Habit, inflorescence and floral morphology in the core lineage of Dianthus. From the predominantly Euro-Mediterranean clade A are D. sphacioticus (A) with solitary flowers enclosed basally by cauline leaves, D. integer subsp. minutiflorus (B) enclosed basally by several slightly coriaceous bracts with an outward-pointing green tip, D. stenopetalus (C) with several flowers in a condensed terminal inflorescence with many brown scales, D. critinus (D) with four decussate bracts at the base, and D. haematocalyx (E). Clade B, which includes many Caucasian and Irano-Turanian species, is represented by D. gabrielianae (F) and the predominantly Cretan clade C by D. juniperinus subsp. juniperinus (G). D. juniperinus is a densely branched, cushion-like subshrub and D. haematocalyx is a small cushion plant. Photos: N. Turland (A), K. Goula (B–D), A. Zografidis (E), A. Nersesyan (F) and G. Fassou (G).