUADOR. Chimbarazo: Pallatanga-Panza Gorda, J. Jaramillo et al. 26869 (QCA). Guayas: Guayaquil, R. Spruce 6319 (BM, K); K.T. Hartweg 674 (BM, K, NY. P); Pavón s.n. (BM); E. Asplund 15609 (K, S); Cañaveral, J.E. Madsen 7401 (AAU). Loja: G. Harling & L. Andersson 22533 (MO); J.E. Madsen et al. 7401 (AAU). Manabí: G. Harling et al. 9496 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Montería: B. Anderson 1849 (K).
VENEZUELA. Bolívar: J. Steyermark 88866 (NY, K).
PANAMA. B.L. Seeman 173 (K); J.F. MacBride 2674 (F); A.A. Hunter & P.H. Allen 469 (P).
NICARAGUA. W.D. Stevens 27852 (MO).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Tonalá, R.E. Gereau & G.J. Marin 1845 (MO). Quintana Roo: Isla de Cozumal, E.F. & H. de Cabrera 6817 (MEXU, MO).
UNITED STATES. Florida: K. Craddock Burks et al. 1159 (FSU, FTG), 1074 (FSU).
CUBA. P. Wilson s.n. [22/8/1904] (HAJB); Isla de Juventud [Pinos]: A.H. Curtiss 219 (BM, K, MO, P). Pinar del Río: Bro. Alain 2805 (NY). La Habana: H. Van Hermann 384 (BM); Camagüey: N.L. Britton et al. 13084 (NY). Guantánamo: Bayate, E.L. Ekman 10027 (NY), 15316 (S).
JAMAICA. W. Stearn 280 (BM), 982 (BM); G.R. Proctor & Mullings 21824 (BM); W.H. Harris 11830 (MO, NY); T.G. Yuncker 18030 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. Martinique: C. Sastre 9868 (P). St Lucia: G.R. Proctor 17693 (A, BM); R.A. Howard et al. 20004 (NY).
In designating a lectotype of Ipomoea crassifolia we have chosen the specimen cultivated in Madrid (MA475846) and annotated “Ipomoea crassifolia” as the description was based on this, rather than the original collection by Ruiz and Pavón from Guayaquil, which is also kept at Madrid (MA814663).
The folded reniform leaves are very characteristic.
Records from Bolivia (
Convolvulus caddoensis
Buckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 165: 6. 1862 [pub. 1863]. (
J.C. Frémont s.n. (holotype NY00319064, isotypes K, NY).
Erect branched undershrub, stems glabrous, yellowish, rootstock massive, spindle-shaped, woody. Leaves subsessile, 3.5–10 × 0.2–0.6 cm, narrowly oblong, obtuse and mucronate, base cuneate, glabrous; petioles 2–6 mm. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 0.5–3.5 cm, rather stout; bracteoles 1–3 mm, deltoid, caducous; pedicels 7–15 mm, thickened upwards and of different texture to peduncle; sepals unequal, outer 5–8 mm, ovate, obtuse with scarious margins, inner similar but 10–12 mm, broadly elliptic and more rounded; corolla 5.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pink, limb entire, 4.5–7 cm diam. Capsules 14 × 14 mm, subglobose, rostrate with 6 mm long mucro, glabrous, much larger than calyx; seeds 10 × 4 mm, brown, tomentellous.
Prairie region of Midwest United States extending into northern Mexico. It is usually found in short grassland on sandy or gravelly soil mostly between 1000 and 1900 m.
MEXICO. Chihuahua: 10 km W of Chihuahua, L. McGill 8280 (ASU).
UNITED STATES. Colorado: Denver, J.L. Wingate 8527 (KHD); Adams Co., D. Demaree 29534 (BM); North Denver, Eastwood 39 (K). Kansas: B. Kuhn 7375 (RM). Nebraska: Sheridan, S.M. Clarke 15-17 (BRY). New Mexico: Kiowa Nat. Grassland, Van Devender 84-377 (ARIZ); Fendler 660 (BM). Oklahoma: Glass Mts., M. Fishbein 6913 (ARIZ). South Dakota: hot springs at Mammoth site, M. Nee 21515 (NY, FTG); Black Hills, P.A. Rydberg 903 (K). Texas: Lindheimer fasc. 4: 661 (BM, OXF, P); Gaines Co, H.S. Gentry 20616 (ARIZ). Wyoming: Goshen, Fort Laramie, B.C. Buffum s.n, 5/9/1892 (RM); E.W. Nelson 2575 (BM, US).
Differs from Ipomoea longifolia in the linear-oblong leaves and shorter sepals. The rootstock is reported to be “massive” with the “diam. of a telephone pole” (
Convolvulus shumardianus
Torr. in R.B. Marcy, Explor, Red River Louisiana 291–2. 1853. (
Ipomoea shumardii Torr. in R.B. Marcy, Explor. Red River Louisiana 191. 1854, nom. nud., printing error.
Ipomoea carletonii
Holz., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb 1: 211. 1892. (
Based on Convolvulus shumardianus Torr.
Glabrous twining perennial. Leaves petiolate, 2–6 × 0.7–2.5 cm, broadly to narrowly ovate-deltoid to rhombic, truncate, rounded to cuneate at base, widest near base, acuminate, mucronate; petioles 0.8–3 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 0.5–6 cm; bracteoles 2–3 mm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, somewhat persistent; pedicels 5–12 mm; sepals unequal, outer ovate, obtuse and mucronate, ribbed, 8–9 mm, inner 11–12 mm, oblong-ovate, pale and ± scarious, acute to apiculate; corolla 5–8 cm long, broadly trumpet-shaped, gradually widened from base, pink, glabrous, the tube 3.5–4.5 cm, limb undulate c. 6–7 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A local endemic found on the borders of Oklahoma and Texas.
UNITED STATES. Oklahoma: Logan County, 1.25 miles S of Mulhall, R. Pearce 1799 (ARIZ); Sandy Loam, K.C. Bennett s.n. (KH); Payne County, 3 miles S. of Mulhall, J.C. Semple & K. Shea 675 (MO). Texas: Cooke County, half mile N of Dexter, R. Pearce 2081 (ARIZ).
Ipomoea shumardiana differs from I. leptophylla in the distinct leaf base. The two species intergrade and some specimens, e.g. Semple & Shea 675 are somewhat intermediate. Ipomoea shumardiana may prove to be only a form of I. leptophylla.
Convolvulus panduratus
L., Sp. Pl., ed. 1: 153. 1753. (
Convolvulus ciliolatus
Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 137. 1803. (
Ipomoea ciliolata
(Michx.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 183. 1805. (
Ipomoea ciliosa
Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 146. 1813 (
Convolvulus candicans
Solander ex Sims, Bot. Mag. 39, pl. 1603. 1813. (
Ipomoea candicans
(Solander ex Sims) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 289 (1826). (
Ipomoea pandurata var. candicans
(Solander ex Sims) Choisy Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 381. 1845. (
Ipomoea pandurata var. rubescens
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 381. 1845. (
Ipomoea karwinskiana
Regel, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 46. 1857. (
Ipomoea pandurata forma leviuscula
Fernald, Rhodora 51: 75. 1949. (
Ipomoea pandurata var. hastata
Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 343. 1860 (
Ipomoea schrenkiana
A. Peter, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4 (3a): 30. 1897 [pub. 1891]. (
Based on Convolvulus panduratus L.
Trailing or twining perennial herb; stems glabrous to puberulent, rootstock an enlarged, woody tuber. Leaves petiolate, 2–14 × 1.8–9.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, sometimes weakly to strongly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate, both surfaces glabrous or puberulent, especially on the veins, abaxially paler often with reddish veins; petioles 1–6 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of usually short, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 0.6–5(–14) cm, glabrous; bracteoles 2–11 × 0.5–6 mm, linear, oblong or oblong-obovate, papery, deciduous; secondary peduncles c. 10 mm; pedicels 5–11 mm; sepals unequal to almost equal, outer sepals 10–15(–20) × 4–7(–9) mm, oblong–ovate, obtuse, abaxially usually with prominent raised vertical veins, the base subtruncate, inner 15–18(–22) × 5–7 mm, oblong-ovate, rounded; corolla 4–7 cm long, white with dark pink centre, glabrous, campanulate to funnel-shaped, limb 5–6 cm diam., undulate or lobed, the midpetaline bands terminating in small teeth. Capsules 10–15 × 6–10, narrowly ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, pilose with brownish hairs c. 5 mm long.
Figure
Photographs of Ipomoea species. A I. philomega B I. cairica C I. pandurata D I. acanthocarpa E I. aquatica. A http://faunaandfloraofvietnam.blogspot.com B John Wood C Steve Turner D Maira Martinez E Wikipedia Commons.
Widespread in the eastern United States extending west to Texas, Kansas and Illinois and just entering Canada (Ontario). It is a plant of open grassy places, roadsides, woodland margins and remains of prairie grassland at low altitudes.
UNITED STATES. Alabama: S.T. McDaniel 9039 (IBE, MO). Arkansas: D.E. Atha 12341 (NY). Florida: Manatee River, F. Rugel [1845] (BM); G.V. Nash 777 (K). Georgia: R. Ware 112 (GA). Illinois: Tazewell Co., V.H. Chase 10069 (BM). Indiana: Friesner 22758 (S). Kansas: B. Rohrer 60 (S). Kentucky: Biltmore1279b (S); E.M. Browne 72H31.5 (EKY); Boonsborough, R. Peter s.n. [8/1834] (K). Louisiana: Covington, Drummond s.n. [1832] (BM); L. Chance 930 (MISSA). Maryland: T. Holm s.n. [8/7/1921] (S); Petrak 1950 (S). Mississippi: Seymour 172 (S). Missouri: Busiek State Forest, K. Sykes & J. Stone 10 (BM, MO); Ozarks, Jefferson Co., P.H. Raven 27200 (BM, MO). New Jersey: Princeton, Moldenke 8673 (BM). New York: Whitford 166 (NY). North Carolina: Swift Creek, H. Ahles & B. Carswell 58689 (BM, UNC); Biltmore, Gadeceau 1279 (BM). Ohio: R.M. Lowden 4226 (LSU). Oklahoma: Handler 375 (S); Stevens 1356 (K). Pennsylvania: Moldenke 20495 (S). South Carolina: Meyer & Townesmith 1038 (PH, MO); J. Nelson 28619 (USCH). Texas: Bowie, along Red River, D.S. Correll 31242 (MO). Virginia: A.H. Curtiss s.n. 3/8/1871 (K). West Virginia: J. Donnell Smith s.n. [12/9/1879] (S).
CANADA. Ontario: Lewiston, R.B. Thompson 1924 (BM); Lake Erie, Burgess 1594 (BM).
We have selected the Michaux collection from Knoxville, Tennessee at P as lectotype of Convolvulus ciliolatus as it appears to be the only extant specimen that fits the protologue.
Very variable particularly in the leaf shape (entire to deeply lobed) and in the relative and absolute sizes of the sepals as also in the size of the corolla and leaves, although the leaves are usually small (c. 5 cm long).
Distinguished by the white corolla with a pink throat and the prominently veined sepals. Ipomoea candicans is a form in which the abaxial leaf surface is white-tomentellous.
Convolvulus speciosus
Walter, Fl. Carol. 93. 1788, (
Convolvulus sagittifolius Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 138. 1803. Type. Based on Convolvulus speciosus Walter
Ipomoea sagittifolia
(Michx.) Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. 6: t. 437. 1820. (
Convolvulus wheleri
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 36. 1791. (
ALGERIA. Souk, Desfontaines s.n. (holotype P00680360).
Glabrous, perennial trailing or twining herb, stems slender. Leaves petiolate, deltoid-sagittate, the central lobe lanceolate, acuminate to a mucronate point, 2–6.5 × 0.2–1.5 cm (excluding auricles), the two auricles similar in shape but slightly shorter than the main part of blade, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, apex finely acuminate; petioles 1–4.2 cm. Inflorescence of solitary (very rarely paired), axillary flowers; peduncles 5–12(–26) mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate, acute, caducous; pedicels 13–16(–20) mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, outer 7–8 × 3–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, rounded, mucronate, margins narrow, scarious, inner 9–12 × 5–7 mm, oblong-elliptic, rounded, mucronulate, subscarious; corolla 4–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4.5–6 cm diam., entire. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Salt marsh and coastal grasslands. Coastal USA, from North Carolina south to Florida and along the Gulf coast to Mexico and thence south to Belize and Guatemala; also on Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas and Bermuda: apparently absent from the Caribbean proper. It also occurs rarely inland, by saline lakes and streams as in Coahuila. It is apparently native or an ancient introduction on coasts in the Old World around the Mediterranean Sea.
BELIZE. C. Whitefoord 2541 (BM); G.R. Proctor 35786 (MO); J.A. Ratter et al. 6569 (K).
GUATEMALA. J. Steyermark 51539 (F).
MEXICO. Campeche: G. Carnevali 5851 (ARIZ). Chiapas: E. Matuda 3253 (MEXU). Coahuila: F. Shreve 8488 (ARIZ). Quintana Roo: E.F. & H. Cabrera 13939 (MEXU). San Luis de Potosí: C.A. Purpus 5446 (BM, MO). Tabasco: A. Novello & A. Guerra 4429 (MO). Veracruz: fide
UNITED STATES. Alabama: Deramus D149 (IBE). Florida: Jacksonville, A.H. Curtiss 2167 (BM, K), 5047 (K); St. Mark’s, Rugel s.n. [1843] (BM, K, OXF, S); 12 miles N of Naples, W.J. Dress & R. Moran 2492 (BM); T.G. Lammers 5884 (MA). Georgia: St Catharine’s Island, S.B. Jones et al. 24506 (BM); R. Thorne & R. Norris 6258 (GA). Louisiana: New Orleans, Drummond 1832 (K). Mississippi: A.B. Seymour 103 (S); J. Wooten s.n. (USMS). North Carolina: Stevenson & Bradley 3318 (E); Roanoke Island, P.O. Schallert 22877 (FTU). South Carolina: J. Nelson 28758 (USCH). Texas: Lindheimer Fasc.1 128 (BM, K, OXF); Aransas, P. Fryxell 5138 (IEB).
BERMUDA. S. Brown & N.L. Britton 299 (BM, K); F.S. Collins 253 (BM, K).
BAHAMAS. N.L. Britton & L.J.K. Brace 393 (K, MO).
CUBA. C. Wright 3087 (HAC, K, MO); Bro. León 14162 (HAJB); J. Bisse et al. (HAJB34960); E.L. Ekman 895 (S), 18326 (S).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 37176 (MO); R.A. Howard & G.R. Proctor 14529 (BM).
Distinguished by the strongly sagittate leaves, the auricles nearly equalling the blade, the oblong-elliptic unequal sepals and solitary flowers.
Convolvulus philomega
Vell., Fl. Flumen.74, t.63. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (Vellozo, 1829: 74). Type. BRAZIL (lectotype, original parchment plate of Flora Fluminensis in the manuscript section of the Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro [cat. no.: mss1198651-063], redesignated here; later published in Vellozo, Fl. Flum. Icon. 2: t. 63. 1827. [pub. 1831], the published plate (
Ipomoea demerariana
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 361. 1845. (
Ipomoea capparoides
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 376. 1845. (
Ipomoea macrophylla
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 374. 1845. (
Ipomoea cardiosepala
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 265. 1869. (
Ipomoea macrophylla var. selloana
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil.7: 264. 1869. (
Ipomoea costaricensis
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 443. 1891. (
Aniseia syringifolia Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(Beibl. 57): 38. 1897. Type. BRAZIL. “Rio de Janeiro”, A.F.M. Glaziou 8191 (K, RB).
Ipomoea paraensis
Peter, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4 (3a): 30. 1897 [pub. 1891]. (
Ipomoea philomega var. marowynensis
Ooststr., Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 33: 221. 1936. (
Based on Convolvulus philomega Vell.
Liana to 10 m; stems thick, woody, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 7–13 × 7–12 cm, broadly ovate, shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute or shortly acuminate, shortly mucronate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent (var. marowynensis) or glabrous; petioles 6–10 cm. Inflorescence of many-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes, these often appearing paniculate or racemose with peduncle extended to form a central rhachis; peduncle 3–20 cm long, stout, glabrous; bracteoles 17–19 × 3–8 mm, oblong to narrowly obovate, acute, deciduous; secondary peduncles 1–3 cm; sepals subequal, glabrous or (rarely) pubescent, 12–17 × 10–14 mm, outer oblong-elliptic, rounded, often reddish, inner obovate with scarious margins; corolla 5–6 cm long, deep pink, glabrous, narrowly funnel-shaped with a narrow, tube which is slightly constricted below limb, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 13 × 10 mm, glabrous; seeds 6 × 3–4 mm, woolly.
Ipomoea philomega is a characteristic and common plant of moist rainforest throughout the neotropics and is probably the best indicator species of Ipomoea for this habitat. It is rare above 1000 m and is not present in seasonally dry tropical forests so absent from most of Mexico, coastal Colombia and Venezuela, most of the Cerrado and all the Chaco.
BRAZIL. Acre: Rio Branco, J.U. Santos et al. 59 (RB, MG, FTG). Alagoas: M. Oliveira 891 (RB). Amapá: E. de Oliveira 4396 (NY). Amazonas: D.G. Campbell et al. P20904 (K). Ceará: J. Paula-Souza 11128 (ESA). Mato Grosso: P. Estadual Cristalina, D. Sasaki et al. 2182 (K). Pará: D. G. Campbell et al. P22496 (NY, K, S); W.R. Anderson 10851 (MO). Paraná: Guaíra, G. Hatschbach 13327 (RB). Pernambuco: A. Melo 358 (CEPEC). Rio de Janeiro: E. Pereira 9894 (K, HB, RB), 36920 (K); R. Marquete 1520 (K). Rondônia: W.R. Anderson 12157 (MO). Roraima: M. Nadruz 2626 (RB). Tocantins: L.B. Bianchetti et al. 548 (CEN).
FRENCH GUIANA. Oldeman 578 (K, P); F. Crozier 1672 (K, P); Cremers & Hoff 10620 (G).
SURINAM. J.C. Lindman et al. 605 (K); R.J. Evans et al. 2689 (K, MO).
GUYANA. D.H. Davis 233 (K), N. Sandwith 248 (K); Essequibo River, B. Maguire & D.B. Fanshawe 22891 (BM, NY).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Est. Biológica del Beni, E. Rivero 256 (K, LPB, SP). Cochabamba: Carrasco, Puerto Villarroel, F. Fernández Casas 7914 (NY, MO); Chapare, J.R.I. Wood 21400 (BOLV, K, LPB). Pando: Manuripi, de la Sota 925 (LIL); Suárez, Cobija F. Fernández Casas & A. Susanna 8086 (NY, MO, G); E.Ule 9703 (K). Santa Cruz: Ichilo, Río Ichilo bridge, M. Nee 46450 (LPB, MO, NY, USZ).
PERU. Amazonas: P.C. Hutchison & J.K. Wright 3647 (K, UC). Cusco: C. Sandeman 3712 (K, OXF). Loreto: T. Croat 19851 (K, MO, P); Maynas, Iquitos, S. McDaniel & Rimachi 25337 (F, MO, USM); A. Gentry et al. 61993 (USM). Madre de Dios: Río Malinowski con Tambopata, C. Evrard 9776 (BM, BR); S.F. Smith et al. 1642 (F, K, P); 1988 (F). Pasco: A. Gentry & D.N. Smith 36044 (MO, USM). San Martín: J. Schunke 4726 (F, K, MO). Ucayali: R. Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 1521 (MO).
ECUADOR. Carchi: Tulcán, D. Rubio et al. 1635 (MO). Esmeraldas: C. Játiva & C. Epling 2158 (MO, NY, S, US). Imbabura: G. Harling 4301 (MO). Morona-Santiago: valle alto de Río Quimi, Cordillera del Condor, W. Quizhbe 2283 (MO, LOJA). Napo: M. Lugo 3116 (K, MO, S); Yasuni Forest Reserve, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. 7570 (K, NY, P); E. Asplund 16475 (S). Orellana: M.J. Macía et al. 2981 (MO). Pichincha: Res. Forest. Endesa, J. Jaramillo 6730 (GB). Sucumbíos: H. Balslev et al. 84729 (AAU, MO). Zamora-Chinchipe: Cordillera del Condor, W. Quizhbe 2260 (LOJA, MO).
COLOMBIA. Amazonas: P.N. Amacayaca, J.M. Cardie & M.L. Vidal 190A (BM); T. Plowman et al. 2288 (K). Antioquia: Río Negro, J. Cuatrecasas 26192 (COL). Boyacá: A.E. Lawrance 366 (BM), 468 (BM, K), 755 (K, MO, RB, S); Chocó: J.W.L. Robinson 314 (K); E. Forrero 2321 (COL, RB). Meta: J. Espina 416 (COL). Nariño: Tumaco, R. Romero 3385 (COL). Putumayo: Umbria, G. Klug 1799 (BM, K, MO, S). Santander: A. Gentry & E. Rentería 20054 (MO). Valle: R.E. Schultes & Villarroel 7393 (K). Vaupés: Río Apaporis, R.E. Schultes & I. Cabrera 112639 (BM).
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: B. Stannard 421 (K). Apure: G. Davidse & A.C. González 21903 (MO). Barinas: J. Steyermark & M. Rabe 96516 (MO, NY, VEN). Bolívar: G. Aymard et al. 4169 (MO). Delta Amacuro: C.A. Blanco 420 (MO). Lara: P.N. Yacambú, G. Davidse & A.C. González 20986 (MO, OXF). Mérida: de Bruijn 967 (MO, VEN). Miranda: Paéz, G. González 1167 (MO). Sucre: J. Steyermark & G. Agostini 91391(K, VEN), 99588 (S, VEN). Táchira: J. Steyermark et al. 119717 (MO). Zulia: de Bruijn 1215 (K, MO, VEN); Also Monagas and Yaracuy fide
PANAMA. Comarca de San Blas, J.F. McDonagh et al. 108 (BM, MO); Arenoso, R. J. Seibert 607 (K); W. Lewis 3423 (F).
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, P.N. Isla del Coco, F. Quesada 1056 (K, MO); Limon, P. Wilkin et al. 114 (BM); Alajuela, K. Flores & K. Martínez 117 (BM, MO).
NICARAGUA. Jinotega, I. Coronado et al. 2450 (BM, MO); Zelaya, Cano Costa Riquita, W.D. Stevens 5017 (BM, MO).
HONDURAS. Puerto Lempira, C.H. Nelson & E. Romero 4183 (MO).
BELIZE. Cayo, Smokey Branch River, C. Whitefoord 9067 (BM); Stann Creek, P.H. Gentle 2761 (K, MO); ibid., W.A. Schipp 288 (K).
GUATEMALA. Izabal, T. Croat 41816 (MO); ibid., El Estor, E. Contreras 11152 (S).
MEXICO. Veracruz: San Andrés Tuxtla, G. Ibarra Manríquez 479 (IEB, MO).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 33468 (BM); St Ann’s, Purdie (K).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H10319 (S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H15891 (S).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Thomas, M. Finlay s.n. [1841] (P). St Kitts: fide
TRINIDAD. W.E. Broadway 6662 (BM, K, MO); A.C. Jermy 2456 (BM). Tobago: W.E. Broadway 4283 (BM, K).
There are two collections by Parker labelled Ipomoea demerariana at Kew. The plant from Demerara is I. philomega whereas the plant from Barbados is a species of Operculina. As Choisy only cites the Demerara plant this should be treated as the type.
A vigorous liana reaching at least 10 m in height, this species is usually easily identified by its woody stems (and peduncles), abaxially pubescent leaves and relatively small corolla. The elliptic, rounded, often reddish sepals are especially distinctive. It is most likely to be confused with Ipomoea chondrosepala but the inflorescences are many-flowered, often paniculate in form, the sepals opague and often reddish and the corolla shorter and often slightly constricted below the limb.
Var. marowynensis represents a form with a densely pubescent to subtomentose indumentum recorded from Surinam and French Guyana. (
Turbina amazonica D.F. Austin & Staples, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 118: 270. 1991. (
Calystegia glaziovii
Dammer., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(5), Beibl. 57: 41. 1897. (
BRAZIL. Amapá. D.F. Austin, C.E. Nauman, B. Rabelo, C. Rosario & M.R. Santos 7389 (holotype MG; isotypes FAU, now in FTG, NY, MO, US).
Twining perennial, stem tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–9 × 3–7 cm, ovate-deltoid, obtuse and mucronate, base cordate with narrow sinus and rounded auricles, margin slightly undulate, softly tomentose on both surfaces, abaxially grey; petioles 1–2 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence a dense cluster of up to 10 flowers at apex of a long peduncle; peduncles 3–10 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 5–18 × 2–4 mm, ovate-rhomboid, tomentose, persistent; pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals tomentellous, accrescent in fruit, unequal, outer 8–12 × 5–8 mm, oblong-ovate, acute, base subcordate, inner 5–8 mm, oblong-ovate with broad scarious margins; corolla magenta, 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous except for a few hairs at apex of midpetaline bands in bud, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 10–15 × 4–5 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds reported as usually one, oblong-ellipsoid, c. 10 mm long.
A rare species of seasonally flooded lowland areas in the Amazon basin in Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia. It may be more common in the Amazonian regions of both Bolivia and Brazil than the few collections suggest.
BRAZIL. Amapá: N.A. Rosa & M.R. Santos 4309 (MG, NY); 12 km NE of Macapá, D.F. Austin 7389 (RB). Amazonas: Mun. Humaitá, L.O.A. Teixeira et al. 1329 (MO, NY, RB). Mato Grosso: Barra do Garças-Xavantina road, D.R. Hunt & Ferreira Ramos 5946 (K); Rio Suia Missú, c. 20 km N of ferry and 50 km NNW of base camp, R.M. Harley & R. Souza 11139 (K, P). Pará: Santarém, Spruce (K). Rondônia: G. Prance et al. 5966 (MG, NY).
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Iturralde, NE of confluence of Río Madidi with Río Inambari, B.M. Torke et al. 540 (LPB). Pando: Abuna, Río Negro confluence with Río Abuna, A. Gentry & A. Perry 77997 (MO, LPB). Federico Román, L. Vargas et al. 980 (F). Santa Cruz: Velasco, Campos de San Ramón, S.R.P. Halloy et al. 4291 (NY); PNNKM, Lago Caimán, N. Ritter et al. 4348 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Vaupés: Río Kubiyú, J.L. Zarucchi 1429 (K, COL, GH).
Very distinctive because of its rather small velvety leaves and oblong-cordate velvety sepals and persistent bracteoles.
Convolvulus racemosus
(Poir.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 600. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Exogonium racemosum
(Poir.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8: 50 [128]. 1838. (
Rivea racemosa
(Poir.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 158. 1894 [pub. 1893]. (
Quamoclit racemosa
(Poir.) Roberty, Candollea 14: 41. 1952. (
Turbina racemosa (Poir.) D. Austin, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 331. 1977 [pub. 1978]. (
Ipomoea bracteata
Rudolphi ex Ledeb., Neues J. Bot. 2: 292. 1807. (
Pharbitis bracteata
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 344. 1845. (
Ipomoea rudolphii
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 222. 1819. (
Exogonium rudolphii
(Roem. & Schult.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 99. 1908. (
Turbina rudolphii (Roem. & Schult.) O’Donell, Lilloa 30: 64. 1960. (
Convolvulus altissimus
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 613. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Ipomoea altissima
(Spreng.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 273. 1838. (
Exogonium wrightii
House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 99. 1908. (
Ipomoea wrightii
(House) Alain, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat. “Felipe Poey” 22: 123. 1955. (
[HAITI], “Sainte Dominique”, Riedlé s.n. (? F–Webb, fragment P00391958).
Liana, stems woody below, bark very pale, appressed sericeous when young. Leaves petiolate, 1–5 × 2–3.2 cm, ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, cordate, adaxially subglabrous to pilose, abaxially paler, pilose or sericeous; petioles 1.5–3.2 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of axillary or terminal pedunculate cymes; peduncles 6–20 cm; bracteoles 1.5–4 cm, linear-lanceolate to oblong elliptic, coloured reddish to mauve, sericeous when young; pedicels 5–40 mm; sepals subequal, resembling the bracteoles, 18–25 × 7 mm, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, mucronulate, sericeous, glabrescent; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, salverform, limb 4 cm wide, red, purple or lavender, pubescent, stamens exserted, reddish. Capsules ovoid, apiculate; seeds usually 1, shortly pilose.
Figure
Endemic to the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola, growing in disturbed scrubby forest.
CUBA. C. Wright 3096 (BM, NY, P); J. Bisse et al. (HAJB 21185); L. Boise & H. Lipold (HAJB20975). Holguín: Sabanaso, E.L. Ekman 6570 (BM, NY, S). Villa Clara: A. Luna 800 (NY).
HAITI. Massif des Matheux, E.L.Ekman H9168 (NY, S); La Brande to Mt. Balance, G.V. Nash & N. Taylor 1696 (NY).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Valle de San Juan, E.L. Ekman H13530 (S); ibid., R.A. & E.S. Howard 8863 (BM, S); ibid., A. Liogier 12452 (NY); Baorhuco, H. von Türckheim 3598 (BM, NY); ibid., M. Mejía et al. 1062 (NY); Azua, M. Mejia 8327 (MO, NY); M. Fuertes 1883 (P).
The placement of this species is uncertain as we have been unable to sequence any example successfully. It is one of two Caribbean endemics that do not belong to Clade A2, the other being Ipomoea jamaicensis.
Convolvulus incarnatus
Vahl, Eclog. 2: 12. 1798. (
Ipomoea monosperma
Spreng. ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 382. 1845. (
Ipomoea linearifolia Hook. f., Trans. Linn. Soc., London 20: 204. 1847. (Hooker, JD 1847: 204). Type. ECUADOR. Galápagos Islands, C. Darwins.n. (holotype K00612875).
Ipomoea kinbergii
Andersson, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm 1853: 212. 1855. (
Ipomoea hilarifolia
Rusby, Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 103. 1920. (
Based on Convolvulus incarnatus Vahl
Creeping (rarely twining) perennial herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–6 × 1–2 cm, deltoid, acute and apiculate, base sagittate with wide-spreading, usually acute auricles to hastate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler, somewhat reticulate; petioles 1–3 cm. Inflorescence of 1(–2) shortly pedunculate flowers; peduncles 0.6–1.7 cm; bracteoles minute, filiform, caducous; pedicels 2.2–4 cm, prominently nerved; sepals subequal, 17–21 × 4–5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate to a fine aristate point, glabrous, chartaceous, veins prominent, inner sepals with scarious margins; corolla 7–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 6–7 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 9–10 mm long, glabrous; seeds 4–5 mm long, shortly pubescent.
An indicator of very arid scrub, occurring in disjunct areas of South America, perhaps most common in the caatinga of the Brazilian state of Bahia.
BRAZIL. Caatinga region of the north east. Bahia: 21 km S of N. Senhora, dos Milagres, A. Krapovickas 10086 (CTES); Bom Jesus da Lapa, R.M. Harley et al. 21571 (CEPEC, K, NY); Ibotirama, L. Coradin et al. 6574 (CEN, K, MO); H.S. Irwin 32640 (NY). Ceará: Est. Eco. Aiuaba, J.R. Lemos et al. 235 (EAC, K); ibid., 240 (K). Pernambuco: E.M. Carneiro 29 (ASE). Rio Grande do Norte: Ceará-Mirim, A.B. Jardim 315 (UFRN); Mossoró, Chapada do Apodi, G.C. Pinto 336/83 (RB). Roraima: Cantá, R.C. Forzza 8336 (RB). Sergipe: São Miguel do Aleixo, G. Viana 1589 (ASE).
BOLIVIA. Very arid Andean valleys. Cochabamba: Campero, c. 3 km east of Peña Colorada, J.R.I. Wood 20382 (BOLV, K, LPB). Tarija: Gran Chaco, between Villamontes and Palos Blancos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27597 (OXF, LPB, USZ).
PERU. Common in coastal desert. Arequipa: Caravelí, Martinet 346 (P). Cajamarca: Río Chamaya, T. Croat 58371 (MO, USM). La Libertad: M. Morales et al. 3844 (USM). Lambayeque: Portachuelo de Olmos, R. Ferreyra 17785 (MO). Lima: E. Asplund 10886 (S); D. Stafford 44 (K); C. Vargas 4777 (CUZ); Chosica to Matacuna, Y. Mexia 4091 (MO). Piura: Talara, A. Sagástegui 10915 (MO, NY). Tumbes: Cancas, A. Weberbauer 7755 (BM, S).
ECUADOR. Galápagos: F.R. Fosberg 44927 (K, MO); H.H. Van der Werff 1082 (K, S); G. Harling 5528 (S). Guayas: Chanduy, R. Spruce 6500 (BM, K); E. Asplund 5640 (S); G. Harling 3109 (MO, S); L.B. Holm-Nielsen 2144 (AAU, F, MO). Loja: Zapotepampa, B. Merino et al. 4866 (LOJA).
COLOMBIA. Common in the arid NE coastal area. Bolívar: Cartagena, Mamonal, R. Alvarado 85 (COL). Cesar: Poponte, C. Allen 920 (K). La Guajira: M.T. Dawe 574 (K); Riohacha, O. Haught 4425 (COL, K); J. Cuatrecasas 25439 (COL). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1566 (K). Norte de Santander: Cúcuta-La Garrita, R. Echeverry 320 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Anzoátegui: 15 km E of Piritú, T. Croat 54391 (MO). Carabobo: Valencia-Maracay, A.H.G. Alston 6296 (BM, S); Mérida: Los Guaimaros, L.E. Ruiz-Terán et al. 12644 (MO). Sucre: Las Gonzales, L.J. Dorr & L.C. Barnett 7670 (NY); Playa Cachimena, J. Steyermark 108168 (MO). Táchira: J.A. Steyermark et al. 120210 (MO). Zulia: L. Aristeguieta 4955 (MO).
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: Aruba: A.L. Stoffers 1999 (K, NY). Bonaire: H. G. Hallier 7108 (NY). Curaçao: E.P. Killip 21043 (NY).
A very distinct species quite unlike any other, and easily recognised by the elongate, lanceolate, finely acute sepals which are very prominently veined. Ipomoea linearifolia represents a form in which the leaf is reduced to a linear blade.
Ipomoea serpens var. albiflora
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (5), append. 1: 49. 1899. (
Ipomoea subtomentosa forma albiflora
(Hallier f.) O’Donell, Arq. Mus. Paranaense 9: 241. 1952. (
Ipomoea serpens var. subtomentosa
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 694. (
Ipomoea subtomentosa
(Chodat & Hassl.) O’Donell, Arq. Mus. Paranaense 9: 239. 1952. (
Ipomoea maurandioides var. subtomentosa
(Chodat & Hassl.) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, Kew Bull. 70(31): 33. 2015. (
Ipomoea serpens forma crassifolia
Chodat & Hassler, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 694. 1905 (
Ipomoea carajasensis
D.F. Austin, Acta Amazonica 11: 291. 1981. (
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, F. Sello 3619 (B†, image F!, isotype NY00319201).
Trailing or twining herb from central tap root, stems glabrous to thinly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–5 × 1–5 cm, narrowly ovate-deltoid, acute, sagittate or cordate, the auricles acute to obtuse (rarely rounded), green on both surfaces, glabrous or, rarely thinly pubescent; petioles 1–2(–3.5) cm. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate, 1–3-flowered cymes; peduncles 0.5–4.5; bracteoles minute, c. 1 mm long, deltoid, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present) 7–17 mm; pedicels 5–21 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 5–8 mm, broadly oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, greenish-scarious, 3-veined; inner 9–12 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, rounded and often mucronulate, with broad scarious margins; corolla 4–6 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3.5–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 12 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 6 × 2.5 mm, blackish, tomentellous.
Illustrations.
Ipomoea maurandioides. A habit with solitary flowers B habit with cymose inflorescence C outer sepal D inner sepal E corolla opened out to show stamens F ovary and style G capsule H seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A from Petersen 14655; B–F from Wood & Williams 27842; G, H from Wood & Pozo 25056.
Locally abundant in open, dry sandy and rocky cerrado and campo rupestre but especially characteristic of rock outcrops; northern Argentina, eastern Paraguay, eastern Bolivia and scattered locations in Brazil.
ARGENTINA. Corrientes: T.S. Ibarrola 2545 (LIL). Misiones: B.S. Bertoni 2568 (LIL).
PARAGUAY. Amambay: T.M. Pedersen 14655 (G); Cerro Corá, N. Soria & Ortiz 1953 (FCG, G); ibid., E. Zardini et al. 4165 (FCQ, MO); ibid., I. Basualdo 6339 (FCQ). Central: Teague 552 (BM). Concepción: Rancho Esperanza, R. Degen 2467 (FCQ). Cordillera: Limpio–Emboscada, C. Ezcurra & F. Mereles 1790 (FCQ, SI); Tobatí, R. Degen & E. Zardini 589 (FCQ). Paraguarí: L. Bernardi 18715 (G); La Colmena, F. Mereles & G. Parini 7810 (FCQ); P.N. Ybycu’í, E. Zardini & P. Aquino 29011 (PY). San Luis: K. Fiebrig 5340 (K).
BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Palmeiras, M.L. Guedes et al. PCD 2036 (ALCB, K); Sano et al. 14538 (K, USP); Sierra de Caitité, R.M. Harley 21280 (CEPEC, K). Ceará: Chapada de Ibiapaba, A. Fernandes s.n. (EAC). Minas Gerais: L. Rossi et al. 6987 (K); R.C. Forzza et al. 2692 (K); R. Simão-Bianchini et al. CFCR 11665 (SPF, K), 11503 (SPF, K); M.M. Arbo et al. 4168 (CTES); H.S. Irwin et al. 21918 (NY), 22892 (NY). Pará: C.R. Sperling et al. 5610 (MG, NY). Rio Grande do Sul: Type of Ipomoea maurandioides. Also Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná fide
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, camino a Rincón del Tigre, D. Soto & I. Linneo 1303 (K, LPB, USZ); Chiquitos, Valle de la Luna. Serranía de San José, J.R.I. Wood et al. 22871 (HSB, K, LPB); Santiago de Chiquitos, J.R.I. Wood & D. Villarroel 25571 (K, LPB, USZ, UB); entre Quimome y El Tinto, J.R.I. Wood & P. Pozo 25056 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Cordillera, A. Fuentes & G. Navarro 2086 (LPB, USZ); Ángel Sandoval, Las Petas J.R.I. Wood et al. 24826 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Velasco, Cerro Pelao, J.R.I. Wood & H. Huaylla 20780 (HSB, K, LPB, USZ); 10 km S. de San Rafael M. Atahuachi et al. 1435 (BOLV, LPB).
This species is stored in many herbaria under the name Ipomoea serpens Meisn. but this is a later homonym of I. serpens L. (1759) and, in any case, the type material represents I. paludicola.
It is a relatively slender plant, not unlike a robust specimen of Convolvulus arvensis L., often trailing and growing around rocks, and recognised by its habit combined with the very unequal sepals, the inner sepals rounded and much longer than the ribbed outer sepals. The inflorescence commonly consists of solitary flowers but a cymose inflorescence with several flowers is not uncommon. Plants are usually completely glabrous but plants with pubescent leaves occur sporadically throughout its range and can be recognised as var. subtomentosa. Some Brazilian examples, such as Harley 21280 (K) or Sano et al. 14538 (K) are especially hirsute.
It is commonly confused with Ipomoea paranaensis and may intergrade with that species but the sepals are consistently shorter.
COLOMBIA. Huila, Natagaima, H.H. Rusby & F.W.Pennell 268 (holotype NY).
Glabrous trailing perennial with woody tap root, resembling I. maurandioides, stems slender. Leaves petiolate, 1.3–5 × 0.5–2.5 cm, ovate, apex acute and mucronate, base hastate to sagittate with acute or obtuse auricles, the sinus ±triangular. Inflorescence of solitary or paired, pedunculate flowers from the leaf axils; peduncles 1.5–3.5 cm; bracteoles 1.5–2.5 mm, ovate, relatively persistent; pedicels 7–9 mm, becoming reflexed; sepals unequal, outer 7–10 × 2–3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute and mucronate, inner sepals 10–11 × 3 mm, acuminate, mucronate; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long, pink, narrowly funnel-shaped. Capsules 8 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 5–6 × 4–5 mm, white-tomentose.
Endemic to the dry Upper Magdalena valley where it grows around 500 m. COLOMBIA. Huila: Mason 13807 (US).
Similar in facies to Ipomoea maurandioides but leaves sagittate to hastate and inner sepals gradually narrowed to a mucronate apex. There appear to be no recent collections and it is difficult to assess this species without more material.
BRAZIL. Tocantins, Mun. Tocantinopolis, km 18 estrada vecinal á Ferrovia Norte Sul, 6°38'50"N, 47°29'56"W, 190 m, 21 Feb. 2005, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 9483 (holotype CEN).
Slender trailing perennial; glabrous in all parts. Leaves shortly petiolate, 0.8–2.5 × 0.1–0.4 cm, sagittate, appearing subequally trilobed, the central lobe linear to very narrowly oblong, acute, the two linear acute auricles, resembling, ±equalling or slightly shorter than the central lobe, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 0.6–3 cm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary pedunculate flowers; peduncles 15–20 mm, commonly bent at a sharp angle at apex; bracteoles scale-like c. 1 mm long; pedicels 6–13 mm, slightly thickened upwards; sepals unequal, lanceolate, finely acuminate, glabrous, outer pair unequal 4.5–8 × 2–2.5 mm; inner 13–14 × 3 mm; corolla 6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 4.5 cm diam., the midpetaline bands ending in a tiny tooth. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Scattered in the Cerrado biome of Brazil, eastern Paraguay and NE Argentina.
ARGENTINA. Misiones: Dept. Candelaria, Colonia Tacuaruzu, H. Keller et al. 13355 (CTES, OXF).
PARAGUAY. Concepción: N of Arroyo Tagatiya-Guazu, E. Zardini & T. Tilleria 38683 (MO).
BRAZIL. Bahia: 10 km N. de Barreiras, G. Hatschbach 42084 (CTES, FTG). Goiás: São Domingos, A.A. Santos 2197 (CEN). Maranhão: Mun. Estreito, G. Pereira-Silva & G.A. Moreira 12442 (CEN). Mato Grosso do Sul: 68 km W of Jardim, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 32751 (CTES). Minas Gerais: Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 86 (K, US), 4141 (BM). Tocantins: Trans-Amazonian highway, T. Plowman et al. 9277 (MO, MG, NY, RB); Palmeiras do Tocantins, G. Pereira-Silva & G.A. Moreira 12546 (CEN).
Clearly related to to both Ipomoea maurandioides and I. mucronatoproducta and distinguished from I. maurandioides by the sepals lanceolate and finely acuminate, rather than the inner sepals oblong-oblanceolate and mucronate and from I. mucronatoproducta by the midpetaline bands terminating in a small tooth rather than in a long fine point up to 6 mm in length. It is easily distinguished from both by the distinctive, superficially 3-lobed leaves in which the two auricles are more or less equal to the blade.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Germán Busch, Rincón del Tigre, portón de la entrada a la Misión, sobre el camino hacia Carmen Rivero Tórrez, J.R.I. Wood & D. Villarroel 25474 (holotype USZ; isotypes K, LPB, UB).
Glabrous trailing herb, probably perennial, stems to 1.5 m long. Leaves petiolate, narrowly deltoid, 1.5–3.2 × 0.4–1 cm (measured above intersection with petiole), apex obtuse and minutely mucronate, base strongly sagittate, the auricles deltoid, lanceolate, acute, basally asymmetric, 1–2.5 × 0.2–0.6 cm so leaves sometimes appearing 3-lobed, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.1–2.7 cm. Inflorescence of solitary or paired, axillary, pedunculate flowers; peduncles 2.6–4 cm; bracteoles 2–3 × 1 mm, ovate, acuminate, caducous; secondary peduncles (when present) 10 mm; pedicels 6–16 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate to a fine aristate point, outer shorter, 11–12 × 2–2.5 mm, inner 15–16 mm; corolla 7–8 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped with a long narrow basal tube, glabrous, tube deep pink inside, limb 5–6 cm diam., pale pink, unlobed, the midpetaline bands terminating in a fine point 5–6 mm long; Capsules (immature) ovoid, 7 × 6 mm, glabrous; seeds not known.
A characteristic species of seasonally flooded campo around the Pantanal with several records from Mato Grosso do Sul and eastern Bolivia.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: 68 km W of Jardim, A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 327519 (FTG). Mato Grosso do Sul: Mun. Corumbá, Porto Esperança, B. Lutz s.n. (R); Mun. Corumbá, Faz. Acurizal, A. Pott et al. 3642 (CPAP); Mun. Miranda, Est. Caiman, A. Pott et al. 7944 (CPAP); Mun. Bonito, Lagoa das Pedras, V.J. Pott et al. 4156 (CPAP); Mun. Bela Vista, G. Hatschbach et al. 74293 (MBM).
BOLIVIA. Germán Busch: Rincón del Tigre, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27242 (K, LPB, USZ); M. Atahuachi et al. 1887(LPB); 30 km S. of Rincón del Tigre, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28824 (USZ).
Ipomoea mucronatoproducta sometimes grows with and is similar in habit and leaf shape to I. maurandioides. In the field it is readily distinguished by the corolla lobes which terminate in a long fine point 5–6 mm in length. Herbarium specimens are best identified by the finely acuminate sepals, the inner ones reaching 15 mm in length.
Ipomoea ramboi
O’Donell, Lilloa 30: 48. 1960. (
?Ipomoea kunthiana var. sagittata Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil.7: 253. 1869. (
BRAZIL. Paraná, Ponta Grossa, F.C. Hoehne 23230 (holotype SP000577).
Trailing perennial herb, glabrous in all parts; rootstock, thick, fleshy. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–7 × 2–4.5 ovate to suborbicular, rounded, obtuse or retuse, sometimes mucronulate, base cordate with rounded auricles, abaxially veins prominent; petioles 1–2.5(–4) cm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 0.5–8 cm; bracteoles 2–4 mm, lanceolate-filiform, apiculate; pedicels 0.5–3 cm, thickened upwards, sometimes rugose; sepals unequal, outer sepals 10–15 × 5–6 mm, broadly or narrowly ovate or elliptic, acuminate, inner sepals similar but larger, 15–28 × 7–8 mm; corolla 6–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 5–6 cm diam., apparently unlobed; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A grassland species of southern Brazil and adjacent areas of Argentina. ARGENTINA. Misiones: Dept. General Belgrano, Cementerio Campiñas de América, H. Keller 3733 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: P. Clausen s.n. (K). Paraná: J.M. Silva et al. 8290 (MBM); Turma, G. Jaussan 1327 (GH, MO, S); Vila Velha-Ponta Grossa, H. Moreira & O. Guimarães 456 (US); Ponta Grossa, Parque Vila Velha, G. Hatschbach 13109 (US); Itaperuçú, P. Dusen 7157 (S, GH, NY); Serrinha P. Dusen 7306 (K, MO, P, S); Piraquara, G. Tessmann (MBM265879). Rio Grande do Sul: type of Ipomoea ramboi. Santa Catarina: Chapecó, L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 9341 (US); Joaçaba, campos of Rio Iraní, L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 9838 (US); Mafra, Tingui-Mafra, L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 10632 (K, US); Abelardo, L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 13302 (US).
This species is most likely to be confused with Ipomoea maurandioides but differs in the much longer sepals and the distinctive broadly ovate, often obtuse leaves with rounded auricles.
URUGUAY. Pr. Calderón, F. Sello 688 (B†, photo F, isotype NY00319238).
Slender twining or perhaps trailing herb; all parts glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–3.5 × 0.2–0.8 cm, oblong, auricles 9–12 × 3–5 mm, sagittate, often bilobed, apex acute, margins undulate, base broadly cordate and briefly cuneate onto the petiole, glabrous, abaxially slightly paler; petioles 7–14 mm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–2.8 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, lanceolate, apiculate; pedicels 8–10 mm; sepals unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate to an apiculate point, outer 10 × 3 mm, inner 15–16 × 3.5 mm; corolla 6.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, limb c. 3.5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Known from two collections from Uruguay and southern Brazil, presumably growing in grassland.
URUGUAY. Type collection.
BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Mun. Porto União, east of Valôes (Irineópolis) on road to Canoinhas, L.B. Smith & P. R. Retz 8631 (US).
A poorly known species apparently related to Ipomoea paranaensis but distinguished by the very distinctive leaves. Superficially it resembles a species of Convolvulus but the corolla is immediately recognizable as an Ipomoea.
Ipomoea tacuaremboensis forma foliosa
Arechav., Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 7: 197 (1911). (
URUGUAY. “Tacuarembó, Valle Edén, region Tambores, febrero”, J. Arechavaleta 5483A (renumbered 458) (lectotype MVM, designated here).
Decumbent perennial, stems angled, muricate, glabrous, at least 50 cm long. Leaves shortly petiolate, 4–11 × 0.2–1(–2) cm, narrowly oblong or very narrowly lanceolate, acuminate and mucronate, base hastate to sagittate, glabrous; petioles 8–12 mm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 0–2 mm; bracteoles 3–6 mm, filiform; pedicels 5–12 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous; outer sepals 10–12 × 5 mm, oblong-ovate, acute, shortly mucronate, inner 15–19 × 8 mm, ovate, acuminate, mucronate, the apex often bent; corolla 5.5–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous; limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 11 × 8 mm, ovoid with persistent style, glabrous; seeds tomentellous.
Apparently very rare in “campo”, presumably some kind of grassland in the border region of Uruguay and Brazil.
URUGUAY: Gruta de Las Cuervas, M.B. Berro 4823 (K).
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: 55 km W of Rosario do Sul, Krapovickas & Cristóbal 34234 (CTES, MO).
In selecting lectotypes, we have designated Arechavaleta 5483A as the lectotype of the type form as this is annotated by Arechavaleta as this species. The specimen designated as lectotype of forma foliosa is chosen because it appears to be the only possible specimen at MVM and is remarkable for the large number of leaves although there is no annotation to indicate Arechavalata considered it the type.
This species is sometimes treated as a synonym of Ipomoea kunthiana (
Ipomoea angulata
Mart. ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 371. 1845. (
Ipomoea angulata var. latifolia
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 248. 1869. (
Ipomoea angulata var. gnidioides
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 248. 1869. (
Ipomoea squamisepala var. gnidioides
(Meisn.) O’Donell, Lilloa 23: 453. 1950. (
Ipomoea angulata var. linearis
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 248. 1869. (
Based on Ipomoea angulata Mart. ex Choisy
Erect undershrub from a xylopodium to c. 1 m, stems very woody, somewhat ridged, glabrous; plant drying blackish. Leaves shortly petiolate, (2–)4–6 × (0.2–)0.5–1.5(–3) cm, linear-oblong, oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, obtuse to acute and apiculate, cuneate at base, glabrous; petiole 0–5 mm, poorly defined. Inflorescence racemose, terminal, typically elongate to 40 cm, sometimes branched but sometimes much reduced, often dense, formed of shortly pedunculate cymes from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 0–1.5 cm, erect; bracteoles fugacious (not seen); secondary peduncles c. 2 cm, often rhachis-like; pedicels 3–8 mm; sepals very unequal, obovate-elliptic, rigid, glabrous, outer 2–4 × 2 mm long, obtuse, white-margined, inner 5–7 × 3–4 mm, rounded, margins scarious; corolla 2–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, white or lilac, glabrous, limb c. 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A typical cerrado species, which is locally common in Brazil but known elsewhere only from a single location in eastern Bolivia.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Maracás, E.B. dos Santos 295 (NY). Dist. Fed.: J.M. Pires et al. 9110 (S, UB); Chapada da Contagem, H.S. Irwin & Soderstrom 5295 (NY, S); Bacia do Rio São Bartolomeu, E.P. Heringer 6588 (MO). Goiás: Formosa, H.S. Irwin et al. 14280 (MO, NY); Luziania, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 7541 (CEN). Mato Grosso: Malme s.n. [12/5/1903] (S); Cuiabá, G. Hatschbach 32042 (MBM, NY, S); ENE of Barra de Garças, W.R. Anderson 9690 (NY); Rio Turvu, Xavantina, R. de Santos et al. 1634 (K, P, RB). Minas Gerais: P. Clausen s.n. (BM, K, NY); Salinas, Weddell 2185 (P); Perdizes, S. Mendes 634 (HUFU). Tocantins: Serra de Ararais, G. Gardner 5033 p.p. (BM, K); Palmeiropolis, G. Pereira-Silva 10760 (CEN).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ángel Sandoval: Santo Corazón, Sunsas-Boca Bella, A. Fuentes et al. 1776 (ARIZ, BOLV, MO, USZ).
In designating a lectotype of Ipomoea angulata var. linearis, we have chosen the NY specimen as it appears to have a label in Meisner’s handwriting annotated as “β linearis nob. (29./12./67.)”
Distinctive because an erect subshrub with white or pale lilac flowers, the leaves at least 0.5 cm wide and the sepals very unequal. It flowers late in the rainy season unlike most cerrado species.
Although most specimens are readily assigned to either I. squamisepala or I. pinifolia, there is no clear molecular support for their monophyly and some specimens (Ipomoea angulata var. linearis) are somewhat intermediate in their leaf shapes.
BRAZIL. W.J. Burchell 6700-7 (lectotype BR0000005837731, designated by
Wiry perennial of cerrado, occasionally leafless, rootstock a xylopodium, stems glabrous, woody, often simple and erect to 1.5 m but sometimes branched and then branches spreading or twining apically. Leaves sessile, very variable in length 2–14 × 0.1–0.3 cm, linear-filiform, acute, glabrous. Inflorescence of 1(–5)-flowered axillary cymes from the upper leaf axils, sometimes clustered apically but more commonly forming a long narrow raceme-like inflorescence up to 30 cm long; peduncles 0–8(–21) mm; bracteoles caducous, scale-like, secondary peduncles (if present) up to 4 mm; pedicels 7–10(–15) mm; sepals coriaceous, convex, very unequal, glabrous, outermost 2–6 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse to rounded, often minutely mucronate, inner 7–12 mm, oblong to elliptic, obtuse to rounded, margins broad, scarious; corolla 3–4.5 mm long, glabrous, pink, gradually widened from base, the limb 3–3.5 cm diam., undulate, the midpetaline bands ending in teeth. Capsules glabrous; seeds reported to be pilose.
A characteristic species of the cerrado, which is locally common in central Brazil extending to a single area in Bolivia.
BRAZIL. Dist. Fed.: J.F. Pastore 307 (CEN); Rio Descoberto, H.S. Irwin 11050 (NY). Goiás: Serra Dourada, B.R. Silva et al. 1172 (F, RB, SPF); Niquelândia, R.D. Reeves 3006 (CEN); Alto Paraíso, C. Proença & M.A. Silva 1177 (UB); ibid., T.B. Cavalcanti et al. 38 (MBM, K, SPF), Minacu, T.B. Cavalcanti 1129 (CEN, RB). Mato Grosso: São José da Serra, G. Hatschbach 32025 (MBM, NY, S); Serra de Ricardo Franco, M.F. Simon 2195 (RB); Buriti, Malme s.n. [8 June 1903] (S); Sangradura, A. Krapovickas et al. 40235 (CTES, CEN); Chapada de Guimaraes, A. Dubs 1201 (K, Z). Mato Grosso do Sul: Rio Verde, Campo Grande-Cuiabá, G. Hatschbach 31952 (K, MBM, NY, RB). Tocantins: Serra das Ararais, G. Gardner 5033 p.p. (BM, K, W); Palmeiropolis, G. Pereira-Silva 13444 (CEN).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Velasco, P. N. Noel Kempff Mercado, B. Mostacedo et al. 1858 (MO, USZ); S. Jiménez & E. Gutiérrez 1385 (FTG, MO).
In habit, very unequal sepals and the form of its inflorescence resembling a linear-leaved form of Ipomoea squamisepala but differing additionally in the larger pink corolla and larger inner sepals.
BRAZIL. Goiás, Fazenda Agua Fria, Alto Paraíso de Goias, cerca 10 km en direção a Teresina de Goias, 14 04 217S, 47 30 336 W, 1448 m, 20 Feb. 2001, C. Munhoz, N. Rodrigues & K.M.O. Ramos 2567 (holotype MO, isotypes?).
Completely glabrous, slender, probably clambering perennial herb, stems thin, wiry, slightly woody. Leaves sessile, 2.5–5.5 × 0.05–0.1 cm. linear-filiform, acute, minutely apiculate. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 8–18 mm; bracteoles deltoid, 1mm long, caducous; pedicels 6–8 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, 5–6 × 2 mm, broadly lanceolate, acute and mucronate, margin narrow, scarious; inner 7–9 × 2 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, margins broad, scarious; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 2.5–3 cm diam., undulate, the midpetaline bands ending in acute points; stamens included. Capsules and seeds unknown.
High altitude endemic of campo limpo úmedo at 1400 m, only known from the type collection.
BRAZIL. Goiás: the type collection.
Similar to Ipomoea procumbens in being glabrous in all parts and with solitary axillary flowers and similar shaped unequal sepals. However, Ipomoea graminifolia differs in the much smaller calyx and corolla, the wiry stems, and the sessile, filiform leaves.
Ipomoea procumbens var. adenophylla
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 351. 1845. (
Ipomoea kunthiana
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 253. 1869. (
Ipomoea procumbens var. longepedunculata
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2 5: 692. 1905. (
Ipomoea procumbens var. elliptica
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2 5: 692. 1905. (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Martius 964 (holotype M-0184989).
Prostrate or decumbent (rarely twining) herb from a woody xylopodium, glabrous or nearly so in all parts, stems somewhat woody. Leaves shortly petiolate, 4–11 × 0.2–1.5 cm, narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, acute, base attenuate, cuneate, broadly cuneate or rounded; petioles 5–10 (–25) mm, straight and relatively stout. Inflorescence of solitary or (rarely) paired, pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 0.3–3.5 cm, very variable in length, often short; bracteoles 2–3 mm, ovate, caducous; pedicels 7–16 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, scarious-margined, somewhat accrescent in fruit, outer 6–11 × 4–5 mm, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute to obtuse and mucronate, inner 12–15 × 5–6 mm, oblong-elliptic, acute to obtuse; corolla 5.5–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, gradually widened from a narrow base, pink, glabrous, limb unlobed, c.3.5 cm diam. Capsules 13–15 × 7 mm, ovoid, shortly apiculate, glabrous; seeds 8 × 4 mm, minutely tomentellous.
Locally common in cerrados and pampas, possibly stimulated by burning. NE Argentina, eastern Paraguay, Noel Kempff Park in Bolivia and central and southern Brazil.
ARGENTINA. Corrientes: J. Paula-Souza 7120 (ESA); Ituzaingó, C. Cristóbal & A. Krapovickas 1793 (CTES). Misiones: E.L. Ekman 1419 (GH, S); San Ignacio, G.J. Schwarz 5097 (GH. LIL, RB).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: J.E. Montes 9879 (LIL). Caaguazú: B. Balansa 1048a (P); E. Hassler 9320 (BM, K); S. of Río Yhú, Fernández Casas & J. Molero 6441 (MO). Canindeyú: 25 km W of Curuguaty, J.R.I. Wood & G. González 28464 (FCQ). Cordillera: Tobatí, E. Hassler 7014 (BM, GH). Guairá: Villarica, E. Hassler 8713 (P). Itapuá: Encarnación, L. Jiménez 37 (SCP). Misiones: San Juan Bautista, E. Lurvey 387 (PY). Paraguarí: type of Ipomoea procumbens var. longepedunculata.
BRAZIL. Bahia: P. T. Sano et al. 14818 (IBUSP, K); Rio de Contas, N. Roque et al. 14893 (RB); Serra do Sincorá, R.M. Harley et al. 20725 (CEPEC, K, NY). Dist. Fed.: Campus do Universidad, A. Gentry 21441 (MO); Reserva IBGE, M.A. da Silva 4797 (IBGE, MO); E. Pereira 4816 (HB, K). Goiás: A.C. Brade 5564 (S); A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 30186 (CTES, MBM); Serra de Caldas Nuevas, E.P. Heringer 13138 (NY); Goiânia, J.R. Pirani et al. 2089 (NY); Serra dos Cristais, H.S. Irwin et al. 13616 (NY); Chapada deVeadeiros, H.S. Irwin et al. 24571 (NY). Mato Grosso do Sul: Amambai, W.G. García 13978 (UEC). Minas Gerais: P. Clausen (K); R. Simão-Bianchini 1209 (CTES, SP); Mun. Perdizes, E.K.O. Hattori et al. 268 (F, MBM); ibid., P.C. Duarte 205 (HUFU); Sierra da Piedade, L.R. Landrum 4289 (NY) ; Serra de Espinhaço, H.S. Irwin et al. 23694 (MO, NY); Itacambira, M.L. Kawasaki et al. SPF36193 (K). Paraná: Fortaleza, G. Hatschbach 23225 (F, K, MBM, MO, NY); Jaguariaíva, G. Hatschbach 14003 (MBM, P); ibid., P. Dusen 16443 (MO). Rio Grande do Sul: A. Bornmüller 337 (GH); Malme 1005 (S); P.P.A. Ferreira et al. 640 (S); E. Barbosa 2532 (RB); Cacharia do Sul, Palacios-Cuezzo 11212 (LIL); C. Gaudichaud 3099 (P). Rondônia: Vilhena, M.G. Silva & A. Pinheiro 4165 (K, NY). São Paulo: Mun. São Roque, S. Tsugara & Y. Otsuka B-2234 (MO); Faz. Bocaina, A.F.M. Glaziou 8189 (P); San José dos Campos, I. Mimura 307 (K, NY); A. Usteri 133 (K).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: PN Noel Kempff Mercado, Las Gamas, Guardia et al. 196 (USZ).
Distinguished by the linear or oblong leaves which are usually cuneate at the base, rarely subtruncate but never cordate or sagittate.
We agree with
Ipomoea procumbens forms a complex of species with I. rupestris and I. granulosa, none of which is satisfactorily resolved using ITS and all of which are highly variable.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Mun. Santana de Riacho, Simao-Bianchini 11704 (holotype SP; isotypes NY, K, SPF).
Glabrous ascending or erect subshrub to 60 cm, with woody, tuberous xylopodium; stems glabrous, somewhat woody, bark pale brown. Leaves petiolate, 3–7 × 1–2.8 cm, broadly oblong to oblong-elliptic, obtuse and mucronate, base broadly cuneate, margin undulate to crenate, abaxially paler; petioles 0.4 –1.7 cm. Inflorescence of leafy branched, axillary, few-flowered cymes, in erect plants mostly arising in the upper leaf axils; peduncles 0.5–3 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, triangular, caducous; secondary peduncle 2–6 mm, often scabrid; pedicels 0.5–2.5; sepals unequal, outer 7–11 × 4–5 mm, ovate-elliptic, rounded to retuse, mucronate, margins scarious, inner 9–14 mm, broadly oblong, obtuse to retuse, margins scarious; corolla 4–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules (immature) ovoid, apiculate, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Cerrado and campo rupestre between 1000–1380 m, endemic to the planalto of central Brazil.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Abaíra, Boa Vista, B. Stannard & R. Queiroz 51763 (K, MO, NY); ibid., Campo de Ouro Fino, R.M. Harley et al. 51092 (K, HUEFS); Umbaranas, L.P. de Queiroz et al. 5218 (K). Goiás: Niquelândia, M.L. Fonseca & Barros 809 (RB, OXF); ibid., A. Macedo 4477* (S, US); Chapada de Veadeiros, Alto Paraíso, T. Cavalcanti et al. 1319* (CEN); H.S. Irwin et al. 24669* (FTG, NY). Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó, E. Pereira 8918 (HB, K, RB); Serra de Mutuca, Lagôa Seca, L. O. Williams & V. Assis 5580 (GH); Serra do Cipo, M.M. Arbo et al. 4688* (CTES, FTG, K); ibid., A.B. Joly et al. 1061 (E); ibid., U.C.S. Silva et al. 33 *(HUEFS); Santana do Riacho, A. Rapini et al. 1628* (HUEFS); Serra do Espinhaço, W.R. Anderson et al. 36332* (FTG, NY, SP); ibid., H.S. Irwin et al. 20107* (NY); Santana de Pirapama, W. Milliken et al. 4305 (SPF, K); Grãu Mogol, J.R. Pirani et al. 850 (SPF, K). (* erect forms)
This species holds together despite the varied habit because of its broadly oblong to oblong-elliptic leaves which are usually undulate to crenate on the margins and because of the usually branched inflorescence. In related species the flowers are solitary–very rarely paired in I. procumbens. Erect specimens cited above are indicated with an asterisk*; unmarked collections are of decumbent plants.
Queiroz et al. 5218 (K, HUEFS) from Bahia is odd as the inflorescence is on lateral branches with flowers mostly arising in the axils of distinct bracts resembling small leaves.
Ipomoea stenophylla forma glabrata
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 690.1905. (
PARAGUAY. [Canendiyú], Ipe hú [Ypé Jhu], Sierra de Maracayú, E. Hassler 5045 (holotype G00175177, isotypes BM, F, GH, K, MPU, NY, P).
Undershrub from a xylopodium; stems erect, slender, wiry and somewhat woody, pale brown, glabrous, granulose, 10–15 cm high. Leaves subsessile, imbricate, 4–11.5 × 0.3–2.2 cm, linear, oblong or ovate, acute and mucronate, base tapering, cuneate, truncate to subcordate, glabrous, abaxially veins prominent; petioles 2–3 mm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 0–2 mm, almost suppressed; bracteoles caducous, ovate, c. 1 mm; pedicels 4–10 mm, slightly thickened upwards, sometimes granulose; sepals slightly unequal, ovate, acute, (obtuse and mucronate in type), outer 10–14 × 3–6 mm, inner 13–16 × 8 mm, broader and slightly longer, margins scarious; corolla 6–8 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3–4.5 cm, the midpetaline bands ending in a small tooth. Capsules (immature), ovoid, apiculate, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Cerrados of eastern Paraguay and central Brazil.
PARAGUAY. Canendiyú: Mbaracayú Natural Reserve, Aguará ñu, E. Zardini & S. Benítez 51141 (ARIZ); ibid., E. Zardini & S. Benítez 51445 (ARIZ). Amambay: Sierra de Amambay, T. Rojas in Hassler 9826 (BM, K, P); P.N. Cerro Corá, I. Basualdo 4876 (FCQ, MO); Pedro Juan Caballero, A. Krapovickas et al. 45900 (CTES, K); ibid., G. Hatschbach 48501 (ARIZ, MBM, MO). Concepción: San Luis, A. Schinini et al. 35866 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: 22 km de Ponta Porã para Antonio João, G. Hatschbach et al. 59080 (MBM). Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipo, M.M. Arbo et al. 4627 (CTES, FTG, SPF); ibid., Santana do Riacho, D.C. Zappi et al. 1531 (K); Pirapama, D.C. Zappi et al. 1999 (K); Presidente Joscelino, V. C. Souza CFRC13928 (K); Santana do Riacho, A. Costa (RB); ibid., A. Rapini et al. 1627 (HUEFS, OXF).
Extraordinarily variable in terms of leaf shape (linear to ovate) and leaf size (3–4 cm long v. > 10 cm) as also in sepal size (6–7 mm v. 13–15 mm) and apex (finely acuminate to rounded). However the differences are not geographically marked and each of the three populations is variable within itself. The species is held together by the combination of granulose stems, subsessile imbricate leaves, very short peduncles, slightly unequal sepals and glabrous corollas. Molecular studies suggest this species is very closely related to and perhaps not distinct from Ipomoea rupestris.
Hassler 5023a from Ipé hu, Sierra de Maracayú is a different species with thinly pubescent corolla, stems, peduncles and sepals. The stems are not granulose and at least one leaf is forked. It is probably a form of Ipomoea campestris Meisn.
Ipomoea loefgrenii
Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Secc. Bot. i. VI: 75. 1922. (
PARAGUAY. Villarrica, B. Balansa 1072 (lectotype P03536110, designated by
Liana climbing to at least 5 m, rarely trailing; stems rea; glabrous in all vegetative parts. Leaves petiolate, coriaceous, 4–10 × 3–7.5 cm, ovate, base shallowly cordate, apex acute and shortly mucronate, both surface glabrous; petioles 2–4.5 cm. Inflorescence often borne on leafy axillary shoots, c. 8–12 cm long; peduncles 0.2–5.5(–14) cm; bracteoles resembling tiny leaves; secondary and tertiary peduncles 8–12 mm; pedicels 2–3 cm, thicker than peduncles; sepals subequal, 13–17 × 6–10 mm, inner slightly longer, oblong elliptic, rounded, transparent, margins scarious, somewhat accrescent in fruit; corolla c. 6 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, dark pink, glabrous; filaments inserted c. 8 mm above the base, 10–13 mm long, only slightly unequal, anthers 5 mm; style white, c. 2.3 cm long, ovary glabrous. Capsules 15–20 × 7–10 mm, ovoid to ellipsoid, acute, angled, 4-seeded; seeds 5–10 × 4 mm (immature), the angles with silky hairs10–12 mm long.
Seasonally moist forest in scattered locations from Paraguay, the São Paulo region of Brazil and the Santa Cruz area of Bolivia north to Colombia and Venezuela.
PARAGUAY. Canindeyú: camino de Lagunita a Horqueta-mi, B. Jiménez & M. Peña 1237 (BM, CTES, PY); Reserva Mbaracayú, I, Basualdo 4181 (FCQ); camino Curuguaty-Ygatimi, J.R.I. Wood & G. González 28469 (FCQ). Guairá: Independencia, Arroyo Guazú, A. Schinini et al. 28003 (CTES, FCQ). Paraguarí: P.N. Ybycuí on trail to Arroyo Corrientes, E. Zardini & R. Velázquez 12113 (MO, PY). San Pedro: Primavera, A.L. Woolston 821 (K, S); Laguna Blanca, F. González Parini et al. 1718 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Rondônia: Cacoal, Ladislao Araujo S. et al. 823 (CEN); Ariquemes, L. O. A. Teixeira 503 (NY, RB). Minas Gerais: Serra do Espinhaço, W.R. Anderson et al. 35357 (FTG). São Paulo: type of Ipomoea loefgrenii.
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chapare, M. Bang 1278 (GH, K, NY, MO, US). La Paz: Sud Yungas, Seidel & Schulte 2424 (K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Ibañez, Reserva Arubaí, 8 km de Terebinto, D. Villarroel & I. Linneo 599 (USZ); Angostura, M. Nee & M. Sundoe 52209 (LPB); Ichilo, P.N. Amboró, near Camp. Mataracú, M. Nee & L. Bohs 49535 (NY, USZ); near Hotel El Cafetal, Candelaria, Buenavista, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28286 (LPB, OXF, LPB).
PERU. Carretera al Marañón, 20 km del Abra de Porculla, R. Ferreyra 9139 (USM). Madre de Dios: S.F. Smith 1642 (MO); Río Acre, E. Ule 9704 (K). Ucayali: Graham & Schunke 1648 (ARIZ).
ECUADOR. Napo: F. Hurtado 572 (FTG, MO); Reserva Jatun Sacha, C. Cerón 859 (QCNE); Yasuri, Río Tiputini, R. Burnham 1303 (MICH, QCA). Orellana: A. Herrera & W. Guerrero 141 (MO, ARIZ); Res. Étnico Huaorani, B. Freire & D. Naranjo 539 (QCNE). Pastaza: F. Hurtado et al. 1379 (FTG, MO); H. Lugo 327 (GB, MO).).
COLOMBIA. Quindio: E. André 2140 (K).
VENEZUELA. Tachira: J. Steyermark & R. Liesner 119068 (MO).
Most collections from Amazonian Peru and Brazil have sepals with very prominent scarious margins.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Lima Duarte, P.N. Estadual do Ibitipoca, prov. Rio do Salto, 21°42'80"S, [43°47'W] (longitude missing from label), 1200 m, 9 March 2003, fl., fr., R.C. Forzza, L.C.S. Assis. J.G. Jardim, R. Lima, L. Menini Neto, E. Lucas, B.R. Silva, S. Edwards & D. Zappi 3031 (holotype RB; isotypes K, NY).
Twining perennial of unknown height, glabrous in all vegetative parts. Leaves petiolate, 3–4 × 1.3–2.2 cm, deltoid, finely acuminate, shortly mucronate, base truncate to cordate with rounded auricles, margin denticulate, abaxially paler with prominent veins; petioles very slender, curved, 9–17 mm. Inflorescence of solitary pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 10–15 mm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels noticeably stouter than peduncles 12–15 mm; sepals subequal, elliptic, glabrous, margins scarious, outer 8–11 × 4–6 mm, obtuse, inner 9–12 × 6–7 mm, rounded, usually c. 0.5 mm longer and 1 mm wider than outer sepals; corolla c. 5.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules 13 × 6–7 mm, conical, glabrous, strongly rostrate, the apex 4–5 mm long, persistent.
Endemic to the area of the type locality in the P.N. Estadual do Ibitipoca in Minas Gerais.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: P.N. Estadual do Ibitipoca, prov. Rio do Salto, R.C. Forzza et al. 4362 (NY, RB).
Almost certainly related to Ipomoea procumbens, I. longirostra is distinguished by its ovate-deltoid, basally truncate leaves which are borne on slender pedicels. The subequal sepals are ovate-elliptic with distinct scarious margins, rather different from the lanceolate to ovate, usually acute to acuminate sepals of I. procumbens. The strongly rostrate capsule of the new species is also striking.
C.R. Sperling et al. 6050 (FTG, K, MG, NY) from Serra dos Carajás in Pará State may belong here but the inflorescence is branched and no fruit was seen.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Caldas, A.F. Regnell III 199 bis (S12-2168, lectotype designated here; isolectotype S).
Perennial, liana-like climber reaching many metres, stems glabrous, woody. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–9 × 1.5–4 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, subtruncate to shallowly cordate, glabrous, abaxially glaucous; petioles 1–4 cm, slender. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes, often laxly racemose in form and pendulous; peduncles 1–4 cm, very slender; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm, often exceeding peduncles; sepals unequal, glabrous, scarious-margined, outer sepals 6–9 × 4 mm, elliptic, obtuse, inner 9–10 × 4–5 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded; corolla 4–5 cm long, lemon-yellow, glabrous, abruptly widened above base so appearing inflated, limb c. 3 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 12–13 × 7–8 mm, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, pilose with reddish hairs 6–8 mm long.
Atlantic forest and Paraná forest relics; southern Brazil and neighbouring parts of Paraguay and Argentina.
ARGENTINA. Misiones: Dept. Eldorado, S.G. Tressens et al. 5570 (CTES, K); Dept. San Pedro, H. Keller & Franco 9717 (CTES, MO).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Stutz de Ortega 1426 (G).
BRAZIL. Espirito Santo: Anchieta, A. Stival-Santos 555 (RB). Minas Gerais: A. Glaziou 18382 (K); Viçosa Agric. College, Y. Mexia 4430 (BM, K, MO, S); Caldas, C.W. Mosén 4494 (S). Paraná: Mun. Cel. Vivida, G. Hatschbach 26375 (CTES, MBM, K, S); Rio Branco do Sul, J.M. Silva & G.L. Esteves 1304 (MBM); Therezina, P. Dusen 11146 (GH, NY, S); Faz. Reserva, J.C. Lindeman & J.H. de Haas 4684 (K). Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis, C. Goes & Constantino 3 (RB); Organ Mts, J. Miers s.n. (BM); A. Glaziou 8819 (K). Santa Catarina: F. Plaumann 433 (RB). São Paulo: Heiner 432 (S); J. Weir 506 (K); Martius s.n. (M).
None of the original syntypes in LE, K, M and S are very satisfactory, either lacking corollas or with badly eaten leaves. The lectotype selected here is probably the best from a not very high quality selection of specimens.
This is a distinctive species because of the very lax inflorescence and the pendulous, yellow-green campanulate corollas which are abruptly inflated at the apex of the calyx.
MEXICO. Est. México, Temascaltepec, Nanchititla, G.B. Hinton 4991 (holotype US00111386, isotypes GBH, GH, F, K, MICH).
Climbing herb, glabrous or with a few hairs at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 5.5–17 × 4.5–12.5 cm, ovate, cordate, finely acuminate, terminating in a long hair-point, adaxially with a few appressed hairs, abaxially glabrous; petioles 3.5–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2–6 cm, winged; bracteoles 1–3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 3–4.5 mm; sepals glabrous, outer 2.5–3 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse and mucronate, abaxially with three wings terminating in mucros c. 3 mm long, inner 3–3.5 mm, elliptic, obtuse with a single wing terminating in a mucro, middle sepal 2-winged; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, funnel-shaped, tube white, shallowly lobed, lobes probably purple, glabrous. Capsules subglobose, > 3 mm wide, rostrate, glabrous; seeds not known.
Endemic to central Mexico, occurring in a few scattered localities between 1000 and 2000 m.
MEXICO. Est. México: type collection. Michoacán: Puerto Zarzamora, Coalcomán, G.B. Hinton 12271 (K). Oaxaca: km 662, Piedra Larga a Miahuatlan, R. Cedrillo 1825 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Sierra Surutato, H.S. Gentry 6477 (ARIZ, MEXU).
The strongly winged peduncles are very distinct as are the dentate (sometimes described as winged) sepals. The latter suggests a connection with Ipomoea tentaculifera and forms of I. pedicellaris, rather than the Quamoclit Clade, in which it has been sometimes placed. The funnel-shaped, purplish corolla with a white tube and included stamens and 2-locular ovary also rule out the latter. The placement here is uncertain, being based on an incomplete molecular sequence.
BRAZIL. Rio São Francisco, Salgado, Minas Gerais, Martius s.n. (lectotype M0184955, designated by
Slender, probably annual, glabrous twining herb. Leaves petiolate, divided into 5 separate leaflets, leaflets 3–6 × 0.2–0.7 cm, linear, apiculate, acuminate at both ends; petioles 1.5–2 cm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncle slender, 1–4 cm, often coiled and often bent 90° at apex; bracteoles 2 mm, linear; pedicels 5–7 mm; sepals unequal, outer sepals 7 mm, ovate, acuminate, margin strongly fimbriate below, base abruptly truncate to sagittate; inner sepals not seen; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped with narrow tube, c. 0.5 cm diam., glabrous, pink. Capsules globose, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Endemic to the semi-arid NE of Brazil, where it appears to be uncommon.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio São Francisco, L.P. de Queiroz 16215 (HUEFS). Ceará: Fazenda Iracema, Quixadá, E. Nunes s.n. (EAC, RB). Minas Gerais: type collection. Paraíba: Sousa, B. Pickel 3894 (F, IPA). Pernambuco: Petrolina, E.P. Heringer 176 (PEUFR, RB, UB). Rio Grande do Norte: Serra Negra do Norte, Est. Eco, do Seridó, R.T. Queiroz 327 (SP, UFRN).
The coiled, or at least sharply bent, pedicels suggest a close relationship with Ipomoea heptaphylla but this species is easily distinguished by the fimbriate outer sepals. We have not been able to examine the inner sepals or the seeds, which are not described above.
Convolvulus heptaphyllus
Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. 2, 2: 66. 1824. (
Ipomoea radicans
Bertero ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 387. 1845. (
Ipomoea capillifolia
Bertero ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 388. 1845. (
Ipomoea wrightii
A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2: 213. 1878. (
Ipomoea spiralis
House, Muhlenbergia 3: 40 1907. (
Ipomoea gracilipes
Hassl., Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.9: 158. 1911.
Ipomoea pulchella var. lineariloba
Hassl., Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.9: 158. 1911. (
Ipomoea pulchella auct., non Roth (1821), which is I. cairica (L.) Sweet (Verdcourt, 1961).
Based on Convolvulus heptaphyllus Roxb.
Twining annual herb, plant completely glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, divided into 5–7 separate sessile leaflets, leaflets 3–7 × 0.3–1 cm, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; petioles 2.5–5.5 cm. Flowers solitary (rarely paired), axillary, pedunculate; peduncles slender, flexuose and sometimes coiled, 3–6 cm long; bracteoles minute, c. 1 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 5–8 mm, stouter than peduncles; sepals subequal, 5–7 mm, scarious-margined, outer 4–5 × 2.5–3 mm, ovate, obtuse, abaxially slightly muricate, inner 5–6 × 3 mm, broadly oblong, rounded; corolla 1.7–2.2 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 1 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 7 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm, tomentose.
Widely distributed throughout the neotropics but scattered, often ephemeral, never very common and unrecorded in some areas, for example Colombia, where it might be expected to occur. It seems to favour dry parts of islands and seasonally dry areas such as the Brazilian Caatinga and the Chaco region.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Gabino Mendoza-Lagarenza, R. Degen & F. Mereles 3288 (FCQ); Capitan Pablo Lagerenza, A. Charpin & L. Ramella 21584 (G). Boquerón: Krapovickas et al. 45288 (CTES). Misiones: IslaYacyretá, S. Keel et al. 1365 (FCQ). Presidente Hayes: Santa Asunçion, J. de Egea & M. Peña-Chocarro 272 (BM, FCQ). San Pedro: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 44907 (CTES).
BRAZIL. Bahia: Lagoa da Eugenia, R.M. Harley et al. 16282 (K, MO, NY, RB); João Dorado, L.V. Vasconcelos 462 (RB). Ceará: Ipaumirim, J.L. Costa-Lima 1208 (HUES, RB); Penaforte, A.P.B. Santos 2 (HVASF). Mato Grosso: Caceres, 9 km ENE de Porto Esperidiao, A. Krapovickas et al. 40113 (CTES); Barão de Melgaço, G. Martinelli 18598 (RB). Minas Gerais: Barbacena, A.F.M. Glaziou 13028 (BM, K, NY, P); G. Hatschbach et al. 52183 (CTES). Paraíba: Cajazeiras-Brejo das Freiras, C. Miranda s.n. (JPB). Pernambuco: G. Gardner s.n. [May 1838] (BM, K); Pedra Furada, M. Grillo 68 (PEUFR). Piauí: A. Krapovickas et al. 38612 (CTES). Rio Grande do Norte: José de Penha, J.L. Costa-Lima 1362 (RB).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, El Tinto, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27105 (K, LPB, USZ); Cordillera, P.N. Kaa-Iya, A. Fuentes & G. Navarro 2524 (LPB, USZ); Germán Busch, R. Frey et al. 507 (K, MO).
PERU. Lambayeque: C. Abad & J. Orrillo s.n. (USM); East side of Chiclayo, J. Hudson 946 (MO). Tumbes: A. Sagástegui 14597 (MO).
ECUADOR. Galapagos Islands: Fagerlind & Wibom 2807 (S); San Cristóbal, C. Huttel 1766 (QCA). Guayas: G. Harling & L. Andersson 14616 (GB).
VENEZUELA. Anzoátegui: W.A. Díaz 6724 (MO). Falcón: R.C. Wingfield 7189 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Bagaces, P.N. Palo Verde, U. Chavarría 1046 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapan, J.M. Rosales 2309 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Petén, P.N.Tikal, C.L. Lundell 16907 (MO).
MEXICO. Campeche: La Tuxpeña, C.L. Lundell 979 (K, MO, US). Jalisco: La Huerta, Rancho Cuixmala, E. Lott et al. 2869 (F, MEXU, MO, NY). Sonora: Bácum, R. Felger & F.W. Rechenbacher 85-1264 (ARIZ, MEXU, TEX).
UNITED STATES. Alabama: Houston, Dotham, J.R. McDonald 8102 (IBE). Arkansas: Drew, R. D. Thomas et al. 158031 (MISS). Georgia: Calhoun Co., J.R. Allison 9468 (GA). Florida: fide
CUBA. Cienfuegos: R.A. Howard 5398 (NY). La Habana: Bro. León 13711 (HAC, HAJB, NY). Oriente: E.L. Ekman 1412 (S), 7364 (NY, S). Villa Clara: J.G. Jack 6711 (A, NY, S).
JAMAICA. C.D. Adams 11896 (BM, MO); G.R. Proctor 38167 (MO, NY).
HAITI. Port-au-Prince, E.L. Ekman H2074 (NY, S).
PUERTO RICO. P. Sintenis 3619 (BM, K, S).
LESSER ANTILLES. Antigua: H.E. Box 1201 (BM, MO). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 4115 (NY). Barbados: fide
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Aruba: R.A. Howard 20303 (NY). Bonaire: fide
Distinguished from other species with 5-foliolate leaves, by the annual habit, small flowers and slender flexuose peduncles.
The plant from which the type of this species was drawn appeared amongst cultivated material in the Calcutta Botanic Garden (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Cachoeira Dourada do Rio Paranaiba em Ituiutaba, 9 May 1948, A. Macedo 1066 (holotype SP000576, isotypes BM, S, SPF).
Slender twining or trailing herb, probably annual, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3(–5)-foliate with distinct truncate(and very briefly cuneate) base, lateral lobes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse with a basal obtuse to acute auricle/lobe, central lobe narrowly oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, glabrous to thinly pilose, esp. on veins; petioles 3–5 cm, thinly pilose with multicellular hairs. Flowers solitary (rarely paired); peduncle very short, 0–3 mm, glabrous; bracteoles 5–8 mm, filiform, persistent; pedicels 5–15 mm, thinly pilose; outer sepals 13–20 × 8–10 mm, ovate, acute, base cordate and auriculate, inner similar but smaller, both glabrous to thinly pilose; corolla c. 2.5 cm long, white, glabrous. Capsules subglobose, 9 mm, glabrous, the style somewhat persistent; seeds unknown.
Endemic to the Brazilian planalto found very locally in cerrado.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Municipio Ituiutaba, Fazenda San [Terejuba], A. Macedo 1807 (MO, RB, SP69893).
Very distinct because of the truncate base to the 3-lobed leaves.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Norte, Felipe Guerra, Cachoeira do Roncador, -5,57943333S, -37,67805556W, 56 m., 21 Apr 2016, M. Marinho, A.S. Soares & L.O.F. Sousa: 250 (holotype PEUFR).
Diagnosis. Differs from Ipomoea macedoi by the entire or shallowly 3-lobed leaves, which often appear more or less entire with broad lateral teeth, the base cordate (not all leaves 3–5-lobed, the base truncate and the lobes deeply cut and oblong-elliptic in outline), by the longer pedicels 2.2–7 cm in length, the longer peduncles 1–3 cm long and by the much longer pale pink corolla 4–5 cm in length.
Endemic to Rio Grande do Norte where it is found at low altitudes on the Chapada de Apodi and at the Cachoeira do Roncador in Felipe Guerra.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Norte: several specimens cited by
This species was originally published as the first record of Ipomoea macedoi from NE Brazil (
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul, Mun. Corumbá, Fazenda Nhumirim, caminho para o Caronal, Nhecolandia, 90 m, 18°59'S, 56°39'W, 31 Jan. 1990, A. Pott & O.C. de Souza 5475 (holotype CPAP, isotypes MBM, SP).
Slender herb, probably perennial; stems sometimes creeping and rooting at the nodes, sometimes ascending and twining up to c. 30 cm, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, sometimes dimorphic; petioles 0.8–3 cm, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; lamina glabrous or thinly pubescent, abaxially pale green, base cuneate, occasionally ovate-deltoid, 1 –5.6 × 1.7–4.5 cm, acute, more commonly digitately 3–5-lobed to near the base with lobes 1–4.8 × 0.1–0.6 cm, linear or lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles persistent, 4 × 0.5 mm, ciliate; pedicels 1–3 cm, often dark red, thinly pilose; sepals very unequal, outer sepals 15–24 × 3–6 mm, deltoid, acute to shortly mucronate, base truncate with a simple or notched lateral tooth, margin ciliate, inner sepals 10–18 × 3–4 mm, similar in shape but lacking the distinct lateral teeth, abaxially pubescent in the central area, margins glabrous; corolla 3.8–5.5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous; limb c. 2.5 cm diam., the lobes apiculate; stamens included; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Known certainly from a few collections from the Corumbá region but perhaps also in Piauí.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: A. Pott et al. 6399 (CPAP, K).
Very distinctive when both leaf forms present but also easily distinguished by the truncate base of the outer sepals.
A specimen from Piauí, Castelo do Piauí, J.M. Costa & D.P. Coutinho 204 (HUEFS, TEPB) appears to belong to this species. It is described as a creeping herb and has the same distinctive sepals but differs in the broader, oblong-elliptic, more hirsute leaf lobes. Without further collections it is impossible to say whether this is a distinct species or merely a form of Ipomoea pantanalensis.
Ipomoea dactylophylla
Griseb, Cat. Pl. Cub. 203. 1866. (
Ipomoea subrevoluta var. induta
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 159. 1911. (
Ipomoea subrevoluta forma acutiloba var. genuina forma acutiloba
], Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 159. 1911. (
GUYANA. C.S. Parker s.n. in Herb. Lindley (holotype CGE14419!, isotypes K!).
Twining perennial herb, completely glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, divided into 5(–7) separate sessile leaflets, leaflets 2. 5–6 × 0.1–0.4(–0.7) cm, linear to narrowly oblong, apiculate, acuminate at base; petioles 0.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of 1(–3)-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles slender, 0.8 –1.8 cm, often flexuose; bracteoles 1.5 mm, deltoid, caducous; pedicels 1–1.5 cm, stouter than peduncles; sepals subequal, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, ovate, shortly apiculate, pale green; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 12–14 cm long, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm, dark brown, nearly glabrous.
Widely distributed in wetlands in tropical South America from Colombia and the Guianas south to northern Argentina but usually in small quantity in scattered populations; also present on the Isla de Juventud [Pinos], Cuba, perhaps an ancient introduction by birds. Characteristic of small streams with moving water in open areas below 500 m.
ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Dept. Mercedes, S.G. Tressens et al. 3683 (CTES, K). Misiones: B. Berteroni 5831 (LIL).
PARAGUAY. Concepción. Type of Ipomoea subrevoluta var. induta.
BRAZIL. Amapá: Río Urucaua, J.M. Peres & L. Westra 48887 (NY). Bahia: Oeste, Formosa do Rio Preto, A.B. Xavier & M.L. Guedes 289 (ALCB). Mato Grosso: G.T. Prance 26063 (NY); Poconé, A. Macedo 697 (NY). Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, P. da Silva & M. Moreira 20 (CPAP); Rio Paraguai, Pantanal de Cáceres, V.J. Pott 2045 (CPAP, CTES). Paraná: Río Paraná, J.C. Lindeman & de Haas 4391 (NY). Pernambuco: Rio São Francisco, Cabrobó, M.V. Meiado 847 (HVASF). Rio Grande do Norte: Chapada do Apodi, E.C. Tomaz & A.S. Pontes 37 (UFRN). Tocantins: Lagoa do Raimuno, E.R. Santos 1956 (HUTU). Records from Amazonian Brazil in
FRENCH GUIANA. Cremers 5229 (P); J.J. de Granville 9146 (P).
SURINAM. W.R. Hostman 538 (BM).
GUYANA. Moreru Lake, R.J.A. Goodland 1064 (MO, NY).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Ballivián, 40 km N. of Santa Rosa, S.G. Beck 20707 (LPB); Cercado, Laguna Suárez, N. Ritter & M. Ritter 3367 (BOLV, LPB); Marbán, Laguna Bolivia, López al. 83 (LPB); Moxos, P.N. Isiboro Sécure, E. Gutiérrez & G. Navarro 1641 (USZ). Pando: Manuripi, Conquista, E. de la Sota 993 (LIL). Santa Cruz: Ñuflo de Chávez, Concepción, T.J. Killeen 2403 (FTG, LPB, NY, F, USZ); Perseverancia, I. G. Vargas 589 (USZ); Ángel Sandoval, A.N.M.I. San Matías, A. M. Carrión & E. Rivera 790 (USZ); Velasco, El Refugio, R. Guillén & S. Coria 1585 (ARIZ, MO, USZ); Santa Rosa de la Roca, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27813 (K.LPB, USZ).
PERU. Loreto: Reserva Nac. Pacaya-Samiria, C. del Carpio 2276 (MO, USM).
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: E. Rentería 1930 (COL). Chocó: J. León 645(COL). Córdoba: Montería: B. Anderson 1929 (COL, K); Magdalena: M.T. Dawe 460 (K). Córdoba: Montería: B. Anderson 1929 (COL, K).
VENEZUELA. Delta Amacuro: Antonio Díaz, J. Steyermark et al. 114812 (K, MO).
CUBA. Isla de Pinos, E.L. Ekman 12283 (S).
TRINIDAD. Fide
Usually easily recognised by the very short sepals combined with the 5-foliolate leaves and relatively large glabrous flower.
••• Clade D (species 379–388) comprises a small clade of entirely American species. All species are herbaceous but show no other obvious common character.
Ipomoea salzmannii
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8(1): 59 [137]. 1838. (
Ipomoea salzmannii var. uniflora
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 379. 1845. (
Ipomoea bahiensis var. uniflora
(Choisy) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 269. 1869. (
Ipomoea bahiensis var. sagittifolia
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 269. 1869. (
Quamoclit rochai
Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Bot. 1, fasc. 6: 79. 1922. (
Ipomoea rochai nom. nud., in synon with Quamoclit rochai.
BRAZIL. T. Hoffmannsegg s.n. (holotype B-W 03753-010).
Trailing or climbing perennial herb to 1.5 cm, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 0.8–5.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate and mucronate, base cordate with rounded to acute auricles, glabrous or puberulent, abaxially pale green; petioles 0.5–2 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered, dense, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 0.5–4(–12) cm long, often very short, puberulent or glabrous; bracteoles 1.5–6 × 0.5–1.5 mm, ovate, acute, scarious except for green midrib, caducous; pedicels 3–7 mm; sepals unequal, somewhat variable in structure, glabrous, fleshy, white or pale green with darker spots and green apex, abaxially often with a prominent tooth-like appendage; outer sepals 6–7 × 3 mm, obovate or elliptic, obtuse, inner 9–10 × 4 mm, suborbicular-obovate, rounded to truncate with prominent angles, margin scarious; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, white, lilac or pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 7–8 mm, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, lanate on margins, pubescent on faces.
Ipomoea bahiensis is widespread in eastern Bolivia and Brazil and is typical of disturbed bushy places. It is especially common in NE Brazil but apparently absent south of about 18° latitude except in the Rio de Janeiro region. For an account of its mass flowering after fire in eastern Bolivia, see
BRAZIL. Alagoas: G. Gardner 1359 (K). Amazonas: Itacoatiara, W.J. Lowe 4274 (K). Bahia: Feira de Santana, I.M. Fernandes 2 (K); Ibotirama, Upper São Francisco River, R.M. Harley et al. 22014 (K); Bom Jesus da Lapa, R.M. Harley et al. 21532 (K); Salvador, Itapoã, Bautista & Pinto 802 (K). Ceará: Drouet 2546 (S); Quixerí, Chapada do Apodi, M.A. Figueiredo et al. 626 (K); near limits with Pernambuco, L. Duarte & A. Castellanos 33393 (HB, K). Goiás: Minacu, G. Pereira-Silva 5373 (CEN). Mato Grosso: C.A.M. Lindman 3543 (S); Cáceres-Cuaibá, W. Werneck 64 (CEN, K); Xavantina–São Felix, R.R. de Santos et al. 1799 (K); Novo Mundo, G.S. Henicka et al. 22 (K). Pará: Serra do Piría, R.C. Forzza et al. 5867 (K); Nazaré de Para, R. Spruce 206 (K); Bragança-Viseu, G. Prance & T. Pennington 2074 (K). Paraíba: Santa Rita, M.F. Agra & G. Gois 647 (K). Pernambuco: B.J. Pickel 3622 (NY); Triunfo, F.V. Silva & A.M. Miranda 51 (HUEFS). Piauí: G. Gardner 2453 (K). Rio de Janeiro: D. Sucre 3965 (RB); Ilhas Cagarras, M.G. Bovini et al. 3635 (FHO, RB). Rio Grande do Norte: F. Colla 23 (UFRN). Sergipe: M.R. França 8 (ASE). Tocantins: Pedro Afonso, K.G. Kissmann (SP, K).
FRENCH GUIANA. Monts d’Arawa, J.-J. de Granville et al. 15048 (CAY, K).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ángel Sandoval, Santo Corazón, A. Fuentes & C. Cabrera 1903 (USZ); Chiquitos, Santiago de Chiquitos, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27327 (K, LPB, USZ); Germán Busch, Santa Ana–Carmen Rivero Torrez, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27893 (K, LPB, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, south of Concepción, J.R.I. Wood et al. 26205 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Velasco, San Ignacio, J.R.I. Wood & B. Williams 27841 (K, LPB, USZ).
Ipomoea bahiensis has unique sepals. These are fleshy, very pale, spotted near the base and with prominent green tips, these often with a distinct tooth-like appendage. The exact structure appears to be rather variable and difficult to describe accurately even with the aid of photographs showing details. The compact, shortly pedunculate cymes are also distinctive.
Ipomoea morelii Duchass. & Walp., Linnaea 23: 752. 1850. (Duchassaing and Walpers 1850–51: 752). Type. PANAMA. Duchassaings.n. (lectotype P04066969, designated here).
Ipomoea squamosa var. petiolaris
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 269. 1869. (
Convolvulus mattogrossensis
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3(2): 214. 1898. (
Ipomoea mattogrossensis
(Kuntze) K. Schum., Just’s Bot, Jahresber. 26: 383. 1900. (
Ipomoea trinitensis Urban, Sym. Antill. 3(2): 346. 1902. (Urban1902–3: 346). Type. TRINIDAD. Mount Pleasant, Finlays.n. (presumed holotype TRIN2945).
Ipomoea callida
House, Muhlenbergia, 3: 42. 1907. (
Ipomoea wilsonii
House, Muhlenbergia, 3: 42. 1907. (
Ipomoea squamosa var. villosa
Ooststr., Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 30: 211. 1933. (
Ipomoea vestalii
Standl., Contrib. Arnold Arbor. 5: 130. 1933. (
BRAZIL. Para, Martius 76 (lectotype M0184961, designated here).
Twining perennial herb or small liana, stems glabrous to thinly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, ovate, shortly acuminate, usually cordate with rounded to obtuse auricles, sometimes sagittate with acute auricles, glabrous except on the veins to subtomentose (var. villosa) on both surfaces, abaxially paler, prominently veined; petioles 3–6 (–12) cm, usually pubescent. Inflorescence of many-flowered pedunculate axillary cymes, the cymes often dense with shortly pedicellate, undeveloped flowers on the lateral branches; peduncles 4–12 cm, straight, usually pubescent; bracteoles 2–3 mm, ovate, caducous; secondary peduncles 4–16 mm; pedicels 4–15 mm, noticeably more slender than peduncles, glabrous; sepals unequal, glabrous, scarious-margined, accrescent in fruit, at anthesis outer 4–6 × 3–5 mm, obovate to suborbicular, obtuse, inner 7–10 × 5–8 mm, obovate to broadly elliptic, rounded, often nearly completely scarious; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink with dark centre, glabrous, limb 4.5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules 10–12 × 10–12 mm, broadly ovoid to subglobose, rostrate, glabrous; seeds woolly with long hairs.
Figure
Ipomoea squamosa. A habit B abaxial leaf surface C leaf (var. villosa) D abaxial leaf surface (var. villosa) E outer sepal F inner sepal G corolla opened out to show stamens H ovary and style J fruiting inflorescence K capsules L seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A, B, E–H, L from Hampshire & C. Whitefoord 670; C, D from Molina 20647; J Proctor 38825; K from Proctor 38839.
Widely distributed in the neotropics and characteristic of moist lowland forest from southern Mexico south to Bolivia and Brazil at around 16°S.
BRAZIL. Amapá: D.F. Austin et al. 6964 (NY). Amazonas: P. Acevedo-Rodríquez et al. 81659 (NY). Bahia: M.M. Arbo et al. 7175 (CTES, NY). Maranhão: G. Prance & Silva 58577 (NY, S). Mato Grosso: G. Prance et al. 26075 (NY). Minas Gerais: Ituiutaba, A. Macedo 773 (BM). Pará: C. Ferreira et al. 1339 (NY, MO). Roraima: G. Prance et al. 9242 (NY, S). Tocantins: G. Prance & Silva 58462 (NY).
FRENCH GUIANA. Kanuku Mountains, M.J. Jansen-Jacobs et al. 352 (P); Rapunini, M.J. Jansen-Jacobs et al. 3772 (P).
GUYANA. A.C. Smith 2464 (NY, P, S); A.S. Hitchcock 17584 (NY, S).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, Trinidad airport, M. Atahuachi et al. 1371, (BOLV). Cochabamba: P.N. Carrasco, Yanamayo, M. Zarate et al. 6417 (BOLV, USZ). La Paz: Iturralde, camino a Ixiamas, L. Vargas et al. 1327 (LPB, MO); Larecaja, Mapiri, O. Buchtien 1963 (US); 43 km from Guanay towards Mapiri, S.G. Beck 29480 (LPB, K) – var. villosa; Sud Yungas, Río Bopi, C. White 625 (NY). Pando: Suárez, NW of Cobija, M. Mendoza & Rivadeneira 2598 p.p. (US, K). Santa Cruz: Ichilo, c. 1 km W of San Carlos J.R.I. Wood et al. 28293 (K, LPB, USZ); Velasco, 5–7 km S of Río Iténez and 15 km SE of Flor de Oro, M. Toledo 87 (NY, USZ); PNNKM; camino entre Los Fierros and Aserradero Moira, M. Saldias et al. 2907 (ARIZ, BOLV, MO, USZ).
PERU. Cusco: La Convención, Kiteni, W. Galiano et al. 6691 (MO, OXF). Loreto: Aguaitia, F. Woytkowski 34456 (F, S, USM); ibid., T. Croat 20842 (MO); Río Ucayali, H. Tuomisto & K. Ruokolainen 52 (USM). Pasco: Oxapampa, Panjil, D.N. Smith & R. Foster 2403 (MO, OXF). San Martín: Río Huallaga, G. Klug 4356 (BM, K, S); R. Ferreyra 7755 (USM).
ECUADOR. Napo: Est. Sacha, C.E. & M. Cerón 4595 (QCA). Orellana: Canton Joya de las Sachas, C. Montalvo & P. Paredes 483 (Q). Pastaza: Arajuno, E. Freire et al. 3463 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Río Putumayo con Río Igaraparana, R.E. Schultes 3991 (COL, K). Bolívar: Gambote, Dugand 3350 (COL). Cesar: Poponte, C. Allen 895 (MO). Chocó: C. Feddema 1909 (S); Baudó, Fuchs & Zanella 22278 (COL, K, MO, S). Córdoba: Monteria-Lorica, Franco 2167 (COL). Guaviare: San José de Guaviare, J. Cuatrecasas 7660 (COL). Meta: Río Guejar, Los Micos, J.M. Idrobo 1229 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Río Negro, B. Stergios & G. Aymard 7690 (MO). Apure: Muñoz, G. Aymard et al. 5685 (MO). Aragua: Tovar, A. Fendler 939 (K). Bolívar: R. Liesner & B. Holst 20132 (MO). Miranda: K.R. Robertson & D.F. Austin 215 (MO). Sucre: J. Steyermark et al. 121787 (MO).
PANAMA. Gamboa, H. Pittier 2601 (BM, US); Bocas del Toro, R.J. Hampshire & C. Whitefoord 670 (BM); Chagres, A. Fendler 242 (K).
COSTA RICA. El General, A.F. Skutch 4121 (K, S); Alajuela, Upala, M. Chavarria & N. Zamora 606 (K, MO); Puntarenas, Golfito, M. Chavarria & N. Zamora 680 (K, MO); Heredia, Cuenca del Sarapiquí, B. Hammel 20854 (F).
NICARAGUA. Atlántico Sur, El Recreo, D. Soza et al. 451 (MO); ibid., El Rama-Pearl Lagoon, W. D. Stevens 29213 (MO).
HONDURAS. Guamil, P.R. House 1822 (BM); Olancho, Las Marias-La Colonia, S. Blackmore & G.L. Heath 1650 (BM); Puerto Lempira, G.R. Proctor 38825 (BM); La Mosquitia, Mocorón, C. Nelson & E. Vargas 5055 (MO); Roatan Island, A. Molina 20647 (NY) – var. villosa.
EL SALVADOR. Cabañas, Illobasco, G. Davidse et al. 37099; Lago de Ninfas, Juayua, G. Davidse et al. 37458 (BM, MO); Sierra Apaneca, A. Molina & E. Montalvo 21789 (BM, F).
BELIZE. Temash River, W.A. Schipp 898 (BM, K, S); Stann Creek, D.R. Hunt 384 (BM).
GUATEMALA. Izabal, J.A. Steyermark 42036 (F).
MEXICO. Chiapas: E.W. Nelson 3499 (US). Guerrero: M.T. Germán et al. 257 (MO). Tampico, E. Palmer 509 (K). Veracruz: R.E. Gereau et al. 2188 (MO).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Santo Domingo city, E.L. Ekman H11170 (S). Apparently the only record fide
TRINIDAD. W.E. Broadway 7824 (NY).
The unequal scarious-margined sepals distinguish this species from all similar species except Ipomoea cryptica with which it has been confused so not all collections named as I. squamosa in different herbaria have been accepted above. The two species are extraordinarily similar although not closely related. In Bolivia, the leaves of Ipomoea squamosa are always with a few hairs at least on the veins beneath, the corolla is slightly larger (5.5–6.5 cm in length) and the outer sepals are at least half the length of the inner sepals. The leaves of Ipomoea squamosa are commonly sagittate, which seems never to be the case with I. cryptica.
Although most specimens of Ipomoea squamosa are at most thinly pubescent, the occasional specimen with subtomentose leaves occurs. These can be recognised as var. villosa Ooststr.
Ipomoea anisomeres var. sagittiformis
L.O. Williams, Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 185. 1970. (
GUATEMALA. C.C. Deam 318 (lectotype GH00054484).
Entirely glabrous, twining perennial or liana; stems often granulose. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 1.5–6 cm, oblong-ovate to ovate, acute, base cordate, the auricles acute or rounded, abaxially paler; petioles 2–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of rather dense axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 5–10 cm; bracteoles ovate, c. 2 mm, caducous; pedicels short, 0.5–1.7 cm; sepals unequal, outer 1–3 × 2–3 mm, suborbicular to elliptic, the margin scarious, inner 7–8 × 3–4 mm, oblong-elliptic, rounded; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel shaped, white with a purple tube, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., the midpetaline bands terminating in small teeth. Capsules ovoid, 8–9 × 6–7 mm, glabrous, rostrate, the persistent style 4–5 mm long; seeds 7 × 4 mm, densely white-pubescent.
Lowland forests in Central America south to northern Peru.
PERU. San Martín: near Juanjui, A. Gentry et al. 37646 (MO, USM).
COLOMBIA. Córdoba: Montería, B. Anderson 1835 (K). Magdalena: Naranjo, E. André 371 (K).
VENEZUELA. Fide
PANAMA. H. Pittier 2704 (S).
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, NW of PaloverdeN. Garwood et al. 553 (BM).
NICARAGUA. Chontales, Puente Monato, W.D. Stevens 19059 (BM, MO); ibid., Cuapa, W.D. Stevens 6065 (BM, MO).
HONDURAS. Copán Ruins–Santa Rita, A. Molina 24693 (F); Santa Bárbara, Lago de Yojoa, S. Blackmore & M. Chorley 3712 (MO).
BELIZE. Orange Walk, Tower Hill, A.H. Gentry 8517 (FTG, MO).
GUATEMALA. Petén, P.N. Tikal, R. Tun Ortíz 693 (BM, MO); Friedrichsthal s.n. (K).
MEXICO. Campeche: Champotón, E. & H. de Cabrera 15203 (BM, IEB, MEXU, MO). Chiapas: Ocosingo, E.M. Martínez 17829 (MO). Oaxaca: Tuxtepec, R.E. Gereau et al. 2226 (MEXU). Quintana Roo: fide
Very close to Ipomoea squamosa, differing in being always glabrous with shorter outer sepals and a white corolla limb. The seeds are densely uniformly pubescent, rather than woolly.
We have been cautious in accepting South American records of this species, which may have been confused with Ipomoea cryptica as well as with I. squamosa.
Calonyction acanthocarpum
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 346. 1845. (
Ipomoea piurensis
O’Donell, Lilloa 26: 382. 1953. (
Ipomoea piurensis forma rosea
O’Donell, Lilloa 26: 383. 1953. (
Based on Calonyction acanthocarpum Choisy
Glabrous twining herb. Leaves petiolate, 2–11 × 1.5–8 cm, ovate-deltoid, shortly and often abruptly acuminate or acute, cordate, auricles rounded to acute, often with a distinct tooth and sometimes shallowly bilobed, abaxially with prominent venation; petioles 1–8 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered, somewhat congested, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–6 cm, often stout and somewhat swollen upwards, sometimes warty; bracteoles 2–3 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 2–5 mm, sometimes warty; sepals slightly unequal, 5–10 × 3.5–7 mm, the margins white, outer ovate, acute to mucronate, usually conspicuously warty but otherwise glabrous, inner obtuse and mucronate, smooth, slightly larger; corolla 2–3 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or white, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., the midpetaline bands terminating in mucros. Capsules 9–10 mm, subglobose, rostrate with prominent persistent style, glabrous; seeds 5.5 mm long, grey, long-pilose.
Ipomoea acanthocarpa. A habit B habit C outer sepal D inner sepal E corolla opened out to show stamens F habit with capsules G habit with capsules H seeds. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A from Montes 1362; B from Cerón 18749; C–E from Wash 143; F from Smith 2313; G, H from Wurdack & Monachino 39830.
In South America this species extends in an arc from Bolivia through Peru to southern Colombia and then eastwards to Guyana and north east Brazil where it is especially common. There is an isolated record from Costa Rica. In Africa it is widely distributed across the Sahel region from Senegal and Sierra Leone east to Sudan and Ethiopia. In India it has recently been discovered in Gujerat (
BRAZIL. Bahia: Feira de Santana, L.P. de Queiroz 1721 (HUEFS, RB); Aona & Costa 3247 (HUEFS). Ceará: Caucaia, E.B. Souza 257 (EAC). Paraíba: J. Falçao et al. 1116 (RB); R. Simão-Bianchini 1752 (ASE). Pernambuco: Afrânio-Aboclo, E.P. Heringer 216 (RB); Petrolina, C.T.V. Diaz 172 (RB); Tapera, B.J. Pickel 3649 (NY); Archipeligo de Fernando do Noronho. M. Miranda et al. 946 (PEUFR), 1019 (PEUFR). Rio Grande do Norte: Serra Negra do Norte, R.T. Queiroz 267, 406 (UFRN). Sergipe: Canindé de São Francisco, R. A. Silva et al. 261 (PEUFR, RB). Tocantins: Porto Nacional, E.R. Santos 2 (HUEFS). Maranhão fide
FRENCH GUIANA. Mana, G. Léotard 1319 (CAY).
GUYANA. Rupununi, Charwair Creek, A.C. Smith 2313 (MO, S); ibid., Makawau Creek, T. Henkel et al. 3373 (K, US). .
BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, Ibiato, M.T. Martinez & M. Adler 9 (K, LPB, USZ). Pando: E. de la Sota 977 (LIL).
PERU. Lambayeque: Garraspiña, C. Abad & J. Laos s.n. (USM); between Jayanca and Motupe, R. Ferreyra 9054 (USM). Piura: L’Emperaire 5282 (P).
ECUADOR. Guayas: E. Asplund 16682 (K, NY, S, US); Isla Puná, J.E. Madsen 63158 (QCA, QCNE). Loja: San Pedro de Vilcabamba, A. Balcazar 182 (LOJA). Manibí: Puerto López, P.N. Machalilla, C.E. Cerón 18749 (ARIZ, MO).
COLOMBIA. Nariño: Pasto, H. Martínez 29 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Amazonas: fide
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, Bagaces, U. Chavarría 1344 (BM), ibid., 1349 (MO, BM).
Molecular studies (
This species is sometimes confused with Ipomoea dumetorum because of the lateral tooth which is often present near the base of the leaf and because of the white-margined sepals which are characteristic of both species. However, I. acanthocarpa is a lowland species, its sepals lack the dark spots of I. dumetorum and the inflorescence is rather compact with very short pedicels. The seeds are long pilose, not minutely tomentellous.
Ipomoea geranioides
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 276. 1869. (
Ipomoea punctata
C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anales Acad. Cien. Med. Habana 7: 44–45. 1870. (
Ipomoea flavopurpurea Urban, Symb. Antill. 3 (2): 345. 1902. (Urban 1902–3: 345). Type. Based on I. punctata C. Wright
Ipomoea dajabonensis
Alain, Anales. Acad. Cien. Rep. Dom. 3: 68. 1978. (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Morro do Lobo, Martius s.n. (holotype M0185026, isotype M0185027).
Slender herb climbing to 70 cm, possibly annual, stems thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 3–4 cm long, 5-lobed to near base, base broadly cuneate, segments oblong to obovate, narrowed at base, minutely retuse and mucronulate, glabrous, punctate abaxially at least when young; petioles 3–4.5 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of solitary or paired, axillary flowers; peduncles 2–5 cm, glabrous; bracteoles 2 mm, filiform; pedicels notably thicker than peduncle, 10–15 mm; sepals nearly equal or inner slightly longer, 6–11 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate or oblong, finely acuminate, mucronate, glabrous or with a few spreading trichomes and spinules near base, margin narrowly scarious; corolla 2–3 cm long, cream with lavender centre, funnel-shaped to subcampanulate, glabrous; limb 2.5 cm, obscurely lobed, midpetaline bands ending in a tooth. Capsules 7–8 mm, glabrous, subglobose, slender style shortly persistent; seeds densely shortly pilose.
Relatively frequent in the Caatinga region of NE Brazil; elsewhere rare and very scattered in occurrence both in other parts of Brazil, as well as in Guyana, Bolivia, Venezuela, Cuba and the Dominican Republic, and known from single records in four of these countries.
BRAZIL. Acre: Rio Branco, entre Surumu & Miriam, E. Ule 8286 (K, S). Alagoas: R.P. Lyra-Lemos 4830 (IPA). Amazonas: Rio Branco, J.G. Kuhlmann 720 (RB). Bahia: D.V. Braga et al. (IPA73962): Salvador, L.R. Noblick 1476 (HUEFS). Ceará: Serra da Ema, A. Löfgren 524 (S); Serra Apody, A. Löfgren 740 (S); J. Santino de Assis 379 (RB); Serra das Almas, F.S. Araujo 1522 (HUEFS). Mato Grosso: Type of Ipomoea geranioides. Mato Grosso do Sul: Mun. Corumbá, Lagoa do Jocadigo, A. Pott et al. 4742 (CPAP); Faz. Vale de Esperanza, A. Pott et al. 4838 (CPAP). Minas Gerais: Type of Ipomoea longeramosa. Paraíba: Regiones secas, Coêlho de Moraes 2108 (K, MO); São José dos Cadeiros, R.M.T. Costa & M.F.M. de Brito 136 (JPB); Santa Teresinha, B. Laine 16 (IPA). Pernambuco: Floresta, A.C.B. Lins e Silva 217 (PEUFR); P.N. do Catimbau, G.C. Delgado Junior 695 (RB). Rio Grande do Norte: 5 km from Currais Novas, B. Pickersgill et al. RU72-400 (K); J.L. Costa-Lima 220 (UFRN). Sergipe: A.M. Miranda and M. Grillo 4401 (UFPRE); Canindé de São Francisco, R. Simão-Bianchini 1743 (ASE).
GUYANA. R. Schomburgk (K).
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Velasco, 3 km N of San Rafael, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24770 (K, LPB, USZ).
VENEZUELA. Anzoategui: E. Holt & W. Gehringer 156 (VEN) fide
CUBA. [Granma]: Aeropuerto Río Cauto, Catasus 2/95 (HAC40737). Las Tunas: Victoria, J. Acuña & Montenegro (HAJB17153). Sancti Spiritus: Trinidad, carrera de Casilda a Playa Aneón, J. Bisse et al. (HAJB34707). Villa Clara: Santa Clara, Casilda, E.L. Ekman 18876 (S).
DOMINICAN REPULIC. Type of Ipomoea dajabonensis.
An apparently easily overlooked annual herb distinguished by the palmately-lobed, abaxially punctate leaves, the yellowish corolla with a dark centre and the acuminate, mucronate sepals.
BRAZIL. Tocantins, Mun. Itacajá, Reserva Indígena Krahó, Aldea Pedra Blanca, 9 May 2000, A.A. Santos, A. Reatto, E. de Souza Martins, L. Rovênia, M. de Andrade & L. Moreira Rodrigues 719 (CEN).
Slender twining herb of unknown height; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–3.5 × 1–3 cm, 3-lobed with the central lobe lanceolate, entire, the laterals 2–3-lobed, the first second lobe bent forwards and the third lobe bent backwards, base truncate, apex finely acuminate; petioles 0.7–2 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles very short, 0–3 mm, thinly pubescent; bracteoles, 1–3 mm, relatively persistent, thinly ciliate; pedicels 6–12 mm, thickened upwards, pubescent; sepals subequal, 11–12 × 1.5–2.5 mm, narrowly lanceolate, finely acuminate, mucronate, outer pubescent, inner pubescent with broad glabrous margins; corolla c. 2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, midpetaline bands terminating in a prominent tooth, c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 5 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5 × 2 mm, dark grey, minutely tomentellous.
Only known from the type. Locally abundant in disturbed ground on sand. BRAZIL. Tocantins: the type.
Very distinct because of the unusual leaf shape, solitary flowers with suppressed peduncles and narrowly lanceolate, pubescent sepals.
Merremia linearifolia
Hallier f., Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 16, Beiheft 3: 36. 1899. (
Based on Merremia linearifolia Hallier f.
Erect or decumbent perennial from an often somewhat tufted woody rootstock with several stems from base, stems glabrous or obscurely pubescent, sometimes rooting at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 4–12 × 0.2–0.7 cm, linear or linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, acute, apiculate, base cuneate to subrounded, glabrous; petioles 0.5–2.5 cm long, glabrous to sparsely pilose. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired) flowers from the uppermost leaf axils, or apparently terminal; peduncles 0.5–4 cm; bracteoles filiform, 2–5 mm; pedicels 7–10 mm; sepals subequal, 4–7 mm long, lanceolate, finely acuminate, glabrous, margins scarious; corolla 3–4 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped from pale tube 10–15 mm long, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam. unlobed but toothed at tips of midpetaline bands. Capsules 7–8 mm, glabrous, globose, usually 2-seeded; seeds 4.5 × 3 mm, minutely pubescent.
French Guiana and Amapá State in Brazil. On granite outcrops and inselbergs in savanna.
BRAZIL. Amapá: Cidade da Pedras, Vila Porto Grande, D.F. Austin et al. 7089 (FTG, MG, MO, NY RB); 2 km de acampamento, Montanha de Pedra. D.F. Austin et al. 7342 (FTG. MG, NY); Rio Araguari, J.M. Pires et al. 50968 (NY, FTG); 14 km SSE of Oiapogue, D.C. Daly & J. Cardoso 3805 (NY, MG, FTG); Rio Oiapoque, granite outcrop, W.A. Egler 47645 (MG, FTG).
FRENCH GUIANA. Inselberg Mont Chauve, J.F. Villiers & C. Sarthou 6095 (P); Fleuve Oyapock, Oldeman 2569 (P); Mont. des Mouragues, C. Sarthou 229 (FTG); Savanne de Virginie, Mataroni River, S.A. Mori et al. 25290 (ARIZ, NY); Roche Touatou, Bassin de l’Aoyapock, J.J. Granville & G. Cremers 12965 (CAY, K, OXF).
A very unusual species because of the finely acuminate, linear to linear-lanceolate leaves, subequal, lanceolate filiform sepals and glabrous corolla. The placement of this species is uncertain.
Pharbitis eriocalyx
Mart. ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 342. 1845. (
Batatas triloba
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8(1): 49 [127]. 1838. (
Convolvulus hewittaceus
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 213. (
Jacquemontia hewittacea
(Kuntze) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrsber. (Just) 26 (1): 383. 1900. (
Ipomoea hewittacea
(Kuntze) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, Kew Bull. 70 (31): 38. 2015. (
Ipomoea piresii
O’Donell, Arq. Mus. Paranaense 9: 229. 1952. (
Based on Pharbitis eriocalyx Mart. ex Choisy
Perennial twining herb to 2 m, stems scabrous, pubescent or pilose, the hairs swollen at base. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2–8 × 1.5–5.5 cm, entire or 3-lobed, lanceolate to ovate, slightly constricted above base, apex acute to finely acuminate, mucronate, base cordate to sagittate with narrow sinus, auricles acute to rounded, sometimes shallowly bifurcate, both surfaces thinly pubescent to tomentose but pubescence denser on veins and margins, abaxially paler; petioles 1–7 cm, pubescent to densely pilose. Inflorescence of 1–4-flowered clusters at apex of long, axillary peduncles; peduncles 2.5–15 cm, pubescent to pilose; bracteoles 10–21 × 1–4 mm, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, pubescent, persistent; pedicels very short, 1–6 mm, thinly pilose; so bracteoles ±appressed to the calyx; sepals slightly unequal, pilose and ciliate, outer 2–3 mm longer than inner, 13–16 × 3–5 mm, lanceolate to ovate, finely acuminate, inner 10–11 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, margins scarious; corolla 3.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pilose on midpetaline bands, limb 2.5–5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules globose, 7–8 × 7–8 mm, glabrous; seeds 4.5 × 3 mm, obovoid, minutely scabrous.
Figures
Ipomoea eriocalyx. A habit B stem C adaxial leaf surface D abaxial leaf surface E bracteole F inflorescence with bracteoles and sepals G flower H corolla opened out to show stamens J ovary and style. Drawn by Eliana Calzadilla A, B, E, F, H–J from Pott 4332; C, D from Pott et al. 2938; G from Gasparini s.n.
An uncommon species of swampy grassland at low altitudes principally in Brazil, but also found in Bolivia and Colombia, occurring in scattered populations around the edges of the Amazonian region.
BRAZIL. J.B. Pohl 5208 (W). Alagoas: Mun. Satuba, M.N. Rodrigues et al. 1329 (SP). Amazonas: Humaitá, A. Janssen 351(RB). Bahia: C. Gaudichaud 10 (P); C.E.F. von Glocker 247 (NY); Salvador, J.R.L. da Paz & M.J. Oliveira 4 (HUEFS, SP); G. Gardner 893 (K, BM); Itacaré, L.V. Vasconcelas et al. 466 (HUEFS). Maranhão: Lorêto, Ilha de Balsa, G. & L. Eiten 4396 (K). Mato Grosso: Poconé, Stapf et al. 414 (HUEFS); Mun. Luciara, J. Pirani 1260 (ARIZ, FTG). Mato Grosso do Sul: Faz. Nhumirim, Nhecolândia, A. Pott et al. 2938 (CPAP); ibid., A. Pott 4332 (MBM, CPAP). Minas Gerais: Pirapora, Rio São Francisco, A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 42864 (CTES). Pará: A. Ducke 8416 (MG). Piauí: Priri, A.S.F. Castro 738 (EAC). Rondônia: Cerejeiras, G. Martinelli 14454 (RB). Sergipe: A.C. Barreto 80 (RB). Tocantins: Rio Araguaia, N.T. Silva 4847 (NY).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, Ibiato, M.T. Martinez 34 (K, PB, USZ). Santa Cruz: Ángel Sandoval, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24825 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Velasco, El Refugio, T. Killeen & R. Guillén 6699 (MO); ibid., J.R.I. Wood et al. 26374 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Santa Rosa de la Roca, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27814 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
COLOMBIA. [Tolima]: Chaparral, Goudot s.n. (K).
A very distinctive species because of the subcapitate inflorescence with persistent lanceolate to ovate bracteoles, densely pilose sepals, and globose capsule. However, it is extremely variable especially in indumentum and leaf shape so it is difficult to believe all specimens belong to the same species unless a range of specimens is examined. Leaves vary from ovate, cordate with rounded auricles to lanceolate sagittate with simple or bifurcate acute auricles. Margins may be entire or with one or more irregular large teeth. Indumentum varies from simply pubescent to densely tomentose. Consequently we can see no reason to maintain Ipomoea hewittacea as a separate species and have united it with I. eriocalyx, the type of which is very similar to many specimens identified as I. hewittacea or I. piresii.
BOLIVIA. Velasco, Flor de Oro, E. Gutiérrez, R. Quevedo & F. Mamani 1152 (holotype MO04639930).
Slender twining herb of unknown height; stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–2.7 × 0.4–1.2 cm, lanceolate-deltoid, obtuse to acute, mucronate, base cordate, auricles variable, rounded, acute, or rounded with a prominent tooth, adaxially tomentose, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 3–7 mm, densely pubescent. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate axillary flowers; peduncles 2–3 mm, densely pubescent; bracteoles 3–4 × 0.5–1 mm, filiform, tomentose, persistent, ±appressed to calyx; pedicels 0–1 mm; sepals subequal, 7–8 × 1–1.5 mm, lanceolate, acute, densely pubescent, inner slightly narrower with scarious glabrous margins; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, pale pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb c. 1 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to the Noel Kempff Mercado National Park and only known from the type. It grows in seasonally flooded pampa.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: type collection.
This very slender species is unlike any Ipomoea known to us. The small corolla, small tomentose lanceolate-deltoid leaves, solitary flowers, short peduncles, persistent bracteoles appressed to the calyx and suppressed pedicels all serve it separate it from all known species. We have not been able to sequence this species but it is probably related to I. eriocalyx.
Convolvulus imperati
Vahl, Symb, Bot. 1: 17 (1790). Type. ITALY. Unnumbered illustration by Imperati cited as “Convolvulus marino” in Imperato, Hist. Nat. 671 (1672), lectotype, designated by
Convolvulus littoralis
L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 924. 1759. Type. Icon in Plumier, Pl. Amer. 79, t. 90. F. 2, (1756), lectotype designated by
Batatas littoralis
(L.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 46 [124]. 1838. (
Ipomoea littoralis
(L.) Boiss. Fl. Orient. 4: 112.1875 (
Convolvulus sinuatus
Petagna, Inst. Bot. 2: 352. 1787. (
Convolvulus stolonifer
Cirillo, Pl. Rar. Neap. 1: 14. 1788. (
Ipomoea stolonifera
(Cirillo) J.F. Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed. 3, 2: 345. 1791. (
Convolvulus arenarius
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 18. 1790. (
Ipomoea arenaria
(Vahl) Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 4: 247. 1819. (
Convolvulus acetosifolius
Vahl, Ecl 1: 18. 1798. (
Ipomoea acetosifolia
(Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 246. 1819. (
Batatas acetosifolia
(Vahl) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8(1): 46 [124]. 1838. (
Ipomoea deppeana
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 276. 1838. (
Ipomoea carnosa R.Br., Prodr. 485.1810. (Brown, R 1810: 485). Type. AUSTRALIA. Carpentaria Island, R. Brown 2749 (holotype BM000630205).
Ipomoea acetosifolia var. longifolia
Glaz. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57, mém. 3e: 483. 1910.
Ipomoea denticulata
auct., sensu
Based on Convolvulus imperati Vahl
Perennial herb; stems trailing, rooting at the nodes, glabrous, up to 5 m long. Leaves petiolate, slightly succulent, 1.5–3 × 0.8–2 cm, rather small and variable, linear, lanceolate or characteristically shortly oblong (± rectangular) or 3–5-lobed with the terminal larger than the laterals, apex obtuse or retuse, base truncate or very shallowly cordate, margin entire, undulate; petioles 0.5–4.5 cm. Flowers solitary (rarely 2–3), axillary, pedunculate; peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, caducous; pedicels 8–15 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, oblong-oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, outer 7–12 mm, mucronate with mucro bent outwards, inner sepals 12–15 mm, pale and somewhat scarious; Corolla 3.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with a yellowish tube, glabrous, limb unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 10–12 mm, glabrous; seeds 7–8 × 4 mm, tomentose with longer hairs on margins.
Pantropical on sand by the sea but rather scattered in occurrence. In the Americas on the Pacific coast from Ecuador and the Galapagos north to Mexico (Baja California and Sonora), thus avoiding the relatively cool Peruvian coast; on the Atlantic coast from Rio Grande do Sul north to Georgia in the United States and the Bahamas; also in the Caribbean but not recorded from most smaller islands.
BRAZIL. Alagoas: S. Tsugaru et al. B1465 (NY). Bahia: J.S. Blanchet 1419 (BM, P); R.M. Harley et al. 17139 (K, NY). Espirito Santo: P.R. Bamps 5049 (NY). Maranhão: G. Gardner 6072 (BM, K). Pará: R. Spruce 138 (K, P). Paraíba: M.F. Agra 1522 (K). Paraná: G. Hatschbach 14386 (K); P. Dusen 13607 (S). Pernambuco: A. Cassio Sevilha et al. 2486 (CEN). Rio de Janeiro: B.M. J. Lutz 1367 (K, NY, R); G. Gardner 5557 (BM); Miers 3692 (K). Rio Grande do Norte: M. Martins 370 (VIES). Rio Grande do Sul: P.P.A. Ferreira 219 (ICN). Santa Catarina: R. Pozner 163 (SI). Sergipe: Pirambu, M. Ramos & E. Santos 21 (ASE).
FRENCH GUIANA. P. Sagot 806 (BM, K); von Rohr s.n. (BM, C); C. Sastre 1319 (P); T. Deroin 137 (P).
SURINAM. Fide
GUYANA. S.A. Harris EC25 (K).
ECUADOR. Galapagos: H. Van der Werff 2317 (K, NY, S). Esmeraldas: J.L. Clarke 1721 (MO). Manabí: H.F.A. von Eggers 15090 (K, P, US).
COLOMBIA. Atlántico: G. Dugand 4828 (COL). Antioquia: C. Feddema 2000 (NY). Chocó: A. Gentry & Juncosa 40942 (COL, MO). Magdalena: H.H. Smith 2669 (K, MO, P, S). Nariño: J.M. Idrobo 1428 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Delta Amacuro: J. Steyermark 114924 (MO). Falcón: J. Steyermark et al. 111134 (MO). Miranda: L. Aristiguieta 4149 (MO).
PANAMA. Chagres, A. Fendler 240 (K, MO); Canal area, W.G. D’Arcy 249 (MO); ibid., A. Gentry 4851 (F).
COSTA RICA. Limón, B. Hammel et al. 19670 (MO).
NICARAGUA. Río San Juan, E.B. Nelson 5279 (F, GU, MO).
HONDURAS. Roatán, C.H. Nelson & E. Romero 4515 (MO).
BELIZE. W.A. Schipp 497 (NY, S); D.R. Stoddart 436 (P).
GUATEMALA. J. Steyermark 39843 (F).
MEXICO. Baja California Sur: J.J. Pérez 71 (HCIB); M. Domínguez 646 (IEB). Campeche: E.F. & H. Cabrera 13405 (MEXU, MO). Guerrero: L. Lozada 4472 (IEB). Jalisco: E.J. Lott 2554 (MO). Quintana Roo: E.F. & H. Cabrera 4338 (MO). Sinaloa: T.R. Van Devender et al. 2007-1318 (ARIZ). Sonora: S.F. Friedman 37-96 (ASU). Tabasco: M.A. Magaña 479 (MO, XAL). Tamaulipas: C.G. Pringle 6358 (MO, P, S). Veracruz: L.I. Nevling & A. Gómez-Pompa 2452 (F).
UNITED STATES. Alabama: S.M. Tracy 6492 (BM). Florida: F. Rugel 311; A.H. Curtiss 2156 (BM, K). Georgia: H. Holland 228 (GA). Louisiana: S.M. Tracy 122 (BM). Mississippi: D. Demaree 33535 (S). Texas: G. Gust & J.R. Stone 320 (MO).
BAHAMAS. P. Wilson 7279 (K, NY), 7541 (K, NY); D.C. Correll 46286 (NY).
CUBA. J. Acuña (HAJB10676); J. Bisse et al. (HAJB48561); C. Wright 3090 (BM, K, MO, S); E.L. Ekman 104 (NY, S).
CAYMAN ISLANDS. D.R. Stoddart 7034 (BM).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 21393 (BM).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H5179 (K, NY, S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H12226 (S); A.H. Liogier 12313 (NY).
PUERTO RICO. R.J. Wagner 1778 (BM); P. Sintenis 976 (BM, K, P, S); J.A. Shafer 2399 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. St Lucia: R.A. Howard et al. 19987 (A, BM, NY). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 3966 (NY). Martinique: fide
TRINIDAD. W.E. Broadway 8013(BM, MO), 9120 (BM, K, MO). Tobago: H.F.A. von Eggers 5900 (K, P).
HAWAII. Faurie 1034 (BM).
A very distinctive species because of its habitat (maritime sands), whitish corolla and unusual, although very variable, small leaves.
••• Clade E (species 389–392; Figure
Convolvulus violaceus
(L.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 599. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Pharbitis violacea
(L.) Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 227. 1837. (
Calonyction comospermum
Bojer, Hort. Maurit, 228. 1837. (
Convolvulus grandiflorus
Jacq., Hort. Bot. Vindobon. 3: 39. 1776. (
Calonyction grandiflorum
(Jacq.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 442 [60]. 1834. (
Calonyction jacquinii
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 264. 1838. (
Ipomoea grandiflora
(Jacq.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 153. 1894 [pub. 1893]. (
Operculina grandiflora
(Jacq.) House, Muhlenbergia 5: 69. 1909. (
Ipomoea longiflora R.Br., Prodr. 484. 1810. (Brown, R 1810: 484), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea longiflora Willd. (1809). Type. AUSTRALIA. Queensland, Sweer’s Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown 2741 (holotype BM000630203).
Ipomoea macrantha
Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 4: 451. 1819. (
Convolvulus longiflorus
(R.Br.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 595 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Calonyction longiflorum
(R. Br.) Hasskarl, Cat. Pl. Bogor. 140. 1844. (
Calonyction speciosum var. laeve
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 345. 1845. (
Convolvulus tuba
Schldtl., Linnaea 6: 735. 1831. (
Ipomoea tuba
(Schldtl.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 271. 1838. (
Calonyction tuba
(Schldtl.) Colla, Att. Sci. Ital. 150. 1840. (
Ipomoea glaberrima
Bojer ex Bouton, J. Bot. (Hooker) 1: 357. 1834. (
Icon in Plumier, Codex Boerhaavianus, t. sub n. 851 (lectotype, designated by
Vigorous, glabrous trailing or climbing perennial, stems woody to 10 m. Leaves petiolate, 5–16 × 5–14 cm, ovate to suborbicular (rarely 3-lobed), shortly acuminate, mucronulate, base cordate with rounded auricles, glabrous, prominently reticulate below; petioles 3.5–11 cm. Flowers opening at night, usually solitary (rarely up to 3), pedunculate from the leaf axils, peduncles 2.5–10 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 2–4 cm, noticeably thickened upwards; sepals subequal, 16–23 mm, suborbicular to elliptic, obtuse, sometimes mucronulate, glabrous; corolla hypocrateriform, with long cylindrical tube 5–9 cm in length and spreading limb c. 4–8 cm diam., white except for yellow lines on lobes, glabrous, stamens included or shortly exserted. Capsules 20–25 mm, compressed globose, glabrous; seeds 10–12 × 8 mm, blackish, puberulent except for shaggy hairs on the margins.
Figures
Photographs of Ipomoea species. A I. tiliifolia B I. rubens C I. corymbosa D I. ochracea E I. peruviana F I. echinocalyx. A http://tropical.theferns.info/ B John Pink C John Wood D Starr Environmental E Maira Martinez F John Wood.
Pantropical on or near seashores, growing in mangrove swamp and less commonly on beaches. In the Americas, scattered and never very abundant but most common around the Caribbean. Nearly absent from the Pacific coast, including the Galapagos Islands, and only present in the Choco of Colombia.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Ilha dos Frades, M.L. Guedes et al. 19920 (ALCB). Paraíba: L.A. Pereira 299 (JPB). Pernambuco: Fernando Do Noronho, Ridley, Lea & Ramage 92 (BM); A.M. Miranda 842 (PEUFR), 4130 (RB).
FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne, R. Girault 1569 (CAY).
SURINAM. G.J. H. Amshoff 1969 (MO).
GUYANA. Fide
COLOMBIA. Antioquia: F.J. Roldán & J. Betancur 525 (MO). Chocó: Capulganá, W.G. D’Arcy 14192 (MO). San Andrés Island: Torres 214 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Dist. Fed.: R. Liesner & J. Steyermark 12314 (MO).
PANAMA. San Blas Islands, J.A. Duke 8516 (MO).
BELIZE. F.R. Fosberg & Sachet 53896 (MO).
MEXICO. Campeche: E.F. Cabrera 13440 (BM, MEXU, MO). Quintana Roo: E.F. & H. de Cabrera 6406 (MO). Yucatán: E.F. & H. de Cabrera 10424 (MEXU, MO).
UNITED STATES. Florida: fide
BAHAMAS. R.A. & E.S. Howard 10091 (S); D.S. & H.B. Correll 48929 (MO, NY).
TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS. M.D. Sanchez et al. 10 (K).
CUBA. J. Acuña (HAJB15863); López Figeiras 49 (HAJB): Las Villas: A. González 242 (BM); A. Gentry 51014 (MO); J.A. Shafer 2698 (NY).
CAYMAN ISLANDS. G.R. Proctor 28930 (BM); M.A, Brunt 1746 (BM, MO).
JAMAICA. W. Stearn 322 (BM), 733(BM); D.R. Stoddart & S.M. Head 9132 (BM).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H4166 (NY, S); E.C. Leonard 13956 (NY).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. H.A. Allard 14340 (S); E.L. Ekman H10927 (S); B.A. Lavastre 827 (NY); M. Mejía & Ramírez 9852 (NY); P.A. Poiteau s.n. (P).
PUERTO RICO. P. Sintenis 5697 (S); A.H. Liogier 35797 (MO, NY); G. Breckon et al. 4480 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix, F.R. Fosberg 59208 (BM), 55339 (MO, NY, P); St John: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez & A. Siaca 4007 (NY). Netherlands Antilles: St Eustatius fide
TRINIDAD. Fide
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Aruba: A. Van Proosdij et al. 799 (MO, NY). Curaçao: N.L. Britton & J.A. Shafer 2942 (NY).
HAWAII. Fide www.starrenvironmental.com.
Despite the epithet violacea, this species is usually white-flowered. Pale lilac forms occur occasionally.
ECUADOR. Galapagos Islands, Hood [Española] Island, Habel s.n. (holotype K000612879).
Scrambling liana with white latex, to c. 8 m in height; stems stout, woody, glabrous. Leaves characteristically held erect, petiolate, 6–15 × 1.8–3.5 cm, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute and long-mucronate, base broadly cuneate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially reticulate; petioles 2.2–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1-several flowers in axillary compound cymes, peduncles 1–6 cm, stout, occasionally with reflexed spinules; bracteoles not seen; pedicels 8–22 mm long, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 1.2–2 × 0.7–0.8 cm, ovate, obtuse, mucronulate, inner 1.6–2.3 cm, oblong-ovate, truncate, margins scarious; corolla opening at night, glabrous, tube cylindrical, 7–9 cm long, c. 0.7 cm wide, greenish, limb 4 cm–6 cm, white, undulate. Capsules 2.2 × 1.4 cm, ellipsoid, beaked, glabrous; seeds 11 × 7 mm, densely pilose on the margin with brownish hairs c. 5 mm long.
Endemic to the Galapagos Islands.
ECUADOR. Galapagos Islands: Santa Cruz Island, H.J.F. Schimpf 67 (BM, MO); P.S. Bentley 203 (K, MO); T.W.J. Taylor 90 (K).
Its nearest relative appears to be Ipomoea violacea, rather than any American species. It is probably pollinated by moths as the white flowers open in the evening.
Convolvulus repens
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 17. 1790. (
Ipomoea subdentata
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 614. 1857. (
Ipomoea natans
Dinter & Suess., Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1: 112. 1952. (
Ipomoea reptans auct., non (L.) Poir.
YEMEN. Zabid, Forsskal s.n. (holotype C10002419).
Aquatic perennial, stems floating or creeping over mud and rooting at the nodes, several metres long, hollow, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–12(–17) × 1–6 cm, deltoid, lanceolate, ovate or oblong, acute to acuminate, base hastate to weakly sagittate, the auricles usually acute, sometimes bifid, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 3–12(–17) cm. Inflorescence of lax, few-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes, peduncles 1.5–9 cm, glabrous except for pilose base; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate; pedicels 2–5 cm, slender and very variable in length in the same plant; sepals subequal, outer 7–8 mm, elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, inner sepals c. 8 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute, margins sometimes scarious; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink or lavender with darker centre, occasionally white, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid to subglobose, shortly rostrate, c. 10 × 8 mm, woody, glabrous, tardily dehiscent; seeds densely pubescent.
Pantropical plant of Old World origin growing in muddy swamp and on lake margins. In the Americas it is well naturalised and sometimes regarded as invasive, as in Florida, Cuba and Guyana, but not recorded from many areas where it might be expected including the Dominican Republic.
BRAZIL. Amazonas: S.A. Mori 21889 (NY); W. Junk 40 (RB).
FRENCH GUIANA. Mana, G. Léotard s.n. (photo).
SURINAM. Corantijne River, J. Lanjouw 56 (K, RB), 603 (MO); Paramaribo, B.E. Hammel & S. Koemar 21202 (MO).
GUYANA. Jenman 4837 (K); 5860 (K); Harrison 1661 (K); D.H. Davis 304 (K); A.S. Hitchcock 16690 (NY, S); Georgetown, K.F. Robertson & D.F. Austin 329 (MO).
PERU. Loreto: Iquitos, T. Croat 20105 (MO, P, RB); ibid., A. Gentry et al. 22130 (F, MO, USM); Maynas, Punchana, M. Rimachi 11086 (USM).
ECUADOR. Guayas: C.H. & P. Dodson 11235 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Amazonas: R.E. Schultes et al. 24129 (GH). Córdoba: Purisima, F.J. Roldán 1649 (MO).
PANAMA. V. Dunlap 404 (F).
COSTA RICA. B. Hammel & Pérez 24406 (MO).
BELIZE. Jones Lagoon, P. Gentle 1481 (K, MICH, MO).
UNITED STATES. Florida: Pinellas Co., D.W. Hall 1736 (BM). Mississippi: C.T. Bryson 16229 (VS).
CUBA. La Habana: A.H. Curtiss 685 (BM, K, MO, NY, P). Matanzas: Bro. Alain 3912 (NY). Pinar del Río: P. Wilson 9277 (K, NY). Villa Clara: Bro. León 9422 (NY).
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 33066 (BM), 37950 (MO, NY); W. Stearn 391 (BM).
HAITI. St Louis du Nord, E.L. Ekman H5182 (K, NY, S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Doubtfully present, not included by
PUERTO RICO. Fide
LESSER ANTILLES. Guadeloupe: G.R. Proctor 19949 (BM); A. Duss 3502 (NY, P); A. Raynal-Roques 21883 (P). Martinique: Stehlé s.n. (P).
TRINIDAD. W.E. Broadway 9102 (BM, K).
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Aruba: A. Van Proosdij 804 (MO, NY).
HAWAII. Maui, C.R. Annable 3892 (NY); Oahu, W. Hillebrand s.n. (BM); O. Degener 5999 (K); Faurie 1033 (BM, P).
Popular in SE Asia as a stir-fried vegetable but not generally eaten in the Americas. White and pink flowered varieties are sometimes noted.
Usually easily identified by its aquatic habitat. The stems root at the nodes on mud but become free-floating on water. The leaves are variable but often narrowly lanceolate and sagittate.
Convolvulus cairicus
L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: 922. 1759. (
Ipomoea palmata
Forssk, Fl. Aegypt-Arab. 43. 1775. (
Convolvulus tuberculatus
Desr., Encycl. 3: 545. 1792 [dated1789]. (
Ipomoea tuberculata
(Desr.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 208. 1819. (
Modesta tuberculata
(Desr.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 76. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (
Ipomoea senegalensis
Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 464. 1793. (
Batatas senegalensis
(Lam.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 261. 1838. (
Convolvulus quinquelobus
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 1794. (
Ipomoea quinqueloba
(Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 208. 1819. (
Ipomoea pentaphylla
Cav., Icon. 3: 29. 1795. (
Ipomoea stipulacea
Jacq., Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 39, t. 199. 1797. (
Ipomoea stipulacea forma pluriflora
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 288. 1869. (
Convolvulus heptaphyllus
Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 4: 196. 1803.
Ipomoea cavanillesii
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 214. 1819. (
Convolvulus cavanillesii
(Roem. & Schult.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 590. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Batatas cavanillesii
(Roem. & Schult.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 262. 1838. (
Ipomoea vesiculosa P. Beauv., Flore d’Oware 2: 73. 1819. (Beauvois 1808–20 73). Type. NIGERIA. Oware, P. de Beauvois (holotype G00415171, isotype G).
Ipomoea pulchella
Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 115. 1821. (
Ipomoea heptaphylla
Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 360. 1845. (
Convolvulus lymphaticus
Vell. Fl. Flumin.70, t. 47. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Ipomoea tuberculata var. abbreviata
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 387. 1845. (
Ipomoea stipulacea forma uniflora
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 288. 1869. (
Ipomoea cairica var. uniflora
(Meisn.) Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Secc. Bot. 1, Fasc. 6: 77. 1922. (
Ipomoea bouvetii Duchass. & Walp., Linnaea 23: 752. 1850 [pub. 1851]. (Duchassaing and Walpers 1850–51: 752). Type. Guadeloupe (lectotype P00622231, designated here).
Convolvulus paniculatus Naves in Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 1: 131. 1877. (Blanco 1877–80: 131). Type. Icon, t. 32 in Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 3., lectotype, designated here).
Ipomoea tuberculata var. trichosperma
Hilleb., Fl.Hawaii Islands 315 (1888). (
Ipomoea tuberculata var. lineariloba
Hillebr., Fl.Hawaii Islands 316 (1888). (
Ipomoea cairica var. lineariloba
(Hillebr.) Deg. & Ooststr. in O.Deg., Fl. Hawaiiensis, fam. 307. 1938. (
Ipomoea palmata var. gracillima Collett & Hemsl, J. Linn. Soc.Bot. 28: 96.1890. (
Ipomoea gracillima
(Collett & Hemsl.) Prain. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 63(2): 111. 1894. (
Ipomoea cairica var. gracillima (Collett & Hemsl,) C. Y. Wu, Rep. Stud. Pl. Trop. Subtrop. Yunnan 1: 120. 1965. (
Ipomoea cairica var. hederacea
Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 546.1898. (
Ipomoea rosea var. pluripartita
Hassl., Trab. Mus. Farmacol. 21: 98. 1909. (
Ipomoea cairica var. obtusata
Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Secc. Bot. 1, Fasc. 6: 77. 1922. (
Ipomoea funaria
Larrañaga, Escr. Larrañaga 2: 78. 1923. (
Ipomoea palmata var. semine-glabra
Blatter & Hallberg, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 26: 546. 1919. (
Ipomoea cairica var. semine-glabra (Blatter & Hallberg) Bhandari, Fl. Indian Desert 253 (1978)
Based on Convolvulus cairicus L.
Twining perennial herb to 3 m, stems glabrous, often muricate. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into 5–7 leaflets, the laterals sometimes joined at base, leaflets 1–5 × 0.3–1 cm, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute and mucronate, glabrous; petioles with stipule-like outgrowths at base, 1–5 cm. Flowers usually solitary, sometimes in shortly pedunculate, 2–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 0.3–1 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, oblong, caducous; pedicels 0.3–2.5 cm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, outer 5–7 × 4 mm oblong-ovate, acute, often abaxially rugose, inner 6–8 mm, broadly ovate-elliptic, obtuse; corolla 4.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 1–1.3 cm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm, tomentellous with longer caducous marginal hairs, rarely subglabrous.
Illustrations.
A species of Old World origin, now widespread throughout tropical and subtropical regions up to least 2600 m, but much more common in some regions than others, such as northern Argentina, eastern Paraguay and southern Brazil; unexpectedly absent in others, such as Hispaniola (
URUGUAY. W.G. Herter 271 (MO, P), 1373 (S), 1878 (S).
ARGENTINA. Catamarca: I. Brizuela 88 (RB). Córdoba: H.H. Bartlett 20092 (P). Corrientes: T.M. Pedersen 7347 (C, P, S); Huidobo 2171 (BM). Formosa: Est. Guayacolec, H. Maturo & D. Prado 74 (BM, FCQ). Jujuy: J. Araque & F.A. Barklay Ar520 (P). Misiones: E.L. Ekman 1428 (S); G.J. Schwarz 5239 (LIL, P, RB).
PARAGUAY. Jorgensen 4035 (MO, S). Alto Paraná: Itaipú Binacional 62 (MO). Central: L. R. Landrum et al. 8559 (ARIZ, FCQ); B. Balansa 1059 (K). Cordillera: N. Soria 2223 (FCQ). Itapúa: Pin et al. 646 (PY); Isla Yaciretá, M. Peña Chocarro et al. 1805 (BM, FCQ). Paraguarí: P.N.Ybyciú, Schmeda 351 (FCQ). Pres. Hayes: Río Negro on route to Fortin Gen. Bruguez, E. Zardini and da Silva 43193 (MO, PY); Puente Remanso, F. Mereles 1616 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Bahia: Ilhéus, J.L. Hage & E.B. dos Santos 1586 (K). Dist. Fed.: M.P. Ferreira 14 (HUFU). Espirito Santo: Boudet Fernandes 1622 (MO). Mato Grosso: Saddi 3496 (RB). Minas Gerais: W.N. Gonçales s.n. (RB). Paraná: Tomazina, J.C. Lindeman & J.H. de Haas 3139 (K). Rio de Janeiro: L. Riedel 690 (K); L.C. Giordano & L.H. de Andrade 37 (K, RB); Raza Island, J. Banks & D. Solander s.n. [1768] (BM). Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Pardo, Palacios Cuezzo s.n. [10/2/1948] (K, W). Santa Catarina: F. Mueller 440 (K). São Paulo: G.O. Joaquim 113 (RB).
GUYANA. A.S. Hitchcock 16723 (GH, NY, S); Parker s.n. (K).
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: J.R.I. Wood 20391 (BOLV, K, LPB). La Paz: L. Cayola et al. 960 (BOLV, LPB, MO). Santa Cruz: M. Nee 47897 (NY, MO, USZ). Tarija: L. Bohs 2074 (GH, LPB).
PERU. Lima: Canta, G. Vilcapoma 8010 (USM). Pasco: Oxapampa, Nueva Bema, R. Vásquez et al. 36422 (MO, OXF, USM).
COLOMBIA. Chocó: R. Fonnegra 6738 (MO). Santander: J.H. Langenheim 3005 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Carabobo: B. Trujillo 18023 (MO). Mirana: G. Morillo (MO).
MEXICO. Colima: Manzanillo, E. Palmer 1631 (K). Guanajuato: Apaseo El Alto, R. Carranza & E. Pérez 4991 (IEB). Guerrero: E. García 43 (IEB). Michoacán: Morelia, R. Pedraza 308 (IEB). Oaxaca: El Mogotón, I. López 89 (IEB). Sonora: fide
UNITED STATES. Florida: H. Moldenke 278 (K, S); A.H. Curtiss 6496 (E, K).
CUBA. H. Manitz s.n. [2/11/1989] (HAGB); E.L. Ekman 861 (S); J.G. Jack 5322 (A, P).
CAYMAN ISLANDS. G.R. Proctor 11967 (BM)
JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 17470 (BM), 19662 (B).
LESSER ANTILLES. Guadeloupe: fide
TRINIDAD. J. Becker 528 (K, P). Tobago: Clement & Ryves 93/184 (BM); W.E. Broadway 4134 (S).
HAWAII. A.A. Heller 2045 (BM); Faurie 1028 (BM); B. Panahi 398 (K); Rock s.n. (K).
Readily identified by the 5–7-foliolate leaves and the nearly unique, stipule-like outgrowths at the base of the petiole. It is, however, extremely variable, especially so in Hawaii. Many plants from Hawaii have elliptic leaflets up to 3.5 cm wide and correspondingly robust pseudo-stipules. There also occurs in Hawaii a var. lineariloba with very long narrow elliptic leaflets, Rock s.n. (K) being a good example of this variety. Var. hederifolia with lobed leaves, in which the leaflets are partially fused is also present in Hawaii. It is one of a number of recognised Old World varieties.
We have found a specimen (W.G. Herter 99285 from Miguelete near Montevideo in Uruguay) at S labelled as an isotype of Ipomoea cairica forma obscura but have been unable to trace the publication of this name.
••• Species 393–419 This is the large, essentially Old World Clade (OWC), containing a small number of naturally occurring New World species as well as several Old World species which are ancient or recent introductions to the New World.
Convolvulus nervosus
Burm. f., Fl. Indica 48: 1768. (Burman, NL 1768: 48). Type. INDIA. Coromandel, Outgaerden [Van Outgaarden] s.n. (lectotype G-PREL, designated by
Lettsomia nervosa
(Burm. f.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 78. 1824. (
Argyreia nervosa
(Burm. f.) Bojer, Hortus Maurit. 224. 1837. (
Rivea nervosa
(Burm. f.) Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss., 5: 381. 1897. (
Convolvulus speciosus L.f., Suppl. Pl. 137. 1781 [pub. 1782]. Type. BRAZIL. Vandelli, LINN-HL218-23. (leaf only).
Ipomoea speciosa
(L.f.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 183. 1805. (
Argyreia speciosa
(L.f.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 289, 1827. (
Samudra speciosa
(L.f.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 72.1838. (
Ipomoea valerii
Standl. & L.O. Williams, Ceiba 3: 55. 1952. (
Based on Convolvulus nervosus Burm. f.
Twining liana climbing to several metres, stems, stout, white-sericeous, latex white. Leaves petiolate, large, 9–17 × 8–15 cm, ovate cordate, apex acute to rounded and shortly mucronate, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially white tomentose; petioles 3–10 cm, white sericeous. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, bracteolate cymes, often compact; peduncles 15–21 cm, sericeous; bracteoles 2.5–6 × 1.8–3.2 cm, ovate, to broadly oblong-elliptic, long-acuminate, papery, pale yellow-green, sericeous, deciduous; secondary peduncles 1 cm; pedicels 2–6 mm, sericeous; sepals 12–16 × 10–11 mm, elliptic-obovate, mucronate, sericeous; corolla 5–6 cm long, dark pink, sericeous, abruptly widened above a short basal tube, funnel-shaped; limb lobed, c. 4 cm diam. Capsules c. 2 × 1.5 cm, subglobose, glabrous, partially enclosed by the strongly accrescent sepals, which can reach up to 2.5 × 2.5 cm; seeds 6 × 4 mm, shortly tomentose.
Native of Asia of imprecise origin. Most records even from the Old World are of cultivated plants. In the Neotropics it is sometimes cultivated for its flowers, principally around the Caribbean and is occasionally reported as an escape.
BRAZIL. Type of Convolvulus speciosus L.f.
PANAMA. Fide
HONDURAS. Type of Ipomoea valerii Standl. & L.O. Williams.
CUBA. La Habana, E.L. Ekman 1254 (S)
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H15355 (S); W. Allard 15732 (S).
JAMAICA. D. Hummel 29/4/1958 (S).
This is the only representative of the large, entirely Old World Argyreia Clade that occurs in the Neotropics.
• Species 394–397 form a clade of morphologically very similar species, native to the neotropics. Molecular studies using ITS strongly suggest that Ipomoea abutiloides, I. pearceana and I. sericosepala are sisters of the African species Ipomoea shirensis Oliv., which is very similar morphologically to I. sericosepala.
Convolvulus abutiloides
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 106. 1818 [pub.1819]. (
Rivea abutiloides
(Kunth) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. 18: 158. 1893. (
Turbina abutiloides (Kunth) O’Donell, Lilloa 23: 505. 1950. (
Ipomoea floribunda
Moric., Pl. Nouv. Amer. 46, t. 31. 1838. (
Ipomoea floribunda var. blanchetii Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 262. 1869, nom. illeg., autonymic variety. (Meisner 1969: 262).
Ipomoea abutiloides var. kunthiana
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 443. 1891, nom. illeg., autonymic variety (
Ipomoea abutiloides var. hartwegiana
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 444. 1891. (
Based on Convolvulus abutiloides Kunth
Liana climbing high over shrubs to 7 m, stems white-tomentose, especially when young, roots tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 3–10 × 3–11 cm, broadly ovate, base truncate to subcordate, apex retuse, rounded or obtuse, adaxially pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles (1–)3–6(–10) cm, pubescent to tomentose. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal cymes, the later compound and often paniculate or racemose in form, sometimes distinctly leafy; peduncles 2–11 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 2–9 mm, linear, tomentose, soon caducous; short (c. 5 mm), secondary and tertiary peduncles often present; pedicels 5–25 mm, tomentose; calyx narrow and ±cylindrical, sepals subequal, 10–14 × 4–7 mm, oblong-obovate, obtuse to rounded, drying brown, glabrous or nearly so, inner c. 2 mm longer than outer, the margins broad and scarious; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent in bud, glabrescent, limb 4–5 cm, weakly lobed. Capsules glabrous, ovoid, 14–17 × 6–7 mm; seeds reported as usually solitary, 9–10 mm long, minutely tomentellous.
Scattered in seasonally dry tropical forest below 1000 m in tropical South America, most common in the Chiquitano dry forest of eastern Bolivia, around Guayaquil and in northern Colombia and Venezuela.
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Gabino Mendoza, F. Mereles & R. Degen 5946 (CTES, FCQ); trayecto a Cerro Chovoreca, F. Mereles 6608 (CTES, FCQ).
BRAZIL. Bahia: Morro do Chapéu, A. Oliveira et al. 144 (HUEFS, K); Ilhéus. J. Hage & H.S. Brito 1037 (K, CEPEC); Serra de Jatobá, R.M. Harley et al. 22022 (CEPEC, K). Goiás: H.S. Irwin et al. 15745 (MO). Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, Dorrien Smith 32 (K); Rio Verde, G. Hatschbach 33952 (MBM, MO). Minas Gerais: W.R. Anderson et al. 37194 (NY).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Siles, M. Serrano 1506 (HSB). Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, Limoncito, J.R.I. Wood & M. Mendoza 27315 (K, LB, USZ); Cordillera, Santa Cruz-Abapó, M. Nee 48677 (K, MO, NY, USZ); Ibañez, M. Nee 48723 (NY, USZ). Ñuflo de Chávez, W of Concepción, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27516 (K, LPB, USZ); Velasco, San Juancito, J.R.I. Wood et al. 26136 (K, LPB, USZ, UB).
PERU. Amazonas: Luya, Camporedondo, J. Campos et al. 3695 (MO, OXF).
ECUADOR. El Oro: G. Harling & L. Andersson 14313 (MO). Guayas: G. Harling 3009 (S); E. Asplund 15212 (K, S); R. Spruce 6494 (BM, K); C.H. & P.M. Dodson 11355 (MO). Loja: Macará, F. Vivar 1247 (LOJA). Manabí: Jipijapa, M. Montesdeoca et al. 641 (QAP).
COLOMBIA. Bolívar: E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 14244 (BM), 14447 (GH, NY, S). Cesar: A. Gentry et al. 60692 (MO). Sucre: Coloso, A. Gentry & H. Cuadros 68163 (MO).
VENEZUELA. Maracay & Caracas, P. Vogl & K. Suessenguth 98 (BM, BR). Aragua: Tovar, A. Fendler 931(K, MO); El Consejo-La Victoria, Ll. Williams & A.H.G. Alston 325 (BM, S). Barinas: Río Curbatí: L. Bernardi 1700 (K). Falcón: J. A. Steyermark 94702 (MO). Portuguesa: Guanare, G. Aymard 4287 (MO).
PANAMA. Coclé, M.D. Correya 405 (MO); Los Santos, W.H. Lewis et al. 2949 (MO)
This species is distinguished from Ipomoea sericosepala by the glabrous sepals and we are unaware of other distinguishing features. The following collections with very sparsely pubescent sepals were made where the range of the two species overlaps. They merit further investigation and may be hybrids:
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Cordillera, Abapo, c. 35 km hacia Camiri, M. Mendoza et al. 2725 (USZ); Camiri, M. Mendoza et al. 2736 (USZ); Río Grande Bridge S of Abapó, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28017 (LPB, K, OXF).
Rivea cordata
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 326. 1845. (
Turbina cordata (Choisy) Austin & Staples, J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 488. 1983. (
Ipomoea martii
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 258. 1869. (
Based on Rivea cordata Choisy
Liana climbing high over shrubs to 7 m, stems white-tomentose, especially when young, latex white. Leaves petiolate, 4–8 × 8–9 cm, broadly ovate, apex acute and mucronate or (less commonly) obtuse or retuse, base truncate to shallowly cordate, adaxially glabrous, glabrescent or shortly pubescent, abaxially grey-sericeous with long silky hairs; petioles 1–6 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes, these often leafy and appearing to be side branches; peduncles 3–13 cm; bracts resembling small leaves; bracteoles c. 5 mm long, linear-lanceolate, abaxially sericeous, caducous; secondary peduncles up to 9 cm long; pedicels 6–32 mm; sepals unequal, outer 8–10 × 3–4 mm, oblong, obtuse and sometimes mucronate, sericeous, inner 11–14 × 6 mm, elliptic-obovate, rounded, mucronate, sericeous, the margins broad, scarious, glabrous; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, sericeous with long silky hairs, limb c. 5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 14–18 × 7–10 mm, glabrous; seeds 1–2, narrowly ellipsoid, 8–10 mm, tomentellous.
Figures
Restricted to scattered locations in Brazil and Bolivia. In Brazil it is far more common than Ipomoea abutiloides and is especially so in the state of Bahia, where it is typical of caatinga vegetation. In Bolivia it is much less common than I. abutiloides and with the single exception of a population on an inselberg near San José Campamento in Velasco, it is restricted to the western Chaco and Serrano Chaqueño scrub and dry forest along the Río Grande Valley entering the Andes.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Correntina, R.M. Harley et al. 21811 (CEPEC, K); Curaça, G.C.P. Pinto & S.B. da Silva 13413 (K); Maracás, A. de Carvalho et al. (CEPEC, K); Caetité, M.L. Guedes et al. (ALCB, K). Ceará: Löfgren 260 (S); Est. Biológica da Aiuaba, J.R. Lemos & P. Matías 155 (USP, K); Serra de Maranguape, A. Ducke 2541 (K). Dist. Fed.: B.A.S. Pereira 213 (IBGE, K, MO), E.P. Heringer 1393 (K); H.S. Irwin 13160 (MO, NY). Goiás: Corumbá de Goiás, E.P. Heringer et al. 1228 (MO, NY), 16982 (K, IBGE). Minas Gerais: A. Glaziou 19673 (K, P); Y. Mexia 5568 (K, MO, S); A. Macedo 304 (S), 1781 (BM, MO); L.O Williams & V. Assis 5899 (GH, MO). Mato Grosso: Nova Xavantina, G.F. Arbocz 3704 (ESA). Paraíba: M.F. Agra et al. 4068 (MO). Pernambuco: L.S. Figueirêdo & W.M. Andrade 415 (K, PEUFR); S. Tsugaru et al. B-1430 (MO); A.P. Fontana et al. 9176 (RB). Rio Grande do Norte: J.G. Jardim 6211 (UFRN). São Paulo: W. Hoehne 12742 (SP, K). Sergipe: R. Simao-Bianchini 1756 (ASE).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Luis Calvo, Muyupampa, J.A. Peñaranda & J.G. Tudela 1116 (MO, OXF); Oropeza, Río Chico valley, J. Gutiérrez 406 (HSB, K); Zudañez, Mojocoya, J.R.I. Wood & H. Huaylla 21549 (K, LPB). Cochabamba: Campero, Valle de Tunas Pampa, J.R.I. Wood & M. Mendoza 21517 (K, LPB). Santa Cruz: Cordillera, Boyuibe, J.R.I. Wood et al. 20107 (HSB, K, LPB, USZ); Vallegrande, Río Grande Valley, J.R.I. Wood et al. 22793 (K, LPB); Velasco, San José de Campamiento, R. Guillén et al. 4272 (ARIZ, NY, USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, M. Nee & I. Linneo 54033 (MO, NY, USZ).
Ipomoea sericosepala and I. abutiloides are similar in their liana habit, leaves grey-tomentose or sericeous beneath, their oblong-elliptic sepals and their inflorescences which have a tendency to become leafy and racemose or even paniculate towards the branch tips. They are best distinguished by the sepal indumentum, I. sericosepala having sericeous sepals while those of I. abutiloides are glabrous. The two species intergrade in the Abapó area of Bolivia where their ranges overlap.
Records from Peru (
PERU. [Cusco/Apurimac], common in the valley of the Apurimac, 8–9000 ft, [Jan. 1867], R. Pearce 1867 (lectotype K000612918, designated here; isolectotype BM).
Shrub 2–3 m high, white latex present; stems woody, sericeous. Leaves petiolate, 4–9 × 4–12 cm, broadly ovate, very shortly acuminate, base shallowly cordate to subtruncate, margin white-ciliolate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially grey sericeous-tomentellous, veins prominent; petioles 3.5–6 cm, sericeous. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 4–12 cm, white-sericeous; bracteoles 1.3–2.7 × 0.4–0.5 cm. lanceolate, finely acuminate, boat-shaped, adaxially glabrous, abaxially grey-sericeous; secondary peduncles 4–12 mm; pedicels 6–25 mm, white-sericeous; outer sepals oblong, cuneate at base, acute and strongly mucronate, 18–25 × 7–8 mm, densely sericeous becoming less so marginally, inner sepals 20–22 × 7 mm oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, the midrib and mucro sericeous, the margins nearly glabrous; corolla 5–6 cm long, pink, sericeous in bud, funnel-shaped, filaments pink. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Almost endemic to the Apurimac Valley in Peru at about 2100 m where it grows on steep slopes in dry forest.
PERU. Apurimac: Abancay: C. Vargas 1444 (CUZ); Grau, Karrancka, C. Vargas 5850 (CUZ); Canyon of Río Apurimac, J. West 3847 (GH, MO, UC). Cusco: Abancay-Cusco, R.T. Pennington et al. 1796 (E); Anta, W.L. Galeano 5086 (CUZ, MO); Sisal-Cunyac, C. Vargas 4877 (CUZ, K). Huancavelica: Tayacaja, Quichicapota-Mantaro Bridge, H.E. Stork & O.B. Horton 10407 (K).
This is a poorly known species close to Ipomoea sericosepala differing principally in the much longer sepals and bracteoles. Some specimens, such as O. Tovar 3837 (USM) from Tayacaja, might be interpreted as I. sericosepala.
BRAZIL. Maranhão: Mun. Grajaú, 4 km W of Mondelandia on path to Rio Grajau, E.L. Taylor, C.S. Rosario & J.B.F. Silva 1326 (holotype ARIZ, isotypes MG, ?NY).
Perennial climber, stems relatively stout, silky-velutinous. Leaves petiolate, 5–9 × 4–8 cm, ovate, apex acute, mucronate, base very broadly cuneate to subtruncate with rounded auricles, margin undulate, adaxially softly and densely pubescent, abaxially velvety-grey; petioles 2.5–4.5 cm, velvety-grey. Inflorescence of compound axillary cymes, these often racemose in form and sometimes distinctly leafy; peduncles 2.5–5 cm, velvety-grey, often extended as a rhachis and reaching 15 cm; secondary peduncles 0.5–2 cm, velvety-grey; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 10–12 mm, puberulent; sepals subequal, 7–8 × 6–8 mm, outer ovate, obtuse, inner suborbicular, rounded, abaxially velvety-grey, adaxially glabrous; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, sericeous, funnel-shaped, exterior white, interior pale pink; ovary pubescent.
Amazonian forest in disjunct locations of Brazil and Peru.
BRAZIL. Maranhão: type collection.
PERU. Pasco: Oxapampa, Palcazu Dist, San Cristóbal, R. Vásquez et al. 34378 (MO, USM); ibid., Comunidad Nativa Buenos Aires, R. Vásquez et al. 37328 (MO, OXF).
This species was described by Wood & Scotland in
This species appears to be related to Ipomoea sericosepala because of the form of the inflorescence and the distribution of the indumentum on the corolla and almost all vegetative parts. It differs from I. sericosepala in the distinctive velvety-grey indumentum and in the shape and size of the sepals which are subequal, ovate, 7–8 × 6–8 mm. It differs from all related species in the densely pubescent ovary.
Its placement here is unconfirmed.
Convolvulus eriocarpus
(R. Br.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 598. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Convolvulus hispidus
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 29. 1794, (
Ipomoea hispida
(Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 238. 1819. (
Ipomoea sessiliflora
Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 1821: 116. (
Convolvulus sessiliflorus
(R.Br.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 599. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (
Ipomoea ligulata
Bojer, Hortus Maurit. 229. 1837. (
Ipomoea trematosperma
Hochst ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 367. 1845. (
Ipomoea horsfieldiana
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 611. 1857 (
Ipomoea hispida var. latifolia
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 445. 1891. (
Ipomoea hispida var. angustifolia
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 445. 1891. (
Ipomoea sindica
Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894: 346. 1894. (
AUSTRALIA. Banks & Solander s.n. (holotype BM001040629).
Annual herb, stems twining or prostrate, pubescent or hispid, up to 2 m long. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–8 × 0.8–5 cm, ovate to narrowly oblong, base usually subhastate with rounded auricles, apex acute, both surfaces pilose to glabrescent; petioles 1–6 cm. Inflorescence of axillary subsessile or shortly pedunculate compact cymes; peduncles 0–15 mm; bracteoles linear; pedicels 2–5 mm; sepals subequal, 8–9 × 3–4 mm, ovate, acuminate, hispid-pilose, spreading in fruit; corolla 6–9 mm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, white, pink or mauve, hirsute, limb c. 1.5 cm diam. Capsules globose, 5–7 mm diam., pubescent, often enclosed by the calyx; seeds 2.5 mm, black, glabrous, punctate.
A common Old World weedy species recorded as an adventive in the Caribbean region.
PUERTO RICO. Río Piedras, J.A. Stevenson 2278 (K, NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. St Vincent: “Rev. L. G.” (K).
A rather distinct Old World annual species because of its small hirsute flowers, ovate acuminate sepals that are spreading in fruit, and hirsute capsule. It is the only representative of an Old World Clade found in the Neotropics.
Ipomoea lilacina
Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 716. 1826. (Blume 1825–6: 716), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea lilacina
Ipomoea riparia
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 265. 1838. (
Ipomoea baclii
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8(1): 60[138]. 1838. (
Ipomoea rubens var. lanata
Choisy Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 9: 371. 1845. (
Ipomoea lindleyi
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 371. 1845. (
Ipomoea parkeri
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 381. 1845. (
Pharbitis fragrans
Bojer ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 341. 1845. (
Ipomoea fragrans
(Bojer ex Choisy) Baker, Fl. Mauritius 209. 1877. (
Ipomoea parkeri var. subsericea
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 284. 1869. (
Ipomoea hellebarda
Schweinf. ex Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 142. 1893 (
Ipomoea villicalyx N. E. Br., Trans. Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 20: 64. 1894 (Brown, NE 1894: 64). Type. ARGENTINA or PARAGUAY. Gran Chaco, E. Gibert (lectotype K000612910, designated here).
Ipomoea oxyphylla
Baker, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1894: 71. 1894. (
Ipomoea stuhlmannii
Dammer, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas 333. 1895. (
Ipomoea hovarum
Rendle, J. Bot. 39: 58. 1901. (
Ipomoea brasseuriana De Wild. Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 4, [1(3)]: 115. 1903 (Wilderman 1902–3: 115). Type. CONGO. Environs du Lac Moero, E. Verdicks.n. (holotype BR0000008884886).
Ipomoea bonii
Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 142. 1915. (
Ipomoea garnieri
Standl. & L.O. Williams, Ceiba 3: 128. 1952. (
INDIA. Wallich 1421 (lectotype G00227258, designated by
Twining perennial herb, stems tomentose, to several metres long. Leaves petiolate, 4–8 × 3–5 cm, ovate-deltoid, often shallowly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute, adaxially pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 2–4 cm, grey-tomentose. Inflorescence of compact, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3–12 cm, densely woolly-pilose; bracteoles 3–7 mm, linear, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present) 2–3 mm; pedicels 5–17 mm, pilose; sepals somewhat unequal, outer (8–)10–14 mm, accrescent to 16 mm in fruit, ovate-deltoid, acute (or obtuse), pilose, inner sepals 8–12 mm, obtuse, pilose, margins scarious; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, sericeous-pubescent, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules globose, 8–13 × 11–12 mm, enclosed by sepals, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm long, pilose.
Illustration:
A pantropical species originally described from India but with every appearance of being native in parts of the New World especially in the basin of the Paraguay-Paraná Rivers. It is a plant with a very distinct ecology, growing at low altitudes beside slow-moving tropical rivers, streams and small lakes but is very scattered in its distribution, being rare or absent from many parts of the neotropics, particularly north of the Isthmus of Panama.
ARGENTINA. Chaco: Resistencia, O’Donell 5578 (LIL). Corrientes: T.M. Pedersen 5557 (C, E, S), 6461 (C, S). Entre Ríos: A. Burkart 30083 (RB, SI) – requires confirmation. Misiones: Posadas, C. O’Donell 5601 (LIL); San Ignacio, H.A. Keller & N.G. Paredes 7095 (CTES, FCQ).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Est. Miranda, F. Mereles 6824 (FCQ). Central: Río Salado on road to Limpio, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28141 (FCQ); Lago Ypacaraí, F. Mereles 459 (FCQ, MO). Cordillera: Ypacaraí, E. Hassler 12183 (BM, K, MO, S). Itapuá: A. Pin et al. 565 (PY); B. Balansa 1054 (P). Presidente Hayes: Puente Remanso, K. Ericsson 582 (MO, PY).
BRAZIL. Amazonas: Lago do Carão, V.F. Kinupp 1903 (INPA). Mato Grosso: C.A.M. Lindman 3195 (S); P. Estadual do Xingo, D. Zappi et al. 3157 (K, RB); Novo Mundo, D. Sasaki et al. 1474 (K). Mato Grosso do Sul: Faz. Acurizal, near Corumbá, G. Schaller 184 (NY); Cabeceira Grande, Rio Preto, A.A. Santos & J.B. Pereira 1806 (CEN). Paraná: K.K. Kita 304 (MBM). São Paulo: V. Stranghetti 297 (UEC). Also Acre, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro fide
FRENCH GUIANA. Savane Matiti, G. Cremers 14484a (CAY).
GUYANA. Jenman 5531 (K); D. Hancock 50 (K).
SURINAM. J. Langouw 1064 (K); J. Langouw & J.C. Lindeman 1430 (K).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, Laguna Suárez, N. Ritter & M. Ritter 3346 (BOLV, MO); Vaca Díaz, Riberalta, J. Solomon 16736 (LPB, MO). Cochabamba: Puerto Villarroel, R. Chávez de Michel 3269 (LPB). Pando: Río Negro, Vargas et al. 980 (LPB). Santa Cruz: Germán Busch, Puerto Suárez, R. Frey et al. 494 (MO, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, Sam Miguelito, A. Fuentes 1586 (LPB, NY, USZ); Velasco, El Refugio, J.R.I. Wood & H. Huaylla 20754 (HSB, K, LPB, USZ).
PERU. Loreto: Res. Nac. Pacaya-Samiria, C. Del Cario 2275 (MO).
ECUADOR. Guayas: L.B. Holm-Nielsen & S. Jeppesen 95 (AAU. MO, S). Los Ríos: G. Harling 435 (MO).
COLOMBIA. Arauca: L.E.Forero & J.C. Betancour 193 (COL, MO). Chocó: H. León 266 (COL). Magdalena: Chiriguana, C. Allen 48 (MO).
VENEZUELA. Delta Amacuro: Antonio Díaz, J. Steyermark et al. 114834 (MO).
NICARAGUA. Matagalpa, P.P. Moreno 4908 (MO).
HONDURAS. Lago Yojoa, J.M. MacDougal et al. 3093 (MO).
MEXICO. Jalisco: E.J. Lott et al. 2867 (MEXU). Tabasco: A. Novelo et al. 4127 (MO); Veracruz: Minatitlán, M.A. Tenorio Torres 2 (MEXU).
TRINIDAD. Crueger (?) s.n, [4/10/1849] (K).
This superficially appears to belong to the Jalapa radiation (species 1–83) but molecular sequencing shows that it is an unrelated Old World species (
• Species 400–417 form a neotropical clade nested within the Old World Clade (OWC). Although several species show obvious similarities to others in the clade, there is no obvious single over-riding morphological feature which characterises the group. It is noteworthy that Ipomoea obscura and I. ochracea belong to this clade although they are generally considered to be introductions from the Old World to the neotropics.
Rivea lindenii
(M. Martens & Galeotti) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. 18: 158. 1894 [pub. 1893]. (
Ipomoea cyanantha
Griseb., Fl. Br. West Indian Islands 469. 1864 [pub. 1862]. (
Ipomoea brevipes Peter, Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4 (3a): 30. 1897 [pub. 1891]. (
Ipomoea pandurata
Conzatti & L.C. Smith, Fl. Sinóp. Mex. 3: 48. 1895. (
Ipomoea sabulosa
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18(6): 228. 1908. (
Ipomoea plicata
Urb. ex House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18(6): 226. 1908. (
Ipomoea sabulosa var. hirtella
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18(6): 228. 1908 (
Ipomoea sabulosa var. mollicella
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18(6): 228. 1908. 1908 (
Ipomoea nicoyana
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18: 231. 1908. (
Ipomoea armentalis
L.O. Williams, Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 185.1970. (
Ipomoea flavida
L.O. Williams Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 190.1970. (
MEXICO. Veracruz, H. Galeotti 1360 (BR00006973308 lectotype, designated by
Vigorous twining perennial to 8 m; stems pubescent or glabrous, wiry, woody. Leaves rather shortly petiolate, 2.5–9.5(–16) × 1.5–8.5 cm, ovate, apex finely acuminate, mucronulate, often falcate, base shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, margins often somewhat undulate, abaxially paler, the veins prominent, usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent; petioles 1.7–8.5 cm, conspicuously slender, usually glabrous. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes, sometimes subumbellate and sometimes developing on small side shoots; peduncles 0–15 mm; bracteoles not seen; pedicels 7–27 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 5–15 × (2–)3.5–5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, margins scarious, glabrous, inner 10–18 × (2–)6 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse to rounded, margins scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, bluish or white to lemon-yellow, fragrant, narrowly funnel-shaped, ventricose above a short basal tube 1–1.5 cm long, glabrous except short hairs on the margins of the lobes, limb c. 4 cm diam. sometimes dark pink. Capsules 12–14 × 8–10 mm, broadly ovoid, glabrous, the style persistent as a 4–6 mm long mucro; seeds 6–7 × 3.5 mm, dark brown with long whitish or brownish hairs on margins.
Figure
Ipomoea lindenii. A habit B abaxial leaf surface C bud D outer sepal E inner sepal. F corolla opened out to show stamens G ovary and style. H fruiting habit J outer sepal K middle sepal L inner sepal M seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A, B, D, E from Hammel 19361; C, J–L from Wilkin 441; F, G from Hinton 11561; H M from Wilkin 430.
Widely distributed in moist forest from the northern Andes of Peru, Colombia and Venezuela through Central America to southern Mexico, with isolated populations in Bolivia, Peru and Jamaica. It is found up to about 2000 m but most records are from below 1500 m.
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Inquisivi, Com. Khora–Mikilpirhua hacia Lakachaca, N. Salinas 3134 (LPB).
PERU. Amazonas: Mendoza-Arenal, H. Van der Werff et al. 16994 (MO). Madre de Dios: Manu, Río Salvación, P. Nuñez 6584 (F). Pasco: Oxapampa, G. Castillo et al. 1028 (MO, USM); ibid., R. Rojas et al. 1225 (USM); P.N. Yanachaga-Chemillen, R. Rojas et al. 7964 (MO, OXF). San Martin: Zepalación, near Moyobamba G. Klug 3603 (K, MO, S, US).
COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Laguna Verde, Zipacón, L. Uribe 5049 (COL). Huila: Vereda Cachaya, G. Morales 019 (COL). Santander: Virolín, R. Torres 2519 (COL).
VENEZUELA. Sine loc., Moritz 1243 (BM). Lara: J. Steyermark & Espinoza 111046 (VEN). Mérida: camino a La Carbonera, F.J. Breteler 3236 (MO, S, WAG); G. Morillo 14450 (OXF). Portuguesa: Cerro Córdoba, J. Steyermark & R. Liesner 126887 (MO). Trujillo: Salta La Nevera, J. Steyermark & Rabe 97195 (US, MO). Yaracuy: J. Steyermark & Wessels-Boer 100385 (VEN).
PANAMA. Isla de Coba, J. Cuadras et al. 7978 (K, MA); Chepo, J.P. Folsom et al. 6806 (FTG, MO); Canal area, G. McPherson 11854 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Alajuela, San Ramón, B. Hammel 19361 (BM); Santa Elena, P. Wilkin 441 (BM); San Luis, V. Dryer 1668 (F).
NICARAGUA. Chontales, W.D. Stevens & O.M. Montiel 33465 (MO); Jinotega, Reserva El Jaguar, I. Coronado et al. 5590 (HULE, MO).
HONDURAS. Copán Ruinas, A. Molina 24776 (F, MO); El Portillo-El Porvenir, A & A.R. Molina 25434 (F).
EL SALVADOR. Sonsonate, R. Villacorta & M. Renderos 02583 (MO).
BELIZE. Orange Walk, T. Croat 24979 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Baja Verapaz, H. Von Türckheim 3930 (BM, F).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Ocosingo, D.E. Breedlove 27798 (MO). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 8592 (K). Guerrero: Montes de Oca, G.B. Hinton 11561 (K). Michoacán: G.B. & J.C. Hinton 16038 (GBH). Oaxaca: S. Maya 476 (MO); Pochutla, A. Nava Zafra & J. Pascual 188 (IEB). Querétaro: San Juan Bautista, H. Rubio 76 (IEB); Jalpán, E. Carranza & E. Pérez 5212 (IEB). Sinaloa: C.D. Johnson 128-73 (MO). Tabasco: Villahermosa-Teapa, M.A. Magaña 2306 (IEB). Veracruz: C.A. Purpus 7586 (S).
JAMAICA. St Andrew, Chestervale, G.R. Proctor 25615 (BM); Troy, W. Harris 9034 (BM, K), 12626 (NY); St Elizabeth, Chelsea, E.T. Robertson 5650 (BM); St Catherine, Hollymount, C.D. Adams 11692 (BM).
Ipomoea plicata was published by House in Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 18(6): 226 not later than 11 May 1908. The same species was published by Urban on 20 May 2008 in Symbolae Antillanae 5: 471.
Generally nearly glabrous but the type of Ipomoea nicoyana is noticeably hairy. The sepals are variable in size. The corolla is also very variable in colour ranging from cream to dark blue or combinations of these colours. Despite the variation this species is usually easily recognised by the narrowly ovate or oblong-ovate sepals, very short peduncles and the unusual flower colour.
The collection from Bolivia is a fruiting specimen but appears correctly named. The record from Ecuador (R. Benoist 4798 (P) in
Calonyction clavatum
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 264. 1838. (
Convolvulus clavatus
Pav. ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 346. 1845. (
Ipomoea lactescens
Benth., Pl. Hartweg. 120. 1839. (
Operculina hirsuta
Standl., J. Washington Acad. Sci. 14(11): 242. 1924. (
Ipomoea contrerasii
L.O. Williams, Fieldiana, Bot. 32(12): 189. 1970. (
Based on Calonyction clavatum G. Don
Twining perennial to c. 5 m; stems with long, white, stiff, spreading hairs. Leaves petiolate, 6–12 × 5–10 cm, ovate, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed or with a single lateral lobe, shortly acuminate and mucronate, cordate with rounded auricles, margin often undulate, glabrous, paler beneath, thin in texture, main veins prominent beneath; petioles 4–4.5 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of 1(–2)-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 0.4–2.5 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–4 cm, darker than peduncle, conspicuously thickened upwards, glabrous; sepals subequal, 23–28 × 10 mm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, margin broad, scarious; corolla 7.5–11 cm long, glabrous, broadly funnel-shaped, the tube white, limb blue, deeply lobed. Capsules ovoid, c. 2 cm long, glabrous; seeds 10–13 × 5 mm, shortly tomentose but with long yellowish marginal hairs.
Figures
Ipomoea clavata. A habit with flower B habit with buds C outer sepal D inner sepal Ecorolla opened out to show stamens F ovary and style G fruiting calyx H seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A from Hartweg 671; B from photo by Fuentes; C, D from Ruiz & Pavón s.n.; E–H from Fuentes & Miranda 10895.
Scattered in disturbed bushy places in areas of good rainfall at low altitudes up to just over 1000 m along the Andean chain from northern Bolivia to southern Mexico:
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Sud Yungas, Alto Beni, R. Seidel 2455 (ARIZ, K, LPB); Madidi, A. Fuentes & T. Miranda 10895 (CTES, OXF, LPB, MO, USZ).
PERU. Amazonas: Bagua, A. Gentry et al. 22840 (MO); ibid., F. de la Puente 2443 (CIP). Cajamarca: San Ignacio, J. Campos de la Cruz & O. Díaz 2373 (MO). Cusco: La Convención, Maranura, L. Valenzuela et al. 3115 (MO, OXF). Junín: Satipo-La Merced, T. Croat & M. Sizemore 81993 (MO). Loreto: Via Nauta-Iquitos, C. Díaz & N. Jaramillo 1269 (MO). Pasco: Oxapampa, Pozuzo, R. Vásquez et al. 35838 (MO, OXF). San Martín: Río Huallaga, Chazuta, G. Klug 4076 (BM, K, MO, S); ibid., Juan Jui, G. Klug 4308 (BM, K, MO, S).
ECUADOR. Bolívar: La Chorrera, C. Játiva & C. Epling 017 (MO, S). El Oro: E. Asplund 15766 (S). Esmeraldas: J. Hudson 744 (MO, RB). Guayas: type of Ipomoea lactescens. Imbabura: Cotacachi, C.E. Cerón & C. Reyes 67397 (Q, QAP). Manabí: H. von Eggers 15458 (K).
COLOMBIA. Cesar: Poponte, C. Allen 803 (MO). Cundinamarca: La Mesa-San Javier, García Barriga 12048 (COL); Pacho, L. Uribe 1821 (COL). Valle: Hac. Hato Viejo, Vijes-Yotoco, J.E. Ramos 2752 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, Santa Cruz, B. Hammel & I. Pérez 24993 (CR, MO).
NICARAGUA. Chontales, Río San Juan, P. Shank & A. Molina 4595 (F, GH).
EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapán, Área Protegida Santa Rita, J.M. Rosales 1951 (BM, MO); Santa Ana, San Diego-La Barra, D. Rodríguez et al. 2077 (BM).
BELIZE. Corozal, P. Gentle 545 (F).
GUATEMALA. Petén, Lago Petén Itza, B. Wallnöfer 9496 (K, MO, W); ibid., Laguna Macanché, R. Tun Ortíz 611 (F, MO).
MEXICO. Campeche: Calamul, E. Martínez et al. 29709 (BM, MEXU); Tenabo, F. de la Puente 2939 (CIP). Guerrero: Montes de Oca, Vallecitos, G.B. Hinton 9676 (K, MO), Atoyac, Galeana, 10916 (K, MO), Mina, 11608 (K, MO); Juan R. Escudero, Tirra Colorada, H. Kruse 746 (IEB). Jalisco: La Huerta, Chamela, E. Lott & M. Butterwick 1518 (MO). Michoacán: El Camalote, J.C. Soto Nuñez et al. 7126 (IEB, MEXU). Oaxaca: Asunción Ixtaltepec, Cerro Timbón, A. Saynes & A. Sánchez 3416 (IEB). Quintana Roo: P. Moreno 536 (MEXU). Sinaloa: Concordia, A. González s.n. [1/11/1994] (IEB). Veracruz: C.A. Purpus 7783 (GH). Yucatán: Izamal, G.F. Gaumer 984 (BM, E, F, K, MO).
An unmistakeable species because of its large blue flowers and pilose stems with very long white hairs.
PERU. Cusco, Anta, Sisal, Limatambo, C. Vargas 14325 (holotype CUZ, isotype US).
Twining perennial of unknown height; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–6 × 3–6.5 cm, 3–5-lobed, lobes elliptic in outline, apex acuminate to an an obtuse mucronate tip, base shallowly cordate, margin weakly crenate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler with prominent whittish veins; petioles 1.3–3 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with up to c. 7 flowers; peduncles 4–6 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 8–20 mm; calyx narrowly ovoid, sepals somewhat unequal, outer sepals 20–22 × 10 mm, ovate to ovate-elliptic, shortly mucronate, glabrous, margins scarious; inner sepals 15 × 8 mm, ellipsoid, mucronate, the scarious margins broad; corolla c. 6.5 cm long, campanulate, glabrous, deep pink, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to dry forest and scrub at 2300–2700 m in southern Peru.
PERU. Apurimac: Abancay, Cachora, C. Vargas 9083 (CUZ); Grau, C. Vargas 5826 (CUZ). Cusco: Anta, Mollepata, W. Galiano et al. 5146 (MO).
The deep pink or purple corolla is very striking.
Convolvulus corymbosus
L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 923. 1759. (
Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf., Fl. Tel. 4: 81. 1838. (
Rivea corymbosa
(L.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18(1–2): 157.1894[pub.1893]. (
Legendrea corymbosa
(L.) Ooststr., Blumea 5(4): 355. 1943. (
Ipomoea burmanii
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 350. 1845. (
Convolvulus domingensis
Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 554. 1792 [dated1789]. (
Quamoclit domingensis
(Desr.) M. Gómez, Fl. Habana 346. 1899 [pub.1897]. (
Ipomoea domingensis
(Desr.) House, Muhlenbergia 3: 38 1907. (
Convolvulus laevicaulis
Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 303. 1819. (
Convolvulus prolifer
Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 302. 1819. (
Convolvulus sidifolius
Kunth Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 99. 1818 [pub.1819]. (
Ipomoea sidifolia
(Kunth) Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 372. 1830. (
Convolvulus multiflorus
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 100. 1818 [pub. 1819]. (
Ipomoea cymosa
Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 29: t. 24. 1843. (
Ipomoea antillana
Millsp., Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser., 2(1): 84–85. 1900. (
Legendrea mollissima
Webb & Berthel., Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries 2 (3): 27, t. 137. 1844 (
Rivea corymbosa var. mollissima
(Webb & Berthel.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 157. 1894 [pub.1893]. (
Legendrea corymbosa var. mollissima
(Webb & Berthel.) Ooststr., Blumea 5(4): 355. 1943. (
Turbina corymbosa forma mollissima (Webb & Berthel.) Stearn, Cuadernos de Botánica Canaria 21: 12. 1974. (
Rivea corymbosa var. paniculata
Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.9: 151. 1911 (
Based on Convolvulus corymbosus L.
Liana climbing to about 7 m over shrubs and small trees; stems woody, usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 3–9 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, narrowed to an obtuse, shortly mucronate apex, glabrous or (rarely) pubescent, abaxially paler; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of lax compound cymes terminal on the main stem and on lateral branchlets 5–20 cm long; secondary peduncles 1–5 cm; bracteoles c. 2 mm, scale-like; pedicels 7–17 mm; sepals slightly unequal, oblong, obtuse, nearly completely scarious, glabrous, outer 10–11 mm, inner 11–14 mm; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, campanulate, cream with dark centre and yellow midpetaline bands, glabrous, limb c. 1.5–2 cm diam. Capsules narrowly ovoid, 11–14 × 3–4 mm, glabrous, style persistent; seeds 1–2, 4–5 mm diam., subglobose, tomentose.
Widespread throughout tropical America and introduced into the Old World but of uncertain status in several countries. It is locally frequent in disturbed bushy places usually near settlements at altitudes below about 1200 m but uncommon in much of South America, apparently absent from the Guianas and many Caribbean Islands, almost so from Paraguay and with few records in Colombia and Brazil. This patchy distribution suggests that it is not native throughout all of its range.
PARAGUAY. Amambay: type of Rivea corymbosa var. paniculata).
BRAZIL. Bahía: Pinheiro 1265 (RB). Minas Gerais: A. Macedo 2479 (BM, S). Pará: J.M. Pires 12423 (RB). Paraná: G. Hatschbach 17082 (MBM). Rio de Janeiro: J.R. Mattos 145 (RB). São Paulo: M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 3402 (IPA). Also Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul & Espirito Santo fide
BOLIVIA. Beni: Est. Biológica del Beni, J. Balderrama 417 (USZ). Cochabamba: Carrasco, Valle de Sajta, Naessaeny 67 (LPB). La Paz: Madidi, L. Cayola et al. 886 (LPB, MA, MO, USZ). Santa Cruz: Ibañez, I. Linneo 1161 (MO, OXF, USZ); Ñuflo de Chávez, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27940 (OXF, LPB, USZ); Warnes, M. Nee 45160 (K, LPB, MO, NY, USZ).
PERU. Cusco: C. Vargas 16293 (CUZ). Huánuco: F. Woytkowski 5394 (MO, P); E. Asplund 12397 (S). Junín: fide
ECUADOR. Loja: Pindal, F. Vivar & B. Merino 2124 (LOJA).
COLOMBIA. Atlántico: A. Dugand 4063 (COL). Magdalena: H.H. Smith 1623 (BM, COL, K, S).
VENEZUELA. Bolívar: W.A. Díaz 3110 (MO). Dist. Fed.: T. Croat 21573 (MO). Falcón: T. Brown 18 (K). Lara: L. Aristegueita 4937 (MO). Miranda: H. Pittier 11429 (K). Portuguesa: H. Pittier 12034 (MO). Sucre: Humboldt & Bonpland 1226 (P).
PANAMA. J.A. Duke 15410 (MO).
COSTA RICA. Espinoza 138 (BM, K, MO); A. Tonduz 8639 (BM).
NICARAGUA. F. Ortíz 1674 (MO); A.D. Moore 2108 (BM).
HONDURAS. A. Molina 25925 (BM).
EL SALVADOR. J.M. Tucker 811 (K, UC); A. Munro & K. Sidwell 2784 (BM).
BELIZE. W.A. Schipp 1128 (BM, K, S); P.H. Gentle 1838 (K, MICH).
GUATEMALA. Bartlett 321 (S); R. Tun Ortíz 805 (BM, F).
MEXICO. Campeche: Soto & Alvarez 22691 (K, MEXU). Chiapas: G. Aguilar et al. 417 (BM, MEXU). Est. México & Dist. Fed.: E. Bourgeau 1265 (K, P, S); Temascaltepec, G.B. Hinton 2276 (BM, K, MO). Guerrero: Y. Mexia 8902 (S). Hidalgo: G. Cruz 2239 (K). Jalisco: C.G. Pringle 4549 (BM, MO, S). Michoacán: G.B. Hinton 13212 (K, S). Nayarit: Y. Mexia 812 (BM). Oaxaca: E. Pérez-García & B. Reyes 937 (MO). Querétaro: P. Tenorio & C. Romero 2286 (K). Quintana Roo: E. Cabrera & H. Álvarez 1620 (BM). San Luis Potosí: C. Guzmán 3283 (K). Sinaloa: D.E. Breedlove 35628 (MO). Tabasco: A. Novelo et al. 145 (BM, K, MEXU). Tamaulipas: Tampico, E. Palmer 82 (BM, US). Veracruz: J.I. Calzada 875 (K, MEXU); M. Botteri 557 (BM). Yucatán: G.F. Gaumer 2052 (BM, S).
UNITED STATES. Florida: H. Moldenke 428 (S); D.S. Correll 47693 (BM, Fairchild); North Carolina: L. Kitching s.n. [15/9/1906] (BM).
BERMUDA. Fide
BAHAMAS. A.E. Wright 13 (K); A.H. Curtiss 10 (BM, P).
CUBA. C. Wright 1655 (P); Bro. Alain 9653 (HAC); C.F. Baker s.n. [14 Nov. 1904] (HAGB); H. van Hermann 304 (BM, NY, P).
JAMAICA. Prior 588 (K); W.R. Robertson 755 (K); W. Stearn 283 (BM).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H7220 (S); L.R. Holdridge 886 (BM).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H1111 (K, S); E.J. Valeur 282 (S); Barahona, M. Fuertes 1416 (P).
PUERTO RICO. C.M. Taylor & S. Miller 10408 (K, MO); R.J. Wagner 1085 (BM).
LESSER ANTILLES. Nevis: G.R. Proctor 19310 (BM). Antigua: H.E. Box 1202 (BM). Montserrat: R.A. Howard 19673 (BM). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 4179 (MO). Martinique: fide
TRINIDAD. Fide
The protologue of Convolvulus domingensis simply states that the plant was collected in Sainte Dominique and was kept in the Jussieu herbarium. P03538776 appears to be the only possible specimen that fits these specifications and is here selected as lectotype. P00391965 cannot be part of the material seen by Desrousseaux as it was collected by Poiteau, who first arrived in Hispaniola some years after Convolvulus domingensis was published.
A conspicuously woody liana with a campanulate corolla and oblong scarious sepals, the inflorescence often subracemose or corymbose in appearance. The ripe fruit is distinctive as the sepals are persistent, become papery and spread outwards so aiding dispersal by the wind. The seeds have hallucinogenic properties (
Ipomoea tubata
Nees, Flora 4: 301. 1821. (
BRAZIL. Prinz von Neuwied (lectotype GOET 000810, designated here).
Liana to 10 m; stems subtomentose, woody. Leaves petiolate, 3–11 × 2.5–8 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate with broad sinus, adaxially green, tomentellous, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 1.5–5 cm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes, peduncles 2–5.5 cm, white-tomentellous; bracteoles 5–7 mm, oblong-lanceolate, white-tomentellous, tardily deciduous; secondary peduncles up to 1.5 cm; pedicels (5–)15–45 mm, often long and straight, white-tomentose; outer sepals unequal, outer 10–15 × 6–7 mm, ovate, acute, abruptly narrowed to subtruncate at base, often undulate to fimbriate-margined, white-tomentose, inner sepals 16–17 × 7 mm, broadly oblong, obtuse, tomentellous with broad scarious margins; corolla hypocrateriform, with cylindrical basal tube 3.5–4.5 cm in length and spreading, deep pink, lobes, pilose on the exterior, especially on tube and midpetaline bands, limb 5.5–6 cm diam.; stamens exserted, equal. Capsules 16 × 12 mm conical, shortly rostrate, tomentellous; seeds 8–9 × 5 mm, long-pilose.
Endemic to the cerrado biome in Brazil, where it is common in Minas Gerais and Goiás.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Ilhéus, T.S. Santos et al. 3215 (K, RB). Dist. Fed.: Bacia do Rio Bartolomeu, E.P. Heringer 4501 (IBGE, K); Córrego Forquilha, B.A.S. Pereira 261 (IBGE, K); Rio Contagem, H.S. Irwin et al. 15703 (E, K, NY). Goiás: Santa Cruz, J.B. Pohl 2745 (OXF, W); Goiânia, G. Hatschbach 36992 (MBM, MO, NY); Huapolis, A. Macedo 3282 (MO, S). Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó, D. Zappi & N. Taylor 2266 (SPF, K); Uberlandia, B.C. Vargas 114 (HUFU); Delfinópolis, Est. Carmen Silvia, A.C.B. Silva 374 (RB). Pernambuco: Sanharó, Andrade Lima 66-4538 (RB); Mun. De Brejo da Madre de Deus, L.F. Silva et al. 201 (K, PEUFR). São Paulo: Jeriquara, Mattos & Bicalho 11610 (SP).
This species has long been known as Ipomoea tubata but the name Ipomoea sidifolia was published in the same year and has precedence so should be adopted for this species. Both names were based on the same collection. In order to avoid ambiguity the specimen at GOET is here chosen as lectotype even though it is not annotated either by Schrader or by Nees. It is only extant example of the original material that we are aware of.
A very distinctive species because of its liana habit, hypocrateriform corolla, exserted stamens and tomentellous ovary and capsule. It is the only species we have observed in which the lower half of the style is pubescent.
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, Serra Farmarati, 1832, L. Riedel s.n. (sheet numbered 119 with collector’s label attached and annotated Ipomoea datureflora [sic], LE, lectotype, designated here).
Perennial twining or trailing herb to 3 m, stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 8–15 × 10–12, ovate, acute with a prominent mucro up to 6 mm long, base cordate, adaxially pubescent, abaxially paler and densely pubescent; petioles 4–9 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles1.5–11 cm, pilose; bracteoles 12–20 mm, linear-filiform, deciduous; pedicels 1–6 cm, pilose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 21–34 × 7–8 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, ciliate and pilose towards base, inner slightly broader, ovate, mucronate, glabrous, with scarious margins; corolla 8–10 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules 12 × 15, compressed globose, rostrate; seeds not seen.
A Brazilian endemic principally recorded from around Rio de Janeiro in disturbed bushy places.
BRAZIL. Espirito Santo: Santa Teresa, Pedra de Onça, R.C. Forzza 7538 (RB). Piauí: Ipiranga de Piauí, Queiroz et al. 10195 (OXF, HUEFS). Rio de Janeiro: T. Plowman & de Lima 12898 (F); A.L. Menescal 118 (RB); Giordano et al. 2260 (RB); Serra dos Orgãos, P. Occhioni 8077 (MBM). It is also recorded from Minas Gerais (
This species is distinctive because of its very long pedicels and, especially, the elongate sepals.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Velasco, 6–10 km N de San Rafael en el camino a San Miguel, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27388 (holotype USZ; isotypes K, LPB).
Very slender, possibly annual, twining herb reaching no more than 1 m in height, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–5.5 × 1.5–4.5 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, becoming truncate upwards, apex acute and minutely mucronate, margin entire, adaxially thinly pilose, abaxially glabrous; petioles, 0.5–3 cm long, diminishing in length upwards, pubescent. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate 1–2-flowered cymes from the leaf axils; peduncles 3–7 mm, elongating in fruit to 20 mm, glabrous; bracteoles filiform, 1 mm; pedicels 3–7 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 5–6 × 2.5 mm (accrescent to 6.5 mm), ovate, acute terminating in an aristate point, pilose with scattered long multicellular hairs, margins slightly paler, inner sepals slightly shorter and paler, nearly glabrous; corolla c. 2.2 cm long, uniformly pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, midpetaline bands ending in a small white tooth; Capsules 6 × 3 mm, glabrous, ovoid, rostrate, the style base persistent as a pyramidal point 1.5 mm long.
Granite rock platforms at low altitudes in two very disjunct regions in Brazil and Bolivia.
BRAZIL. Ceará: Mun. Piripiri, 4°231352'S, 41°51'21"W, 158 m, J.A.A.M. Lourenço 124 (PEUFR). Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte fide
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: San Rafael de Velasco, type cllection.
Ipomoea chiquitensis is a distinctive species readily recognised by the very small, shortly pedunculate flowers, adaxially pilose leaves and small pointed pilose sepals. The small glabrous pink corolla (c. 2.2 cm long) is only matched by that of I. dumetorum, I. deminuta and some species in the Batatas Clade (A3), such as I. ramosissima, but is readily distinguished from all of these by the distinctive ovate, acute sepals.
BRAZIL. Alagoas, Quebrangulo, REBIO Pedra Talhada, 6 Sept. 2012, B.S. Amorin, J.L. Costa-Lima, W.M. Pora, V.S. Sampaio, M.A. Chagas 1658 (holotype JPB, isotype UFP).
Slender twining herb of unknown height; stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–10 × 3.5–8.5 cm, ovate and entire, undulate to shallowly 3-lobed, base cordate with rounded auricles, apex shortly acuminate, obtuse and mucronulate, adaxially thinly pubescent, abaxially paler, glabrous; margins ciliolate; petioles 1–8.5 cm pilose. Inflorescence of solitary, pedunculate flowers from the leaf axils; peduncles 3–11 mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 9–13 mm, thickened upwards, slightly winged, often recurved, thinly pubescent; sepals subequal, 7–8 × 1.75 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent and ciliate; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, pink, narrowly funnel-shaped, apparently glabrous, midpetaline bands ending in small teeth, limb c. 1.5 cm diam.; style globose. Capsules 10 × 7 mm, ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 4, 5 × 2.5 mm, grey, densely tomentose.
Endemic to Mata Atlântica in NE Brazil.
BRAZIL. Alagoas: G.A. Gomes-Costa 166 (JPB, UFP). Ceará: Inaçio de Azevedo. J. Eugenio 1007 (GH), Serra das Almes, F.S. Araujo 1424 (HUEFS).
This species has been interpreted as a form of Ipomoea acanthocarpa (Choisy) Aschers & Schweinf. but differs in the solitary flowers and very shortly rostrate capsule. It has also been identified as I. minutiflora (M. Martens & Galeotti) House but differs in its larger solitary pink flowers and larger capsules. It might also be thought to be a depauperate species from the Pharbitis Clade such as I. indica (Burm.) Merrill but the 4-seeded capsules and small sepals rule that out. The species seems closest to I. chiquitensis. Both species have leaves adaxially pubescent but abaxially glabrous and both have similar-sized, acuminate sepals with white margins as well as deflexed fruiting peduncles. However, I. chiquitensis always has entire leaves, the stem is glabrous but the leaves and sepals are much more hirsute, and the capsule is much more prominently rostrate. The position of I. melancholica here cannot be confirmed as it is only inferred from its morphology.
Convolvulus crinicalyx
(S. Moore) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3(2): 213. 1898. (
Ipomoea seleri
Millsp., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36, Beibl. 80: 23. 1905 (
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, S. Moore 953 (holotype BM000953162).
Twining perennial herb, stems glabrous or puberulent. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 × 3–9 cm, broadly ovate, cordate with broad sinus, acuminate, glabrous or shortly adpressed pubescent; petioles 1–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 0.5–8 cm; bracteoles very variable sometimes small, linear, caducous, sometimes large, expanded and leaf-like; secondary peduncles (if present), 2–6 mm; pedicels 8–21 mm; sepals slightly unequal, oblong-ovate, acute, covered in soft spines otherwise glabrous, puberulent, or, frequently, farinose, outer 12–14 × 4–5 mm, inner 14–15 × 5–6 mm, the scarious margins and upper part spineless; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, pink, glabrous outside, limb 4–5 cm, unlobed. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, 14–15 × 12 mm with stout rostrate apex 5 mm long; seeds c. 5 mm long, flattened ellipsoid, minutely tomentellous with long, dense, brownish marginal hairs.
Ipomoea crinicalyx. A habit B stem C leaf D adaxial leaf surface E abaxial leaf surface F flower G corolla opened out to show stamens H ovary and style. J calyx and capsule K capsule L seeds. Drawn by Eliana Calzadilla A–E from Wood & Mamani 13495; F–J from Wood et al. 24462; J–L from Fuentes 2992.
A species with an amphitropical distribution being found in Mexico as well as in South America, where it has a typical Chaco distribution. In South America, it is characteristic of Chaco forest and scrub.
ARGENTINA. Jujuy: Ledesma, A. Krapovickas & G. Seijo 47735 (CTES); Legname & Cuezzo 8202 (CTES, LIL). Salta: Orán, O. Morrone et al. 4045 (MO, SI).
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: F. Mereles 6572 (FCQ).
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá región, A. Pott 7769 (CPAP, CTES); P.C. Silva & E.L.M. Assis 18 (CPAP).
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Boeto, below Nuevo Mundo, J.R.I. Wood et al. 22336 (K, LPB); Zudañez, El Palmar, J. Gutiérrez et al. 2645 (HSB). Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, Valle de Tucavaca, J.R.I. Wood et al. 24462 (K, LPB, UB, USZ); Cordillera, P.N. Kaa-Iya, A. Fuentes 2992 (USZ). Tarija: Gran Chaco, Villamontes-Palos Blancos, J.R.I. Wood et al. 27606 (OXF, LPB, USZ).
NICARAGUA. Managua, S. Holt 6204 (HULE, MO).
BELIZE. Cayo, San Luis, J.D. Dwyer et al. 410 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Petén, San José, B. Wallnöfer 9502 (MO, W); ibid., Cuxú, R. Tun Ortíz 510 (BM, F, S); Santa Elena, R. Tun Ortíz 1061 (BM, F); Lake Petén Itzá, Contreras 5494 (BM, F).
MEXICO. Campeche: Hopelchén, E. Martínez et al. 31358 (BM, MEXU); Calkiní, Tunkashe, E. & H. de Cabrera 15837 (IEB). Chiapas: A. Espejo 5868 (MEXU). Guerrero: Petatlán, E. Langlassé 631 (K). Jalisco: S.H. Bullock 2000 (K). Michoacán: Apatzingán, Leavenworth 444 (MO); La Huacana, Sierra Las Cruces, V.W. Steinmann et al. 5227 (IEB); Aguila, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6658 (IEB). Quintana Roo: Chetumal, E. Cabrera & J.L. Godínez 4492 (MO); Puerto Morelos, O. Téllez & E. Cabrera 1880 (BM, MEXU). Yucatán: Sayil, E.& H. de Cabrera 10322 (MEXU, MO); Izamal, G.F. Gaumer 547 (BM, C, K, S); ibid., A. Schott 905 (BM).
The presence of soft spines on the sepals makes this species unmistakeable and only likely to be confused with the following four species. From I. echinocalyx it is distinguished by the longer peduncles, shorter sepals, less hairy leaves and pink corolla.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa, E. Warming (holotype BR00005307579).
Twining perennial herb reaching 4 m; stems thinly to densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 7–20 × 6–15 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate, both surfaces pubescent but abaxially more densely so and paler; petioles 5–18 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 0–4 mm; bracteoles deltoid, up to 8 mm long; pedicels 15–40 mm, unequal in length, thinly pilose; sepals unequal, outer 15–25 × 3–4 mm, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, acuminate, covered in soft spines, which diminish towards the apex, thinly pilose with white hairs, inner sepals 12–16 mm, lanceolate, terminating in a long mucro, thinly pilose but nearly spineless, margins scarious; corolla c. 7 cm long, funnel-shaped, cream or white, glabrous outside, limb slightly lobed, c. 5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Central Brazil and Bolivia, apparently infrequent in both countries.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Viçosa, Y. Mexia 4428 (F, K, MO, NY, S); São Pedro do Suaçuí, G. Davidse et al. 11483 (MO).
BOLIVIA. La Paz: Caranavi-Alto Beni, J.R.I. Wood & T. F. Daniel 18388 (HSB, K, LPB); Sud Yungas, G. Quintana et al. 1124 (LPB). Santa Cruz: Amboró Park, Río San Rafael, I. G. Vargas et al. 2132 (OXF, MO, NY).
Obviously related to Ipomoea crinicalyx but distinguished by the near absence of peduncles, much longer outer sepals and white or cream flowers. Additionally I. echinocalyx is a much more hirsute plant with fewer flowers in each cyme.
GUATEMALA. Santa Rosa, Río de Las Cañas, Heyde & Lux in Donnell Smith 4022 (holotype US00111471, isotypes BM, GH, K, NY).
Twining perennial herb, stems glabrous or puberulent. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 3–11 cm, broadly ovate, cordate with broad sinus, acuminate, adaxially glabrous or shortly adpressed pilose, abaxially densely adpressed pilose; petioles 1–8 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate 2-flowered cymes, borne on short branchlets 0.5–1.5 cm long with reduced leaves; peduncles 0–4 mm, tomentose; bracteoles 5–6 mm, filiform, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present), 2–6 mm; pedicels 20–40 mm; sepals unequal, outer 30–35 × 4–5 mmlanceolate, acuminate, covered in soft spines but apically spineless, pilose throughout with white hairs, inner 20–23 × 5–6 mm, margins broad, scarious, the spines restricted to the midrib area; corolla 7–8 cm long, pink, glabrous outside, limb 4–5 cm, unlobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Woodland borders at around 1000–1500 m in Central America, apparently common in Honduras and Guatemala.
HONDURAS. Ocotepeque, A. Molina 22264 (F, MO); ibid., 22151 (BM).
GUATEMALA. Capertillo, Valle del Fuego, O. Salvin (K); Sacatepéquez, T. Croat 41947 (MO).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Solusuchiapa, D.E. Breedlove 19938 (DUKE, MO); Yajalón, Los Pinos, A. Shilom Ton 4941 (MO). Oaxaca: Santa María Chimalapa, H. Hernández 554 (MEXU, MO); Totontepec, J. Rivera Reyes 1303 (MEXU, MO). Veracruz: fide
The plate accompanying the protologue is incorrect and is of Ipomoea lozanii. The correct plate is Figure
Very similar to Ipomoea echinocalyx but differing in the more densely pubescent to subtomentose leaves, especially the whitish abaxial surface. Most distinct are the long, lanceolate finely acuminate outer sepals which can reach 35 mm in length and which are naked of spines in the upper half but are pilose throughout. The cymes are usually 2-flowered, borne on short branchlets 0.5–1.5 cm long with reduced leaves, the pilose pedicels 2–4 cm long.
PERU. Cusco, Paucartambo, Chontachaca a Pillahuata, 700 m, P. Nuñez 8087 (holotype MO3518513, isotype CUZ19924).
Twining perennial herb 1–2 m high, growing over shrubs; stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 7–11 × 7–9.5 cm, 3–lobed to half way or slightly less, base cordate with rounded auricles, lobes ovate, apex shortly acuminate and mucronate, both surfaces densely pubescent with somewhat asperous long hairs; petioles 4–12 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of up to 5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1.3–5.3 cm, pilose; bracteoles 3–11 × 0.5–1 mm, filiform to linear, pilose; secondary peduncles (if present) 8–10 mm; pedicels 22–33 mm, pilose; sepals unequal, outer 14–17 × 5–6 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, abaxially covered in scattered long white hairs mixed with soft spines, both 3–4 mm long, inner sepals 11–13 × 4–5 mm, ovate, mucronate, glabrous and spineless, margins scarious; corolla c. 5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, glabrous; limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A plant of lowland forest areas, endemic to the upper Amazon watershed on the borders of Peru and Brazil.
BRAZIL. Acre: Marechal Thaumaturgo, basin of Rio Jurúa, D.C. Daly et al. 10707 (ARIZ). PERU. Cusco: Convención, Echarate, P. Nuñez et al. 19679 (CUZ, ?US). Huancavelica: Quintobamba, O. Tovar 4143 (USM). Ucayali: J. Schunke V. & J.G. Graham 15012 (ARIZ).
Clearly part of a complex of species with Ipomoea crinicalyx, I. silvicola and I. echinocalyx but is immediately distinguished from these by the 3-lobed leaves. Additionally the dense pilose indumentum and white flowers distinguish it from I. crinicalyx, and the pedunculate cymes from I. silvicola and I. echinocalyx.
Convolvulus ochraceus
Lindl., Bot. Reg. 13, t. 1060. 1827. (
Convolvulus trichocalyx
Schum. & Thonn., Beskr. Guin. Pl. 91. 1827 (
Ipomoea trichocalyx
(Schum. & Thonn.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 275. 1838. (
Ipomoea afra
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 380. 1845. (
Ipomoea kentrocarpa
A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 70. 1851. (
Ipomoea stocksii
C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 4: 207. 1883. (
Ipomoea clarkei
Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 734. 1885. (J.D.
Ipomoea ophthalmantha
Hallier f., Jahrb. Syst. 18: 141.1894 [pub.1893]. (
Ipomoea curtissii
House, Ann. New York Acad. Sci, 18: 257. 1908. (
Ipomoea ochracea var. curtissii
(House) Stearn, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 170: 145. 1959. (
Based on Convolvulus ochraceus Lindl.
Twining or trailing perennial herb; stems rather slender, pubescent but usually glabrescent, up to 2 m long. Leaves petiolate, 2–7 × 1.3–6 cm, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, glabrous or shortly pubescent on the veins; petioles 0.7–3.2 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered, shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 1–4 cm, glabrous, pubescent or thinly pilose; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, lanceolate; secondary peduncles 0.5–1.5 cm; pedicels 7–22 mm, often bent or recurved, glabrous or, less commonly, pubescent or pilose; sepals 5–6 × 2–3 mm, glabrous, often wrinkled/muricate, margins scarious, usually glabrous but occasionally pilose with long white trichomes, slightly unequal, outer ovate, acute to shortly acuminate or mucronate, inner ovate-elliptic obtuse, occasionally mucronate; corolla 3–4 cm long, pale yellow with purple base to the inside of the tube, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb often weakly lobed, 3–4 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 7 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 4 × 2.5 mm, minutely tomentellous, sometimes glabrous (var. curtissii).
Generally thought to be an African species introduced to the Caribbean region and locally common in disturbed places, especially in Cuba and Jamaica.
BRAZIL. A.F.M. Glaziou 4890 (MO, S, US).
VENEZUELA. Dist. Fed.: A. Castillo 1471 (MO).
CUBA. A.H. Curtiss 562 (HAC, K), Bro. Alain & López Figuieras 7036 (HAC, HAGB); E.K. Ekman 18200 (BM, S).
JAMAICA. W. Harris 12319 (K, NY, S), W. Robertson 763b, 764b (BM); St Andrew, W. Stearn 39 (BM); St Catherine, W. Stearn 163 (BM).
PUERTO RICO. J.I. Otero 478 (MO); P. Acevedo-Rodríguez s.n. [11/1/1996] (K, US).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix: V.W. Steinmann 2252 (BM, IEB); St John: P. Acevedo-Rodríquez 3096 (MO). St. Lucia: R. Graveson 320 (MO).
HAWAII. F.R. Fosberg 57420 (BM, US).
Plants from Cuba and Jamaica with glabrous seeds have been treated as var. curtissii (House) Stearn, but this variation has also been reported from the Old World tropics where it is generally unrecognised.
Ipomoea ochracea and I. obscura differ in nothing more than the size of their corolla and this makes the interpretation of Ipomoea clarkei somewhat difficult. The lectotype of I. clarkei has a few corollas in poor condition about 25–28 mm in length, thus essentially intermediate between I. ochracea and I. obscura, although larger than generally in I. obscura. A collection by P.S. Kanitkar from Junnar, Pune at K named I. clarkei is certainly I. ochracea and it seems best to treat I. clarkei as a synonym of I. ochracea. Clarke described the seeds as glabrous but annotated the lectotype with a note that the mature seeds were puberulous. There are no seeds attached to the specimen today.
Convolvulus obscurus
L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 220. 1762. (
Ipomoea curassavica
All., Auct. Syn. 10. 1773. (
Ipomoea luteola R. Br., Prodr. 485. 1810. (Brown, R 1810: 485). Type. AUSTRALIA. Queensland, Keppell Bay, R.Brown 2744 (lectotype BM001040635, designated here).
Ipomoea insuavis
Blume Cat. Gen. Buitenzorg 50. 1823. (
Ipomoea fragilis
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 372. 1845. (
Ipomoea obscura var. fragilis
(Choisy) Meeuse, in Dyer, Fl. Pl. Afr. 31: pl. 1222. (
Ipomoea acutiflora
A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 7. 1851. (
Ipomoea longipes
Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10(3): 246. 1888. (
Ipomoea inconspicua
Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894 (86): 71. (
Ipomoea saltiana
Rendle, J. Bot. 32: 178. 1894. (
Ipomoea demissa
Hallier f., Jahrb. Syst. 18: 129 1893[pub. 1894]. (
Ipomoea obscura var. demissa (Hallier f.) Verdc., Kew Bull. 33: 165. 1978. (
Ipomoea fragilis var. pubescens Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boiss.7: 51. 1899. (
Ipomoea obscura var. indica
Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. 28: 39. 1899. (
Ipomoea obscura var. abyssinica
Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. 28: 39. 1899. (
Ipomoea obscura var. sagittifolia Verdc., Kew Bull. 13: 210. 1958. (
Based on Convolvulus obscurus L.
Twining or trailing perennial herb; stems rather slender, pilose or glabrescent, up to 1.2 m long. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–9 × 0.5–7.5 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, rarely sagittate (var. sagittifolia), glabrous or shortly pubescent on both surfaces; petioles 1–8 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered, shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 3.5–4 cm, glabrous, pubescent or thinly pilose; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, lanceolate; secondary peduncles 0.5–1.5 cm; pedicels 10–20 mm, often bent or recurved, glabrous or, less commonly, pubescent or pilose; sepals 4–8 × 2–4 mm, glabrous, often wrinkled or muricate, margins scarious, usually glabrous but occasionally pilose with long white trichomes, slightly unequal, outer ovate, acute to shortly acuminate or mucronate, inner ovate-elliptic obtuse, occasionally mucronate; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, white, yellow or orange with purple base to the inside of the tube, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb often weakly lobed, 3–4 cm diam. Capsules 18 × 12 mm, globose, glabrous; seeds 4–5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, minutely tomentellous.
Generally thought to be an African species introduced into the Caribbean region.
JAMAICA. W. Stearn 164 (S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. H.A. Allard 13214 (S).
LESSER ANTILLES. Antigua: H.E. Box 1308 (BM, K). Barbados: A.McIntosh 351 (K). Guadeloupe: Raynal-Roques & Jérémie 21118 (K, P); Marie Galante fide
HAWAII. Kauai, U.J. Faurie 1042 (BM); Judd et al. s.n. [25/9/1937] (K).
This hardly differs from Ipomoea ochracea except in the smaller dimensions of its corolla. It is, however, much more widespread in the Old World Tropics than Ipomoea ochracea.
Ipomoea obscura var. fragilis differs from the type in the concolorous pale yellow colour of the corolla. It is southern African in distribution.
Ipomoea grayi
Rose, Contrib. U.S. Natl, Herb. 1(4): 107. 1891. (
Ipomoea saxorum
Standl. & Steyerm., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23(2): 81. 1944. (
Ipomoea breedlovei
L.O. Williams, Fieldiana, Bot. 32(12): 188. 1970. (
HONDURAS. Valle, Gulf of Fonseca, Sinclair s.n. (lectotype K000612726, partially designated by C. Nelson, 1996: 58 and redesignated here).
Twining herb or liana to 6 m, stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–10.5 × 2–9.5 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles (rarely 3-lobed), glabrous or pubescent, abaxially paler; petioles 3–7.5 cm. Inflorescence of subumbellate, branched, usually many-flowered axillary cymes, peduncles 2.5–6 cm, often stout; bracteoles caducous; secondary, tertiary and quaternary peduncles often present, always short, 0.5–1.5 cm; pedicels 15–45 mm, often long; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 5–8 × 4 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, often muricate or midvein forming a narrow wing near base, inner 7–10 mm, ovate, obtuse or rounded, scarious upwards; corolla 6–8 cm long, broadly funnel-shaped, red to pale pink, pubescent at the apex of the midpetaline bands; limb wide, 6–7 cm diam. Capsules 15 × 12–13 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 mm long, minutely pubescent.
From northern Mexico south to El Salvador and Honduras, principally in drier areas mostly between 200 and 1200 m. It mostly grows by streams or in gallery forest in deciduous tropical forest.
HONDURAS. Gulf of Fonseca: type collection.
EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapán, Área Protegida Santa Rita, J.M. Rosales 1948 (BM, B, MEXU, MO).
GUATEMALA. Cañon El Tapón, Huehuetenango, A. Molina 30134 (F).
MEXICO. Chiapas: Tonala, C.A. Purpus 6913 (BM, MO); Tenejapa, Río Chik Ha’, D. Breedlove 12640 (F). Chihuahua: E. Palmer 102 (K). Guerrero: Acapulco, Hancock 46 (K); Galeana, Tecpan, G.B. Hinton 10888 (GBH, K, MO); Acapulco, E. Palmer 154 (K, MO). Hidalgo: Zacualtipán, E. Matuda 38686 (MO). Jalisco: E.J. Lott 1585 (MO). Michoacán: Coalcomán, Villa Victoria, G.B. Hinton 12544 (GBH, K, MO); Aguililla, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6825 (IEB). Morelos: Atlacahualoya, G. Flores & E. Cabrera 335 (MEXU). Nayarit: Tepic, E. Palmer 1997 (P, US); Rosamorada, E. Ruíz Sánchez & A. Castro 486 (IEB). Oaxaca: Tehuantepec, M. Elorsa 5303 (IEB), 5334 (IEB, MO). San Luis Potosí: Rascon, C.A. Purpus 5406 (BM). Sinaloa: El Fuerte, La Constancia, J. Ortega 5486 (K); Imala, E. Palmer 1704 (S); Mun. Cosalá, Mineral de Nuestra Señora, c. 12 km E of Cosalá, Rito Vega et al. 2112 (MEXU). Sonora: San Bernardo, Río Mayo, H.S. Gentry 1616 (K, MO, S); T.R. Van Devender & Dimmitt 91-755 (ARIZ). Tamaulipas: R. Kral 27371 (MO). Veracruz: Rinconada, Dorantes et al. 01710 (BM, MEXU).
The outer sepals are often muricate and the inflorescence has distinctive long pedicels, similar in form to Ipomoea regnellii, but often somewhat broader, although always glabrous. Occasionally the murication on the sepals develops into fleshy appendages similar to those seen in I. tentaculifera, most conspicuously in Rito Vega et al. 2112 (MEXU). At first sight this appears to be a distinct species and might perhaps merit recognition as a variety but seems to be only an extreme variation of a tendency occasionally found in other specimens of I. pedicellaris. The small mucro at the apex of the sepals is sometimes present (Figure
MEXICO. Oaxaca, C.G. Pringle 6702 (holotype GH, isotypes AC, BM, BR, CM, E, F, GOET, K, M, MEXU, MICH, MO, MSC, NDG, NY, PH, S, UC, US).
Perennial herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 6–11 × 2.5–6.5 cm, ovate, long-acuminate, cordate, glabrous, paler beneath; petioles 3.5–8 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate solitary flowers; peduncles 7–12 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 45–75 mm, noticeably thicker than peduncles and widened below calyx; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6–7 × 4.5 mm, ovate, obtuse, covered in soft fleshy spines on the abaxial surface, but otherwise glabrous, inner c. 8 × 5 mm, obovate, truncate, shortly mucronate, scarious-margined, soft spines only present near base; corolla 6–6.5 cm long, deep pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb unlobed, 4–5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Pine woodland from 1500 to 2000 m. Endemic to Oaxaca.
MEXICO. Oaxaca: Abasolo, Santa Rosa Buenavista, A. Saynes 627 (IEB); San Felipe Tejalapa, M. Cruz 133 (IEB).
Resembling Ipomoea crinicalyx and allies in the fleshy spines on the calyx but the long thick pedicels are somewhat reminiscent of I. setosa. The solitary flowers and ovate, cordate, glabrous, spineless leaves render this species very distinct.
Ipomoea warmingii
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 272. 1869. (
Ipomoea ophiodes
Standl. & Steyermark, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23; 82. 1944. (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Caldas, A.F. Regnell (lectotype BR000005793693, designated by O’Donell, 1952: 236).
Twining perennial herb, stems thinly pubescent to densely long-pilose, older parts sometimes with flaking bark. Leaves petiolate, 4–15 × 3–12 cm, ovate to suborbicular, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate to an obtuse and mucronate apex, adaxially thinly puberulent to subtomentose, abaxially weakly to densely tomentose; petioles 1.5–11 cm, thinly pubescent to tomentose. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary, many-flowered umbellate cymes, peduncles (0.3–)1–5.5 cm; bracteoles 1.5–2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 6–8 mm; pedicels 8–45 mm, relatively long, glabrous or pilose; sepals slightly unequal, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse and broadly mucronate to acuminate, pale green, thinly to densely pubescent, outer 7–11 × 1–3 mm, margins often ciliate, the inner 9–13 × 3–4 mm, often with scarious margins; corolla 5–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or violet, densely short pubescent, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules subglobose to ellipsoid, 9–12 × 7–9 mm, rostrate (mucro 5 mm), glabrous; seeds 6 mm, pubescent on the angles (immature).
Illustration: Figures
Widely distributed in moist forest regions of tropical America below about 1500 m from Bolivia north to Guatemala, but principally in the Andean foothills, and apparently relatively rare elsewhere as in Brazil and Central America.
BRAZIL. Acre: E. Forero et al. 6399 (MO, NY, R). Goiás: R.C. Mendonça et al. 4203 (RB). Minas Gerais: C.W.Mosén 1911 (S). São Paulo: V.C. Souza et al. 4986 (K, SPF).
BOLIVIA. Beni: Ballivián, Rurrenabague, D. Williams 955 (K, LIL, LPB, NY, MO, OXF, USZ). Cochabamba: Chapare, Cordillera de Mosetenes, M. Kessler et al. 13263 (LPB). La Paz: Sud Yungas, Río Bopi, B.A. Krukoff 10078 (F, GH, K, MICH, NY, MO, US). Pando: Madre de Dios, D. Rocabado & E. Calzadilla 949 (USZ). Santa Cruz: Ichilo, Urubó, J.R.I. Wood & D. Soto 27953 (OXF, K, LPB, USZ).
PERU. Sine loc., Lechler 2616 (K). Cusco: C. Vargas 16533 (CUZ); Paucartambo, I. Huamantupa 3514 (MO, OXF). Madre de Dios: P. Nuñez 6108 (MO, FTG). Piura: Ayabaca, F. de La Puente 3148 (CIP). Puno: P. Nuñez & C. Muñoz 5329 (MO). Tumbes: Díaz et al. 4849 (MA), 4098 (MA).
ECUADOR. Esmeraldas: B. Løjtnant & U. Molau (AAH). Guayas: G. Tipaz et al. 909 (FTG, MO); E. Asplund 15897 (F, K, NY, S, US). El Oro: L. Albert 1181 (S). Loja: J.-E. Bohlin et al. 1290 (GB). Los Ríos: C.H. Dodson et al. 8416 (MO); Río Pelenque, A. Gentry 9561 (MO). Manabí: G. Harling & L. Andersson 18845 (FTG); A.S. Hitchcock 20025 (US). Napo: R. Marles EE95 (F); Est. Biol. Jatun Sacha, B.C. Bennett et al. 207-SFS (QCNE). Sucumbios: Gonzalo Pizarro, Rio Dashiño, A.P. Yañez et al. 985 (QCA).
COLOMBIA. Boyacá: M.T. Dawe 913 (K). Cauca: K. von Sneidern 1111 (S). Meta: Río Meta, T. Sprague 30 (BM, K); Villavicencio, J. Triana 3805 p.p. (BM); ibid., A.H.G. Alston 7587 (BM); Sierra La Macarena, W.R. Philipson et al. 1642 (BM). Putumayo: H.G. Barclay 4698 (COL, MO).
VENEZUELA. Bolívar: El Dorado, A. Gentry et al. 9561 (MO) – requires confirmation.
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, M.M. Chavarria 735 (MO); B. Hammel 18629 (CR, MO). HONDURAS. I.C. Piñeda 40 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. J. Hjalmarson 1853 (S); Ataco, J.L. Linares 3768 (MEXU); Lake Illopango, K. Sidwell et al. 579 (BM).
GUATEMALA. Chiquimula, Jocotán, J. Kufer 275 (BM, MSB).
Usually readily identified by the pubescent leaves and corolla, combined with the narrow, lanceolate, obtuse sepals and many-flowered pedunculate inflorescence.
We have united Ipomoea ophiodes with I. regnellii as we cannot see any consistent differences between the two species whose distribution complements each other. Ipomoea ophiodes is reported to have very pilose stems, few-flowered cymes, acuminate sepals and perhaps a narrower, more violet corolla (Figure
BRAZIL. Bahia, Bonito, estrada Bonito para o assentamento Eugênio Lira, 11°59'54"S, 41°04'24"W, 10 Aug. 2014, L. P de Queiroz, J.R.I. Wood & H. Huaylla 15972 (holotype HUEFS, isotype OXF).
Twining perennial herb to 2 m; stems glabrous or thinly hirsute with short spreading hairs, less commonly tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 2–9(–13) × 1–4(–6) cm, narrowly (or rarely broadly) ovate, acute or acuminate and mucronate, base cordate with a narrow sinus and rounded auricles, both surfaces glabrous or tomentellous on the veins, adaxially with scattered hairs or hair bases only on both surfaces, rarely both surfaces tomentose; petioles 0.5–5 cm, the indumentum similar to that of the leaves. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired) axillary flowers; peduncles 0–5 mm often completely suppressed, glabrous to tomentose; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent; pedicels 11–30 mm, thickened upwards, glabrous to tomentellous; sepals subequal, narrowly oblong-elliptic, acute and shortly mucronate, densely but very shortly puberulent, the margins slightly scarious, outer 7–11 × 3–3.5 mm, inner 9–13 × 4 mm, obtuse to rounded and mucronate; corolla 4.5–5(–7) cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, puberulent; limb 3.5(–5) cm diam., undulate. Capsules 10–11 × 7–9 mm, ovoid, rostrate, the style base 4–5 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, densely white-tomentose.
Figure
Ipomoea chapadensis. A habit B base of peduncle with bracteoles C outer sepal D inner sepal E corolla opened up to show stamens F habit with more pubescent indumentum G calyx with fruit H seed J habit with broader leaves. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A, B from E. Souza et al.121; C, D from Almeida-Silva & Barros 294; E J from E. Melo 12022; F from Projeto Chapada Diamantina 2598; G from T. Cavalcanti 330; H from Lima & Lima 291.
Endemic to the Chapada Diamantina in Bahia where it occurs along the borders of caatinga and cerrado vegetation.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Lençois, R.M. Harley et al. 14124 (K, SPF); Mun. Jacobina, B. Stannard et al. 2598 (ALCB, HUEFS, K); Mun. Palmeiras, L.V. Vasconcelos et al. 412 (HUEFS, SP); Mun. Rio de Contas, R.M. Harley et al. 25707 (CEPEC, K, SPF).
Very distinctive is the usually 1-flowered inflorescence with the peduncle almost completely suppressed so the bracteoles appear to be stipules. This serves to separate this species easily from Ipomoea regnellii to which it is obviously related. It is very variable in indumentum, some specimens (Harley et al. 25707, Cavalcanti et al. 330, Junqeira & Andrade 92) being markedly tomentose, others like Souza et al. 121 being glabrous. Intermediate states are often found. Melo 12022 (HUEFS) from the Mata Atlântica in Bahia is somewhat atypical because of its larger corolla and broadly ovate leaves, but the very short peduncle and solitary flower strongly suggest it is correctly placed.
Convolvulus tiliifolius
[“tilaefolius”] Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: 544. 1792. (
Rivea tiliifolia
(Desr.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 407[25]. 1834. (
Amphione tiliifolia
(Desr.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 79. 1836 [1838]. (
Argyreia tiliifolia
(Desr.) Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. 4 (2): 12, t 1358. 1848. (
Stictocardia tiliifolia
(Desr.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 159. 1894 [pub. 1893]. (
Ipomoea benghalensis
Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 4: 229. 1819. (
Convolvulus gangeticus
Roxb., Fl. Ind., 2: 46, 1824. (
Ipomoea gangetica
(Roxb.) Sweet, Hortus Brit., ed. 2: 288. 1830. (
Ipomoea pulchra
Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 716. 1826. (
Convolvulus melanostictus
Schltdl., Linnaea 6: 737. 1831. (
Ipomoea campanulata var. illustris
C.B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 4: 211. 1883. (
Ipomoea campanulata auct., non L.
Based on Convolvulus tiliifolius Desr.
Twining liana to c. 12 m in height; stems densely white-pubescent/floccose when young, glabrescent, somewhat woody when old. Leaves petiolate, 5–15 × 4.5–15 cm, suborbicular to subreniform, apex rounded to retuse, sometimes mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially pubescent to puberulent, grey-green, abaxially dotted with dark glands, densely and softly white-pubescent when young, somewhat glabrescent and becoming greenish; petioles 5–15 cm, densely pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely 2–3) pedunculate flowers from the leaf axils; peduncles 1–9 cm, pubescent, somewhat glabrescent; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 2–3 mm, white tomentose; pedicels 8–20 mm, elongating to 2.5 cm in fruit, shortly white-tomentose; sepals subequal, pubescent, broadly ovate, suborbicular, 11–15 × 11 mm, markedly accrescent in fruit to 40 × 35 mm and somewhat glabrescent; corolla 5.5–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent towards the tips of the midpetaline bands; limb weakly lobed, 4.5–5 cm diam. Capsules 1.5–2 × 2–2.5 cm, compressed globose, indehiscent, enclosed by accrescent sepals; seeds ellipsoid, 9 × 6 mm, shortly but densely puberulent to subtomentose.
Illustrations. Figures
Native of tropical Asia but long naturalised throughout the tropics, particularly on the shores of oceanic islands. In the New World reported as well-naturalised in the Galapagos Islands and near the sea in Central America and on some Caribbean Islands as well as Hawaii. Some of the records below may be of cultivated plants.
ECUADOR. Galapagos Islands: T.W.J. Taylor 108 (K); G. Harling 5610 (S); U. & E. Eliason (S); H. Van der Werff 1282A (MO).
PANAMA. B.C. Seeman 174 (BM, K); J.F. Macbride 2614 (F, US).
COSTA RICA. Puntarenas, Isla de Coca, F.J. Quesada 1103 (BM, K, MO); ibid., Nicoya, B. Hammel 16796 (CR, MO).
NICARAGUA. W. Robleto 1603 (MO).
EL SALVADOR. La Libertad, R. Aparicio & R. Rivera 127 (MO).
GUATEMALA. Friedrichstahl s.n. (K).
UNITED STATES. Florida: J.K. Small & C.A. Mosier 6002 (K).
CUBA. E.L. Ekman 3720 (S); A.H. Liogier 14397 (NY).
HAITI. E.L. Ekman H5181 (S), H2923 (S).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H10929 (K, S).
PUERTO RICO. A. Liogier et al. 40410 (NY); F. Axelrod et al. 3326 (NY).
LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St John, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 3120 (MO, NY). U.K. Virgin Islands: Guana Island, G.R. Proctor 43448 (NY). Antigua: H.E. Box 1299 (BM). Montserrat: J.A. Shafer 64 (NY); G.R. Proctor 18931 (BM). Martinique: Hahn 628 (BM). Dominica: Imray 230 (K); C. Whitefoord 5400 (BM). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 2476 (NY); Marie Galante, G.R. Proctor 20264 (BM). St Lucia: sine data (BM). St Vincent: H.H. Smith 1610 (K, NY). Barbados: fide
HAWAII. Faurie 1041 (BM); G.W. Barclay s.n. (BM).
There are no extant original specimens of Convolvulus gangeticus so we have selected Roxburgh’s painting (Icon no. 1793) as lectotype. This is preserved at Kew and can be seen online at http://apps.kew.org/floraindica/displayImages.do?index=1
Ipomoea tiliifolia is a robust liana, usually with solitary pink flowers, pubescent on the exterior. The sepals are strongly accrescent around the large subglobose capsule. The dark glands on the abaxial leaf surface are also distinctive.
Ipomoea tiliifolia is the only representarive of the Stictocardia Clade found in the neotropics. It has usually been treated in a separate genus as Stictocardia tiliifolia based on the presence of gland dots on vegetative parts and the corolla, on the strongly accrescent sepals and by the separation of the fruit into exocarp and endocarp. The thin exocarp breaks up easily when dry leaving a lantern-shaped, 4-valved endocarp. Although this structure appears to be unique to species previously placed in Stictocardia, molecular studies do not support its retention as a separate genus. (Austin and Sebsebe Demissew1997,
Convolvulus perfoliatus
Schumach. & Thonn., Beskr. Guin. Pl. 89. 1827. (
Ipomoea operosa
C.H. Wright, Bull. Misc. Inf., Kew 1897: 275. 1897. (
Ipomoea involucrata var. operosa
Verdc., Kew Bull. 13: 206.1958. (
Ipomoea involucrata var. burtii
Verdc., Kew Bull. 13: 206.1958. (
Ipomoea austinii
Infante-Betancour, Caldasia 36 (2): 248. 2014. (
NIGERIA, Oware, P. de Beauvois (holotype G00023040).
Variable trailing or twining annual or short-lived perennial herb; stems rather slender, pubescent to asperous-pilose in all parts. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–6(–10) × 1.5–5(–8.5) cm, ovate, acute or obtuse and mucronate, cordate with rounded auricles, both surfaces pubescent to tomentose, abaxially paler; petioles 2–7 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate, involucrate heads; peduncles 2.5–10 cm, densely pubescent to tomentose; outer bracteoles united at base to form a boat-shaped involucre around the flowers, sessile, 2.5–6.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm, each ovate, acuminate, folded, pubescent; inner bracteoles much smaller, obovate to linear-oblong; pedicels very short; flowers few to many; sepals unequal, 6–15 × 1.5–4 mm, acute to acuminate, pubescent to setose, outer lanceolate, inner 2–3 mm shorter, ovate; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, less commonly white, pubescent; limb 3–4 cm diam., entire. Capsules 6 mm, globose, glabrous; seeds glabrous or shortly pubescent, c. 4 mm long.
Common in West and Central Africa but a recent introduction in the neotropics in a Colombian oil palm plantation.
COLOMBIA. Cesar: type of Ipomoea austinii.
Probably an adventive in the New World but may become established.
We have not seen M. Carillo-F 557 but the shape and measurements of the sepals accompanying the protologue of Ipomoea austinii (
••• The following four species are unplaced within Ipomoea. We are unable to make even a guess at their likely placement.
PARAGUAY. Caazapá, Castor Cue, 26°10'S, 55°20'W, I. Basualdo 002775 (holotype FCQ, isotype MO).
Trailing herb, probably perennial; stems thinly pilose with white hairs. Leaves petiolate, 4–6.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm, slightly oblique, oblong, base cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate, margins ciliate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pilose on the veins; petioles 7–8 mm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with 1–4 flowers borne on long secondary peduncles; primary peduncles 0.3–1.2 cm; secondary peduncles 7–12 cm, thinly pilose; bracteoles 9–12 × 1 mm, filiform, persistent until anthesis; pedicels 8–15 mm, pilose; sepals 10–14 × 3–4 mm, ovate, finely acuminate to a mucronate apex, base rounded to truncate, outer sepals pilose except at margins, inner sepals slightly shorter with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla c. 5.5 cm long, broadly funnel-shaped, glabrous in bud, pink, limb c. 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Only known from the type collection which was found in “praderas”, presumably some kind of cerrado grassland in eastern Paraguay.
PARAGUAY. Caazapá: type collection.
This species bears a strong superficial resemblance to Ipomoea attenuata but differs in the glabrous corolla. Both species have somewhat similar oblong, shortly petiolate leaves and ovate sepals with a distinct truncate base and acuminate apex. Ipomoea dolichopoda, however, can be distinguished at first glance by the long white hairs, which are scattered over all vegetative parts. It is also distinct in the very short primary peduncles combined with the very long secondary peduncles, a combination that in our experience is unique in Ipomoea.
MEXICO. Guerrero, Mun. Chilpancingo de los Bravos, C.A. González-Martínez & S. Ríos-Carrasco 761 (holotype FCME151016, isotype FCME).
Slender annual night-flowering twining herb, stems glabrous, up to 5 m long. Leaves petiolate, 6–10 × 4–7 cm, ovate, acuminate and mucronate, base cordate with obtuse auricles, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 3–5 cm long, setose below the junction with the leaf. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary 2-flowered cymes; peduncles up to 9 cm long, setose at the base, gland-dotted, sticky; bracteoles ovate, c. 1.5 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–13 mm; pedicels 7–8.5 mm, somewhat accrescent in fruit, sticky-glandular, otherwise glabrous; receptacle forming a swollen disc at base of flowers; sepals subequal, 4–5 × 2–2.5 mm, ovate-deltoid, acute, glandular, becoming reflexed in fruit; corolla 4.5–5.3 cm long, cylindrical-hypocrateriform, greenish-white, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., unlobed; stamens weakly exserted. Capsules ovoid, c. 2 × 1.5 cm, rostrate, glabrous; seeds c. 10 × 7 mm, ellipsoid, pubescent and with long white marginal hairs 11–12 mm long.
Endemic to Mexico growing at around 800–1000 m in semi-deciduous forest.
MEXICO. Guerrero: type locality. Jalisco: Mun. El Limon, Cerro el Carrizal, A. Flores 3679 (MEXU).
Very distinctive because of the setose peduncles and the disc-like receptacle. The peduncles, pedicels and sepals are reported to be sticky glandular. The annual habit combined with the hypocrateriform white corolla is also unusual.
BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Agrestina, Inselberg Pedra Cabeça de Velho, P. Gomes, M. Alves & B. Maciel 658 (holotype RB00601358, isotype UFP).
Climbing perennial, stem minutely puberulent, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–5.5 × 2.4–5 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute, margin undulate to minutely denticulate, both surfaces shortly puberulent but more densely so on the abaxial veins, abaxially paler; petioles 1–4.5 cm, thinly puberulent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes reduced to pedunculate clusters; peduncles 3.5–5.5 cm, puberulent; bracteoles 5 × 1.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, caducous; pedicels 1–3 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous; outer 5–6 × 3 mm, ovate, mucronate, abaxially slightly muricate, margin scarious, inner 6–8 × 4–6 mm. oblong-elliptic, rounded and mucronate, entirely scarious except central area; corolla c. 5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3 cm diam.; stamens included; longer filaments 12–15 mm, shorter c. 10 mm. Capsules ovoid, rostrate, 5 × 3 mm with 1 mm long mucro, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Only known from a single inselberg in north eastern Brazil.
BRAZIL. Pernambuco: Only known from the type collection.
Distinct because of clustered flowers, prominently mucronate, small, scarious sepals and small, rostrate capsules.
BRAZIL. Espirito Santo, Pancas, Pedra da Colina, 19°13'51"S, 40°52'35"W, 700 m, D.P. Saraiva, J. Silva, K.V. Hmeljeviski & R.C. Forzza 47 (holotype RB 00591205).
Liana of unknown height; stems woody, pale grey, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–7 × 3–5 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin undulate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, somewhat reticulate, the main veins obscurely puberulent; petioles 1.5–2.5 cm, glabrous or obscurely puberulent upwards. Inflorescence borne on woody branchlets, the axillary cymes subracemose in form, apparently arising after the leaves have fallen; peduncles 6–7 mm long, somewhat woody, glabrous apart from a few scattered hairs; bracteoles deltoid, c. 1 mm long, glabrous, caducous; secondary peduncles 2–7 mm long; pedicels 6–10 mm long, glabrous; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6–7 × 3–3.5 mm, broadly lanceolate, subacute, glabrous, margin scarious, inner similar but obtuse and with broader scarious margins; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, suburceolate, glabrous, reported to be “white”, tube subcylindrical, c. 4 mm wide at base, widened to 10 mm in the middle, constricted upwards, c. 6 mm wide at mouth, lobes broadly ovate, c. 2 × 3.5 mm; ovary presumably glabrous, style c. 2.2 cm, stigma biglobose. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Only known from a single granite sugarloaf inselberg in Espirito Santo State in Brazil.
BRAZIL. Espirito Santo: Only known from the type collection.
Species of Ipomoea with tubular suburceolate corollas are rare in Brazil. The only two comparable Brazilian species are I. longistaminea and I. ana-mariae. Both have oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, somewhat convex sepals very different from the broadly lanceolate subacute sepals of I. scopulina.
BRAZIL. Ceará, Sobral, on the ascent of Meruoca Mountain, 40°20'58"S, 3°41'10"W, F. D. S. Santos 506 (holotype EAC, isotypes HUVA, K, PEUFR, RB).
Liana to 6 m, roots tuberculate. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–18.5 × 2.7–14.8 cm, ovate, 3.5–18.5 × 2.7–14.8 cm; adaxially sparsely pubescent to glabrescent, abaxially paler, sparsely pubescent or with hairs restricted to the veins, deciduous at anthesis; petiole 2–11.5 cm long,pubescent or glabrescent. Inflorescence of compound cymes with up to 25 flowers; peduncles 3–20.5 cm, canescent, glabrescent; bracteoles 10–15 mm long, often deciduous; pedicels 5–10 mm long, canescent; sepals equal, 6–8 × 5–7 mm, ovate, oblong to elliptic, slightly convex, apex obtuse to rounded, canescent; corolla 2.3–4.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, white, midpetaline bands canescent, greenish; anthers held at mouth of corolla; ovary ca. 3mm long, conical, glabrous, 4-locular with the loci uniovulate. Capsules 0.9–1 cm long, ellipsoid, glabrous; Seeds 6–7 mm long, with hairs 3–5 (−8) mm, restricted to the margins and dorsal region.
Endemic to the caatinga region of NE Brazil.
BRAZIL. Ceará and Paraibá fide
We have not had the opportunity to evaluate specimens of this species and have not carried out any molecular sequences. The description of the species suggests it is closely related to Ipomoea marcellia but the 4-locular, uniovulate ovary would suggest it belongs to the Quamoclit Clade (312–327). In consequence, this species is placed in this section of the monograph.
J.A.
Perennial twining herb with wiry stems to 1.2 m, latex white, rootstock swollen, purplish. Leaves petiolate, 2–3.8 × 0.3–1 cm, lanceolate, base rounded to cuneate, apex acute and aristate, both surfaces glabrous; petiole 4–10 mm, weakly winged near base. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate axillary cymes with up to 4 flowers; peduncles 3–5 mm long, muricate; bracteoles not seen; pedicels 10–15 mm long; sepals unequal, coriaceous, glabrous, outer 5–10 mm, ovate, obtuse, inner oblong, rounded, 8–12 × 4–6 mm; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, deep pink, hypocrateriform, limb 4–5 cm diam., anthers exserted. Capsules 5–10 × 8–15 mm, compressed-globose; seeds 3–5 × 5–10 mm, pubescent.
Endemic to the Marañon valley where it grows in seasonally dry deciduous scrub at 2360 m.
PERU. Ancash: Prov. Antonio Raimondi, Dist. Chingas, Hanan Raqui, E. Jara 990 (USM).
Notes. A description is being prepared by the discoverers of this species but initial molecular studies have not confirmed its placement.
The roots are eaten raw by people in the neighbourhood of the collection locality.
The following list does not include species treated as synonyms of recognised species of Ipomoea, nor any discussed in the main species treatment. It aims to include all American species described in Ipomoea, Batatas, Exogonium or Quamoclit of uncertain identity or transferred to other genera. It should be noted that we have generally accepted the identification of species listed as transferred to other genera by
Batatas bonariensis
Lindl., Bot. Reg. 24: 55. 1838. (
Batatas cissoides
(L.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 437 [55]. 1834. (
Batatas pentaphylla
(L.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 436 [54]. 1834. (
Batatas quinquefolia
(L.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 49 [127]. 1838. (
Batatas tomentosa
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 337. 1845. (
Batatas tomentosa var. elongata Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 337. 1845. (
Calystegia cymosa
Ledeb., Ind. Hort. Dorpat. 4. 1821. (
Calystegia discolor
Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23, beibl. 57: 42. 1897 (
Convolvulus ebracteatus
Desr., Encycl. 3: 541. 1792 [dated 1789]. (
Convolvulus ipomoea
Vell., Fl. Flumin.72, t. 56. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Convolvulus pendulus
Silva Manso, Enum. das Subst. Braz. 17. 1836. (
Convolvulus polyrrhizos
Silva Manso, Enum. das Subst. Braz. 18. 1836. (
Convolvulus puniceus
Silva Manso, Enum. das Subst. Braz. 18. 1836. (
Convolvulus triqueter
Vell., Fl. Flumin.71, t. 53. 1825 [pub. 1829]. (
Convolvulus ventricorus
, Silva Manso, Enum. das Subst. Braz. 20. 1836. (
Uncertain species, presumably an Ipomoea. It was reported as being used as a horse purgative and described as a twining plant with tomentose oblong-cordate, obtuse leaves, canescent beneath, a 2-flowered peduncle and a ventricose corolla with an elongate tube.
Exogonium solanifolium
(L.) Britton, Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Mem. 1: 82. 1918. (
Exogonium velutifolium
House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 100. 1908 (
Ipomoea amparoana
Pilg., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 125. 1921. (
Uncertain species. A plant from Clade A2 resembling I. batatoides but buds pubescent. No known species from this region fits these characteristics.
Ipomoea angustifolia
Jacq., Collectanea 2, 1789 [dated1788]. (
Ipomoea angustifolia
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 21. 1877. (
Ipomoea aristulata
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 263. 1845. (
While the two specimens filed at BR under the name Ipomoea aristulata are clearly Ipomoea capillacea, they are not in accord with the protologue which describes a twining plant with ovate, cordate leaves. It seems the unnumbered specimens may have been filed incorrectly under this name. Ipomoea aristulata is an uncertain species.
Ipomoea bisperma
Larrañaga, Escritos Damaso Antonio Larranaga 2: 78.1923. (
Unknown species presumably from Uruguay. The description as “loculis monospermis” suggests this is I. hederifolia L. or I. indivisa (Vell.) Hallier f.
Ipomoea bronsonii
J.N. Gerard, Garden & Forest 5: 345. 1892. (
Unknown species
Ipomoea caesia
Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.-Kult. Nachtr. 2: 140. 1826. (
Uncertain species of the Pharbitis Clade, probably I. purpurea or I. indica.
Ipomoea cephalantha
Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23, Beibl. 57: 39. 1897. (
Ipomoea cernua
(Moric.) Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 156. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua
forma acutifolia Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 156. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua
forma chacoensis Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 156. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua
forma grandiflora Hassl. (as I. cernua var. meisneri forma grandiflora), Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 156. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua var. meisneri Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 156. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua
var. obtusifolia Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 156. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua
forma palmirensis Arechav., Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 7: 192. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua
forma paraguariensis Hassl. (as I. cernua var. meisneri f. paraguariensis), Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 156. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua
forma platensis Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 156. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua
subforma subsericea Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 156. 1911. (
Ipomoea cernua
forma yapeyuana Arechav., Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 7: 193. 1911. (
Ipomoea chryseides
Ker Gawl. Bot. Reg. 4: t. 270 1818. (
Ipomoea cissoides
(Lam.) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.I. 473. 1864 [pub. 1862]. (
Ipomoea codonantha
Benth., Pl. Hartw. 120. 1843. (
Ipomoea compressa
Guss., Ind. Sem. Hort. Boccadifalco 7. 1825 (
Uncertain species, possibly not of American origin. The description is too vague to allow identification.
Ipomoea contorquens
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 385. 1845. (
Ipomoea coptica
(L.) Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 208. 1819. (
This African species is reported to occur as an adventive in Hawaii and The United States (St John, 1973), but no specimens have been traced and no mention of this species is made in later publications, such as
Ipomoea cordobana
Peter, Peter, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 4(3a): 36. 1891. (
Ipomoea corralinensis
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 361. 1845. (
Ipomoea crotonifolia
Gardner, London J. Bot. 1: 180. 1842. (
Ipomoea cruckshanksii
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 389. 1845. (
Ipomoea cumanensis
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 273. 1838 (
Ipomoea dasysperma
var. disperma Ram. Goyena, Fl. Nicarag. 2: 652. 1911 (
Unknown species with yellow flowers and two black seeds, possibly Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R. Simões & Staples
Ipomoea digitata
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 26. 1877. (
Ipomoea discoidesperma Donn.-Sm, Bot. Gaz. 14: 27. 1889. (Donnell Smith 1889: 27) = Merremia discoidesperma (Donn.-Sm.) O’Donell
Ipomoea dissecta
(Jacq.) Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 145. 1813. (
Ipomoea distans
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 378. 1845. (
An uncertain species of Clade A2, possibly I. batatoides.
Ipomoea ebracteata
(Desr.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 377. 1845. (
No specimen of Ipomoea biflora has been seen from the New World and the specimens cited by
Ipomoea elegans
A. Dietr., Allg. Gartenzeitung (Otto & Dietrich) 4: 313. 1836 (
Uncertain species, probably I. platensis Ker-Gawl. (see
Ipomoea emetica
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 376. 1845. (
Uncertain species. Choisy based his description solely on the painting prepared by Sessé and Moçiño and saw neither the original specimen (now lost) nor Sessé and Moçiño’s manuscript description of Ipomoea sagittata. The description of solitary flowers, sagittate leaves and thickened rootstock used as an emetic suggests this is Ipomoea simulans, but there can be no certainty as the picture lacks diagnostic details.
Ipomoea erecta
Michx., in Lam., Journ. Hist. Nat. i. 410. 1792. (
Ipomoea ericoides
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 251. 1869 (
Ipomoea eriocephala
Moric., Pl. Nouv. Amer. 43, t. 29. 1837. (
Ipomoea erythraea
Sessé & Moçiño ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 335. 1845. (
Ipomoea evolvuloides Moric.
, Pl. Nouv. Amer. 47. 1837. (
Ipomoea evolvuloides
var. grandiflora Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 361. 1845. (
Ipomoea falkioides
Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 206. 1866. (
A slender erect, subscapose herb 3–5 cm high with a pubescent stem. Leaves mostly at base of stem, 0.7–1.5 × 0.6–1.1 cm, ovate, cordate, obtuse, margin undulate, glabrous, abaxially punctate; petioles 2–5 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary, pedunculate axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–3.5 cm; bracteoles and pedicels apparently absent; sepals 3 × 0.5 mm, oblong, acute, green and foliose in texture, sparsely and minutely hispidulous; corolla broadly funnel shaped, 1 cm long, ?white, glabrous apart from a few hairs at apex of midpetaline bands.
Uncertain species only known from fragile type collections. We have not been able to revise the pollen or see the stigmas clearly, so it is difficult to evaluate its generic position. However, it is quite unlike any Ipomoea known to us and has something of the appearance of a depauperate specimen of Jacquemontia.
Ipomoea ferruginea
(Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 240. 1819. (
Ipomoea filiformis
Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 13. 1760. (
Ipomoea filipedunculata
Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26(3): 150. 1899. (
Ipomoea flagellaris
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 60 [138]. 1838. (
Ipomoea flammea
Nees, Flora 4: 301. 1821. (
Ipomoea floribunda
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 267. 1838. (
Ipomoea fulva
Bertol., Hort. Bot. Bonon. 1826: 5. 1826. (
Ipomoea fusca
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 247. 1869. (
Ipomoea gabrielii
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 378. 1845. (
Ipomoea glabra
(Aubl.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 362. 1845. (
Ipomoea glabra var. septenata (Choisy) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 287. 1869. (
Ipomoea glaucifolia
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 161. 1753. (
Ipomoea glaziovii
Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23, Beibl. 57: 40. 1897. (
Ipomoea glutinosa
Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23, Beibl. 57: 39. 1897. (
Ipomoea graminiformis
var. densiflora Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 5: 690. 1905. (
Ipomoea graminiformis
forma minor Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 5: 690. 1905. (
Ipomoea grandidentata
C.H. Thomps., Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 20: 18. 1911. (
Ipomoea grandiflora
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 21. 1877. (
An uncertain species but probably I. maurandioides, which is common in Cordillera. The description of a slender, glabrous, often 1-flowered plant with emarginate (presumably sagittate) leaf bases fits well.
Ipomoea granulata
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 17. 1877. (
An uncertain species, but very probably I. granulosa as the stem is described as granulose and the leaves narrowly elliptical and subsessile as in I. granulosa, which is known from Canindeyú. We hesitate to use the name I. granulata without seeing authentic material.
Ipomoea guyanensis
(Aubl.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 366. 1845. (
Ipomoea hamiltonii
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 268. 1838. (
Ipomoea hassleriana
Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 5: 693. 1905. (
Ipomoea havanensis
(Jacq.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 368. 1845. (
Ipomoea hermanniae
(L’Hérit.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4. 276. 1838 (
Ipomoea heterophylla
Schrank, Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 2: 3. 1822. (
Uncertain species. The 5-lobed dentate leaves suggest this is a species of Merremia or Distimake.
Ipomoea hirtiflora
M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 267. 1845. (
Ipomoea hispaniolae
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 280. 1838. (
Ipomoea hispida
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 18. 1877. (
Uncertain species, the protologue is insufficient to suggest a possible identification.
Ipomoea holosericea
Weinm., Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 17. 1828. (
Ipomoea hostmannii
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 290. 1869. (
Ipomoea humilis
Raf. New Flora 4: 57. 1838. (
Uncertain species. A slender annual herb with palmately 5-lobed leaves, sepals ciliate, corolla red. Possibly I. heptaphylla.
Ipomoea igatimiana
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 17. 1877. (
An uncertain species, possibly I. setifera because of the paired, persistent bracts and verruculose calyx, or pehaps I. fimbriosepala.
Ipomoea imbricata
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 16. 1877. (
An uncertain species but probably Ipomoea paludosa, because of the erect simple stems and imbricate leaves.
Ipomoea jamesonii
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 367. 1845. (
Ipomoea juncea
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 355. 1845. (
Ipomoea kunthiana
var. pubescens Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 253. 1869. (
Uncertain species. Ipomoea procumbens (incl. I. kunthiana) is always glabrous so this must presumably be another species, which we are unable to identify.
Ipomoea lanceolata
G. Don, Gen. Hist. iv. 282. 1838. (
Ipomoea lasioclados
Choisy, Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 357. 1845. (
Ipomoea ledebourii
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 388. 1845. (
An uncertain species. We have not been able to trace a specimen and the description lacks sufficient detail to allow identification. Although Choisy states that Ipomoea ledebourii is based on Calystegia rugosa Ledeb., this must be an error as he quotes Ledebour’s original description of Calystegia cymosa word for word and, in any case, this is the only Calystegia species mentioned by Ledebour on page 4.
Ipomoea leiocalyx
Bruns, Mitt. Inst. Bot. Hamburg 8: 66. 1929. (
Ipomoea lindmanii Urb., Symb. Antill. 9: 248. 1924. (1924: 248). Type. CUBA (east). Mir, E. Ekman 7508 (holotype S07-4660).
Uncertain species. The type is a sterile shoot and no flowering or fruiting material has ever been found and it cannot even be certain that it is a species of Ipomoea (
Ipomoea linoides
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 354. 1845. (
Ipomoea livescens
(Schlecht. ex Kunze) Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 224. 1869. (
Ipomoea longiflora
Larrañaga, Escritos Damaso Antonio Larranaga 2: 78.1923. (
Ipomoea longipes
Garke, Linnaea 22: 66. 1849. (
Ipomoea lundii
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 56 [134]. 1838. (
Ipomoea luxurians
Moric., Pl. Nouv. Amer. 58. t. 39. 1839. (
Ipomoea malvaeoides var. oblongifolia Hallier f. in Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. 30: 185 (1902). Type. BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Cuyabá, Pilger 318.
Uncertain species, possibly I. haenkeana, based on the cited flowering season and dry habitat, the entire, oblong, abaxially tomentellous leaves, paniculate inflorescence and shortly tomentose sepals.
Ipomoea nealleyi
Coult., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 46. 1890. (
Ipomoea nematophylla
Urb., Symb. Ant. 5: 473 (1908). (
A glabrous plant with simple linear-filiform leaves, the margins incurved, but otherwise similar to the variable I. nematoloba. Urban claimed the corolla was 2.5 cm long but was unable to observe it fully. Uncertain species. In the absence of a type specimen it is very uncertain how this species differs from the very variable I. nematoloba except by the leaf shape. Urban identified E.L. Ekman 9452 (S) as this species but it is leafless and in fruit. No other more recent collection has been seen that approximates to the type.
Ipomoea nigricans
Gardner, London J. Bot. 1: 180. 1842. (
Ipomoea nutans
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 368. 1845. (
Ipomoea nyctaginea
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 369. 1845. (
Ipomoea nyctelea
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 160. 1753 (
Ipomoea operculata
Mart., Reise Bras. (Spix & Mart.) 1: 547. 1823. (
Ipomoea ornithopoda
B.L. Rob., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 27: 183. 1892 (
Ipomoea ottoensis
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 378. 1845. (
Ipomoea ovalifolia
(Vahl ex H. West) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 449 [67]. 1834. (
Ipomoea ovalifolia
var. pubescens Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 357. 1845. (
Ipomoea ovalifolia
var. tomentosa Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 357. 1845. (
Ipomoea palmeri
S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 63. 1889 (
Ipomoea palmeri
var. platyphylla Fernald, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 33(5): 90. 1897. (
Ipomoea papillosa
Bertol., Hort. Bot. Bonon. 1826: 5. 1826. (
Uncertain species.
Ipomoea patula
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 368. 1845. (
Ipomoea patula
var. selloana Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 240. 1869. (
An unidentified species of Ipomoea (
Ipomoea pendula
(Silva Manso) Stellfeld, Tribuna Farm., Curitiba 13: 86. 1945. (
Ipomoea pentaphylla
(L.) Jacq., Collectanea 2: 297. 1789 [dated1788]. (
Ipomoea perryana
Duchass. & Walp., Linnaea 23: 751. 1850 [pub. 1851]. (
Ipomoea pilosa
Cav., Icon. [Cavanilles] 4. 11. 1797. (
Ipomoea pinnatifida
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 280. 1838. (
Ipomoea polyanthes
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 234. 1819. (
Ipomoea polymorpha
var. glabra Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 264. 1879. (
Ipomoea polyrrhizos
(Silva Manso) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 356. 1845. (
Uncertain species. The description of an erect, sericeous plant with oblong-obovate, mucronate leaves, 3-flowered peduncles, a rounded, sericeous calyx and a terminal, inflorescence of pale rose flowers and pilose seeds strongly suggests a cerrado species such as Ipomoea haenkeana but it is impossible to be completely certain which species is indicated from the protologue,
Ipomoea portobellensis
Beurl., Kongl Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 40: 139. 1854 [pub. 1856]. (
Ipomoea potentilloides
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 230. 1869. (
Ipomoea primuliflora
G. Don, Gen. Hist. iv. 270. 1838. (
Ipomoea prostrata
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 254. 1869. (
Ipomoea prostrata
var. longepedunculata Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 692. 1905 (
Ipomoea pterodes
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 361. 1845. (
Ipomoea pubescens
Hornem. Hort. Bot. Hafn. i. 195. 1813. (
Uncertain species, possibly I. pubescens (L.) Roth
Ipomoea punicea
(Silva Manso) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 355. 1845. (
Uncertain species. The description in the protologue of “an erect, hirsute plant covered in white hairs with decussate, lanceolate, subsessile, obtuse leaves, short 1–5-flowered peduncles, pilose, obovate, acute sepals and purple flowers” suggests this might be I. hirsutissima, I. aurifolia or a similar species.
Ipomoea quinquefolia
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 162. 1753 (
Ipomoea quinqueloba Sessé & Moçiño, Pl. Nov. Hisp. 27 1888. (Sessé and Moçiño 1887–1890: 27). Type. MEXICO (not found at MA).
Uncertain species.
Ipomoea quinquepartita
(Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 247. 1819. (
Ipomoea repens
(L.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 467. 1793. (
Ipomoea rhodocalyx
A. Gray ex S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 439. 1887. (
Ipomoea robusta
Urb., Symb. Antill. 9: 424. 1925. (
Uncertain species. The type is a relatively unremarkable sterile shoot. While this could be a species of Ipomoea, it cannot be matched with any known species. (
Ipomoea ruderaria
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 267. 1838. (
Ipomoea sagittata
Sessé & Moçiño Pl. Nov. Hisp. 27 1888. (Sessé and Moçiño 1887–1890: 27), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea sagittata
Uncertain species, possibly Ipomoea simulans D. Hanb. See also Ipomoea emetica.
Ipomoea sagittifera
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 273. 1838. (
Ipomoea salicifolia
Desr. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 819. 1840. (
Ipomoea scabra
Schult., Obs. Bot. 37. 1809. (
If this specimen is B-W03763-01, this species is I. purpurea var. diversifolia as identified by Hallier bur the peduncles are not “subuniflorus” as stated by Schultes. The protologue and the specimen may not correspond.
Ipomoea scabrida
Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 223. 1819. (
Ipomoea schizoloma
Kunze, Del. Sem. Hort. Lips. 2. 1845. (
Uncertain species with no extant type.
Ipomoea selloi
Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 271. 1869. (
Ipomoea selloi
var. rufescens Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 271. 1869. (
Ipomoea septenata
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 362. 1845. (
Ipomoea sericantha
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach] 471. 1862. (
Ipomoea sericantha
Miq., Stirp. Surinam. Select. 131. 1851 (
Ipomoea sericea
Spreng. ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 368. 1845. (
Ipomoea sericea
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 18. 1877. (
An uncertain species, but the description of shortly petiolate, ovate, basally rounded and abaxially pilose leaves with solitary flowers suggests it could be I. chodatiana, especially as the type of this species was collected at the same locality.
Ipomoea serpyllifolia
(Kunth) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 267. 1838. (
Ipomoea serrata
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 41 [135]. 1838. (
Ipomoea sidifolia
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 459 [77]. 1834. (
Ipomoea silvana
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 374. 1845. (
Ipomoea sinaloensis
Brandegee, Zoë 5: 217. 1905. (
Ipomoea sinuata
Ortega, Nov. Pl. Descr. Dec. 84. 1798.
Ipomoea solanifolia
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 161. 1753. (
Ipomoea soldanellifolia
Schrank, Syll. Pl. Nov. 1: 198. 1824. (
Uncertain species with orbicular, pubescent leaves and blue flowers.
Ipomoea sphaerostigma
(Cav.) Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 819. 1840 (
Ipomoea spiciflora
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 54 [148]. 1838. (
Ipomoea stellata
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 18. 1877. (
Uncertain species. The description of a plant with stellate hairs indicates that this must either be Ipomoea bonariensis or I. homotrichoidea. The former is more common in Paraguay but only the latter is definitely recorded from Canindeyú.
Ipomoea sulcata
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 19. 1877. (
Uncertain species. The description of a glabrous prostrate plant with shortly petiolate, elliptic, rounded leaves combined with a pubescent calyx and large solitary flowers does not fit any Paraguayan species known to us.
Ipomoea superba
Schrank ex Colla, Hort. Ripul. append. 2: 350–351. 1826. (
Uncertain species, possibly Ipomoea orizabensis.
Ipomoea tamnifolia
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 162. 1753. (
Ipomoea terminalis
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 54 [132]. 1838. (
Ipomoea tomentosa
Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 55 [133]. 1838. (
Ipomoea tortugensis
Peter, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4, 3a: 31. 1891. (
Ipomoea trichocephala
G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 269. 1838 (
Ipomoea triflora
Maria & Velasco, La Naturaleza 1: 338, 1870. (
Uncertain species, possibly related to I. orizabensis.
Ipomoea triloba
var. glaberrima Meisn. in Martius et al., Fl. Brasil. 7: 277. 1869. (
Uncertain species. Probably a form of I. australis or I. grandifolia with a glabrous capsule.
Ipomoea triquetra
(Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 4: 231. 1819. (
Ipomoea tuberosa
L., Sp. Pl. 1: 160. 1753. (
Ipomoea tweediei Hook., Bot. Mag. 69: t. 3978. 1842. (Hooker WJ 1842: t. 3978).
An Ipomoea of uncertain application. The type collection at K consists of two plants, one possibly I. grandifolia, the other possibly I. indivisa or I. rubriflora but the illustration (Bot. Mag. t. 3978) and description do not fit either. This species is sometimes treated as a synonym of I. aristolochiifolia but neither the illustration nor the protologue fits (
Ipomoea umbellata
L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 924. 1759. (
Ipomoea umbellifera
Choisy, Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 89. 1845. (
Ipomoea uniflora Sessé & Moçiño, Fl. Mexic. 39 (La Naturaleza, Ser. 2, 2, append. 42). 1893. (Sessé y Lacasta and Moçiño 1891–97: 39). Type. MEXICO. Sessé & Moçiño s.n. (whereabouts unknown)
Uncertain species, possibly I. ternifolia.
Ipomoea utilis
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 375. 1845. (
Uncertain species of Clade A1. It is described as having tuberous ovoid-fusiform roots with oblong pendulous secondary tubers, oblong-cordate, acute, shortly petiolate leaves, a scabrous calyx with a truncate base, solitary sericeous flowers borne on short peduncles equalling the petioles
Ipomoea variifolia
var. saxatilis Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. 30: 185. 1902. (
Uncertain species. A sterile plant with 3-lobed leaves, possibly not Ipomoea and certainly not I. variifolia.
Ipomoea velloziana
Mart., Flora 21, Beibl. 2: 64. 1838. (
Ipomoea ventricosa
(Bertero) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 274. 1838. (
Ipomoea ventricosa
(Silva Manso) Stellfeld, Trib. Farm., Bras. 13: 86. 1945. (
Ipomoea verticillata
L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: 924. 1759. (
Ipomoea vespertina
Colla, Hort. Rip. append. 3: 40 [153]. 1826. (
Ipomoea viridis
Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 374. 1845. (
Uncertain species. The plant has cordate, acuminate, abaxially sericeous-tomentose leaves, a white corolla with a green base borne in 5-flowered cymes. Based on Rambo 44809 and 52115 O’Donell suggested this was the species currently known as Ipomoea sulina P.P.A. Ferreira & Miotto. This seems unlikely given the distance separating Rio Grande do Sul from Minas Gerais and, in any case, it is impossible to be certain in the absence of type material as Choisy’s description could fit several species.
Ipomoea walpersiana Urb., Symb. Antill. 3(2): 345. 1902. (Urban 1902–3: 345). Type. GUADELOUPE. Duchassaing s.n. (holotype ?B†).
Described as a liana with glabrous stems, ovate-deltoid leaves with a truncate to cordate base and an inflorescence of many-flowered cymes, the peduncles 3–15 cm and the pedicels 15–20 mm. The bracteoles are noted as leaf-like, the sepals glabrous, rounded and very unequal, the outer 4–6 mm, the inner 7.5–8 mm, the corolla 5 cm long, funnel-shaped with an entire limb and the capsule globose with shortly tomentose seeds with pilose margins. It was reported to be close to Ipomoea philomega but not all details fit that species and in the absence of a type specimen it is impossible to be sure of its identity.
Ipomoea yetira
D. Parodi, Contr. Fl. Parag. 17. 1877. (
Pharbitis livescens
Schlecht. ex Kunze., Linnaea 20: 32. (
Uncertain species, possibly a form of Ipomoea indica. It was described as a pubescent perennial with 3-lobed leaves, abaxially purple, and 2–4-flowered cymes with oblong-ovate bracteoles.
Pharbitis ostrina
Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28: t. 51. 1842. (
Excluding the ovary and style the plant could be Ipomoea mauritiana but the ovary and style suggest a plant from the Pharbitis Clade.
Quamoclit solanifolia
(L.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 335. 1845. (
Stomadena violacea
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 12 1836 [pub.1837]. (
Inevitably, a monograph of this size could not have been written without the help of many individuals and institutions. Perhaps our greatest debts are to our artists, Rosemary Wise (Oxford) and Eliana Calzadilla (Santa Cruz, Bolivia) who have drawn over 200 species of Ipomoea for this monograph. We have also been sent photographs of Ipomoea from different countries by numerous correspondents and colleagues. These include Hector Keller, Keith Ferguson (Argentina). Mario Giorgetti (Argentina and Bolivia). Alfredo Fuentes, Maira Tatiana Martinez, Alexander Parada, Daniel Soto, Moises Mendoza, Modesto Zarate, Lynsey and John Pink, Rosemary Clegg, Nicholas Hind, Hibert Huyalla, Julia Gutiérrez (Bolivia), Teresa Buril, Ray Harley and Regis Bastian (Brazil), Carlos Cerón and Xavier Cornejo (Ecuador), Jhon Infante-Betancour (Colombia), Carmen Galdames (Panama), Gilberto Morillo (Venezuela), Rémi Girault & Guillaume Léotard (French Guiana), Stephen Brewer and Zoe Goodwin (Belize), Erin Tripp (Mexico), Steve Turner and Rick Miller (United States), Ramona Oviedo and José Luis Gómez (Cuba). Only some of these photographs have been used in this monograph but all have contributed to our understanding of individual species. Many of the photographers also provided very useful discussion and in some cases went back to take additional photographs. Fieldwork has played an important role in helping us to delimit species and has contributed to the discovery of many new taxa. We are very grateful to Hector Keller for organising a very instructive day in the field in Misiones in Argentina, to Luciano de Queiroz for an outstanding field trip in Bahia and to Germán González and Rosa Degen de Arrúa for a series of field trips for John Wood and Tom Carruthers in Paraguay. However, it is in Bolivia that we have done most field work and we acknowledge the help and companionship of many botanists including Tom Carruthers, Rosie Clegg, John & Lynsey Pink, Nicholas Hind, Daniel Soto, Daniel Villarroel, Fabiana Mamani, Moises Mendoza, Ivan Linneo, Maira Martinez, Roxana Ledesma; Gloria Gutierrez, Julia Gutierrez, Hibert Huaylla, Paola Pozo, Andrea Peñarrieta, Gina Aramayo, Edgar Mayta and Stephan Beck. This was all made possible by the support of the four principal Bolivian herbaria and especially that of the Museo de Historia Natural “Noel Kempff Mercado”, our principal associate institution in Bolivia. The first author is based in Oxford (FHO, OXF) and Kew (K) and has consulted collections in both institutions on a regular basis. He has also made frequent visits to the Natural History Museum in London (BM) and is grateful to Mark Carine, Jacek Wager and Ranee Prakesh for their help during these visits. Visits have been made to other institutions in Europe including the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh (E) with the help of David Harris, by Beth Williams to Naturalis at Leiden (L), by John Wood to to the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm (S) and the Real Jardín Botánico in Madrid (MA), where valuable assistance was given by José Fernández-Alonso, and by both Pablo Muñoz and John Wood to the Natural History Museum in Paris (P), where support by Thierry Deroin and Cécile Aupic is gratefully acknowledged. In Cuba visits to the Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática (HAC) were made possible by Ledis Regalado and to the Jardín Botánico Nacional (HAJB) by Rosa Rankin and Eldis Becquer. Visits to herbaria in the United States were only possible with the generous help and advice of staff in each institution visited, including Emily Wood (A, GH) at Harvard, Bárbara Thiers and Liza Fruscella at the New York Botanical Garden (NY), Paul Berry at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor (MICH), Christine Niezgoda at the Field Museum (F) in Chicago, Jim Solomon and Eric Feltz at the Misssouri Botanical Garden (MO), Deborah Bell at the Smithsonian Institution (US) and George Ferguson and Shelley McMahon in the University of Arizona (ARIZ). In Mexico generous help was provided by Eleazar Carranza and especially Brenda Bedolla Garcia from the Instituto de Ecología at Patzcuaro (IEB) and by David Gernandt, Laura Calvillo and María del Rosario García Peña at the University of Mexico (MEXU). In South America, frequent visits have been made to the four principal Bolivian herbaria. We are very grateful for long-term collaboration and help to Stephan Beck, Rosa Meneses, Carla Maldonado, Edgar Mayta and Rosa Chavez de Michel in La Paz (LPB), Magaly Mercado and Margoth Atahuachi in Cochabamba (BOLV), Julia Gutiérrez in Sucre (HSB) and Patricia Herrera, Marisol Toledo and Alejandro Araujo in Santa Cruz (USZ). In Peru we have made several visits to the International Potato Centre (CIP) where Fanny Vargas showed us their extensive collections of Ipomoea. Pablo Muñoz was able to visit the herbaria in the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marco (USM) and the Unversidad San Abad in Cusco. In Ecuador, John Wood received valuable help in his visits to Quito at the Central University (Q, QAP) from Carlos Cerón, the Catholic University (QCA) from Katya Romleroux and the National Herbarium (QCNE) from Marcia Peñafiel, in Guayaquil (GUAY) from Carmen Bonifaz and Xavier Cornejo and in Loja (LOJA) from Zofre Aguirre, Jaime Peña and Nelson Jaramillo. In Brazil he received support and assistance from Carolyn Proença at the University of Brasilia (UB), from Bruno Walter at EMBRAPA’s central herbarium in Brasilia (CEN) and from Catia Urbanetz at EMBRAPA’s herbarium in Corumbá. Very useful visits were made to the Instituto de Botanica de São Paulo with the help of Rosangela Bianchini and to the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana HUEFS with help from Luciano de Queiroz. In Rio de Janeiro Rafaela Forzza and Paula Leitman enabled a visit to the Museu Nacional (R) as well as hosting a visit to the herbarium of the Jardim Botanico (RB). Teresa Buril helped organise visits to the herbaria of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (PEUFR), the Instituto Aropecuaria de Pesquisas de Pernambuco (IPA) and the Universidade Federal de Paraiba (JPB). A very useful visit to the Herbario Municipal, Curitiba (MBM) was arranged with the assistance of Osmar Rivas and José Tadeu Motta to see the collections of Gert Hatschbach and others. We also thank Ray Harley and Ana Maria Guilietti for favilitating contacts with Brazilian insititutions. In Paraguay our visits were coordinated through Rosa Degen de Arrúa, who arranged all the logistics including visits to the Herbarium in the Faculty of Chemistry (FCQ) and the National Scientific Society (SCP), where Nelida Soria showed several important historical collections. In Argentina we are grateful to Nora Muruaga of the Fundación Miguel Lillo in Tucumán and to Antonio Krapovickas and Guillermo Seijo of the Universidad del Nordeste in Corrientes for organising visits to see their important collections. Many of the institutions mentioned in the previous paragraphs have answered queries, loaned us specimens or allowed us to take samples for molecular studies, thus contributing significantly to the project’s success. We have also received leaf samples from certain individuals including Deng Yunfei (IBSC), George Staples, Moises Mendoza, Mark Rauscher and Barbara Kennedy (BISH). Images of types and other important collections have been sent to us by various institutions allowing the clarification of typification and identification issues. We are grateful in this regard to Christine Bartram (CGE), Armin Löckher (W), Laura Guglielmone (TO), Laurent Gautier (G), Birgitte Bergmann and Finn Borchsenius (AAU), Uwe Braun (HAL), Vladimir Dorofeyev and Larisa Orlova (LE), Keron Campbell (IJ), Marie Nazaire (RSA), Anna Stalter (BH), Mireya Correa (PMA), Ione Bemerguy (MG), Nadia Roque (ALCB), Renato de Mello-Silva (SPF), Pablo Berazategui and Manuel García (MVM). The following is a complete list of herbaria whose specimens we have consulted directly or as images via Jstor or other online sites: A, AAU, ALCB, ARIZ, ASE, B, BH, BISH, BM, BOLV, BR, C, CAY, CEN, CGE, CIP, COL, CORD, CPAP, CTES, CUZ, E, F, FCQ, FHO, FTG, G, GB, GH, GOET, GUAY, HAC, HAL, HAJB, HBG, HSB, HUEFS, IEB, IJ, IPA, LOJA, JPB, JE, K, L, LE, LIL, LPB, LPS, M, MA, MBM, MEXU, MG, MICH, MO, MPU, MSM, MVM, NY, OXF, P, PEUFR, PMA, PY, Q, QAP, QCA, QCNE, R, RB, RSA, S, SCP, SI, SP, SPF, TEX, TO, U, UB, UC, US, USZ, VEN, W, XAL, Z. We have had help in various other ways from different people at different times and we are grateful to all of these. Some helped by supplying obscure literature, such as Burrell Nelson (Wyoming) but especial thanks are owed to Oliver Briddle at Oxford, and at Kew to Anne Marshall, Craig Brough and Razwana Akram, who ran down many obscure references. Nicholas Hind and Nick Turland have advised on nomenclatural matters but are not responsible for decisions made by us. Paul Wilkin lent us a copy of his unpublished PhD thesis with its extensive pollen images. Discussions with Andy McDonald and Vatsavaya Satyanarayana Raju have always been useful and Brett Jestrow at Fairchild authorised loans and searched for specimens from Dan Austin’s herbarium. The reviewers and editor of this monograph also provided useful advice and support. We are especially grateful to staff at Oxford including Serena Marner, James Ritchie and John Baker who have helped with loans and the preparation of images. The main funding for our project was provided by a three year grant from the Leverhulme Trust but we also received support from an NERC IAA award for the illustrations and the BBSRC GCRF-IAA fund (BB/GCRF-IAA/16 and BB/GCRF-IAA/17/16) for field work in Bolivia and Paraguay in 2017 and 2018. Visits to Paris, Madrid, Leiden and Stockholm took place as part of the SYNTHESIS project http://www.synthesis.info/, which is financed by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action.
The basionym of Ipomoea luzonensis (Hallier f.) J.R.I. Wood & Scotland was not correctly cited in
The nom. nov. Ipomoea chengyiwuiensis should be corrected to Ipomoea chengyiwuana J.R.I. Wood & Scotland, nom. nov., based on Argyreia eriocephala C.Y.Wu, Yunnan Trop. Subtrop. Fl. Res. Rep. 1: 125 (1965), non Ipomoea eriocephala Moric.
The combination Ipomoea philippinensis (Merr.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland (Munoz-Rodriguez et al. (2019: 30) is an illegitimate later homonym of I. philippinensis Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 475 (1833). Argyreia philippinensis (Merr.) Ooststr. with basionym: Lettsomia philippinensis Merr. in Philipp. J. Sci. 26: 488 (1925) is here renamed Ipomoea merrillii J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, nom. nov.
Ipomoea baccata var. minor (C.B.Clarke) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland (Munoz-Rodriguez et al. (2019: 30) was not validly published as a new combination, as reference was not made to the original basionym, Lettsomia setosa var. minor C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 194 (1883). The following combination is here validated by reference to this basionym Ipomoea baccata var. minor (C.B.Clarke) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, comb. nov.
We thank Jonathan Krieger (International Plant Names Index at Kew) for help with these issues.