Research Article |
Corresponding author: Thomas Borsch ( t.borsch@bo.berlin ) Academic editor: Gian Pietro Giusso del Galdo
© 2022 Georgia Fassou, Nadja Korotkova, Anush Nersesyan, Marcus A. Koch, Panayotis Dimopoulos, Thomas Borsch.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Fassou G, Korotkova N, Nersesyan A, Koch MA, Dimopoulos P, Borsch T (2022) Taxonomy of Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) – overall phylogenetic relationships and assessment of species diversity based on a first comprehensive checklist of the genus. PhytoKeys 196: 91-214. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.196.77940
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In this study, we present an overall phylogenetic framework for Dianthus using four plastid regions (matK-trnK-psbA, rpl32-trnL, trnQ-rps16) and nuclear ITS and a species-level checklist for the genus developed by using all available databases and the literature. The trees from the plastid dataset depict a clade of Dianthus that also includes Velezia and a few taxa of Petrorhagia. New combinations in Dianthus are provided for these species. The checklist of Dianthus in this new delimitation covers 1781 names, with 384 accepted species, 150 subspecies, 12 heterotypic varieties and two forms (not counting autonyms), 1050 synonyms, 22 hybrid names and 172 unresolved names, 3 names were excluded. Implications for the evolution of flower characters, life forms, biogeography, as well as sectional classification are discussed based on the phylogenetic framework.
Caryophyllaceae, Caryophyllales, Caucasus, Dianthus, EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy, Greece, Petrorhagia, phylogeny, taxonomy, Velezia, World Flora Online
The genus Dianthus L. (pinks and carnations) is after Silene L. the second largest genus in the family Caryophyllaceae. It it was considered to contain approximately 300 species mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, with many range-restricted or narrow-endemic species in the Mediterranean area, SW Asia, the Caucasus and the Irano-Turanian region, and with some species occurring in eastern and southern Africa (
Dianthus consists of mostly perennial and a few annual or biennial herbs or shrubs with oblong to ovate or linear and grass-like leaves. According to the widely used circumscription of
The first infrageneric classification of Dianthus was published by
Summary of the infrageneric classification in Dianthus as presented by the respective treatments. The names are given as they were used by the authors, not considering some existing earlier names not used by them.
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D. subg. Carthusianastrum sect. Armerium F.N.Williams | D. subg. Armeriastrum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Armerium F.N.Williams | |
D. § 4. Dentati Boiss. | D. subg. Carthusianastrum sect. Suffruticosi F.N.Williams | D. subg. Armeriastrum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Suffruticosi F.N.Williams |
D. § 5. Carthusiani Boiss. | D. subg. Carthusianastrum sect. Carthusiani (Boiss.) F.N.Williams [as “Carthusianum”] | D. subg. Armeriastrum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Carthusiani (Boiss.) F.N.Williams |
D. subg. Caryophyllastrum sect. Barbulatum F.N.Williams | D. subg. Caryophyllum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Barbulatum F.N.Williams (D. sect. Chamaegarophalon Griseb.) | |
D. subg. Caryophyllastrum F.N.Williams sect. Caryophyllum Ser. in Candolle | D. subg. Caryophyllum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Eucaryophyllum Graebn. | |
D. subg. Caryophyllastrum sect. Imparjugum F.N.Williams | ||
D. § 3. Fimbriati Boiss. | D. subg. Caryophyllastrum sect. Fimbriati Boiss. [“Fimbriatum”] | D. subg. Caryophyllum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. “Plumaria” Opiz |
D. § 1. Verruculosi Boiss. | D. subg. Caryophyllastrum F.N.Williams sect. “Tetralepides Leiopetala” F.N.Williams | D. subg. Caryophyllum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. “Tetralepides Leiopetala” F.N.Williams |
D. § 2. Leiopetali Boiss. | D. subg. Proliferastrum F.N.Williams | in Tunica Ludw. |
The first overall molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Caryophyllaceae (
In a recent synopsis of the genera of the tribe Caryophylleae,
Dianthus has received considerable interest from botanists in recent years, focusing on individual species groups and the description of new taxa or treatments in specific geographic areas (
The absence of an overall phylogenetic tree of Dianthus as a prerequisite to break up the genus into workable units, in which species level relationships then can be studied in more detail with evolutionary methods, has so far limited the analysis of species limits in Dianthus. Also lacking is a comprehensive treatment or checklist, which would be fundamental to inform sampling and provide a basis for synthesising the existing information on Dianthus. Considering the wealth of new descriptions, we assumed that the diversity of Dianthus may in fact be considerably higher than 300 species as cited by
As a starting point for this study, we took advantage of ongoing research activities in the context of the Caucasus Plant Biodiversity Initiative and the Flora of Greece project (http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-greece/intro), all covering geographic areas with high species diversity of the genus, and in which Dianthus is currently studied. In Greece, Dianthus is represented by 44 species and 43 subspecies, of which about half are endemic. Some of them are morphologically and geographically divergent, such as the D. juniperinus Sm. and D. fruticosus L. groups, which are woody chasmophytes occurring mostly on the island of Crete (
The specific objectives for this paper are therefore twofold: first, to generate an overall phylogenetic hypothesis for Dianthus that covers a broad spectrum of taxa, also extending to putative close relatives (e.g. Petrorhagia) to further test the monophyly of Dianthus. Due to the extremely low genetic diversity encountered in Dianthus as compared to other large genera of flowering plants (e.g. Campanula), we sequenced four plastid regions (matK-trnK-psbA, rpl32-trnL, trnQ-rps16) that were selected for high variability and hierarchical phylogenetic signal (
The second specific objective is to provide an up-to-date taxonomic backbone for Dianthus. This was done using an import that integrated all electronically available sources from the World Flora Online. In this way, an already comprehensive name source was available that we then matched with recent treatments, e.g. major Floras published in the last thirty years, accounts of specific species groups, etc., to have a clear reference for accepting a name or putting it into synonymy. The checklist of Dianthus presented here will be also incorporated into the World Flora Online taxonomic backbone and will be updated whenever changes become necessary.
Considering the difficulty in species delimitation and the species diversity of Dianthus, we believe that our integrated approach to develop both a taxonomic backbone that includes all names belonging to the genus in a current, monophyletic circumscription, along with a traceable source for the taxon concepts used at species level, will be crucial to understanding evolutionary relationships and species diversification in space and time. Such information is also urgently needed from applied perspectives such as to assess the conservation status of many Dianthus species that are local or regional endemics and/or have a critical conservation status.
Plant material was collected in the field or from well-documented accessions in the living collections of the Botanic Garden Berlin, and from herbarium specimens kept at the herbaria B and ERE. Information on the origin of all samples is provided in Appendix 1. Vouchers are deposited in B, ERE, HEID and UPA.
Total genomic DNA was extracted from silica-dried leaf material using the NucleoSpin Plant II kit (Macherey Nagel, Düren, Germany) and from herbarium samples using a CTAB protocol with triple extractions (
The matK-trnK-psbA region was amplified in overlapping halves using the primer pair trnK-F (
The rpl32-trnL IGS was amplified using the primers rpl32-F and trnL-UAG (
All PCR products were electrophoresed for 2 hours on a 2% agarose gel and then excised and purified using the Geneaid Gel/PCR DNA Fragments Extraction Kit (Geneaid Biotech Ltd., New Taipei City, Taiwan) and sequenced via standard Sanger sequencing at Macrogen Europe (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Chromatograms were inspected by eye, erroneous nucleotide calls were manually corrected, and final sequences were assembled using PhyDE v. 0.9971 (
DNA sequences were aligned in PhyDE following a motif alignment approach and the rules laid out by
Best-fitting models of nucleotide substitution were selected via the Akaike Information Criterion in jModeltest v.2.1.6 (
Sequence characteristics of the individual partitions in the plastid dataset. SD = standard deviation.
rpl32-trnL | trnQ-rps16 | trnK intron | matK CDS | trnK-psbA | ITS | |
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Dataset including hotspots | ||||||
Number of sequences | 202 | 202 | 202 | 202 | 202 | 145 |
Aligned length | 1372 | 1166 | 1229 | 1536 | 270 | 714 |
Mean length (SD) | 786 (89) | 688 (120) | 815 (163) | 1406 (332) | 195 (95) | 674 (33) |
Dataset excluding hotspots | ||||||
Aligned length | 1236 | 1068 | 1186 | 1537 | 270 | 714 |
Mean length (SD) | 755 (78) | 653 (114) | 793 (160) | 1405 (332) | 195 (95) | 674 (33) |
% variable characters | 31.5 | 23.6 | 16.8 | 22.4 | 16.2 | 33.3 |
% informative characters | 18.8 | 8.3 | 5.3 | 8.8 | 4.4 | 27.5 |
Number of coded indels | 106 | 102 | 52 | 17 | 10 | 43 |
jModeltest v.2.1.6, AIC results | GTR+G | TPM1uf+G | TPM1uf+I+G | TPM1uf+I+G | -- | SYM+I+G |
Tree inference under ML was conducted on the concatenated alignment with RAxML v.8.2.9 (
Bayesian Inference (BI) was conducted with MrBayes v.3.2.2 (
The checklist was compiled using the EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy (cybertaxonomy.org) (
As a first step, a complete list of Dianthus names and their respective World Flora Online (WFO)-IDs were received from the WFO Data Centre in February 2018 and imported into the EDIT Platform. This import included names accepted in the WFO backbone, their synonyms therein, doubtful names, and names of hybrids, and each of these taxonomic states was preliminarily assigned to the imported names. This dataset was then matched with the World Checklist of Vascular Plants dataset received from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in December 2019 (Kew WCVP 2019), which resulted in some 181 additional, mostly infraspecific names, not yet covered by the WFO backbone, which were manually entered into the EDIT platform as well.
This preliminary list of accepted names and their synonyms was then cross-checked with relevant taxonomic treatments (see below). The resulting circumscription of each taxon is indicated by means of a “secundum” (“sec.”) reference (
In the rare cases of differing taxonomic concepts, we accepted the circumscription with the respective secundum reference that was either the most recent one or the one covering the area where the accepted taxon in question is primarily distributed.
Names that were part of the WFO backbone, treated therein as unresolved names and not found in any of the sources cited above, were also treated as unresolved names in our checklist.
The concatenated plastid alignment matrix comprised a total of 202 taxa and 5573 positions, which resulted in a matrix of 5297 nucleotide characters and 287 coded indels. The ITS matrix contained only 136 taxa and was 714 nucleotides in length, with an average length of 674 nucleotides. There were polymorphic sites in about one-third of the generated ITS sequences, including some obvious hybrid sequences which were not readable. For this reason, the ITS matrix only includes unambiguously readable sequences and is therefore smaller than the plastid matrix. Detailed sequence statistics are provided in Table
Our annotation in the phylogenetic trees uses accepted names as available prior to this study; new names or combinations in order to make Dianthus monophyletic are provided below.
The plastid tree (Fig.
Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree inferred from combined plastid dataset of trnK/matK, trnK-psbA, trnQ-rps16, rpl32-trnL. Support values PP (left) and MLBS (right) can be found above branches and JK below; “<50” denotes branches with MLBS support below 50%, “--” denotes a node not found by the respective analysis. Country codes: AM = Armenia, AT = Austria, AZ = Azerbaijan, BG = Bulgaria, CY = Cyprus, DE = Germany, ES = Spain, FR = France, GE = Georgia, GR = Greece (NE = North East, NC = North Central, KK = Kriti and Karpathos, StE = Sterea Ellas, NPi = Norh Pindos, EAe = East Aegean Islands, Pe = Peloponnisos), HR = Croatia, IR = Iran, IT = Italy, RO = Romania, RU = Russia, SK = Slovakia, TR = Turkey, ZA = South Africa. The annotations on the infrageneric classification based on
A Dianthus armeria clade (1 PP, 98% MLBS and 100% JK) is the first branching lineage. The next branching lineages are Velezia, Dianthus candicus, and a clade comprising Dianthus cyri, D. strictus, D. tunicoides and two further species of Petrorhagia (P. cretica (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood and P. illyrica (Ard.) P.W.Ball & Heywood). However, the branching order among these clades only receives moderate (BI) to weak support.
The core of Dianthus that includes most species (1 PP, 69% MLBS and 65% JK) is composed of three main clades. Clade A (1 PP, < 50% MLBS) contains a wide spectrum of Eurasian taxa. Clade B (1 PP, 90% MLBS and 87% JK) contains mainly Irano-Turanian and Caucasian taxa and all species from southern Africa. Clade C (1 PP, 61% MLBS and 67% JK) consists of Dianthus juniperinus and most subspecies of D. fruticosus, but D. fruticosus subsp. amorginus Runemark, subsp. fruticosus , and subsp. rhodius (Rech. f.) Runemark are resolved in a sublineage of clade A.
The ITS topology (Fig.
Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree inferred from nuclear ITS datasets. Support values PP (left) and MLBS (right) can be found above branches and JK below; “<50” denotes branches with MLBS support below 50%, “--” denotes a node not found by the respective analysis. Country codes: AM = Armenia, AT = Austria, AZ = Azerbaijan, BG = Bulgaria, CY = Cyprus, DE = Germany, ES = Spain, FR = France, GE = Georgia, GR = Greece (NE = North East, NC = North Central, KK = Kriti and Karpathos, StE = Sterea Ellas, NPi = Norh Pindos, EAe = East Aegean Islands, Pe = Peloponnisos), HR = Croatia, IR = Iran, IT = Italy, RO = Romania, RU = Russia, SK = Slovakia, TR = Turkey, ZA = South Africa. The annotations on the infrageneric classification based on
Unlike the plastid sequences, ITS sequence data do not provide resolution within the core of Dianthus, although some subclades are evident within a broad polytomy (Fig.
In total, 1781 names are included for a monophyletic genus Dianthus as defined here, including Petrorhagia p.p. and Velezia. The resulting checklist treatment is subdivided into four parts: i) the core checklist that contains the accepted species and infraspecies and their synonyms, ii) hybrid names, iii) unresolved names and iv) excluded names. The core checklist of Dianthus including 2 former Petrorhagia species and 3 heterotypic subspecies and 6 former Velezia species contains 384 total accepted species and 150 accepted heterotypic subspecies, and 1050 names are assigned as synonyms. There are 22 hybrid names, 172 unresolved names, and 3 excluded names.
Plastid and nuclear data agree on a Dianthus clade that includes Velezia and further species of Petrorhagia (P. cretica, P. illyrica) as deeply nested (Figs
Habit, inflorescence and floral morphology in the core lineage of Dianthus. From the predominantly Euro-Mediterranean clade A are D. sphacioticus (A) with solitary flowers enclosed basally by cauline leaves, D. integer subsp. minutiflorus (B) enclosed basally by several slightly coriaceous bracts with an outward-pointing green tip, D. stenopetalus (C) with several flowers in a condensed terminal inflorescence with many brown scales, D. critinus (D) with four decussate bracts at the base, and D. haematocalyx (E). Clade B, which includes many Caucasian and Irano-Turanian species, is represented by D. gabrielianae (F) and the predominantly Cretan clade C by D. juniperinus subsp. juniperinus (G). D. juniperinus is a densely branched, cushion-like subshrub and D. haematocalyx is a small cushion plant. Photos: N. Turland (A), K. Goula (B–D), A. Zografidis (E), A. Nersesyan (F) and G. Fassou (G).
Habit, inflorescence and floral morphology in early-branching lineages of Dianthus and Petrorhagia. The Dianthus tunicoides clade is represented by D. pachygonus (= Petrorhagia cretica), which has solitary flowers (A, B) in diffusely branched inflorescences (C). The Dianthus armeria clade is represented by D. armeria (D), which has condensed terminal inflorescences and flowers supported by reflexed, bract-like leaves, and D. deltoides, which has lax inflorescences with solitary flowers each supported by two opposite bracts (E). The core clade of Petrorhagia is represented by P. prolifera, which has highly condensed terminal inflorescences with broadly ovate and thinly scarious bracts enclosing the flowers (F with opened inflorescence to the right). Photos: A. Nersesyan (A-D), T. Borsch (E, F).
The second branch within the Dianthus clade is composed of Dianthus armeria (incl. D. viscidus) and relatives such as D. carthusianorum and D. deltoides, as congruently inferred by the nuclear and plastid partition and which is also consistent with trees shown by
Our results also agree with a core clade of Dianthus that contains the majority of the Dianthus species. Contrary to
Clade A contains Eurasian taxa and includes the type of the genus, D. caryophyllus. Clade A also comprises three subspecies of D. fruticosus (subsp. amorginus, subsp. fruticosus and subsp. rhodius) that are apparently convergent in terms of evolving a similar life form as the members of clade C. Several terminal sublineages of apparently geographically close samples receive good support such as D. cretaceus subsp. cretaceus and D. floribundus Boiss., but at the same time the samples of D. gratianopolitanus Vill. are spread over this clade (Fig.
Clade B contains mostly Irano-Turanian and Caucasian taxa but also D. cyprius A.K.Jacks. & Turrill from Cyprus, D. alpinus L. from the European Alps and the taxa from tropical and southern Africa (D. mooiensis, D. namaensis Schinz and D. zeyheri). This is in contrast with the claim of
The third clade of the core of Dianthus (clade C) consists of the Cretan taxa Dianthus juniperinus and some subspecies of Dianthus fruticosus. Specifically, the subspecies D. fruticosus subsp. carpathus Runemark, D. fruticosus subsp. occidentalis Runemark and D. fruticosus subsp. karavius Runemark can be found in clade C together with D. juniperinus. Dianthus fruticosus is not monophyletic; some of its subspecies, D. fruticosus subsp. fruticosus, D. fruticosus subsp. amorginus and D. fruticosus subsp. rhodius are resolved within clade A. There are no apparent morphological differences of D. fruticosus subsp. amorginus and subsp. fruticosus (both from the Cyclades), and D. fruticosus subsp. rhodius (from Rhodes and other east Aegean islands) compared to the other subspecies of D. fruticosus from clade C. This indicates convergent evolution resulting from adaptation to similar coastal rocky habitats.
The classification of
Dianthus subg. Armeriastrum is highly polyphyletic and is represented both in the core of Dianthus, namely in clades A and C by D. sect. Carthusiani and D. sect. Suffruticosi, but also in the Dianthus armeria clade (with D. sect. Armerium) that belongs to the first branches of Dianthus. However, D. sect. Armerium is paraphyletic to D. deltoides (D. subg. Caryophyllum). Clade C has exclusively taxa from D. sect. Suffruticosi, but the section itself is not limited to this clade C. It is polyphyletic due to the presence of D. armeria outside of the core Dianthus clade, the presence of three subspecies of D. fruticosus, and two further independent terminal lineages composed by D. rupicula and D. gracilis in clade A. The suffruticose life form that characterises D. sect. Suffruticosi must therefore have evolved multiple times.
Dianthus subg. Caryophyllum is in the clades A and B, with its sections forming no specific pattern. Although all the sections appear in the core of Dianthus, D. sect. Eucaryophyllum appears exclusively in clade A, while the section “Tetralepides leiopetala” can be found in clade A and outside of the core. What was referred to as a clade corresponding to D. sect. Armerium in
The early branch of Dianthus cyri and D. strictus belongs to the section “Tetralepides leiopetala” according to
The inflorescences in Dianthus, Petrorhagia and related genera possess a cymose principal structure as in most Caryophyllaceae, and these inflorescences exhibit various levels of complexity. The spectrum ranges from solitary flowers on more or less unbranched stems (e.g. D. sphacioticus Boiss. & Heldr., Fig.
This was noted by
The conspicuous species with plumose petals (Fig.
A striking biogeographic feature within Dianthus is the Cretan D. juniperinus-D. fruticosus clade (clade C). The highly fragmented form of the Aegean region with many islands is the result of a series of geological events. Between the Lower Oligocene and before the Serravallian, there was a land mass, Aegea. Since Serravallian and until Upper Tortonian times (12–5 MYA), the sea slowly invaded and formed the mid-Aegean Trench, which divided the eastern and central-western parts of Aegea. During the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.96–5.33 MYA), the Mediterranean Sea almost dried up, creating routes between some isolated areas. Nevertheless, Crete remained isolated from the Cyclades and Peloponnese due to deep trenches with high salinity. At the beginning of the Pliocene (5.3 Ma), the sea level rose again and resulted in a highly fragmented Aegea. Crete was almost submerged and only the peaks of the mountains remained as isolated islands. Since the Middle Pliocene until the upper Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene, the Aegean islands and Crete took their present form, with minor changes. The palaeogeographic history of the Aegean Sea has a major contribution to the biogeographic patterns of all recent taxa of these areas (
The tropical and southern African Dianthus taxa appear in our clade C within the Eurasian taxa, although, due to lack of resolution, we cannot yet infer the closest relatives of the southern African species. Dianthus shows a pattern like other species from the northern hemisphere with African high-mountain clades nested within Eurasian clades, as shown for, e.g., Carex and Ranunculus (
Dianthus is suggested to be one of the fastest species radiations of flowering plants (
Compared to the other lineages of Dianthus, clade C shows a high phylogenetic structure and apparently some geographic patterns. Future analyses will therefore test how far speciation was triggered through geographic and ecological isolation on Crete. The two much more species-rich clades A and B have colonised vast geographic areas, offering many more ecological opportunities and potential areas for spatial isolation.
Genetic distances in Dianthus are very low, which limits resolution in phylogeny reconstruction at species level and may be attributed to the core clade of Dianthus representing a rapid radiation (
Future research will therefore have to employ phylogenomic approaches to better understand species-level relationships and species limits in Dianthus. In addition to sequencing a broad set of nuclear loci, the analysis of complete plastid genomes will reveal how far plastid genomes are really shared between extant species, considering that our current limited sampling of the plastid regions may not depict the full complexity and divergence patterns of this maternally inherited organellar genome.
Our Dianthus checklist contains 384 accepted species, and 147 accepted heterotypic subspecies. The unresolved names section of the checklist contains a further 172 species names that were not assessed, and a number of them may be good species as well. Therefore, the often-quoted number of 300 species (
It is both noteworthy and unexpected that taxon concepts are congruent between different treatments, despite some geographic overlap. The widely distributed species are accepted under the same name in different Floras, while subspecies are normally geographically restricted and therefore only accepted in one Flora. In total, differing taxonomic concepts affect fewer than 10 taxa in the whole checklist.
So far, only one species complex within Dianthus has been analysed with an evolutionary approach.
The three species of Petrorhagia that were found nested in Dianthus (P. armerioides, P. candica and P. alpina) were already transferred to Dianthus by
Velezia rigida, the nomenclatural type of Velezia, was found to be nested within the Dianthus clade by
The complete homotypic and heterotypic synonymy for each of the species is given in the checklist; here we provide only the basionyms and the former names in Petrorhagia or Velezia.
≡ Velezia tunicoides P.H.Davis in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 166. 1957.
Turkey, Prov. Antalya, distr. Kemer (Lycia): Gönük, by dry stream bed, 7 Jul 1949, Davis, Bilger & Attila D. 15009 (K-000077456!; isotype: E-00301891!).
The name Dianthus tunicoides Madhani & Heubl in Taxon 67(1): 103. 2018) was already published as a new name for Gypsophila armerioides Ser. ex DC. ≡ Petrorhagia armerioides (Ser. ex DC.) P.W.Ball & Heywood. This new name refers to the province of Antalya, Turkey, from where the species was described.
≡ Velezia hispida Boiss. & Balansa in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 57. 1856.
Turkey, Yaïla de Bozdagh (Tmolus occidental), dans les vergers, 27 Jul 1854, Balansa 117 (GOET-000717!, P-04998030!, P-04998031!, P-04998036!, WAG-0000421!).
≡ Saponaria illyrica Ard., Animadv. Bot. Spec. Alt.: 24. 1764 ≡ Petrorhagia illyrica (Ard.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 133. 1964.
locality and date unknown, Arduino s.n., Herb. Linnaeus No. 580.7 (LINN!). This specimen was mentioned by
≡ Silene angustifolia Poir., Voy. Barbarie 2: 164. 1789 ≡ Petrorhagia illyrica subsp. angustifolia (Poir.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 136. 1964.
locality and date unknown, Poiret 32 (P-00286897!). This specimen might be original material for the name.
≡ Tunica haynaldiana [Borbás in Mat. Term. Közlem. 13: 46. 1877, pro. syn; in Just's Bot. Jahresber. 4(2): 1067. 1878, provisional name] Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2(1): 57. 1889 ≡ T. illyrica var. haynaldiana (Nyman) Hayek, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 1: 222. 1924 ≡ Petrorhagia illyrica subsp. haynaldiana (Nyman) P.W.Ball & Heywood in in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 134. 1964.
Romania, in rupestribus versus portam ferram ad Danubium inferiorem infra Orsova jam in Vallachia sitis frequens, 28 Jun 1870, Janka #Iter banaticum s.n. (B-100365631!).
≡ Tunica illyrica var. taygetea Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 521. 1867 ≡ Petrorhagia illyrica subsp. taygetea (Boiss.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 137. 1964.
Greece, Peloponnisos, Androuvista, Montis Taygeti, Jun-Jul 1844, Heldreich s.n., (G-00227046!, G-00227047!, BR0000006981167!, BR0000006981495!, BM, CGE, K fide
≡ Velezia fasciculata Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 92. 1849.
Syria, locality as given in the protologue: “Hab. in montosis Syriae borealis inter fluvium Orontem et urbem Laodiceam”, Jun 1846, Boissier s.n. (K-000077457!, K-000077458!, LECB-0000587!, P-04998034!, P-04998035!).
The name Dianthus fasciculatus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 161. 1782 was not validly published.
≡ Tunica pachygona Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Petropol. 4: 50. 1838
= Saponaria cretica L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 584. 1762 ≡ Petrorhagia cretica (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 142. 1964.
not designated
(designated by Davis in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 164. 1957): locality, date and collector unknown, Herb. Linnaeus No. 580.4 (LINN!).
≡ Velezia pseudorigida Hub.-Mor. in Bauhinia 2: 195. 1963.
Turkey, Prov. Antalya, Distr. Antalya, Poterium-Cistus-Macchie in der Bucht von Atbükü, 5 km nördlich von Cirali, 10–50 m, auf Serpentin, 26 May 1950, Huber-Morath 9666 (E 00301890!).
≡ Velezia quadridentata Sm. in Sibthorp & Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 283. 1809.
not designated; original material: “In Asiâ minori”, Sibthorp s.n. (OXF Sib-FG Sib-0954!, K000077455!).
Dianthus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 409. 1753. Sec. this publication
≡ Caryophyllus Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4: [textus s.n.]. 1754, nom. illeg. syn. sec. IPNI
≡ Caryophyllus Tourn. ex Moench, Methodus: 58. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Velezia L., Sp. Pl.: 332. 1753 syn. sec.
= Cylichnanthus Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 260. 1867 syn. sec.
– Diosanthos St.-Lag. in Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 87. 1880, nom. inval. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus acantholimonoides Schischk. in Byull. Gosud. Muz. Gruzii 5: 121. 1930. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus acicularis Fisch. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 284. 1842. Sec.
= Dianthus tauscheri Eversm. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 284. 1842 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus acrochlorus Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 5. 1886. Sec.
– Dianthus acrochlonis Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 5. 1886 syn. sec.
Dianthus aculeatus Hamzaoğlu in Biol. Diversity Conservation 7(2): 160. 2014. Sec.
Dianthus afghanicus Rech.f. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 360. 1951. Sec.
Dianthus agrostolepis Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 246. 1983. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus akdaghensis Gemici & Leblebici in Candollea 50: 43. 1995. Sec. Gemici & Leblebici (1995)
Dianthus albens Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2: 90. 1789. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus incurvus Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 81. 1794 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus algetanus Graells ex F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 347. 1885. Sec.
≡ Dianthus pyrenaicus subsp. algetanus (Graells ex F.N.Williams) Malag., Sin. Fl. Ibér. 20: 318. 1975 syn. sec.
= Dianthus algetanus var. toletanorum Pau in Cavanillesia 1: 63. 1928 syn. sec.
Dianthus algetanus subsp. algetanus
Dianthus algetanus subsp. turolensis (Pau) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 575. 1988 [“1989”]. Sec.
≡ Dianthus turolensis Pau in Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 21: 142. 1921 syn. sec.
Dianthus alpinus L., Sp. Pl.: 412. 1753. Sec.
= Dianthus alpinus lusus angustifolius Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 530. 1862 syn. sec.
= Dianthus alpinus lusus latifolius Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 530. 1862 syn. sec.
= Dianthus alpinus var. meyeri Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 530. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus altaicus L.X.Dong & Chang Y.Yang in Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 28(12): 2355. 2008. Sec.
Dianthus amurensis Jacques in J. Soc. Imp. Centr. Hort. 7: 625. 1861. Sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)
≡ Dianthus chinensis var. amurensis (Jacques) Kitag., Neo-Lineam. Fl. Manshur.: 266. 1979 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus anatolicus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 22. 1843. Sec.
= Dianthus parviflorus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 21. 1843 syn. sec.
≡ Dianthus anatolicus var. parviflorus (Boiss.) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 490. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus kotschyanus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 68. 1849 syn. sec.
Dianthus ancyrensis Hausskn. & Bornm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 89: 94. 1936. Sec.
Dianthus andronakii Woronow ex Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 841. 1936. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus tristis Woronow in Vĕstn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 10: 25. 1908 syn. sec.
Dianthus androsaceus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek in Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 94: 141. 1918. Sec.
≡ Dianthus lilacinus var. androsaceus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 81. 1888 syn. sec.
Dianthus andrzejejowskianus (Zapał.) Kulcz., Fl. Polska 2: 156. 1921. Sec.
≡ Dianthus capitatus subsp. andrzejowskianus Zapał. in Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr Polsk Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial A/B, Nauki Mat-Fiz. Biol. 11: 25. 1911 syn. sec.
= Dianthus capitatus var. pancicianus F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 342. 1885 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus andrzejejowskianus subsp. orientalis Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 14: 104. 1932 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus angolensis Hiern ex F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 24: 301. 1886. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus angrenicus Vved. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 3: 9. 1941. Sec.
Dianthus angulatus Royle ex Benth., Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 79. 1834. Sec.
≡ Dianthus orientalis var. angulatus (Royle ex Benth.) Majumdar, Fl. India 2: 532. 1993 syn. sec.
= Dianthus incertus Jacquem. ex Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 215. 1874 syn. sec.
Dianthus angulatus subsp. angulatus
Dianthus angulatus subsp. subangulatus Rech.f., Fl. Iranica 163: 183. 1988. Sec.
Dianthus antalyensis Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 118
≡ Velezia tunicoides P.H.Davis in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 166. 1957. Syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus anticarius Boiss. & Reut., Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 19. 1852. Sec.
≡ Dianthus cintranus subsp. anticarius (Boiss. & Reut.) Malag., Pl. Sennen. I: Dianthus 6. 1974 syn. sec.
= Dianthus gaditanus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 67. 1854 syn. sec.
= Dianthus hornemannii Salzm. ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 67. 1854 syn. sec.
= Dianthus schousboei Coss. ex Ball in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 355. 1877 syn. sec.
Dianthus anticarius subsp. anticarius
Dianthus anticarius subsp. saorinii Sánchez-Gómez, M.L.Rodr., López Esp., J.B.Vera & J.F.Jiménez in Anales Biol., Fac. Biol., Univ. Murcia 27: 101. 2005. Sec. New taxa described to the Flora Iberica region after publication of the respective volumes. Published at http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/miscelania/nuevos_taxones.php
Dianthus arenarius L., Sp. Pl.: 412. 1753. Sec.
≡ Tunica arenaria (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 301. 1771 ≡ Silene arenaria (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 115. 1901, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019);
= Dianthus arenarius var. glaucus Blocki in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 34: 72. 1884 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus krylovianus Juz. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 71. 1950 syn. sec.
= Dianthus arenarius var. suecicus Novák syn. sec.
Dianthus arenarius subsp. arenarius
Dianthus arenarius subsp. borussicus Vierh. in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 34. 1931. Sec.
≡ Dianthus borussicus (Vierh.) Juz. syn. sec.
= Dianthus arenarius var. bohemicus Novák syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus arenarius subsp. bohemicus (Novák) O.Schwartz in Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 99. 1949 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus arenarius subsp. pseudoserotinus (Blocki) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963. Sec.
≡ Dianthus pseudoserotinus Blocki syn. sec.
Dianthus arenarius subsp. pseudosquarrosus (Novák) Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 35. 1931. Sec.
≡ Dianthus arenarius f. pseudosquarrosus Novák in Mem. Soc. Sci. De Bohem 1: 9. 1925 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus pseudosquarrosus (Novák) Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 639. 1952 syn. sec.
Dianthus aristatus Boiss., Asie Min., Bot. 1: 222. 1860. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus zonatus var. aristatus (Boiss.) Reeve, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 28: 21. 1967 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus preobrazhenskii Klokov in Trudy Silsko-Gosp. Bot. 1(3): 170. 1927 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus armeria L., Sp. Pl.: 410. 1753. Sec.
≡ Caryophyllus armerius (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Dianthus armeria subsp. armeria syn. sec.
= Dianthus hirsutus Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 533. 1779 syn. sec.
= Dianthus hirtus Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 533. 1779 syn. sec.
= Dianthus villosus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 160. 1782 syn. sec.
= Dianthus carolinianus Walter, Fl. Carol.: 140. 1788 syn. sec.
= Gypsophila armeria var. nanus Boenn., Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal.: 124. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus hybridus F.W.Schmidt ex Tausch in Flora 13: 245. 1830 syn. sec.
= Dianthus vivariensis Jord. ex Boreau, Fl. Centre France ed. 3, 2: 91. 1857 syn. sec.
= Dianthus armeria var. laevis Heuff. in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 68. 1858 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus armeriastrum Wolfner in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 318. 1858 syn. sec.
= Dianthus epirotus Halácsy in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 48: 708. 1898 syn. sec.
= Silene vaga E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 109. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Dianthus pseudocorymbosus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 8: 6. 1910 [“1911”] syn. sec.
= Dianthus armeria f. acaulis Bolzon in Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1911: 56. 1911 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus armeria f. caespitosa Bolzon in Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1911: 56. 1911 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus armeria f. albiviridis Lehr in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 90: 207. 1963 syn. sec.
= Dianthus armeria f. glabrissimus Sigunov in Glasn. Prir. Muz. Beogradu, C 10: 23. 1977 syn. sec.
= Dianthus armeria f. alba Stritch in Castanea 48: 58. 1983 syn. sec.
Dianthus arpadianus Ade & Bornm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36: 385. 1934. Sec.
Dianthus arrosti C.Presl, Delic. Prag.: 60. 1822. Sec.
≡ Dianthus caryophyllus var. arrosti (C.Presl) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 283. 1892 syn. sec.
= Dianthus contractus Jan ex Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 1: 164. 1889 syn. sec.
Dianthus × artignanii Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 145. 1926. Sec.
Dianthus aticii Hamzaoğlu in Phytokeys 48: 22. 2015. Sec.
Dianthus atlanticus Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 1: 332. 1874. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
≡ Dianthus liburnicus var. atlanticus (Pomel) Chabert in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 38: 383. 1892 [“1891”] syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus atschurensis Sosn. in Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada n.s. 1: 74. 1923. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
– Dianthus azkurensis Sosn. in Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada n.s. 1: 74. 1923 syn. sec. this publication [is misspelling for Dianthus atschurensis Sosn.]
Dianthus austroiranicus Lemperg in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 260. 1941. Sec.
Dianthus awaricus Kharadze in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 16: 50. 1951. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus aydogdui Menemen & Hamzaoğlu in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 37: 285. 2000. Sec. Menemen & Hamzaoğlu (2000)
Dianthus aytachii C.Vural in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 158: 55. 2008. Sec.
Dianthus balansae Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 488. 1867. Sec.
Dianthus barbatus L., Sp. Pl.: 409. 1753. Sec.
≡ Caryophyllus barbatus (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Cylichnanthus barbatus (L.) Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 261. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Silene barbata (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 108. 1901 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019); ≡ Dianthus barbatus var. barbatus
= Tunica barbata Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 298. 1771 syn. sec.
= Dianthus hispanicus Dum.Cours. in Bot. Cult. 3: 168. 1802 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus latifolius Willd., Enum. Pl.: 466. 1809 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus aggregatus Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 124. 1816 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus corymbosus F.Dietr., Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 2: 667. 1816 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus barbatus var. latifolius Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus barbatus var. paniculatus Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus barbatus var. pedunculosus Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus pulcherrimus Loisel., Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2, 35: 417. 1825 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus splendidissimus Hoffmanns. in Verz. Pfl.-Kult. Nachtr: 27. 1842 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus girardinii Lamotte in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 21: 120. 1874 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus barbatus var. asiaticus Nakai, Tyosen-Syokubutsu: 143. 1914 syn. sec.
Dianthus barbatus subsp. barbatus
Dianthus barbatus subsp. compactus (Kit. ex Schult.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2(1): 58. 1889. Sec.
≡ Dianthus compactus Kit. ex Schult., Oestr. Fl. ed. 2, 1: 654. 1814 syn. sec.
Dianthus basianicus Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 77. 1888. Sec.
Dianthus basuticus Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 220. 1922. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus micropetalus var. galpinii Burtt Davy syn. sec.
Dianthus basuticus subsp. basuticus
Dianthus basuticus subsp. fourcadei S.S.Hooper, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 7 [1]: 20–22. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus basuticus var. grandiflorus S.S.Hooper, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 7 [1]: 19. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus benearnensis Loret in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 5: 327. 1858. Sec.
≡ Dianthus furcatus subsp. benearnensis (Loret) Kerguélen in Lejeunia 120: 79. 1987 syn. sec. IPNI
Dianthus bessarabicus (Kleopow) Klokov in Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 5: 28. 1948. Sec.
≡ Dianthus polymorphus subsp. bessarabicus Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 14: 114. 1932 syn. sec.
= Dianthus polymorphus var. bessarabicus Sanda syn. sec.
Dianthus bicolor Adams in Beitr. Naturk. 1: 55. 1805. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus caucasicus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 327. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus bicolor var. minor Ser., Prodr. 1: 361. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus biflorus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 285. 1809. Sec.
= Dianthus binatus Bartl. ex Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 810. 1832 syn. sec.
= Dianthus cinnabarinus Spruner ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 6: 22. 1846 syn. sec.
= Dianthus samaritani Heldr. ex Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 213. 1900 syn. sec.
Dianthus boissieri Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 1: 22. 1853. Sec.
≡ Dianthus caryophyllus var. boissieri (Willk.) Emb. & Maire, Fl. Afr. Nord 10: 318. 1963 syn. sec.
= Dianthus sylvestris Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 701. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. brevifolius Rouy, Obs. Dianthus France: 3. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus caryophyllus f. brevifolius (Rouy) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 319. 1963 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. longifolius Rouy, Obs. Dianthus France: 3. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus caryophyllus f. longifolius (Rouy) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 319. 1963 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. longifolius Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 22: 36. 1931, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus charmelii Sennen & Mauricio, Diagn. Nouv.: 246. 1936 syn. sec.
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. tenuicaulis Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 333. 1939 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
– Dianthus caryophyllus f. grandiflorus Pau & Font Quer, Iter Marocc. 1928: no. 102. 1829, nom. inval. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
– Dianthus caryophyllus f. emancipatus Pau & Font Quer, Iter Marocc. 1927: no. 195. 1928, nom. inval. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus bolusii Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 218. 1922. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus borbasii Vandas in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 36: 193. 1886. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus borbonicus Brullo, C.Brullo, Colombo, Giusso, Ilardi & R.Perrone in Phytotaxa 233: 50. 2015. Sec.
Dianthus brachycalyx A.Huet & É.Huet ex Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 142. 2010. Sec.
Dianthus brevicaulis Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 10. 1842. Sec.
Dianthus brevicaulis subsp. brevicaulis
Dianthus brevicaulis subsp. setaceus Reeve in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 28: 21. 1967. Sec.
Dianthus brevipetalus Vved. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 3: 9. 1941. Sec.
Dianthus broteri Boiss. & Reut., Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 22. 1852. Sec.
≡ Dianthus fimbriatus Brot., Fl. Lusit. 2: 177. 1805, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
= Dianthus serrulatus var. barbatus Boiss., Elench. Pl. Nov.: 19. 1838 syn. sec.
= Dianthus valentinus Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 1: 14. 1852 syn. sec.
= Dianthus malacitanus Haens. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 85. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus serrulatus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 84. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus eusebii Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 264. 1936 syn. sec.
= Dianthus absconditus Fern.Casas in Fontqueria 3: 35. 1983 syn. sec.
= Dianthus subbaeticus Fern.Casas in Fontqueria 3: 37. 1983 syn. sec.
= Dianthus hinoxianus Gallego in Lagascalia 14: 71. 1986 syn. sec.
Dianthus brutius Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp., Portugaliae Act. Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 19: 304. 2000. Sec.
Dianthus brutius subsp. brutius
Dianthus brutius subsp. pentadactyli Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp., Portugaliae Act. Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 19: 306. 2000. Sec.
Dianthus bukovinensis (Zapał.) Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 606. 1952. Sec.
≡ Dianthus carthusianorum var. bucovinensis Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 113. 1911 syn. sec.
Dianthus burchellii Ser., Prodr. 1: 359. 1824. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus burdurensis Hamzaoğlu & Koç in Phytotaxa 233: 197. 2015. Sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2015)
Dianthus busambrae Soldano & F.Conti, Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl.: 18. 2005. Sec.
= Dianthus paniculatus Lojac. in Malpighia 20: 188. 1906 syn. sec.
Dianthus cachemiricus Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 214. 1874. Sec.
Dianthus caespitosus Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 81. 1794. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus caespitosus subsp. caespitosus
Dianthus caespitosus subsp. pectinatus (E.Mey. ex Sond.) S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 37. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
≡ Dianthus pectinatus E.Mey. ex Sond., Fl. Cap. 1: 124. 1860 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus prostratus Jacq., Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 11. 1798 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus albens Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. 1: 32. 1835 syn. sec.
= Dianthus crenatus S.T.Edw. syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus callizonus Schott & Kotschy in Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 9: 192. 1851. Sec.
Dianthus calocephalus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 6: 23. 1846. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus campestris M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 326. 1808. Sec.
= Dianthus hypanicus Besser ex Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 809. 1832 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pseudoversicolor Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 660. 1952 syn. sec.
= Dianthus campestris subsp. arenarius Širj. syn. sec.
= Dianthus campestris subsp. serbanii Prodán syn. sec.
Dianthus campestris subsp. campestris
Dianthus campestris subsp. laevigatus (Gruner) Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 625. 1952. Sec.
≡ Dianthus campestris var. laevigatus Gruner in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(2): 124. 1868 syn. sec.
Dianthus campestris subsp. steppaceus Širj. in Širj. & Lavrenko, Consp. Crit. Fl. Prov. Charkov.: 1. 1926. Sec.
Dianthus candicus (P.W.Ball & Heywood) Madhani & Heubl in Taxon 67(1): 103. 2018. Sec.
≡ Petrorhagia candica P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 141. 1964 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019); ≡ Fiedleria candica (P.W.Ball & Heywood) Ovcz., Fl. Tadzhikskoi S.S.R. 3: 608. 1968 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019).
Dianthus canescens K.Koch in Linnaea 15: 710. 1841. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus fimbriatus var. canescens (K.Koch) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 496. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus capitatus Balb. ex DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 103. 1813. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus capitatus J.St.-Hil., Pl. France 3: 70. 1809. Sec.
= Dianthus cephalotes Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus glaucophyllus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 514. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus capillatus Meinsh., Beitr. Pfl. Geogr. Sued-Ural-Geb.: 6 syn. sec.
Dianthus capitellatus Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 659. 1952. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus borbasii subsp. capitellatus (Klokov) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 192. 1963 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus pseudomembranaceus Schischk. ex Grossh., Fl. Cauc. 2(3): 282. 1945 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus carbonatus Klokov in Sc. Mag. Biol. 1927: 15. 1927. Sec.
Dianthus carmelitarum Reut. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 512. 1867. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus artwinensis Schischk. ex Grossh., Fl. Cauc. 2(3): 284. 1945 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus carthusianorum L., Sp. Pl.: 409. 1753. Sec.
≡ Tunica carthusianorum (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 299. 1771 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Caryophyllus carthusianorum (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Silene carthusianorum (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 110. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.;
= Dianthus atrorubens All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 75. 1785 syn. sec.
= Dianthus vaginatus Chaix, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 1: 330. 1786 syn. sec.
= Dianthus montanus F.W.Schmidt in Neuere Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1: 30. 1791 syn. sec.
= Dianthus clavatus Spreng., Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 2: 169. 1821 syn. sec.
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. anisopodus Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. nanus Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus nanus Sweet, Hort. Brit.: 41. 1826 syn. sec.
= Dianthus atrorubens var. intermedius Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 146. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. pygmaeus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 145. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus allionii Colla, Herb. Pedem. 1: 297. 1833 syn. sec.
= Dianthus sanguineus Vis., Index Seminum (PAD) 1845: 1. 1845 syn. sec.
= Dianthus ferrugineus Pourr. ex Gren. & Godr., Fl. France 1: 232. 1847 syn. sec.
= Dianthus gramineus Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 11. 1853 syn. sec.
= Dianthus congestus Boreau, Fl. Centre France ed. 3, 2: 90. 1857 syn. sec.
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. campestris Heuff. in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 68. 1858 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. ternatus Heuff. in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 68. 1858 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus graminifolius Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 10: 144. 1859 syn. sec.
= Dianthus tenuifolius Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 10: 143. 1859 syn. sec.
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. saxigenus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 93. 1866 syn. sec.
= Dianthus chloaephyllus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 95. 1866 syn. sec.
= Dianthus rupicola Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 93. 1866 syn. sec. Schur (1866)
= Dianthus rupicolus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 93. 1866 syn. sec.
= Dianthus subneglectus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 95. 1866 syn. sec.
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. puberulus Simonk., Mat. Term. Közlem. 15: 531. 1878 syn. sec.
= Dianthus atropurpureus Gromov ex Trautv. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 8: 130. 1883 syn. sec.
= Dianthus carpathicus Woł., Spraw. Komis. Fizjogr. 22(2): 214. 1888 syn. sec.
= Dianthus semperflorens Voss in Gartenflora 44: 514. 1895 syn. sec.
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. brachyanthus Dörfl. & Hayek in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 70: 12. 1921 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. longisquamis Kulcz., Fl. Polska 2: 159. 1921 syn. sec.
= Dianthus ceretanicus Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 147. 1926 syn. sec.
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. tenorei Lacaita in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 34: 188. 1927 syn. sec.
= Dianthus montivagus Domin in Acta Bot. Bohem. 8: 53. 1929 syn. sec.
= Dianthus velebiticus Borbás ex Degen, Fl. Veleb. 2: 97. 1937 syn. sec.
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. capillifrons Borbás syn. sec.
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. parviflorus Čelak. syn. sec.
= Dianthus sanguineus var. atrisquamatus Novák syn. sec.
– Dianthus fasciculatus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 161. 1782, nom. inval. syn. sec.
Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. carthusianorum
Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. latifolius (Griseb. & Schenk) Hegi in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 17: 13. 1911. Sec.
≡ Dianthus carthusianorum var. latifolius Griseb. & Schenk in Arch. Naturgesch. 18: 300. 1852 syn. sec.
= Dianthus montivagus var. carsticus Novák syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. carsticus (Novák) Dostál in Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 5. 1984 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. polonicus (Zapał.) Kovanda in Preslia 56: 297. 1984. Sec.
≡ Dianthus polonicus Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 122. 1911 syn. sec.
Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. sudeticus Kovanda in Preslia 52: 122. 1980. Sec.
Dianthus caryophyllus L., Sp. Pl.: 410. 1753. Sec.
≡ Silene caryophylla (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 111. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; ≡ Dianthus caryophyllus var. coronarius L., Sp. Pl. 1: 410. 1753 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) ≡ Dianthus caryophyllus subsp. coronarius (L.) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 318. 1963 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunica caryophyllus (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 301. 1771 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; – Dianthus coronarius (L.) Burm.f., Fl. Ind. Prodr. Fl. Cap.: 13. 1768, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) – Dianthus coronarius Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 536. 1779, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021)
= Caryophyllus tunica Garsault, Fig. Pl. Méd.: t. 203. 1764 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Dianthus moschatus J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat.: 711. 1791 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. minor Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 644. 1822 [“1821”] syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. carduinus Ser., Prodr. 1: 359. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus corsicus Link ex Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 2: 376. 1825 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus arbuscula Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 13: t. 1086. 1827 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus arrectus Dumort., Fl. Belg.: 196. 1827 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. wakefieldii C.Morren, Hort. Belge 2: 7. 1834 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus multinervis Vis., Fl. Dalmat. 3: 164. 1850 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus longicaulis Costa, Introd. Fl. Cataluña: 36. 1864 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus acinifolius Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 97. 1866 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus binatus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 97. 1866 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus kayserianus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 97. 1866 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus miniatus A.Huet ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 105. 1878 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus caryophyllus f. intermedius Pamp. in Boll. Mus. Republ. San Marino 1: 142. 1917 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus caucaseus Sims in Bot. Mag. 21: t. 795. 1804. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus discolor Sims in Bot. Mag. 29: t. 1162. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus charidemi Pau in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 16(206): 74. 1906. Sec.
≡ Dianthus cintranus subsp. charidemi (Pau) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec.
Dianthus chimanimaniensis S.S.Hooper in Kew Bull. 13: 318. 1958. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus chinensis L., Sp. Pl.: 411. 1753. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus sequieri Chaix, Vill. Fl. Dauph. 1: 330. 1786 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus pulcher Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 303. 1796 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus scaber Schleich. ex Suter, Helvet. Fl. 1: 259. 1802 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus serratus var. scaber (Schleich. ex Suter) DC., Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 5: 601. 1815 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthus collinus var. scaber (Schleich. ex Suter) Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 147. 1828 syn. sec. this publication
= Dianthus tataricus Fisch., Cat. Jard. Gorenki ed. 2: 59. 1812 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus umbellatus DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 104. 1813 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus ibericus Willd., Enum. Pl., Suppl.: 24. 1814 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus patens Willd., Enum. Pl., Suppl.: 24. 1814 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus fischeri Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 62. 1815 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus ruthenicus Roem. ex Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 131. 1816 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus ochroleucus Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 420. 1821 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus versicolor Fisch. ex Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 420. 1821 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus chinensis var. versicolor (Fisch. ex Link) Y.C.Ma, Fl. Intramongolica 2: 191. 1978 [“1979”] syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus chinensis subsp. versicolor (Fisch. ex Link) Vorosch., Florist. Issl. Razn. Rayonakh SSSR: 167. 1985 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus willdenowii Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 420. 1821 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus schraderi Rchb. in Iconogr. Bot. Exot. 1: 24. 1824 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus dentosus Fisch. ex Rchb. in Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 6: 32. 1828 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus chinensis var. dentosus (Fisch. ex Rchb.) Debeaux in Act. Simpo. Internac. Bot. Pius Font Quer 31: 124. 1876 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus seguieri var. dentosus (Fisch. ex Rchb.) Franch., Pl. David. 1: 46. 1884 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus sequieri var. dentosus (Fisch. ex Rchb.) Franch., Pl. David. 1: 46. 1884 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus sinensis Link, Handbuch 2: 237. 1831 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus chinensis var. sylvaticus W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 96. 1835 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus altaicus Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 278. 1842 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus jeniseensis Less. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 278. 1842 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus chinensis var. macrosepalus Franch. ex L.H.Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort.: 100. 1900 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus laciniatus Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 60. 1903 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus morii Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 302. 1914 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus chinensis var. morii (Nakai) Y.C.Chu, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 3: 49. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus pineticola Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 161. 1931 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus versicolor var. alpinus Krylov, Fl. Zapadnoi Sibiri 5: 1104. 1931 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus chinensis var. longisquama Nakai & Kitag. in Rep. Exped. Manchoukou Sect. IV, 1: 23. 1934 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus chinensis var. ignescens Nakai in Rep. Exped. Manchoukou Sect. IV, 4(2): 15. 1935 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus chinensis f. ignescens (Nakai) Kitag. in J. Jap. Bot. 34: 5. 1959 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus subulifolius Kitag. in Rep. Exped. Manchoukou Sect. IV, 2: 16. 1935 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus versicolor var. subulifolius (Kitag.) Y.C.Chu, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 3: 50. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus chinensis var. subulifolius (Kitag.) Y.C.Ma, Fl. Intramongolica 2: 191. 1978 [“1979”] syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus subulifolius f. leucopetalus Kitag. in Rep. Exped. Manchoukou Sect. IV, 2: 17. 1935 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus versicolor f. leucopetalus (Kitag.) Y.C.Chu, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 3: 50. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus chinensis var. liaotungensis Y.C.Chu, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 3: 227. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus chinensis subsp. paracampestris Vorosch. in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. n.s., 83(5): 116. 1978 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus versicolor var. ninelli Peschkova, Fl. Tsentralnoi Sibiri 1: 334. 1979 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus versicolor subsp. ninelli (Peschkova) Baikov & N.V.Vlassova, Rast. Mir Aziatsk. Rossii 3(23): 21. 2016 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus chinensis var. trinervis D.Q.Lu in Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 15: 185. 1995 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus chinensis var. jingpoensis G.Y.Zhang & X.Y.Yuan in Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 10. 1998 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus chinensis var. shandongensis J.X.Li & F.Q.Zhou in Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 21: 511. 2001 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus chinensis f. albiflora Y.N.Lee in Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 4: 28. 2004 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus chinensis var. serpens Y.N.Lee in Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 4: 29. 2004 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus chouardii Dobignard in J. Bot. Soc. Bot. France 48: 15. 2009. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus cibrarius Clementi in Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino II 16: 20. 1855. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus ciliatus Guss., Ind. Sem. Horto Boccad. 1825: 5. 1825. Sec.
= Dianthus litoralis Host, Fl. Austriaca 1: 522. 1827 syn. sec.
Dianthus ciliatus subsp. ciliatus
Dianthus ciliatus subsp. dalmaticus (Čelak.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 246. 1924. Sec.
≡ Dianthus dalmaticus Čelak. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 35: 189. 1885 syn. sec.
= Dianthus racemosus Vis. in Flora 12(1 Erg.): 12. 1829 syn. sec.
Dianthus ciliatus subsp. medunensis (Beck & Szyszyl.) Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 6: 8. 1979. Sec.
≡ Dianthus medunensis Beck & Szyszył., Pl. Cernagor. Lect.: 65. 1888 syn. sec.
Dianthus × cincinnatus Lem. in Ill. Hort. 11: t. 388. 1864. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Dianthus × isensis Hirahata & Kitam. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 205. 1962 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Dianthus × cincinnatus f. isensis (Hirahata & Kitam.) M.Hiroe, Pl. Bashos & Busons Hokku Lit. 8: 489. 1971 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Dianthus × cincinnatus f. longipetalus M.Hiroe, Pl. Bashos & Busons Hokku Lit. 8: 489. 1971 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Dianthus × cincinnatus f. rosalbus M.Hiroe, Pl. Bashos & Busons Hokku Lit. 8: 489. 1971 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dianthus cinnamomeus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 287. 1809. Sec.
Dianthus cinnamomeus subsp. cinnamomeus
Dianthus cinnamomeus subsp. naxensis Runemark ex Strid in Strid & Tan, Fl. Hellenica 1: 352. 1997. Sec.
Dianthus cintranus Boiss. & Reut., Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 20. 1852. Sec.
Dianthus cintranus subsp. atrosanguineus (Emb. & Maire) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gaditanus subsp. atrosanguineus Emb. & Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 21–22: 26. 1930 syn. sec.
Dianthus cintranus subsp. barbatus R.Fern. & Franco in Franco, Nova Fl. Portugal 1: 159. 1971. Sec.
Dianthus cintranus subsp. byzacenus (Burollet) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus byzacenus Burollet, Sahel Sousse: 35. 1927 syn. sec.
Dianthus cintranus subsp. cintranus
Dianthus cintranus subsp. jahandiezii (Maire) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gaditanus subsp. jahandiezii Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 17. 1927 syn. sec.
Dianthus cintranus subsp. maroccanus (F.N.Williams) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gaditanus var. maroccanus F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 423. 1893 syn. sec.
= Dianthus gaditanus var. rifeus Pau & Sennen, Cat. Fl. Rif Orient.: 19. 1933 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus cintranus subsp. mauritanicus (Pomel) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus mauritanicus Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 1: 333. 1874 syn. sec.
Dianthus cintranus subsp. mentagensis (Maire) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gaditanus subsp. mentagensis Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 168. 1932 syn. sec.
Dianthus cintranus subsp. occidentalis (Quézel) Mathez in Willdenowia 13: 280. 1983 [“1984”]. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gaditanus subsp. occidentalis Quézel in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 44: 197. 1953 syn. sec.
Dianthus collinus Waldst. & Kit. in Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 1: 51. 1800. Sec.
≡ Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. collinus (Waldst. & Kit.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 493. 1805 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus asper var. collinus (Waldst. & Kit.) Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus seguieri var. collinus (Waldst. & Kit.) W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 96. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus seguieri subsp. collinus (Waldst. & Kit.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 84. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus collinus var. minor Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 147. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus seguieri subsp. scaber Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhmen: 507. 1875 syn. sec.
Dianthus commutatus (Zapał.) Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 607. 1952. Sec.
≡ Dianthus carthusianorum var. commutatus Zapał., Fl. Galic. Crit.: 119. 1911 syn. sec.
Dianthus corymbosus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 285. 1809. Sec.
= Dianthus corymbosus Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 124. 1816 syn. sec.
= Dianthus poiretianus Ser., Prodr. 1: 360. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus chalcidicus Halácsy in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 48: 707. 1898 syn. sec.
Dianthus costae Willk., Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 683. 1878. Sec.
≡ Dianthus pyrenaicus subsp. costae (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 187. 1974 syn. sec.
= Dianthus ciliatus Costa, Introd. Fl. Cataluña: 36. 1864 syn. sec.
= Dianthus marianii Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 32. 1936 syn. sec.
Dianthus crassipes R.Roem. in Linnaea 25: 11. 1852. Sec.
= Dianthus serenaeus Coincy in J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 53. 1898 syn. sec.
Dianthus crenatus Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 81. 1794. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus inaequalis E.Mey., Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Dokum.: 178. 1843 syn. sec.
Dianthus cretaceus Adams in Beitr. Naturk. 1: 56. 1805. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus petraeus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 328. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus bracteatus Willd. ex Ser., Prodr. 1: 360. 1824 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus liboschitzianus Ser., Prodr. 1: 360. 1824 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus siemienkiewiczii Bordz. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30: 364. 1932 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus cretaceus subsp. cretaceus
Dianthus cretaceus subsp. dmanissianus (M.Kuzmina) Nersesian in Nov. Syst. Vyssh. Rast. 42: 113. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus dmanissianus M.Kuzmina in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(8): 80. 1996 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus cretaceus subsp. multicaulis (Boiss. & A.Huet) Nersesian in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 42: 112. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus multicaulis Boiss. & A.Huet in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 53. 1856 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012) ≡ Dianthus liboschitzianus var. multicaulis (Boiss. & A.Huet) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 487. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012) ≡ Dianthus cretaceus var. multicaulis (Boiss. & A.Huet) Grossh., Fl. Cauc. 2: 430. 1930 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus cretaceus subsp. sevanensis Nersesian in Nov. Syst. Vyssh. Rast. 42: 113. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus cribrarius Clementi in Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino II 16: 20. 1855. Sec.
Dianthus crinitus Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 300. 1794. Sec.
= Dianthus fimbriatus Hohen. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 6: 232. 1833 syn. sec.
= Dianthus ibericus Steven ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 283. 1842 syn. sec.
= Dianthus amoenus Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 1: 210. 1874 syn. sec.
= Dianthus crinitus var. flaviflorus Emb. in Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 196. 1935 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus crinitus subsp. baldzhuanicus (Lincz.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 285. 1986. Sec.
≡ Dianthus baldzhuanicus Lincz. in Trudy Tadzhikistansk. Bazy 8: 629. 1940 syn. sec.
Dianthus crinitus subsp. crinitus
Dianthus crinitus subsp. kermanensis Rech.f., Pl. Syst. Evol. 151(3–4): 286. 1986. Sec.
Dianthus crinitus subsp. nuristanicus (Gilli) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 285. 1986. Sec.
≡ Dianthus nuristanicus Gilli in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 59: 162. 1956 syn. sec.
Dianthus crinitus subsp. soongoricus (Schischk.) Kozhevn. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 22: 112. 1985. Sec.
≡ Dianthus soongoricus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 899. 1936 syn. sec.
Dianthus crinitus subsp. tetralepis (Nevski) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 286. 1986. Sec.
≡ Dianthus tetralepis Nevski, Fl. URSS 6: 899. 1936 syn. sec.
Dianthus crinitus subsp. turcomanicus (Schischk.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 287. 1986. Sec.
≡ Dianthus turcomanicus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 899. 1936 syn. sec.
Dianthus crinitus var. argaeus Aytaç & H.Duman in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 41: 217. 2004. Sec.
Dianthus crossopetalus (Fenzl ex Boiss.) Grossh., Fl. Kavkaza 2: 428. 1930. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus crinitus var. crossopetalus Fenzl ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 496. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus cruentus Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 186. 1843. Sec.
= Dianthus cruentus var. micropetalus Pančić in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Vereins Wien 6: 501. 1856 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus consanguineus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 93. 1866 syn. sec.
= Dianthus fastigiatus Pant. in Verh. Vereins Natur- Heilk. Presburg n.s., 2: 105. 1871 syn. sec.
= Dianthus holzmannianus Heldr. & Hausskn. ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2(1): 58. 1889 syn. sec.
= Dianthus cibrarius var. leucolepis Hausskn. in Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins n.f., 5: 54. 1893 syn. sec.
= Dianthus quadrangulus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1892: 372. 1893 syn. sec.
= Dianthus turcicus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1892: 273. 1893 syn. sec.
= Dianthus lateritius Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 213. 1900 syn. sec.
= Dianthus baldaccii Degen in Magyar Bot. Lapok 5: 275. 1906 syn. sec.
= Dianthus cruentus var. pancicii Stoj. & Acht., Krit. Stud. Nelk. Bulg.: 56. 1935 syn. sec.
= Dianthus hyalolepis Acht. & Lindtner in Izv. Carsk. Prir. Inst. Sofija 13: 195. 1940 syn. sec.
= Dianthus calocephalus var. villiger Bornm. syn. sec.
Dianthus cyathophorus Moris, Index Seminum (TO) 1852: 32. 1852. Sec.
≡ Dianthus siculus subsp. cyathophorus (Moris) Arrigoni in Parlatorea 7: 20. 2005 syn. sec.
= Dianthus minae Mazzola, Raimondo & Ilardi in Bocconea 17: 307. 2004 syn. sec.
Dianthus cyprius A.K.Jacks. & Turrill in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 462. 1938. Sec.
Dianthus cyri Fisch. & C.A.Mey. in Index Seminum St. Petersburg (Petropolitanus) 4: 34. 1838. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus daghestanicus Kharadze in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 16: 47. 1951. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus darvazicus Lincz. Sec.
Dianthus deltoides L., Sp. Pl.: 411. 1753. Sec.
≡ Caryophyllus deltoides (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Cylichnanthus deltoides (L.) Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 262. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Silene deltoides (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 113. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.;
= Dianthus deltoides var. montanus Klett & Richt., Fl. Leipzig: 376. 1830 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus albus Schkuhr ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 498. 1840 syn. sec.
= Dianthus endressii Zahlbr. ex Conrath in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 38: 51. 1888 syn. sec.
= Dianthus glaucus L., Sp. Pl.: 411. 1753 syn. sec.
= Dianthus supinus Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 534. 1779 syn. sec.
= Dianthus crenatus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 161. 1782 syn. sec.
= Dianthus volgensis Ser., Prodr. 1: 361. 1824 syn. sec.
Dianthus deltoides subsp. degenii (Bald.) Strid in Willdenowia 13: 280. 1983 [“1984”]. Sec.
≡ Dianthus degenii Bald. in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 6: 27. 1899 syn. sec.
Dianthus deltoides subsp. deltoides
Dianthus denaicus Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 17. 1985. Sec.
Dianthus desideratus Strid, Fl. Hellenica 1: 371. 1997. Sec.
Dianthus diffusus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 285. 1809. Sec.
= Dianthus pubescens Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 286. 1809 syn. sec.
= Dianthus rupestris Friv. ex Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 191. 1843 syn. sec.
= Dianthus cylleneus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 63. 1854 syn. sec.
= Dianthus syriacus F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 346. 1885 syn. sec.
= Dianthus glandulosopubescens Halácsy in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 48: 706. 1898 syn. sec.
Dianthus dilepis Rech.f. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 361. 1951. Sec.
Dianthus diversifolius Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 40. 1985. Sec.
Dianthus dobrogensis Prodán in Bul. Acad. Stud. Agron. Cluj 5(1): 97. 1934. Sec.
Dianthus × dufftii Hausskn. ex Asch. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 259. 1876
Dianthus edetanus (M.B.Crespo & Mateo) M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 40: 64. 2008. Sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)
≡ Dianthus hispanicus subsp. edetanus M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 20: 7. 2002 syn. sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)
Dianthus elatus Ledeb., Fl. Altaic. 2: 136. 1830. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus elbrusensis Kharadze in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 21: 48. 1959. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus eldivenus Czeczott in Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 9: 33. 1932. Sec.
Dianthus elegans d’Urv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 302. 1822. Sec.
= Dianthus actinopetalus Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 11. 1842 syn. sec.
= Dianthus cous Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 20. 1843 syn. sec.
= Dianthus wawrae Freyn ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 79. 1888 syn. sec.
Dianthus elymaiticus Hausskn. & Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19(2): 213. 1905. Sec.
Dianthus engleri Hausskn. & Bornm. in Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 9: 15. 1891. Sec.
Dianthus eretmopetalus Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 349. 1886. Sec.
Dianthus erinaceus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 21. 1843. Sec.
= Dianthus webbianus Parl. ex Vis. in Atti Riunione Sci. Ital. 2: 180. 1841 syn. sec.
Dianthus ernesti-mayeri Micevski & Matevski in Razpr. Slov. Akad. Znan. Umetn., Razr. Nar. Vede 42: 155. 2001. Sec.
Dianthus erythrocoleus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 493. 1867. Sec.
Dianthus eugeniae Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 157. 1931. Sec.
= Dianthus tesquicola Klokov in Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 5: 26. 1948 syn. sec.
Dianthus excelsus S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 13. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus angolensis subsp. orientalis Turrill in Kew Bull. 9: 49. 1954 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus falconeri Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 214. 1874. Sec. Ghanzafar & Nasir (1986)
Dianthus × fallens Timb.-Lagr. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 5: 329. 1858. Sec.
≡ Dianthus × tener subsp. fallens (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 104. 1878 syn. sec.
= Dianthus × borderei Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 183. 1896 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) – Dianthus × borderi Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 183. 1896 syn. sec.
Dianthus fasciculatus (Boiss.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 141
≡ Velezia fasciculata Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 92. 1849
Dianthus ferrugineus Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8: 9. 1768. Sec.
= Dianthus balbisii Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus balbisii var. paniculatus Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus glaucophyllus Hornem. ex Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus propinquus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 94. 1866 syn. sec.
= Dianthus ligusticus Willd. ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 103. 1878 syn. sec.
= Dianthus rosulatus Borbás ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 103. 1878 syn. sec.
= Dianthus albaceteanus Huter in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 54: 339. 1904 syn. sec. Peruzzi & Gargano (2006)
Dianthus ferrugineus subsp. ferrugineus
Dianthus ferrugineus subsp. liburnicus (Bartl.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec.
≡ Dianthus liburnicus Bartl. in Beitr. Bot. 2: 52. 1825 syn. sec.
= Dianthus liburnicus var. albiflorus Caldesi in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 11: 338. 1879 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus floribundus Boiss., Asie Min., Bot. 1: 221. 1860. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus schischkinii Grossh. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 11: 83. 1949 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus woronowii Schischk. in sched. herb. LE syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan 2012 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus formanekii Borbás ex Formánek in Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 32: 39. 1894. Sec.
Dianthus fragrans Adams in Weber u. Mohr, Beitr. Naturk. 1: 56. 1805. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus fragrans M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 331. 1808 syn. sec. this publication
= Dianthus liboschitzianus Hohen. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 491. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus tichomirovii Devyatov, Taisumov & Teimurov in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. n.s. 104(2): 37. 1999 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Notes: – Although Bieberstein (1808) didn’t mention Adams (1805) as an author of D. fragrans in his 1st volume of the Flora Taurica-Caucasica, the descriptions are very similar and very likely refer to the same species.
Dianthus freynii Vandas in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1889(2): 255. 1890. Sec.
Dianthus fruticosus L., Sp. Pl.: 413. 1753. Sec.
= Dianthus frutescens Houtt., Nat. Hist. 2(5): 109. 1775 syn. sec.
Dianthus fruticosus subsp. amorginus Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 485. 1980. Sec.
Dianthus fruticosus subsp. carpathus Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 487. 1980. Sec.
Dianthus fruticosus subsp. creticus (Tausch) Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 488. 1980. Sec.
≡ Dianthus creticus Tausch in Flora 13: 247. 1830 syn. sec.
Dianthus fruticosus subsp. fruticosus
Dianthus fruticosus subsp. karavius Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 487. 1980. Sec.
Dianthus fruticosus subsp. occidentalis Runemark in Bot. Not. 133: 483. 1980. Sec.
Dianthus fruticosus subsp. rhodius (Rech.f.) Runemark in Bot. Not. 133: 486. 1980. Sec.
≡ Dianthus rhodius Rech.f. in Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 105: 156. 1943 syn. sec.
Dianthus fruticosus subsp. sitiacus Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 488. 1980. Sec.
Dianthus furcatus Balb., Mém. Acad. Sci. Turin, Sci. Phys. 10–11: 13. 1804. Sec.
= Dianthus alpester Balb., Mém. Acad. Sci. Turin, Sci. Phys. 1: 13. 1802 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pungens Gren. & Godr., Fl. France 1: 234. 1847 syn. sec.
Dianthus furcatus subsp. dissimilis (Burnat) Pignatti in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107: 209. 1973. Sec.
≡ Dianthus furcatus var. dissimilis Burnat, Fl. Alpes Marit. 1: 230. 1892 syn. sec.
Dianthus furcatus subsp. furcatus
Dianthus furcatus subsp. gyspergerae (Rouy) Burnat ex Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 572. 1910. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gyspergerae Rouy in Rev. Bot. Syst. Géogr. Bot. 1: 132. 1903 syn. sec.
Dianthus furcatus subsp. lereschii (Burnat) Pignatti in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107: 209. 1973. Sec.
≡ Dianthus furcatus var. lereschii Burnat, Fl. Alpes Marit. 1: 230. 1892 syn. sec.
= Dianthus tener Balb., Mém. Acad. Sci. Turin, Sci. Phys. 1: 14. 1802 syn. sec.
Dianthus gabrielianiae Nersesian in Takhtajania 1: 45. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus gasparrinii Guss., Fl. Sicul. Syn. 1: 479. 1843. Sec.
≡ Dianthus caryophyllus subsp. gasparrinii (Guss.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 306. 1894 syn. sec.
Dianthus geminiflorus Loisel., Fl. Gall. 2: 725. 1807. Sec.
≡ Dianthus furcatus subsp. geminiflorus (Loisel.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 189. 1963 syn. sec.
Dianthus genargenteus Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 145. 2010. Sec.
Dianthus giganteiformis Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 41: 32. 1891. Sec.
≡ Dianthus sabuletarum Heuff. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 26. 1858 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pontederae A.Kern., Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. 2: 539. 1882 [“1883”] syn. sec.
= Dianthus tenuifolius subsp. serpentini Podp., Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 20. 1922 syn. sec.
= Dianthus urziceniensis Prodán, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. 2: 667. 1953 syn. sec.
= Dianthus diutinus Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 6: 44. 1844, nom illeg syn. sec.
= Dianthus giganteiformis var. comanae Prodán syn. sec.
Dianthus giganteiformis subsp. giganteiformis
Dianthus giganteiformis subsp. kladovanus (Degen) Soó in Feddes Repert. 83: 161. 1972. Sec.
≡ Dianthus kladovanus Degen in Magyar Bot. Lapok 4: 122. 1905 syn. sec.
Dianthus giganteus d‘Urv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 301. 1822. Sec.
= Dianthus intermedius Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 515. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus haynaldianus Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 38: 144. 1888 syn. sec.
= Dianthus subgiganteus Borbás ex Formánek in Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 32: 181. 1894 syn. sec.
Dianthus giganteus subsp. banaticus (Heuff.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec.
≡ Dianthus carthusianorum var. banaticus Heuff. syn. sec.
Dianthus giganteus subsp. croaticus (Borbás) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 70: 4. 1964. Sec.
≡ Dianthus croaticus Borbás in Bot. Jahresber. (Just) 4: 1059. 1877 syn. sec.
Dianthus giganteus subsp. giganteus
Dianthus giganteus subsp. vandasii (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht., Sborn. Blghar. Akad. Nauk 29: 43. 1935. Sec.
≡ Dianthus vandasii Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1892: 16. 1893 syn. sec.
Dianthus glabriusculus (Kit.) Borbás in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 19: 19. 1877. Sec.
≡ Dianthus collinus var. glabriusculus Kit. in Linnaea 32: 528. 1863 syn. sec.
= Dianthus glabriusculus subsp. moldavicus Prodán in Bul. Soc. Sti. Cluj. 10: 158. 1948 syn. sec.
= Dianthus collinus subsp. glabriusculus Soó syn. sec.
Dianthus glacialis Haenke in Collectanea 2: 84. 1788. Sec.
≡ Dianthus alpinus var. glacialis (Haenke) Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 533. 1862, nom. illeg.
= Dianthus glacialis var. acaulis Ser., Prodr. 1: 362. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus glacialis var. latifolius Ser., Prodr. 1: 362. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus alpinus var. subacaulis Roth, Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ. 1(2): 282. 1827 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus glacialis f. reducta Fornac. in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107: 246. 1973 syn. sec.
Dianthus glacialis subsp. gelidus (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gelidus Schott, Nyman & Kotschy in Schott, Analecta Bot.: 54. 1854 syn. sec.
Dianthus glacialis subsp. glacialis
Dianthus glutinosus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 61. 1854. Sec.
= Dianthus pubescens d’Urv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 303. 1822 syn. sec.
Dianthus goekayi Kaynak, Yılmaz & Daşkın in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 48: 74. 2011. Sec.
Dianthus goerkii Hartvig & Strid in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 321. 1987. Sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2021)
= Dianthus leucophaeus var. patens Reeve syn. sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2021)
Dianthus gracilis Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 288. 1809. Sec.
Dianthus gracilis subsp. armerioides (Griseb.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gracilis var. armerioides Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 190. 1843 syn. sec.
= Dianthus suskalovicii Adamović in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 55: 179. 1905 syn. sec.
= Dianthus callosus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 8: 5. 1910 [“1911”] syn. sec.
= Dianthus achtarovii Stoj. & Kitan. in Izv. Bulg. Bot. Druzh. 9: 94. 1943 syn. sec.
Dianthus gracilis subsp. drenowskianus (Rech.f.) Strid in Willdenowia 13: 281. 1983 [“1984”]. Sec.
≡ Dianthus drenowskianus Rech.f. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 31: 158. 1932 syn. sec.
Dianthus gracilis subsp. friwaldskyanus (Boiss.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec.
≡ Dianthus friwaldskyanus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 65. 1854 syn. sec.
Dianthus gracilis subsp. gracilis
= Dianthus albanicus Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 34. 1892 syn. sec.
= Dianthus athous Rech.f. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 31: 159. 1932 syn. sec.
Dianthus gracilis subsp. xanthinus (Davidov) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec.
≡ Dianthus xanthinus Davidov in Trav. Soc. Bulg. Sci. Nat. 8: 56. 1915 syn. sec. this publication – Dianthus xanthianus Davidov in Trav. Soc. Bulg. Sci. Nat. 8: 56. 1915 syn. sec. this publication [is orthographic variant for Dianthus xanthinus Davidov] – Dianthus gracilis subsp. xanthianus (Davidov) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963 syn. sec. this publication [is orthographic variant for Dianthus gracilis subsp. xanthinus (Davidov) Tutin]
Dianthus graminifolius C.Presl, Fl. Sicul. 1: 147. 1826. Sec.
≡ Dianthus arrosti var. graminifolius (C.Presl) Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 1: 164. 1889 syn. sec.
Dianthus graniticus Jord., Observ. Pl. Nouv. 7: 13. 1849. Sec.
≡ Dianthus hirtus subsp. graniticus (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud in Rouy, Fl. France 3: 177. 1896 syn. sec.
Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 3: 598. 1789. Sec.
= Dianthus caesius Sm., Engl. Bot. [1]: t. 62. 1792 syn. sec.
= Dianthus caesius subsp. adscendens Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 158. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus caesius subsp. montanus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 159. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus caesius var. nanus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 159. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus flaccidus Fieber in Flora 17: 633. 1834 syn. sec.
Dianthus gredensis Pau ex Caball. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 5: 513. 1945. Sec.
≡ Dianthus langeanus subsp. gredensis (Pau ex Caball.) Rivas Mart., Fern.Gonz. & Sánchez Mata in Opusc. Bot. Pharm. Complut. 2: 108. 1986 syn. sec.
Dianthus grossheimii Schischk. in Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 278. 1936. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus guessfeldtianus Muschl., Man. Fl. Egypt 1: 330. 1912. Sec.
Dianthus guliae Janka in J. Bot. 12: 338. 1874. Sec. Peruzzi & Gargano (2006)
≡ Dianthus liburnicus var. guliae (Janka) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 85. 1882 syn. sec. Peruzzi & Gargano (2006) ≡ Dianthus carthusianorum var. guliae (Janka) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 254. 1892 syn. sec. Peruzzi & Gargano (2006)
Dianthus guttatus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 328. 1808. Sec.
= Dianthus pseudogrisebachii Grecescu, Consp. Fl. Roman.: 100. 1898 syn. sec.
= Dianthus guttatus subsp. mariae Kleopow in Zhurn. Inst. Bot. Vseukraïns’k. Akad. Nauk 21–22: 244. 1939 syn. sec.
Dianthus guttatus subsp. dicaricatus Prodán, Fl. Republ. Popul. Român. 2: 669. 1953. Sec. Jalas & Suominen (1988)
Dianthus guttatus subsp. guttatus
Dianthus haematocalyx Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 68. 1854. Sec.
= Dianthus haematocalyx f. olympica Stoj. & Jordanov in God. Sofiisk. Univ. Fiz.-Mat. Fak. 34: 178. 1938 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus haematocalyx subsp. haematocalyx
Dianthus haematocalyx subsp. phitosianus Constantin. in Phyton (Horn) 39(2): 279. 1999. Sec.
Dianthus haematocalyx subsp. pindicola (Vierh.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 240. 1924. Sec.
≡ Dianthus pindicola Vierh. in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 47: 31. 1897 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pineticola var. jacupicensis Košanin syn. sec.
Dianthus haematocalyx subsp. pruinosus (Boiss. & Orph.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 240. 1924. Sec.
≡ Dianthus pruinosus Boiss. & Orph. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 6: 28. 1859 syn. sec.
Dianthus haematocalyx subsp. ventricosus Maire & Petitm. in Bull. Soc. Sci. Nancy III, 9: 193. 1908. Sec.
≡ Dianthus ventricosus Heldr. ex Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 204. 1900, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
= Dianthus sibthorpii Vierh. in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 47: 33. 1897 syn. sec.
Dianthus hafezii Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 23. 1985. Sec.
Dianthus halisdemirii Hamzaoğlu & Koç in KSÜ Tarim Doga Derg. 21: 548. 2018. Sec.
Dianthus hamzaoglui Koç in Phytotaxa 439(1): 58. 2020. Sec.
Dianthus harrissii Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 240. 1983. Sec.
Dianthus helenae Vved. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 3: 10. 1941. Sec.
Dianthus × hellwigii Borbás ex Čelak. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1878: 20. 1879. Sec. IPNI
≡ Dianthus × hellwigii Borbás ex Asch. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 258. 1876;
Dianthus × helveticorum M.Laínz in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 42: 549. 1985 [“1986”]. Sec.
Dianthus henteri Heuff. ex Griseb. & Schenk in Arch. Naturgesch. 18(1): 303. 1852. Sec.
Dianthus hispidus (Boiss. & Balansa) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 150
≡ Velezia hispida Boiss. & Balansa in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 57. 1856 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus hoeltzeri C.Winkl. in Gartenflora 30: 1. 1881. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus holopetalus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(2): 369. 1854. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus humilis Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 280. 1842. Sec.
= Dianthus hirtus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 326. 1808 syn. sec.
= Dianthus virgineus Hablitz ex M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 326. 1808 syn. sec.
= Dianthus sterilis Steven ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 505. 1867 syn. sec.
Dianthus hymenolepis Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 64. 1849. Sec.
Dianthus hypanicus Andrz., Ischisl. Rast. Podolsk. Gub. 1: 18. 1860. Sec.
Dianthus hyrcanicus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 241. 1983. Sec.
Dianthus hyssopifolius L., Cent. Pl. I: 11. 1755. Sec.
= Dianthus monspeliacus L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10 2: 1029. 1759 syn. sec.
= Dianthus ambiguus Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 303. 1796 syn. sec.
= Dianthus saxatilis Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 494. 1805 syn. sec.
= Dianthus alpestris Sternb., Deutschl. Fl.: 28. 1809 syn. sec.
= Dianthus plumosus DC. ex Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 64. 1815 syn. sec.
= Dianthus suaveolens Spreng., Novi Provent.: 16. 1818 syn. sec.
= Dianthus monspessulanus var. brevifolius Ser., Prodr. 1: 365. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus acuminatus Tausch, Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 242. 1828 syn. sec.
= Dianthus controversus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 157. 1828 syn. sec.
= Dianthus sprengelii G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 394. 1831 syn. sec.
= Dianthus odoratissimus Vest ex Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 807. 1832 syn. sec.
= Dianthus monspessulanus var. alpicola W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 99. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus condensatus Kil. in Linnaea 32: 532. 1863 syn. sec.
= Dianthus oreades Balb. ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 104. 1878 syn. sec.
= Dianthus eynensis Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 148. 1926 syn. sec.
= Dianthus monspessulanus var. jacetanus P.Monts. in Bull. Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Bassin Médit. 18: 72. 1981 syn. sec.
Dianthus hyssopifolius subsp. gallicus (Pers.) M.Laínz & Muñoz Garm in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 572. 1987. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gallicus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 495. 1805 syn. sec.
Dianthus hyssopifolius subsp. hyssopifolius
Dianthus ichnusae Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 146. 2010. Sec.
Dianthus ichnusae subsp. ichnusae
Dianthus ichnusae subsp. toddei Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 147. 2010. Sec.
Dianthus illyricus (Ard.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 151
≡ Saponaria illyrica Ard., Animadv. Bot. Spec. Alt.: 24. 1764 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunica illyrica (Ard.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 4: 49. 1838 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Fiedleria illyrica (Ard.) Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 6: 42, t. 246. 1844 syn. sec. this publication (2019) ≡ Petrorhagia illyrica (Ard.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 133. 1964 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus illyricus subsp. angustifolius (Poir.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 152
≡ Silene angustifolia Poir., Voy. Barbarie 2: 164. 1789 syn. sec. this publication (2019); ≡ Tunica angustifolia (Poir.) Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 544. 1910 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunica illyrica subsp. angustifolia (Poir.) Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 265. 1939 syn. sec. this publication
= Gypsophila compressa Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 343, t. 97. 1798 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunica compressa (Desf.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 4: 50. 1838 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthella compressa (Desf.) Pomel, Mat. Fl. Atl.: 9. 1860 syn. sec. this publication (2019)
= Tunica davaeana Coss. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 103. 1889 syn. sec. this publication
= Tunica scoparia Pamp. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 12: 25. 1936 syn. sec. this publication (2019)
Dianthus illyricus subsp. haynaldianus (Janka) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 152
≡ Gypsophila haynaldiana Janka in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 20: 316. 1870 syn. sec. this publication (2019) ≡ Tunica haynaldiana (Janka) Borbás in Math. Term. Közlem. 12: 165. 1876 syn. sec. this publication (2019) ≡ Gypsophila haynaldiana Janka ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 100. 1878 syn. sec. IPNI ≡ Tunica illyrica var. haynaldiana (Janka) Hayek, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 1: 222. 1924 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunica illyrica subsp. haynaldiana (Janka) Prodán in Savulescu, F. Roman. P. R. 2: 215. 1953 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Petrorhagia illyrica subsp. haynaldiana (Janka) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 134. 1964 syn. sec. this publication
= Tunica rhodopea Velen. in Abh. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1894 (29): 4. 1895 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus illyricus subsp. illyricus
Dianthus illyricus subsp. taygeteus (Boiss.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 152
≡ Tunica illyrica var. taygetea Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 521. 1867 syn. sec. this publication; ≡ Tunica taygetea (Boiss.) P.H.Davis in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 165. 1957 syn. sec. this publication (2019) ≡ Petrorhagia illyrica subsp. taygetea (Boiss.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 137. 1964 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunica cretica var. taygetea (Boiss.) Halácsy syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus imereticus (Rupr.) Schischk. in Byull. Gosud. Muz. Gruzii 5: 123. 1928 [“1930”]. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus montanus f. imereticus Rupr., Fl. Caucasi: 173. 1869 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus charadzeae Gagnidze & Gvin. in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 37: 25. 1981 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus inamoenus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 897. 1936. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus lenkoranicus Kharadze in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 16: 46. 1951 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus pallens subsp. inamoenus Sanda syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus ingoldbyi Turrill in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1924: 314. 1924. Sec.
Dianthus insularis Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 156. 2010. Sec.
Dianthus integer Vis. in Flora 12(1 Erg.): 11. 1829. Sec.
≡ Dianthus petraeus subsp. integer (Vis.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec.
= Dianthus nicolai Beck & Szyszył., Pl. Cernagor. Lect.: 65. 1888 syn. sec.
= Dianthus prenjus Beck in Wiss. Mitt. Bosnien & Herzegovina 11: 488. 1909 syn. sec.
Dianthus integer subsp. integer
Dianthus integer subsp. macedonicus Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 6: 8. 1979. Sec.
– Dianthus integer subsp. macedonicus Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 5: 737. 1979, nom. inval. syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus integer subsp. minutiflorus (Halácsy) Bornm. ex Strid, Mount. Fl. Greece 1: 182. 1986. Sec.
≡ Dianthus minutiflorus Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 216. 1900 syn. sec.
= Dianthus strictus var. minutiflorus Borbás in Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 34: 85. 1896 syn. sec.
Dianthus integerrimus Bunge in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 7: 583. 1858. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus liboschitzianus var. integerrimus (Bunge) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 487. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012) ≡ Dianthus cretaceus var. integerrimus (Bunge) Grossh., Fl. Cauc. 2: 430. 1930 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus jacobsii Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 243. 1983. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus jacquemontii Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 214. 1874. Sec. Ghanzafar & Nasir (1986)
Dianthus × jaczonis Asch. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 257. 1876. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dianthus japigicus Bianco & S.Brullo in Braun-Blanquetia 2: 31. 1988. Sec.
Dianthus japonicus Thunb., Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 417. 1784. Sec.
= Dianthus ellipticus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(2): 369. 1854 syn. sec.
= Dianthus nipponicus Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 58. 1903 syn. sec.
= Dianthus japonicus f. albiflorus J.Ohara ex Nakan. in J. Geobot. 16: 116. 1968 syn. sec.
= Dianthus japonicus f. albiflorus Honda & Koike in J. Jap. Bot. 46: 75. 1971, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
= Dianthus japonicus f. albiflorus Konta & S.Matsumoto in Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B. 31(1): 23. 2005, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
Dianthus jaroslavii Galushko in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 213. 1970. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus × javorkae Kárpáti in Borbásia 5–6: 87. 1946. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dianthus juniperinus Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 303. 1794. Sec.
Dianthus juniperinus subsp. aciphyllus (Sieber ex Ser.) Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22: 168. 1992. Sec.
≡ Dianthus aciphyllus Sieber ex Ser. in Candolle, Prodr. 1: 358. 1824 syn. sec.
Dianthus juniperinus subsp. bauhinorum (Greuter) Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22: 168. 1992. Sec.
≡ Dianthus aciphyllus var. bauhinorum Greuter in Candollea 20: 190. 1965 syn. sec.
– Dianthus arboreus L., Sp. Pl.: 413. 1753, nom. rej. syn. sec.
Dianthus juniperinus subsp. heldreichii Greuter in Candollea 20: 187. 1966. Sec.
Dianthus juniperinus subsp. idaeus Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22(2): 168. 1992. Sec.
Dianthus juniperinus subsp. juniperinus
Dianthus juniperinus subsp. kavusicus Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22(2): 168. 1992. Sec.
Dianthus juniperinus subsp. pulviniformis (Greuter) Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22: 166. 1992. Sec.
≡ Dianthus pulviniformis Greuter in Candollea 20: 189. 1965 syn. sec.
Dianthus juzeptchukii M.Kuzmina in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81: 80. 1996. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus kapinaensis Markgr. & Lindtner in Glasn. Skopsk. Naucn. Drustva 18(6): 125. 1938. Sec.
Dianthus karami (Boiss.) Mouterde in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 104: 511. 1958. Sec.
≡ Dianthus hypochlorus var. karami Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 80. 1888 syn. sec.
Dianthus karataviensis Pavlov in Sovetsk. Bot. 1934(1): 22. 1934. Sec.
Dianthus kastembeluensis Freyn & Sint. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 43: 375. 1893. Sec.
Dianthus khamiesbergensis Sond., Fl. Cap. 1: 124. 1860. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus kirghizicus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 896. 1936. Sec.
Dianthus kiusianus Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 178. 1912. Sec.
= Dianthus hachijoensis Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 35: 150. 1921 syn. sec.
Dianthus klokovii Knjasev in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 82(11): 80. 1997. Sec.
Dianthus knappii (Pant.) Asch. & Kanitz ex Borbás, Mat. Term. Közlem. 13: 196. 1877. Sec.
≡ Dianthus liburnicus var. knappii Pant. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 23: 4. 1873 syn. sec.
Dianthus koreanus D.C.Son & K.H.Lee in Phytotaxa 303(1): 71. 2017. Sec.
Dianthus kubanensis Schischk. in Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 184. 1937. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus kuschakewiczii Regel & Schmalh. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 244. 1877. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus kusnezowii Marcow. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 4: 31. 1923. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus abchasicus Gvin. in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 27: 78. 1969 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus lactiflorus Fenzl in Asie Min., Bot. 1: 215. 1860. Sec.
Dianthus laingsburgensis S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 30. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus lanceolatus Steven ex Rchb., Pl. Crit. 6: 34. 1828. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus langeanus Willk., Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 690. 1878. Sec.
Dianthus laricifolius Boiss. & Reut., Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp.: 7. 1842. Sec.
Dianthus laricifolius subsp. caespitosifolius (Planellas) M.Laínz, Aport. Conocim. Fl. Gallega 6: 6. 1968. Sec.
≡ Dianthus caespitosifolius Planellas, Ensayo Fl. Gallega: 118. 1852 syn. sec.
= Dianthus planellae Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 1: 79. 1854 syn. sec.
Dianthus laricifolius subsp. laricifolius
Dianthus laricifolius subsp. marizii (Samp.) Franco in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 23: 91. 1986. Sec.
≡ Dianthus graniticus var. marizii Samp. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (Oporto) 10: 14. 1906 syn. sec.
Dianthus laricifolius subsp. merinoi (M.Laínz) M.Laínz in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 43: 197. 1986. Sec.
≡ Dianthus merinoi M.Laínz, Comun. I. N. I. A., Sér. Recurs. Nat. 2: 3. 1974 syn. sec.
Dianthus legionensis (Willk.) F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 346. 1885. Sec.
≡ Dianthus lusitanus var. legionensis Willk., Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 684. 1878 syn. sec.
= Dianthus toletanus var. cutandae Pau in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 22: 87. 1923 syn. sec.
Dianthus leptoloma Steud. ex A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 42. 1847. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus abyssinicus R.Br., Voy. Abyss. App: lxiv. 1814 syn. sec.
Dianthus leptopetalus Willd., Enum. Pl.: 468. 1809. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus pomeridianus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 329. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus pubescens Fisch., Cat. Jard. Gorenki ed. 2: 59. 1812 syn. sec.
= Dianthus bicolor Hornem. in Hort. Bot. Hafn. 1: 407. 1813 syn. sec.
Dianthus leucophaeus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 288. 1809. Sec.
= Dianthus olympicus Sibth. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 487. 1867 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus ilgazensis Czeczott in Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 9: 32. 1932 syn. sec.
Dianthus leucophoeniceus Dörfl. & Hayek in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 70: 13. 1921. Sec.
≡ Dianthus giganteus subsp. leucophoeniceus (Dörfl. & Hayek) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963 syn. sec.
Dianthus libanotis Labill. in Icon. Pl. Syr. 1: 14. 1791. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus atomarius Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 71. 1849 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus lindbergii Riedl in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 65: 30. 1962. Sec.
Dianthus longicalyx Miq. in J. Bot. Néerl. 1: 127. 1861. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus oreadum Hance in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. V, 5: 207. 1866 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus superbus var. oreadum (Hance) Pamp. in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 17: 265. 1910 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus superbus f. longicalycinus Maxim. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 64. 1890 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus (Maxim.) F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34: 411. 1899 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus superbus subsp. longicalycinus (Maxim.) Kitam. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 205. 1962 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus var. latifolius Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 43: 457. 1929 syn. sec.
= Dianthus taiwanensis Masam. in Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 33: 618. 1943 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus superbus var. taiwanensis (Masam.) T.S.Liu & S.S.Ying, Fl. Taiwan 2: 334. 1976 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus superbus f. tricolor Honda in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 18. 1962 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus var. pycnophyllus Kitag. in J. Jap. Bot. 55: 266. 1980 syn. sec.
Dianthus longiglumis Delile in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. II, 20: 89. 1843. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus longivaginatus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 244. 1983. Sec.
Dianthus × lorberi Kubát & Abtová in Severoceskou Prír. 21: 5. 1988. Sec.
Dianthus lucae Asch. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 259. 1876
= Dianthus × lucae var. novakii Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 5(2): 451. 1922 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus × novakii (Graebn.) Novák in Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk. Tr. Mat.-Prír. 9: 47. 1927 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus lusitanus Brot., Fl. Lusit. 2: 177. 1805. Sec.
= Dianthus bolivaris Sennen in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 32: 96. 1932 syn. sec.
= Dianthus lusitanus var. imberbis Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 342. 1937 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus lusitanus subsp. lusitanus
Dianthus lusitanus subsp. sidi-tualii (Font Quer) Dobignard in J. Bot. Soc. Bot. France 20: 39. 2002. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
≡ Dianthus sidi-tualii Font Quer in Cavanillesia 7: 149. 1935 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus lusitanus var. latifolius Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 24: 204. 1933 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus lusitanus var. tamarutii Caball., App. Discurs. Univ. Madrid: 2. 1935 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus atlanticus Romo in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 108: 205. 1992 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus lydus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 20. 1843. Sec.
Dianthus macranthoides Hausskn. ex Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19(2): 213. 1906. Sec.
Dianthus macranthus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 23. 1843. Sec.
Dianthus macroflorus Hamzaoğlu in Syst. Bot. 40: 210. 2015. Sec.
Dianthus mainensis Shaulo & Erst in Feddes Repert. 122: 345. 2011. Sec. Shaulo & Erst (2011)
Dianthus marschallii Schischk. in J. Bot. Gard. Nikita 10(2): 39. 1928. Sec.
= Dianthus bicolor M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 329. 1808 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pallens subsp. marschallii Sanda syn. sec.
Dianthus martuniensis M.Kuzmina in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(8): 81. 1996. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus masmenaeus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 51. 1856. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus mutabilis Boiss. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. IV, 2: 44. 1854 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus asperulus Boiss. & A.Huet in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 51. 1856 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus mazanderanicus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 245. 1983. Sec.
Dianthus × melandrioides Pau in Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 1: 29. 1887. Sec.
= Dianthus × carolipaui M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 47: 506. 1989 [“1990”] syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dianthus membranaceus Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 125. 1876. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus rehmannii Blocki in Kosmos (Lvov) 5: 494. 1880 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus pseudobarbatus Besser ex Blocki in Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 3(9): 131. 1885 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus mercurii Heldr. in Atti Congr. Int. Bot. Firenze 1874: 237. 1876. Sec.
Dianthus micranthus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 69. 1849. Sec.
= Dianthus haussknechtii Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 489. 1867 syn. sec.
Dianthus microlepis Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 22. 1843. Sec.
= Dianthus pumilus Friv. ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 22. 1843 syn. sec.
= Dianthus brachyanthus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 96. 1866 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pumilio Degen & Urum. in Magyar Bot. Lapok 13: 177. 1914 [“1915”] syn. sec.
= Dianthus microlepis f. alba Delip. & Dimitrov in Feddes Repert. 83: 490. 1972 [“1973”] syn. sec.
= Dianthus microlepis var. degenii Stoj. & Acht. syn. sec.
= Dianthus microlepis var. musalae Velen. syn. sec.
Dianthus micropetalus Ser., Prodr. 1: 359. 1824. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus moesiacus Vis. & Pančić in Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 15: 17. 1870. Sec.
≡ Dianthus carthusianorum var. moesiacus (Vis. & Pančić) F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 376. 1893 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus burgasensis Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 192. 1963 syn. sec.
Dianthus moesiacus subsp. grancarovii (Urum.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 53. 1935. Sec.
≡ Dianthus grancarovii Urum. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 22(1): 22. 1926 syn. sec.
Dianthus moesiacus subsp. moesiacus
Dianthus moesiacus subsp. sevlievensis (Degen & Nejceff) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 54. 1935. Sec.
≡ Dianthus vandasii var. sevlievensis Degen & Nejceff in Period. Spis. Bulg. Knizh. Druzh. 69: 74. 1908 syn. sec.
Dianthus moesiacus subsp. skobelevii (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 53. 1935. Sec.
≡ Dianthus moesiacus var. skobelevii Velen., Fl. Bulg. Suppl.: 45. 1898 syn. sec.
Dianthus monadelphus Vent., Choix Pl.: t. 39. 1807. Sec.
= Dianthus ochroleucus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 494. 1805 syn. sec.
Dianthus monadelphus subsp. judaicus (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus judaicus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 66. 1849 syn. sec.
= Dianthus auraniticus Post in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 24: 422. 1888 syn. sec.
Dianthus monadelphus subsp. monadelphus
Dianthus monadelphus subsp. pallens (Sm.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus pallens Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 286. 1809 syn. sec.
= Dianthus procumbens Vent., Choix Pl.: Index. 1808 syn. sec.
= Dianthus rhodopeus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1890(2): 40. 1890 syn. sec.
Dianthus monspessulanus L., Amoen. Acad. 4: 1313. 1759. Sec.
Dianthus monspessulanus subsp. marsicus (Ten.) Novák, Spisy Prir. Fak. Karlovy Univ. 21: 25. 1924. Sec.
≡ Dianthus marsicus Ten., Fl. Napol. 4: 61. 1830 syn. sec.
Dianthus monspessulanus subsp. monspessulanus
Dianthus mooiensis F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 27: 199. 1889. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
≡ Dianthus moviensis F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 27: 199. 1889 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus nelsonii F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 27: 200. 1889 syn. sec.
Dianthus mooiensis subsp. kirkii (Burtt Davy) S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 54. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
≡ Dianthus kirkii Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 220. 1922 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0) ≡ Dianthus moviensis subsp. kirkii (Burtt Davy) S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 54. 1959 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus mooiensis subsp. mooiensis
Dianthus mooiensis var. dentatus Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 222. 1922. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
– Dianthus moviensis var. dentatus Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 222. 1922 syn. sec. this publication [is misspelling for Dianthus mooiensis var. dentatus Burtt Davy]
Dianthus moravicus Kovanda in Preslia 54: 241. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gratianopolitanus subsp. moravicus (Kovanda) Holub in Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 18: 205. 1983 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus morisianus Vals. in Boll. Soc. Sarda Sci. Nat. 24: 333. 1985. Sec.
≡ Dianthus siculus subsp. morisianus (Vals.) Arrigoni in Parlatorea 7: 20. 2005 syn. sec.
Dianthus mossanus Bacch. & Brullo in Portugaliae Act. Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 19: 296. 2000. Sec. Bacchetta & Brullo (2000)
≡ Dianthus siculus subsp. mossanus (Bacch. & Brullo) Arrigoni in Parlatorea 7: 20. 2005 syn. sec.
Dianthus muglensis Hamzaoğlu & Koç in Phytotaxa 491(4): 291. 2021. Sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2021)
≡ Dianthus elegans var. gramineus R.M.Burton in Karaca Arbor. Mag. 3: 184. 1997 syn. sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2021)
Dianthus multiaffinis Pau in Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 21: 142. 1921. Sec.
≡ Dianthus pungens var. multiaffinis (Pau) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec.
Dianthus multiceps Costa ex Willk. in Linnaea 30: 88. 1859. Sec.
≡ Dianthus cintranus subsp. multiceps (Costa ex Willk.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec.
= Dianthus × bergadensis Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 144. 1926 syn. sec.
= Dianthus × corberae Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 143. 1926 [“1927”] syn. sec.
= Dianthus × notabilis Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 207. 1926 [“1927”] syn. sec.
Dianthus multiceps subsp. multiceps
Dianthus multiceps subsp. praepyrenaicus M.Bernal in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 569. 1987. Sec.
Dianthus multiflorus Deniz & Aykurt in Phytokeys 63: 3. 2016. Sec.
Dianthus multisquamatus F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 344. 1885. Sec.
Dianthus multisquameus Bondarenko & R.M.Vinogr., Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 2: 327. 1971. Sec.
Dianthus muschianus Kotschy ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 510. 1867. Sec.
Dianthus myrtinervius Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 194. 1843. Sec.
= Dianthus myrtinervius subsp. zupancicii Micevski & E.Mayer in Razpr. Slov. Akad. Znan. Umetn., Razr. Nar. Vede 43: 411. 2002 syn. sec.
Dianthus myrtinervius subsp. caespitosus Strid & Papan. in Ann. Mus. Goulandris 4: 219. 1978. Sec.
= Dianthus myrtinervius var. oxylepis Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 509. 1867 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthus oxylepis (Boiss.) Kümmerle & Jáv., Balkán-Kutat Tud. Eredm. 3: 233. 1926 syn. sec.
= Dianthus kajmaktzalanicus Mitsevski in Fragm. Balcan. Mus. Macedon. Sci. Nat. 10(4): 29. 1977 syn. sec.
Dianthus myrtinervius subsp. myrtinervius
Dianthus namaensis Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5(App. 3): 84. 1897. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus pearsonii Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 215. 1922 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus namaensis var. dinteri (Schinz) S.S.Hooper. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus dinteri Schinz in Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 74: 110. 1929 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus namaensis var. junceus (Burtt Davy) S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 30. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
≡ Dianthus junceus Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 219. 1922 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus namaensis var. namaensis
Dianthus nangarharicus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 240. 1983. Sec.
Dianthus nanshanicus Chang Y.Yang & L.X.Dong in Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 28: 644. 2008. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus nardiformis Janka in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 23: 195. 1873. Sec.
Dianthus nihatii Güner, Fl. Turkey 11: 318. 2000 [“2001”]. Sec.
Dianthus nitidus Waldst. & Kit. in Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 2: 209. 1805. Sec.
Dianthus noeanus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 52. 1856. Sec.
≡ Dianthus strictus subsp. noeanus (Boiss.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bulg. Akad. Nauk. 29: 81. 1935 syn. sec.
Dianthus nudiflorus Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 466. 1854. Sec.
= Velezia rigida L., Sp. Pl.: 332. 1753 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Velezia rigida var. glabrata Regel in Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2): 13. 1882 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Velezia rigida var. sessiliflora F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 37: 28. 1899 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus oliastrae Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 171. 2010. Sec.
Dianthus orientalis Adams in Beitr. Naturk. 1: 54. 1805. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus fimbriatus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 332. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus pogonopetalus Boiss. & Kotschy in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 6: 29. 1859 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus orientalis subsp. aphanoneurus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 290. 1986. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus aphanoneurus (Rech.f.) M.Kuzmina in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81: 82. 1996 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus orientalis subsp. gilanicus Rech.f. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 151(3–4): 289. 1986. Sec.
Dianthus orientalis subsp. gorganicus Rech.f. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 151(3–4): 291. 1986. Sec.
Dianthus orientalis subsp. ketzkhovelii (Makaschv.) Nersesian, Konspekt Fl. Kavkaza 3(2): 194. 2012. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus ketzkhovelii Makaschv. in Soobshch. Akad. Nauk Gruzinsk. S.S.R. 8(7): 447. 1947 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus orientalis subsp. macropetalus (Boiss.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 289. 1986. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus fimbriatus var. macropetalus Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 77. 1888 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus orientalis subsp. nassireddinii (Stapf) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 292. 1986. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus nassireddinii Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 279. 1886 syn. sec.
= Dianthus dumulosus Boiss. & A.Huet in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 53. 1856 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus fimbriatus var. brachyodontus Boiss. & A.Huet in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 53. 1856 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012) ≡ Dianthus brachyodontus (Boiss. & A.Huet) Grossh., Fl. Cauc., ed. 2, 3: 294. 1945 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus orientalis subsp. obtusisquameus (Boiss.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 291. 1986. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
≡ Dianthus fimbriatus var. obtusisquameus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 495. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus orientalis subsp. orientalis
Dianthus orientalis subsp. scoparius (Fenzl ex Boiss.) Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 28(2): 134. 1911. Sec.
≡ Dianthus scoparius Fenzl ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 494. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus fallax Rech.f. & Esfand. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 362. 1951 syn. sec.
Dianthus orientalis subsp. stenocalyx (Boiss.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 292. 1986. Sec.
≡ Dianthus fimbriatus var. stenocalyx Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 495. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus macronyx Fenzl ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 495. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pulverulentus Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 279. 1886 syn. sec.
Dianthus oschtenicus Galushko in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 118. 1965. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus pachygonus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Nersesian & Borsch. Sec. this publication 167
≡ Tunica pachygona Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Petropol. 4: 50. 1838 syn. sec. this publication;
= Saponaria cretica L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2 1: 584. 1762 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunica cretica (L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Petropol. 4: 49. 1837 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Petrorhagia cretica (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Bot.) 3(4): 142. 1964 ≡ Fiedleria cretica (L.) Ovcz., Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 608. 1968 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus paghmanicus Rech.f. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 362. 1951. Sec.
Dianthus palinensis S.S.Ying, Col. Ill. Fl. Taiwan 2: 693. 1987. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus pallidiflorus Ser., Prodr. 1: 358. 1824. Sec.
≡ Dianthus campestris subsp. pallidiflorus (Ser.) Schmalh., Fl. Sredn. Yuzhn. Rossii 1: 447. 1895 syn. sec.
= Dianthus paniculatus Gueldenst., Reis. Russland 1: 68. 1787 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pallens M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 325. 1808 syn. sec.
= Dianthus saxatilis Pall. ex M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 329. 1808 syn. sec.
= Dianthus emarginatus Ser., Prodr. 1: 359. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus parviflorus Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 279. 1842 syn. sec.
= Dianthus aridus Griseb. ex Janka in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 23: 196. 1873 syn. sec.
= Dianthus maeoticus Klokov in Sc. Mag. Biol. 1927: 13. 1927 syn. sec.
Dianthus pamiralaicus Lincz. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 76. 1964. Sec.
Dianthus pancicii Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1886(Extr.): 9. 1886. Sec.
≡ Dianthus stenopetalus var. pancicii (Velen.) F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 389. 1893 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthus cruentus var. pancicii (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht., Krit. Stud. Nelk. Bulg.: 56. 1935 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthus cruentus subsp. pancicii (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef., Fl. Bulg., ed. 3: 405. 1948 syn. sec.
= Dianthus tristis Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1890(2): 41. 1890 syn. sec.
Dianthus × paradoxus Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 187. 1896. Sec.
Dianthus patentisquameus Bondarenko & R.M.Vinogr., Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 2: 327. 1971. Sec.
Dianthus pavlovii Lazkov in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 87(12): 113. 2002. Sec.
– Dianthus attenuatus Pavlov, Fl. Kazakhst. 3: 426. 1960, nom. inval. syn. sec.
Dianthus pavonius Tausch in Flora 22: 145. 1839. Sec.
= Dianthus neglectus Loisel. in J. Bot. (Paris) 2: 321. 1809 syn. sec.
Dianthus pelviformis Heuff. in Flora 36: 625. 1853. Sec.
= Dianthus bulgaricus Velen., Fl. Bulg.: 78. 1891 syn. sec.
= Dianthus zernyi Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 237. 1924 syn. sec.
Dianthus pendulus Boiss. & Blanche in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 6: 28. 1859. Sec.
Dianthus persicus Hausskn. in Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 9: 16. 1891. Sec.
Dianthus petraeus Waldst. & Kit. in Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 246. 1807. Sec.
= Dianthus bohemicus Mayer ex Tausch in Flora 13: 246. 1830 syn. sec.
= Dianthus bebius Vis. ex Rchb. in Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 6: 47. 1844 syn. sec.
= Dianthus integripetalus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 98. 1866 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pseudocaesius Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 98. 1866 syn. sec.
= Dianthus liliodorus Pančić, Fl. Serbiae: 176. 1874 syn. sec.
= Dianthus kitaibelii Janka ex Beck in Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 2: 192. 1889 syn. sec.
= Dianthus skorpilii Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1890(2): 40. 1890 syn. sec.
Dianthus petraeus subsp. orbelicus (Velen.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus strictus subsp. orbelicus Velen., Fl. Bulg. Suppl. 1: 40. 1898 syn. sec.
= Dianthus strictus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 288. 1809 syn. sec.
= Dianthus simonkaianus Péterfi in Magyar Bot. Lapok 15: 14. 1916 syn. sec.
= Dianthus suendermannii Bornm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 40. 1921 syn. sec.
= Dianthus stefanoffii Eig in J. Bot. 75: 191. 1937 syn. sec.
Dianthus petraeus subsp. petraeus
Dianthus pinifolius Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 284. 1809. Sec.
= Dianthus brevifolius Friv. in Flora 18: 334. 1835 syn. sec.
= Dianthus rumelicus Velen., Fl. Bulg.: 78. 1891 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pinifolius subsp. smithii Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 33. 1892 syn. sec.
= Dianthus serresianus Halácsy & Charrel in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 271. 1892 syn. sec.
= Dianthus smithii Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 33. 1892 syn. sec. this publication
= Dianthus rhodopeus Davidov in Trav. Soc. Bulg. Sci. Nat. 8: 55. 1915, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus serresianus Hayek in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 140. 1917 syn. sec.
= Dianthus serulis Kulcz. in Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr Polsk Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial A/B, Nauki Mat-Fiz. Biol. 59: 361. 1923 syn. sec.
Dianthus pinifolius subsp. lilacinus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 33. 1892. Sec.
≡ Dianthus lilacinus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 63. 1854 syn. sec.
Dianthus pinifolius subsp. pinifolius
Dianthus pinifolius subsp. serbicus Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 34. 1892. Sec.
≡ Dianthus serbicus (Wettst.) Hayek in Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 94: 141. 1918 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus pinifolius subsp. tenuicaulis (Turrill) Strid, Fl. Hellenica 1: 368. 1997. Sec.
≡ Dianthus tenuicaulis Turrill in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 224. 1929 syn. sec.
Dianthus plumarius L., Sp. Pl.: 411. 1753. Sec.
≡ Tunica plumaria (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 300. 1771 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; ≡ Caryophyllus plumarius (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Cylichnanthus plumarius (L.) Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 262. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Silene plumaria (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 114. 1901 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019);
= Dianthus hortensis Schrad. ex Willd., Enum. Pl.: 469. 1809 syn. sec.
= Dianthus portensis Libosch. ex Ser., Prodr. 1: 363. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus plumarius var. blandus Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 807. 1832 syn. sec.
= Dianthus odoratus Vest ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 500. 1840 syn. sec.
= Plumaria vulgaris Opiz, Seznam: 75. 1852 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Dianthus plumarius var. parviflorus Kauffm., Index Seminum (MHA, Mosquensis) 1868: 9. 1868 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus hoppei Port. ex Hayek, Fl. Steiermark 1: 320. 1908 syn. sec.
= Dianthus neilreichii Hayek syn. sec.
= Dianthus dubius Hornem. ex DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 103. 1813, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
Dianthus plumarius subsp. plumarius
Dianthus plumarius subsp. regis-stephani (Rapaics) Baksay in Bot. Közlem. 57: 215. 1970. Sec.
≡ Dianthus regis-stephani Rapaics syn. sec.
Dianthus plumbeus Schischk. in Izv. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 81: 451. 1928. Sec.
Dianthus polylepis Bien. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 497. 1867. Sec.
Dianthus polylepis subsp. binaludensis (Rech.f.) Vaezi & Behrooz. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 299: 1430. 2013. Sec.
≡ Dianthus binaludensis Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 242. 1983 syn. sec.
Dianthus polylepis subsp. polylepis
Dianthus polymorphus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 324. 1808. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus dichotomus Pall., Reise Südl. Statthaltersch. Russ. Reich. 2: 335. 1801 syn. sec.
= Dianthus diutinus Kit. ex Schult., Oestr. Fl. ed. 2, 1: 655. 1814 syn. sec.
= Dianthus atratus Beaupré ex Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus ponticus Wahlenb., Isis (Oken) 21: 985. 1828 syn. sec.
= Dianthus glomeratus Pall. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 276. 1842 syn. sec.
= Dianthus intermedius Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 276. 1842 syn. sec.
= Dianthus autumnalis Kit. in Linnaea 32: 530. 1863 syn. sec.
= Dianthus sabuli Kit. in Linnaea 32: 530. 1863 syn. sec.
= Dianthus platyodon Klokov in Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 5: 27. 1948 syn. sec.
= Dianthus polymorphus var. platyodon Sanda syn. sec.
Dianthus praecox Willd. ex Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 2: 381. 1825. Sec.
≡ Dianthus plumarius subsp. praecox (Willd. ex Spreng.) Domin syn. sec.
= Dianthus hungaricus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 494. 1805 syn. sec.
Dianthus praecox subsp. lumnitzeri (Wiesb.) Kmet’ová, Biol. Práce Slov. Akad. Vied. 5: 63. 1985. Sec.
≡ Dianthus lumnitzeri Wiesb. in Bot. Centralbl. 26: 85. 1886 syn. sec.
= Dianthus plumarius f. palaviensis Novák syn. sec.
Dianthus praecox subsp. praecox
Dianthus praecox subsp. pseudopraecox (Novák) Kmet’ová, Biol. Práce Slov. Akad. Vied. 5: 69. 1985. Sec.
≡ Dianthus plumarius f. pseudopraecox Novák syn. sec.
Dianthus pratensis M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 300. 1819. Sec.
≡ Dianthus seguieri lusus pratensis (M.Bieb.) Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 526. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus chloroleucus Fisch. in Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl: 137. 1819 syn. sec.
= Dianthus seguieri lusus angustifolius Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 526. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus seguieri lusus humilis Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 526. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus pratensis subsp. pratensis
Dianthus pratensis subsp. racovitzae (Prodán) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 189. 1963. Sec.
≡ Dianthus racovitzae Prodán, Bul. Soc. St. Cluj 10(2): 162. 1948 syn. sec.
Dianthus pseudarmeria M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 323. 1808. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus pseudobarbatus Besser ex Ledeb. Sec.
= Dianthus trifasciculatus subsp. euponticus Kleopow syn. sec.
Dianthus pseudocrinitus Behrooz. & Joharchi in Phytotaxa 156: 69. 2014. Sec.
Dianthus pseudorigidus (Hub.-Mor.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 173
≡ Velezia pseudorigida Hub.-Mor. in Bauhinia 2: 195. 1963 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus pungens L., Mant. Pl. 2: 240. 1771. Sec.
= Dianthus purpureus Poir., Encycl. 4: 523. 1798 syn. sec.
= Dianthus serratus Lapeyr., Hist. Pl. Pyrénées: 241. 1813 syn. sec.
= Dianthus insignitus Timb.-Lagr. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 143. 1864 syn. sec.
Dianthus pungens subsp. brachyanthus (Boiss.) B.Fern.Casas, G.López & M.Laínz in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 180. 1987. Sec.
≡ Dianthus brachyanthus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 701. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus attenuatus Xatard ex Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 267. 1842 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pungens J.Gay ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 85. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus brachyanthus var. maroccanus Pau & Font Quer, Iter Marocc. 1927: 197. 1928 syn. sec.
= Dianthus brachyanthus subsp. cantabricus Font Quer in Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 3: 355. 1953 syn. sec.
= Dianthus brachyanthus var. nivalis Willk. syn. sec.
Dianthus pungens subsp. hispanicus (Asso) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 188. 1974. Sec.
≡ Dianthus hispanicus Asso, Syn. Stirp. Aragon.: 53. 1779 syn. sec.
= Dianthus brachyanthus subsp. tarraconensis (Costa) Rivas Mart. ex M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 45: 90. 2010 syn. sec.
Dianthus pungens subsp. pungens
Dianthus pungens subsp. ruscinonensis (Boiss.) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 571. 1987. Sec.
≡ Dianthus brachyanthus var. ruscinonensis Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 86. 1867 syn. sec.
Dianthus purpureimaculatus Podlech in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 16: 544. 1980. Sec.
Dianthus pygmaeus Hayata in Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 34. 1913. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
= Dianthus pygmaeus var. albiflorus S.S.Ying in Quart. J. Chin. Forest. 8(4): 120. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthus pygmaeus f. albiflorus (S.S.Ying) S.S.Ying, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 2: 356. 1996 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus pyrenaicus Pourr., Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse 3: 318. 1788. Sec.
= Dianthus cognobilis (Timb.-Lagr.) Timb.-Lagr. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 143. 1864 syn. sec.
= Dianthus maritimus (Rouy) P.Fourn., Quatre Fl. France: 332. 1936, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
= Dianthus pungens subsp. fontqueri O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec.
Dianthus pyrenaicus subsp. attenuatus (Sm.) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 364. 1988. Sec.
≡ Dianthus attenuatus Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 301. 1794 syn. sec.
= Dianthus longiflorus Poir., Encycl. 4: 522. 1798 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Dianthus attenuatus var. catalaunicus Willk. & Costa syn. sec.
Dianthus pyrenaicus subsp. pyrenaicus
Dianthus quadridentatus (Sm.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 175
≡ Velezia quadridentata Sm. in Sibthorp & Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 283. 1809 syn. sec. this publication
= Velezia clavata d’Urv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 284. 1822 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus raddeanus Vierh. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 57(1): 1145. 1898. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus trautvetteri Woronow in Izv. Kavkazsk. Muz. 7: 346. 1913 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus ramosissimus Pall. ex Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 130. 1816. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus recognitus Schischk. in Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 187. 1937. Sec.
Dianthus recticaulis Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1(2): 287. 1842. Sec. Mosyakin & Fedoronchuk (2018)
Dianthus repens Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 681. 1799. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
≡ Dianthus alpinus var. repens (Willd.) Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 531. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus alpinus subsp. repens (Willd.) Kozhevn. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 18: 238. 1981 syn. sec.
= Dianthus repens var. scabripilosus Y.Z.Zhao in Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Intramongol. 20: 110. 1989 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus repens subsp. repens
Dianthus repens subsp. schistosus Kuvaev, Fl. Subarkt. Gor Evraz.: 144. 2006. Sec.
Dianthus rigidus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 325. 1808. Sec.
≡ Tunica rigida (M.Bieb.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 54. 1837 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dianthus robustus Boiss. & Kotschy ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 492. 1867. Sec.
= Dianthus superbiens Kotschy ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 492. 1867 syn. sec.
Dianthus rogowiczii Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 160. 1931. Sec.
Dianthus roseoluteus Velen. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 36: 226. 1886. Sec.
≡ Dianthus campestris subsp. roseoluteus (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht., Sborn. Blghar. Akad. Nauk 29(2): 16. 1935 syn. sec.
= Dianthus purpureoluteus Velen., Fl. Bulg.: 73. 1891 syn. sec.
Dianthus rudbaricus Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 38. 1985. Sec.
Dianthus rupicola Biv., Sicul. Pl. 1: 31. 1806. Sec.
= Dianthus bisignanii Ten., Cat. Piante Barra: 13. 1805 syn. sec.
= Dianthus suffruticosus Willd., Enum. Pl.: 466. 1809 syn. sec.
= Dianthus involucratus Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 132. 1816 syn. sec.
= Dianthus arborescens Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.-Kult.: 56. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus bertolonii J.Woods, Tourists Fl.: 45. 1850 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus rupicola var. bertolonii (J.Woods) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 85. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus hermaeensis Coss., Ill. Fl. Atlant. 1: 129. 1890 syn. sec.
Dianthus rupicola subsp. aeolicus (Lojac.) Brullo & Miniss. in Inform. Bot. Ital. 33: 539. 2001 [“2002”]. Sec.
≡ Dianthus aeolicus Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 1(1): 163. 1888 syn. sec.
Dianthus rupicola subsp. bocchoriana L.Llorens & Gradaille in Candollea 46: 389. 1991. Sec. New taxa described to the Flora Iberica region after publication of the respective volume. Published at http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/miscelania/nuevos_taxones.php
Dianthus rupicola subsp. lopadusanus Brullo & Miniss. in Inform. Bot. Ital. 33: 541. 2002 [“2001”]. Sec.
Dianthus rupicola subsp. rupicola
Dianthus ruprechtii Schischk. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavkaza 2: 432. 1930. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
= Dianthus carthusianorum var. caucasicus Rupr., Fl. Caucasi: 174. 1869 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus sachalinensis Barkalov & Prob., Fl. Ross. Dalnego Vostoka: 444. 2006. Sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)
Dianthus saetabensis Rouy in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 29: 44. 1882. Sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)
Dianthus saetabensis subsp. contestanus (M.B.Crespo & Mateo) M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 40: 65. 2008. Sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)
≡ Dianthus hispanicus subsp. contestanus M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 20: 8. 2002 syn. sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)
Dianthus saetabensis subsp. saetabensis
Dianthus sahandicus Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 45. 1985. Sec.
Dianthus sajanensis (Baikov) Czepinoga, Konspekt Fl. Irkutsk. Obl.: 116. 2008. Sec.
≡ Dianthus superbus subsp. sajanensis Baikov in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(9): 80. 1992 syn. sec.
Dianthus sancarii Hamzaoğlu & Koç in Biol. Diversity Conservation 11(1): 31. 2018. Sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2018)
Dianthus sardous Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Feddes Repert. 116: 271. 2005. Sec.
Dianthus × saxatilis F.W.Schmidt in Neuere Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1: 28. 1790. Sec.
Dianthus scardicus Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 31. 1891. Sec.
= Dianthus scardicus var. incisus Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 44. 1987 [“1990”] syn. sec.
= Dianthus nitidus subsp. lakusicii Wraber in Biol. Vestn. 36: 97. 1988 syn. sec.
Dianthus schemachensis Schischk. in Trudy Geobot. Obsl. Pastb. S.S.R. Azerbaidzhn, Ser. A., Zimn. Pabstb. 7: 90. 1931. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus seguieri Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 1: 330. 1786. Sec.
≡ Silene seguieri (Vill.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 109. 1901 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus asper Willd., Enum. Pl.: 466. 1809 syn. sec.
= Dianthus asper var. angustifolius Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus seguieri f. longibracteatus Regel, Index Seminum (St. Petersburg, Petropolitanus) 1863: 34. 1863 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus seguieri var. viscidus Regel, Index Seminum (St. Petersburg, Petropolitanus) 1863: 40. 1863 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Cylichnanthus ciliatus Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 261. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Dianthus sylvaticus var. pseudocollinus P.Fourn., Quatre Fl. France: 330. 1936 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus seguieri subsp. pseudocollinus (P.Fourn.) Jauzein, Biocosme Mésogéen 27: 114. 2010 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus seguieri var. subaggregatus Albov syn. sec. IPNI ≡ Dianthus subaggregatus (Albov) Schischk. ex Kem.-Nath. in Vеstn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada, n.s., 5: 12. 1931 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dianthus seguieri subsp. glaber Čelak., Prodr. F. Böhmen 3: 507. 1875. Sec.
Dianthus seguieri subsp. requienii (Godr.) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 569. 1987. Sec.
≡ Dianthus requienii Godr., Fl. France 1: 234. 1847 syn. sec.
= Cylichnanthus unibiflorus Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 261. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
= Dianthus arragonensis Timb.-Lagr. ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 105. 1878 syn. sec.
= Dianthus gerundensis Sennen & Pau in Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 4: 309. 1905 syn. sec.
= Dianthus gautieri Sennen in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 21: 107. 1911 syn. sec.
= Dianthus cadevallii Sennen & Pau in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 24: 237. 1914 syn. sec.
= Dianthus × paui Sennen in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 24: 236. 1914 syn. sec.
= Dianthus queraltii Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 210. 1926 [“1927”] syn. sec.
Dianthus seguieri subsp. seguieri
Dianthus seidlitzii Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 506. 1867. Sec.
= Dianthus pusillus Freyn & Sint. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 75. 1895 syn. sec.
Dianthus semenovii (Regel & Herder) Vierh. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 107: 1147. 1898. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
≡ Dianthus alpinus var. semenovii Regel & Herder in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39(1): 531. 1866 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)
Dianthus seravschanicus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 898. 1936. Sec.
Dianthus serotinus Waldst. & Kit. in Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 2: 188. 1804. Sec.
Dianthus serpentinus Hamzaoğlu in Nordic J. Bot. 33: 59. 2014. Sec.
Dianthus serratifolius Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 287. 1809. Sec.
= Dianthus nazaraeus E.D.Clarke, Trav. Var. Eur. 2: 420. 1812 syn. sec.
Dianthus serratifolius subsp. abbreviatus (Heldr. ex Halácsy) Strid, Mount. Fl. Greece 1: 179. 1986. Sec.
≡ Dianthus serratifolius var. abbreviatus Heldr. ex Halácsy syn. sec.
Dianthus serratifolius subsp. serratifolius
Dianthus serrulatus Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 346. 1798. Sec.
= Dianthus serrulatus var. strictus Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 169. 1932 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus serrulatus var. subsimplex F.N.Williams ex Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 169. 1932 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus taygeteus Quézel & Contandr. in Taxon 16: 239. 1967 syn. sec.
Dianthus serrulatus subsp. cyrenaicus (Pamp.) Maire, Fl. Afr. Nord 10: 303. 1963. Sec.
≡ Dianthus serrulatus var. cyrenaicus Pamp. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 12: 24. 1936 syn. sec.
Dianthus serrulatus subsp. macranthus Maire. Sec.
= Dianthus serrulatus var. broteri Batt., Fl. Algérie Tunisie: 61. 1905 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus mesanidum Litard. & Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 6: 7. 1924 syn. sec.
Dianthus serrulatus subsp. serrulatus
Dianthus sessiliflorus Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 78. 1888. Sec.
Dianthus setisquameus Hausskn. & Bornm. in Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 9: 15. 1891. Sec.
Dianthus shinanensis (Yatabe) Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 58. 1903. Sec.
≡ Dianthus barbatus var. shinanensis Yatabe in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6: 132. 1892 syn. sec.
= Dianthus takenakae Honda in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 44: 670. 1930 syn. sec.
= Dianthus shinanensis f. alpinus Hid.Takah. ex T.Shimizu, Fl. Nagano Pref.: 1505. 1997 syn. sec.
Dianthus siculus C.Presl, Delic. Prag.: 59. 1822. Sec.
≡ Dianthus caryophyllus subsp. siculus (C.Presl) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 306. 1894 syn. sec.
= Dianthus kremeri Boiss. & Reut., Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 21. 1852 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus siculus var. lanceolatus Pau in Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 11: 22. 1917 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0) ≡ Dianthus caryophyllus var. lanceolatus (Pau) Maire, Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 238. 1932 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. transiens Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 16. 1929 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0) ≡ Dianthus caryophyllus f. transiens (Maire) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 319. 1963 syn. sec. this publication
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. puberulus Faure & Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 22: 280. 1931 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus mauritii Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 295. 1936 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus kremeri var. trichodontus Faure & Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 333. 1939 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus simulans Stoj. & Stef. ex Stef. & Jordanov in Magyar Bot. Lapok 32: 1. 1933. Sec.
≡ Dianthus gracilis subsp. simulans (Stoj. & Stef.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 71. 1935 syn. sec.
Dianthus sinaicus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 23. 1843. Sec.
= Dianthus multisquamatus Hochst. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 497. 1867 syn. sec.
Dianthus siphonocalyx Blakelock in Kew Bull. 3: 397. 1948 [“1949”]. Sec.
Dianthus somanus Oskay in Phytotaxa 347: 264. 2018. Sec.
Dianthus sphacioticus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 70. 1849. Sec.
= Dianthus leucophaeus Sieber, Reise Kreta 2: 320. 1823, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
Dianthus spiculifolius Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 98. 1866. Sec.
Dianthus squarrosus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 331. 1808. Sec.
= Dianthus arenarius Pall., Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 600. 1776 syn. sec.
= Dianthus mussini Hornem. in Hort. Bot. Hafn. 1: 408. 1813 syn. sec.
= Dianthus recurvus Fisch. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 284. 1842 syn. sec.
= Dianthus sabulosus Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 284. 1842 syn. sec.
Dianthus stamatiadae Rech.f. in Bot. Not. 124: 77. 1971. Sec.
Dianthus stapfii Lemperg in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 261. 1941. Sec.
Dianthus stellaris Camarda in Parlatorea 6: 87. 2003. Sec.
≡ Dianthus siculus subsp. stellaris (Camarda) Arrigoni in Parlatorea 7: 20. 2005 syn. sec.
Dianthus stenocephalus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 19. 1843. Sec.
= Dianthus macrolepis Fenzl ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 64. 1849 syn. sec.
Dianthus stenopetalus Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 187. 1843. Sec.
= Dianthus geticus Kulcz. in Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr Polsk Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial A/B, Nauki Mat-Fiz. Biol. 59: 37. 1923 syn. sec.
Dianthus stepanovae Barkalov & Prob., Fl. Ross. Dalnego Vostoka: 444. 2006. Sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)
Dianthus sternbergii Sieber ex Capelli, Cat. Stirp.: 24. 1821. Sec.
≡ Dianthus monspessulanus var. sternbergii (Sieber ex Capelli) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 276. 1892 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus hyssopifolius subsp. sternbergii (Sieber ex Capelli) Graebn. & P.Graebn. in Ascherson & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 5(2): 436. 1922 syn. sec.
= Dianthus waldsteinii Sternb. in Flora 9(1 Beibl.): 73. 1826 syn. sec.
= Dianthus monspessulanus subsp. sternbergii Hegi syn. sec.
Dianthus stramineus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 70. 1849. Sec.
Dianthus stribrnyi Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1892: 15. 1893. Sec.
≡ Dianthus moesiacus subsp. stribrnyi (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 53. 1935 syn. sec.
Dianthus strictus Banks & Sol., Nat. Hist. Aleppo ed. 2, 2: 252. 1794. Sec.
= Dianthus polycladus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 65. 1849 syn. sec.
= Dianthus quadrilobus Boiss., Asie Min., Bot. 1: 222. 1860 syn. sec.
= Dianthus sulcatus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 483. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus halepensis Bornm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 89: 91. 1936 syn. sec.
Dianthus strictus subsp. multipunctatus (Ser.) Mouterde ex Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus multipunctatus Ser., Prodr. 1: 362. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus lineolatus Bové ex Delile in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. II, 7: 286. 1837 syn. sec.
Dianthus strictus subsp. strictus
Dianthus strictus subsp. sublaevis D.F.Chamb. in Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 56. 1994. Sec.
Dianthus strictus subsp. troodi (Post) B.F.Osoriol & Seraphim ex Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus multipunctatus var. troodi Post in Mém. Herb. Boissier 1(18): 91. 1900 syn. sec.
Dianthus strictus subsp. velutinus (Boiss.) Mouterde ex Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus multipunctatus var. velutinus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 65. 1849 syn. sec.
Dianthus strictus var. axilliflorus (Fenzl) Reeve in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 28: 19. 1967. Sec.
≡ Dianthus axilliflorus Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 10. 1842 syn. sec.
= Dianthus bitlisianus Kotschy ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 483. 1867 syn. sec.
Dianthus strictus var. gracilior (Boiss.) Reeve in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 28: 19. 1967. Sec.
≡ Dianthus multipunctatus var. gracilior Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 483. 1867 syn. sec.
= Dianthus striatellus Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 10. 1842 syn. sec.
= Dianthus paniculatus Pau in Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 14: 9. 1918 syn. sec.
Dianthus strictus var. subenervis (Boiss.) Reeve in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 28: 19. 1967. Sec.
≡ Dianthus multipunctatus var. subenervis Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 483. 1867 syn. sec.
Dianthus strymonis Rech.f. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 69: 450. 1939. Sec.
Dianthus subacaulis Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 3: 597. 1789. Sec.
≡ Dianthus virgineus var. subacaulis (Vill.) Ser., Prodr. 1: 361. 1824 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus subaphyllus (Lemperg) Rech.f., Fl. Iran. 163: 170. 1988. Sec.
≡ Dianthus tabrisianus var. subaphyllus Lemperg in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 259. 1941 syn. sec.
Dianthus × subfissus Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 184. 1896. Sec.
Dianthus subscabridus Lincz., Fl. Uzbekist. 2: 525. 1953. Sec.
Dianthus subulosus Conrath & Freyn in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 76. 1895. Sec.
Dianthus superbus L., Amoen. Acad. 4: 272. 1759. Sec.
≡ Caryophyllus superbus (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019); ≡ Silene superba (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 116. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; ≡ Dianthus superbus var. superbus syn. sec.
= Dianthus fimbriatus Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 538. 1779 syn. sec.
= Dianthus multifidus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 162. 1782 syn. sec.
= Dianthus contortus Sm., Cycl.: 11. 1808 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus var. rubicundus Ser., Prodr. 1: 365. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus plumarius Gunnerus ex Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 2: 379. 1825 syn. sec.
= Dianthus schizopetalus Wallr. in Linnaea 14: 570. 1840 syn. sec.
= Dianthus wimmeri Wich. in Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 1854: 75. 1854 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus var. subobtusus Regel & Herder in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39(1): 532. 1866 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus superbus subsp. silvestris Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 3: 508. 1875 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus szechuensis F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34: 428. 1899 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus f. albiflorus Iljinski in Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 14: 25. 1915 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus f. albiflorus Honda in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 140. 1938, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus f. albiflorus Tatew., Veg. Shikotan Is.: 32. 1940, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus f. albus Popov in Konspekt Fl. Pober. Baikal: 213. 1966 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus superbus f. leucanthus T.Shimizu in J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 37: 120. 1989 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus subsp. norvegicus M.Kuzmina, Fl. Vostoch. Evropy 11: 294. 2004 syn. sec.
= Dianthus revolutus Tausch in Flora 13: 245. 1830 syn. sec.
Dianthus superbus subsp. alpestris Kablík. ex Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhmen: 508. 1875. Sec.
= Dianthus superbus var. speciosus Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 808. 1832 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus var. monticola Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 59. 1903 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus var. bibracteolata Koidz. in Icon. Pl. Koisikav. 3(4): t. 183. 1916 syn. sec.
= Dianthus superbus f. chionanthus Okuyama in J. Jap. Bot. 30: 42. 1955 syn. sec.
Dianthus superbus subsp. autumnalis Oberd., Pfl. Exkurs. Fl., ed. 4: 359. 1979. Sec.
Dianthus superbus subsp. stenocalyx (Trautv. ex Juz.) Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 14: 137. 1932. Sec.
≡ Dianthus stenocalyx Trautv. ex Juz. in Mem. Inst. Agron. For. Belarus 4: 212. 1925 syn. sec.
Dianthus superbus subsp. superbus
Dianthus superbus var. amoena Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 44: 520. 1930. Sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
≡ Dianthus superbus var. alpestris Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 63. 1922, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus sylvaticus Hoppe ex Willd., Enum. Pl.: 467. 1809. Sec.
≡ Dianthus seguieri var. sylvaticus (Hoppe ex Willd.) W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 96. 1835 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthus seguieri subsp. sylvaticus (Hoppe ex Willd.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 84. 1882 syn. sec. this publication
Dianthus sylvestris Wulfen in Collectanea 1: 237. 1786. Sec.
≡ Dianthus caryophyllus subsp. sylvestris (Wulfen) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 193. 1896 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Silene sylvestris (Wulfen) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 112. 1901, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019);
= ?Dianthus caryophyllus var. inodorus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 410. 1753 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) ≡ ?Dianthus inodorus (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 227. 1791 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021)
= Dianthus rupestris L.f., Suppl. Pl.: 240. 1782 syn. sec.
= Dianthus caryophylloides Schult., Observ. Bot.: 78. 1809 syn. sec.
= Dianthus wulfenii F.Dietr., Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 2: 669. 1816 syn. sec.
= Dianthus frigidus Zucc. in Flora 7: 283. 1824 syn. sec.
= Dianthus sylvestris var. imbricatus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 152. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus sylvestris var. uniflorus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 152. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus sylvestris var. humilior W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 97. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus sylvestris var. subacaulis W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 97. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus saxicola Jord., Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 241. 1851 syn. sec.
= Dianthus aggericola Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemagne: 48. 1855 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus aggericolus Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 48. 1855 syn. sec.
= Dianthus consimilis Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 47. 1855 syn. sec.
= Dianthus guyetanii Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 46. 1855 syn. sec.
= Dianthus orophilus Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 43. 1855 syn. sec.
= Dianthus reuteri Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 49. 1855 syn. sec.
= Dianthus papillosus Vis. & Pančić in Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 10: 434. 1861 syn. sec.
= Dianthus brevicalyx Beck in Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 2: 63. 1887 syn. sec.
= Dianthus juratensis Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 32. 1903 syn. sec.
= Dianthus sylvestris f. albiflorus Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 44. 1987 [“1990”] syn. sec.
= Dianthus sylvestris var. alpestris Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 42. 1987 [“1990”] syn. sec.
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. alboroseus F.K.Mey. in Haussknechtia, Beih. 15: 53. 2011. Sec.
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. aristidis (Batt.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus aristidis Batt., Fl. Algérie Dicot.(App. 2): v. 1888 syn. sec.
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. bertisceus Rech.f. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 150. 1935. Sec.
≡ Dianthus bertisceus (Rech.f.) E.Mayer & Trpin in Biol. Vestn. 13: 57. 1965 syn. sec.
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. kozjakensis Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 43. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec.
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. longibracteatus (Maire) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus caryophyllus subsp. longibracteatus Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 19: 33. 1928 syn. sec.
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. mogadorensis Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 16. 1929 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. volubilitanus Maire, Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 238. 1932 syn. sec.
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. longicaulis (Ten.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec.
≡ Dianthus longicaulis Ten., Cat. Hort. Neapol. 1813 App. 2: 77. 1819 syn. sec.
= Dianthus virgineus Gren. & Godr. in Bot. Mag. 42: t. 1740. 1815 syn. sec.
= Dianthus caryophyllus var. tenuifolius Moris, Fl. Sardoa 1: 231. 1837 syn. sec.
= Dianthus scheuchzeri Jord., Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 241. 1851 syn. sec.
= Dianthus collivagus Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 46. 1855 syn. sec.
= Dianthus godronianus Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 45. 1855 syn. sec.
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. nodosus (Tausch) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 247. 1924. Sec.
≡ Dianthus nodosus Tausch, Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 243. 1828 syn. sec.
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. sylvestris
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. tergestinus (Rchb.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 247. 1924. Sec.
≡ Dianthus virgineus var. tergestinus Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 6: 47, t. 5049b. 1844 syn. sec.
Dianthus szowitisianus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 503. 1867. Sec.
= Dianthus pallens var. oxylepis Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 485. 1867 syn. sec.
Dianthus tabrisianus Bien. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 496. 1867. Sec.
= Dianthus pachypetalus Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 278. 1886 syn. sec.
Dianthus tabrisianus var. coloratus (Bornm.) Rech.f., Fl. Iran. 163: 147. 1988. Sec.
≡ Dianthus pachypetalus var. coloratus Bornm. in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60: 80. 1910 syn. sec.
Dianthus tabrisianus var. tabrisianus
Dianthus takhtajanii Nersesian in Takhtajania 1: 47. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus talyschensis Boiss. & Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 34. 1860. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus tarentinus Lacaita in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 18: 511. 1911. Sec.
= Dianthus sylvestris var. garganicus Ten., Fl. Napol. 2: 208. 1830 syn. sec.
Dianthus tenuiflorus Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 189. 1843. Sec.
≡ Dianthus corymbosus subsp. tenuiflorus (Griseb.) Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 5: 746. 1979 syn. sec.
Dianthus thunbergii S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 38. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus hirtus Vill., Syst. Pl. Eur. 1: 41. 1785 syn. sec.
= Dianthus scaber Chaix, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 1: 331. 1786 syn. sec.
= Dianthus scaber Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 81. 1794 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus prostratus Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. 1: 32. 1835 syn. sec.
= Dianthus ramentaceus Fenzl ex Sond., Fl. Cap. 1: 122. 1860 syn. sec.
Dianthus thunbergii f. maritimus S.S.Hooper, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 7 [1]: 38–40. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus thunbergii f. thunbergii
Dianthus tianschanicus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 897. 1936. Sec.
Dianthus tlaratensis Husseinov in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 234. 1990. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus toletanus Boiss. & Reut., Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp.: 7. 1842. Sec.
≡ Dianthus scaber subsp. toletanus (Boiss. & Reut.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec.
Dianthus transcaucasicus Schischk. in Izv. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 80: 452. 1929. Sec.
Dianthus transvaalensis Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 215. 1922. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus scaber var. graminifolius Fenzl ex Szyszyl. syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus trifasciculatus Kit. ex Schult., Oestr. Fl. ed. 2, 1: 654. 1814. Sec.
= Dianthus lancifolius Tausch in Flora 14: 215. 1831 syn. sec.
= Dianthus danubialis Griseb. & Schenk in Arch. Naturgesch. 18(1): 301. 1852 syn. sec.
= Dianthus heptaneurus Griseb. & Schenk in Arch. Naturgesch. 18(1): 302. 1852 syn. sec.
= Dianthus biternatus Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 11. 1853 syn. sec.
= Dianthus transsylvanicus Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 5: 82. 1854 syn. sec.
= Dianthus pruinosus Janka, Index Seminum (WU) 1858: 4. 1858 syn. sec.
= Dianthus banaticus Kit. in Linnaea 32: 527. 1863 syn. sec.
Dianthus trifasciculatus subsp. parviflorus Stoj. & Acht., Sborn. Blghar. Akad. Nauk 29: 40. 1935. Sec.
= Dianthus trifasciculatus var. deserti Prodán syn. sec.
Dianthus trifasciculatus subsp. pseudobarbatus (Schmalh.) Jalas in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 22: 219. 1985. Sec.
≡ Dianthus chinensis subsp. pseudobarbatus Schmalh., Fl. Sredn. Yuzhn. Rossii 1: 125. 1895 syn. sec.
= Dianthus euponticus Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 141. 1911 syn. sec.
Dianthus trifasciculatus subsp. trifasciculatus
Dianthus tripunctatus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 286. 1809. Sec.
= Dianthus barati Duval-Jouve in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 2: 350. 1855 syn. sec.
Dianthus tunicoides Madhani & Heubl in Taxon 67(1): 103. 2018. Sec.
≡ Tunica sibthorpii Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 61. 1849, nom. illeg. syn. sec.
Dianthus turkestanicus Preobr. in Izv. Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago 15: 366. 1915. Sec.
≡ Dianthus versicolor subsp. turkestanicus (Preobr.) Kozhevn. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 22: 113. 1985 syn. sec.
= Dianthus alatavicus Popov in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. n.s., 47: 86. 1938 syn. sec.
Dianthus tymphresteus (Boiss. & Spruner) Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 6: 27. 1859. Sec.
≡ Dianthus viscidus var. tymphresteus Boiss. & Spruner in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 64. 1849 syn. sec.
Dianthus ucarii Hamzaoğlu & Koç in Turkish J. Bot. 41: 487. 2017. Sec.
Dianthus ugamicus Vved. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 3: 10. 1941. Sec.
Dianthus uniflorus Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: cxi. 1775. Sec.
Dianthus uralensis Korsh. in Trudy Glavn. Bot. Sada 43: 310. 1930. Sec.
Dianthus urumoffii Stoj. & Acht., Fl. Bulg. ed. 2: 364. 1933. Sec.
Dianthus uzbekistanicus Lincz., Fl. Uzbekist. 2: 526. 1953. Sec.
Dianthus vanensis Behçet & Ilçim in Turkish J. Bot. 37: 219. 2013. Sec.
Dianthus varankii Hamzaoğlu & Koç in KSÜ Tarim Doga Derg. 21: 546. 2018. Sec.
Dianthus × varians Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 186. 1896. Sec.
≡ Dianthus × saxatilis nothosubsp. varians (Rouy & Foucaud) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 367. 1988 syn. sec.
Dianthus vigoi M.Laínz in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 42: 551. 1985 [“1985”]. Sec.
≡ Dianthus seguieri subsp. vigoi (M.Laínz) O.Bolòs, Fl. Països Catalans 2: 757. 1990 syn. sec.
Dianthus virgatus Pasq. in Ann. Accad. Aspir. Naturalisti III, 1: 28. 1861. Sec.
≡ Dianthus caryophyllus subsp. virgatus (Pasq.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 306. 1894 syn. sec.
Dianthus virgineus L., Sp. Pl.: 412. 1753. Sec. Domina et al. (2021)
≡ Tunica virginea (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 302. 1771 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021); ≡ Dianthus caryophyllus var. virgineus (L.) Fiori, Fl. Italia 1(2): 379. 1898 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) ≡ Dianthus rupestris Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 536. 1779, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) ≡ Dianthus scheuchzeri Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 811. 1832 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021)
Dianthus viridescens Clementi in Atti Riunione Sci. Ital. 3: 520. 1841. Sec.
Dianthus viscidus Bory & Chaub., Nouv. Fl. Pélop.: 26. 1838. Sec.
= Dianthus olympicus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 1: 19. 1843 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
= Dianthus grisebachii Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 62. 1854 syn. sec.
= Dianthus parnassicus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 64. 1854 syn. sec.
= Dianthus heldreichii Bornm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 393. 1924 syn. sec.
= Dianthus viscidus subsp. elatior (Halácsy) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 227. 1924 syn. sec.
= Dianthus viscidus subsp. grisebachii (Boiss.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 1: 226. 1924 syn. sec.
= Dianthus viscidus var. glandulosus Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 44. 1987 [“1990”] syn. sec.
Dianthus vladimirii Galushko in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 298. 1974. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus volgicus Juz. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 73. 1950. Sec.
Dianthus vulturius Guss. & Ten., Index Seminum (NAP) 1837: 3. 1837. Sec.
≡ Dianthus carthusianorum var. vulturius (Guss. & Ten.) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 253. 1892 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus balbisii subsp. vulturius (Guss. & Ten.) Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 169. 1932 syn. sec.
Dianthus vulturius subsp. aspromontanus Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp. in Portugaliae Acta Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 19: 310. 2000. Sec.
Dianthus vulturius subsp. vulturius
Dianthus × warionii Timb.-Lagr. in Bull. Soc. Agric. Sci. Litt. Pyrén.-Orient. 25: 20. 1881. Sec.
≡ Dianthus richteri nothovar. warionii (Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 183. 1896 syn. sec.
= Dianthus × richteri Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 182. 1896 syn. sec.
Dianthus woroschilovii Barkalov & Prob., Fl. Ross. Dalnego Vostoka: 76. 2006. Sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)
≡ Dianthus chinensis subsp. reflexus Vorosch. in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. n.s., 83(5): 116. 1978 syn. sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)
Dianthus xylorrhizus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 67. 1849. Sec.
Dianthus zangezuricus Nersesian in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 42: 115. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)
Dianthus zederbaueri Vierh. in Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 20: 391. 1905. Sec.
Dianthus zeyheri Sond., Fl. Cap. 1: 124. 1860. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus albens Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(2): 369. 1854 syn. sec.
= Dianthus serpae Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 2: 17. 1881 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus mecistocalyx F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 27: 199. 1889 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus zeyheri subsp. natalensis S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 48. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
= Dianthus colensoi F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 344. 1885 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)
Dianthus zeyheri subsp. zeyheri
Dianthus zonatus Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 11. 1842. Sec.
= Dianthus hypochlorus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 67. 1849 syn. sec.
Dianthus × ambrozy-migazzianus Boros in Magyar Bot. Lapok 23: 33. 1924 [“1925”]. Sec.
Dianthus × arvernensis Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 185. 1896. Sec.
Dianthus × brivatensis Blanch., Jardin 6: 174. 1892. Sec.
Dianthus × burciae Péterfi & Gürtler in Magyar Bot. Lapok 15: 20. 1916. Sec.
Dianthus × calalpinus Farrer in Engl. Rock Gard. 1: 283. 1919
Dianthus × callizonoides Sünd. in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 12: 91. 1906. Sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus × courtoisii Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 806. 1832. Sec.
= Dianthus × wolfii Vetter in Bull. Murith. Soc. Valais. Sci. Nat. 11: 132. 1883 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
Dianthus × digeneus Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 184. 1896. Sec.
Dianthus × ebneri Heimerl, Fl. Brixen: 105. 1911. Sec.
Dianthus × gabrielae Domin in Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk. Tr. Mat.-Prír. 13: 4. 1927 [“1926”]. Sec.
Dianthus × genersichii Györffy in Magyar Bot. Lapok 23: 70. 1924 [“1925”]. Sec.
Dianthus × josephinae Font Quer in Cavanillesia 1: 34. 1928. Sec.
Dianthus × julii-wolfii Marton in Magyar Bot. Lapok 15: 19. 1916. Sec.
Dianthus × krasanii A.Kern. ex Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Fl. Tirol 6(2): 209. 1909. Sec.
Dianthus × lacinulatus Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 161. 1911. Sec.
Dianthus × lamyi Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 176. 1896. Sec.
Dianthus × laucheanus Bolle ex Bolle & Asch. in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 33: 102. 1892. Sec.
Dianthus × loretii Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 176. 1896. Sec.
Dianthus × mammingiorum Murr in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 13: 23. 1907. Sec.
Dianthus × nigritus Hirahata & Kitam. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 205. 1962. Sec.
Dianthus × paradoxus Keller ex Schröt. in Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 14: 117. 1905. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dianthus × ponsi Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 184. 1896. Sec.
Dianthus × pritchardii Farrer, Engl. Rock Gard. 1: 300. 1919
Dianthus × saxatilis F.W.Schmidt in Neuere Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1: 28. 1790. Sec.
Dianthus × zarencznianus Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 149. 1911. Sec.
Dianthus acuminatus F.W.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 347. 1885. Sec.
Dianthus adulterinus Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 2: 50. 1830. Sec.
Dianthus ambiguus Pančić, Fl. Serbiae: 178. 1874. Sec.
Dianthus ambiguus Pančić ex F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 342. 1885. Sec.
Dianthus andersonii F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 346. 1885. Sec.
Dianthus aragonensis Timb.-Lagr., Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse VI, 5: 242. 1867. Sec.
Dianthus arenarius var. gigas Novák. Sec.
≡ Dianthus arenarius subsp. gigas (Novák) Soó in Feddes Repert. 83: 161. 1972 syn. sec.
Dianthus armerioides Raf. in J. Bot. Agric. 4: 269. 1814. Sec.
Dianthus attenuatus proles maritimus Rouy. Sec. Kew WCVP (2019)
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≡ Dianthus carthusianorum var. basalticus Domin syn. sec. this publication
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Dianthus brevior Gand., Contr. Fl. Terr. Slav. Merid. 1: 5. 1883. Sec.
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Dianthus buergeri Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 77. 1865. Sec.
Dianthus callichrous Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 30. 1903. Sec.
Dianthus callizonoides Sünd. in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 12: 91. 1906. Sec.
Dianthus calverti Boiss., Asie Min., Bot. 1: 223. 1860. Sec.
Dianthus camboi Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 42. 1936. Sec.
Dianthus camusii Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 9. 1936. Sec.