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Research Article
Adetogramma (Polypodiaceae), a new monotypic fern genus segregated from Polypodium
expand article infoThaís Elias Almeida‡, Alexandre Salino§, Jean-Yves Dubuisson|, Sabine Hennerquin|
‡ Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
§ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

Corresponding author: Thaís Elias Almeida ( blotiella@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Blanca León
© 2017 Thaís Elias Almeida, Alexandre Salino, Jean-Yves Dubuisson, Sabine Hennerquin.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Almeida TE, Salino A, Dubuisson J-Y, Hennequin S (2017) Adetogramma (Polypodiaceae), a new monotypic fern genus segregated from Polypodium. PhytoKeys 78: 109-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.12189
Open Access

Abstract

Polypodiaceae is one of the most diverse and abundant families of ferns in tropical and subtropical forests. Despite multiple studies investigating its phylogeny and taxonomy, several generic boundaries within the family still need clarification. One of the most problematic circumscriptions is that of Polypodium L., and one species that still contributes to this uncertainty is Polypodium chrysolepis Hook. The main goal of this study was to use molecular and morphological data to clarify the relationships of P. chrysolepis inside the polygrammoid clade. Sequences from three plastid regions (cpDNA – rbcL, rps4 and rps4–trnS IGS) from fifty species belonging to thirty-two genera of Polypodiaceae were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Polypodium chrysolepis constitutes an isolated lineage among the neotropical polygrammoid ferns, close to Serpocaulon and the grammitids, and is recognized here in a new genus. It can be distinguished by its entire leaves with free veins and peltate, pedicellate, lanceolate paraphyses. A new combination, Adetogramma chrysolepis, is proposed and a new taxonomic treatment is presented; its conservation status was assessed using IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

Keywords

Andes, Polypodiaceae , phylogeny, Serpocaulon , taxonomy

Introduction

Polypodiaceae is one of the richest fern families, and one of the most diverse and abundant groups of vascular plants in tropical and subtropical forests (Schneider et al. 2004). The current family circumscription (PPG I 2016) is based on many phylogenetic studies (e.g., Schneider et al. 2004, Schuettpelz and Pryer 2007). With this definition, Polypodiaceae includes the large segregate family, Grammitidaceae (sensu Parris 1990), and comprises 65 genera (PPG I 2016). Despite multiple studies investigating the phylogeny and taxonomy of Polypodiaceae, Smith et al. (2008) recognized that certain generic boundaries within the family still need clarification.

One of the most problematic circumscriptions is that of Polypodium L. (Smith et al. 2008). As recognized by Hennipman et al. (1990), Polypodium is polyphyletic, and several groups historically included in it (Hennipman et al. 1990) have been recognized as other genera [e.g., Goniophlebium (Blume) C.Presl, Microgramma C.Presl (Salino et al. 2008), Pleopeltis Willd., Phlebodium (R.Br.) J.Sm. (Otto et al. 2009), Serpocaulon A.R.Sm. (Smith et al. 2006a), Synammia C.Presl (Schneider et al. 2006)]. Nevertheless, recognition of all the above-cited genera still does not render Polypodium monophyletic (Schneider et al. 2004, Otto et al. 2009, Assis et al. 2016). In its latest circumscription (PPG I 2016), the genus is considered presumably monophyletic, but the groups that remain in it [Polypodium dulce group, Polypodium plesiosorum group, and Polypodium colpodes group (Tejero-Díez 2005, Sigel et al. 2014)], still need to be comprehensively included in phylogenetic studies.

One species that still contributes to this uncertainty is Polypodium chrysolepis Hook., a species occurring in the Andes from northern Argentina to Ecuador. The generic placement of this species has been controversial: it was described in Polypodium by Hooker (1844) in Icones Plantarum, tentatively placed in Lepicystis [now treated within Pleopeltis (Smith and Tejero-Díez 2014)] by Diels (1899), recognized as a distinct entity within Polypodium by de la Sota (1960) and placed in Microgramma by Crabbe (1967), following notes by A.H.G. Alston. The first molecular phylogenetic placement of P. chrysolepis (Schneider et al. 2004) showed that none of the above-mentioned generic positions are acceptable. In Schneider et al. (2004), P. chrysolepis was recovered as sister to the Serpocaulon+grammitids clade, and it is distantly related to the campyloneuroid clade (which includes Campyloneurum, Microgramma, and Niphidium) and to Polypodiums.s. clade. No formal taxonomic changes were proposed for P. chrysolepis by Schneider et al. (2004), as its position was ambiguous, and since then no new studies have been conducted on this species.

The main goal of this study was to employ molecular and morphological data to investigate the relationships of Polypodium chrysolepis within the polygrammoid clade, and to use available morphological and phylogenetic information to formally propose an adequate generic placement for this species in Polypodiaceae.

Material and methods

Taxon sampling

Fifty species from thirty-two genera (sensu PPG I 2016) of Polypodiaceae were included in our phylogenetic analyses (Appendix). Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw. (Davalliaceae) and Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr. (Oleandraceae) were used as outgroups, following Schneider et al. (2004). All vouchers and GenBank accessions are listed in the Appendix. Aligned data matrix was deposited in TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S20420).

Sequence acquisition

Total DNA was extracted from field-acquired silica gel-dried or fresh tissues, using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant mini kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA, USA). PCR amplifications were performed for two chloroplast genome regions: rbcL (coding region; ca. 1,300 bp) and rps4 (the coding region rps4 and the intergenic spacer rps4–trnS; ca. 1,100 bp). Amplifications were done in a single reaction with primers 1F and 1365R for the rbcL region (Haufler and Ranker 1995) and primers rps5F (Nadot et al. 1995) and trnSR (Smith and Cranfill 2002) for the rps4 and rps4-trnS regions. These regions have shown their utility for inferring phylogenetic relationships in Polypodiaceae, as shown in Janssen and Schneider (2005), Janssen et al. (2007), Kreier and Schneider (2006), Kreier et al. (2007), Kreier et al. (2008), Schneider et al. (2002), Schneider et al. (2004), and Salino et al. (2008).

Polymerase chain reactions were performed in a 20 μL solution containing 1.0 μL of non-diluted genomic DNA template, 2.0 μL of PCR buffer (Qiagen 10 × PCR Buffer), 1.0 μL of DMSO, 1.0 μL of BSA (4 mg/mL), 0.8 μL of dNTPS (10 mM), 0.32 μL (10 μM) of each primer, 0.12 units of Taq Dna polymerase (Qiagen, 5 units μL), and 14.44 μL of ultra-pure water. Thermal cycling conditions were the same for both regions: 3 min at 94°C, 35 cycles of 45 s at 94°C, 60 s at 53°C and 90 s at 72°C, followed by 5 min at 72°C. Amplicons were purified by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sequenced by Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea) in a bidirectional sequencing reaction in an ABI3730XL.

Alignment and phylogenetic analyses

Sequence electropherograms were edited using the STADEN package software (Bonfield et al. 1995). Edited sequences were submitted to automated alignment with MUSCLE (Edgar 2004) and the resulting alignment was checked manually using MEGA 7 (Kumar et al. 2016).

Datasets were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Maximum likelihood was performed using IQ-TREE (Nguyen et al. 2015) with partitioned matrix (Chernomor et al. 2016), automatic selection of the best-fit substitution model (using Bayesian Information Criterion, Schwarz 1978), and branch support assessed with 10,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates (Minh et al. 2013). Best-fit models according to BIC were TIM2e+G4 for rbcL, K3Pu+G4 for rps4 gene and TVM+G4 for rps4-trnS IGS. For BI, a model-based phylogenetic analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo-based was performed using MrBayes v3.2.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012), treating each DNA region (rbcL, rps4 gene and rps4-trnS IGS) as separate partitions. An evolutionary model for each DNA region was selected in jModelTest 2 (Darriba et al. 2012; Guindon and Gascuel 2003), using the Bayesian Information Criterion (Schwarz 1978, Table 1). For the rbcL dataset, the SYM+I+G was selected, and for the rps4 gene and rps4-trnS datasets the GTR+G model was selected. Each analysis consisted of two independent runs with four simultaneous Markov Chains run for 5,000,000 metropolis-coupled generations, starting with random initial trees and sampling one tree every 1000 generations. To improve swapping of chains the temperature parameter for heating the chains was lowered to 0.05. To check the convergence of the runs, ESS (effective sample size) and PSRF (potential scale reduction factor) were examined (Ronquist et al. 2012) using Tracer v.1.6 (Rambaut et al. 2014). Based on the sampled parameter values examined, 2000 trees, including the ones generated during the burn-in phase, were discarded. Remaining trees were used to assess topology and posterior probabilities (PP) in a majority-rule consensus tree. Because PP in Bayesian analysis are not equivalent to bootstrap (BP) (Erixon et al. 2003), we used criteria similar to a standard statistical test, considering groups with PP > 95% as strongly supported, PP 90–95% as moderately supported and PP < 90% as weakly supported. Results were summarized on a majority rule consensus tree.

Table 1.
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Selected models and parameter values for data partitions used in this study.

Region Base frequencies
Selected model A C G T
rps4 gene GTR+G 0.3204 0.1924 0.1964 0.2908
rsp4-trnS IGS GTR+G 0.3249 0.1545 0.1605 0.3601
rbcL SYM+I+G – – – –
Substitution model (rate matrix)
A-C A-G A-T C-G C-T G-T Ti/tv I G
rps4 gene 0.7965 3.5099 0.1724 0.4720 3.0330 1 0 0 0.9640
rsp4-trnS IGS 0.9825 2.7675 0.2147 0.7566 2.9398 1 0 0 0.5615
rbcL 1.9337 8.1010 1.1861 0.8284 11.3400 1 0.5474 0 0

Taxonomic studies and conservation status

Taxonomic conclusions were based on the study of specimens from the following herbaria: BHCB, BM, BR, G, GH, K, LPB, M, MO, NY, P, Q, QCA, QCNE, QPLS, US, USM, and USZ. Specimens with barcode are cited with herbarium acronym followed by barcode number. Abbreviation of genera and species followed IPNI (ipni.org) and morphological terms follow Lellinger (2002). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were made using a FEI Quanta 200 SEM, with an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. Samples were sputter-coated with gold and imaged digitally. Spore terminology follows Tryon and Lugardon (1991). Conservation status was assessed using IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2016) to calculate the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and the Area of Occupancy (AOO), using the GeoCAT tool (Bachman et al. 2011). The specimens that did not present coordinates were attributed one, whenever locality information was available. A grid cell of 10 km2 was used for AOO estimation.

Results

The final combined dataset presented 2339 bp, 599 from rps4 gene, 473 from the rps4-trnS IGS, and 1267 from rbcL. All analyses recovered the main polygrammoid clades found by Schneider et al. (2004; see Fig. 1): the loxogrammoid clade (1.00 PP, 100% BS), the drynarioid + selligueoid clade (0.91 PP, 71% BS), the platyceroid-microsoroid clade (1.00 PP, 100% BS), and a clade comprising neotropical representatives (0.62 PP, 84% BS).

Inside the neotropical clade, Synammia appears as sister to all the other neotropical clades, a result also obtained by Schneider et al. (2006) (Fig. 1). Sister to Synammia, our analyses recovered three main clades: the polypodioid clade including Pecluma, Phlebodium, Pleopeltis, and Polypodiums.s. (1.00 PP, 70% BS,), the campyloneuroid clade, containing Campyloneurum, Microgramma, and Niphidium (1.00 PP, 95% BS), and a clade (1.00 PP, 99% BS) that included the grammitid ferns (1.00 PP, 100% BS), Serpocaulon (1.00 PP, 100% BS), and Polypodium chrysolepis (1.00 PP, 100% BS). Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference hypotheses recovered P. chrysolepis as sister to Serpocaulon (0.91 PP, 88% BS).

Figure 1. 

Majority rule consensus tree resultant from Bayesian inference analyses from combined rbcL and rps4 datasets. Values above branches nodes correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities and maximum likelihood bootstrap support, respectively. +/+ indicates with 1.00 PP and 100% BS support. Clades cited in text follow Schneider et al. (2004); gray shade indicates neotropical Polypodiaceae. Adetogramma chrysolepis is highlighted in orange.

Discussion

The polygrammoid topology recovered in our analyses agrees with previous results from several studies (Schneider et al. 2004, Schneider et al. 2006, Smith et al. 2006b, Salino et al. 2008, Otto et al. 2009). The placement of Polypodium chrysolepis as an isolated lineage inside neotropical Polypodiaceae and closely related to Serpocaulon and the grammitid ferns (1.00 PP, 97% BS) confirms results previously found by Schneider et al. (2004); this species is not part of the campyloneuroid clade, containing Microgramma, nor does it belong to the polypodioid clade, containing Polypodiums.s. and Pleopeltis. The afore-mentioned genera have all been used as a “home” for Polypodium chrysolepis by various authors in the past (e.g., Hooker 1844, de la Sota 1960, Crabbe 1967).

In our analyses, Serpocaulon, a group segregated from Polypodium (Smith et al. 2006a), appears as sister to P. chrysolepis (0.97 PP, 88% BS), supporting the results of Schneider et al. (2004). Morphologically Polypodium chrysolepis can be readily distinguished from Serpocaulon by having free veins, non-clathrate scales, peltate scales covering the laminar surfaces, and peltate scales as paraphyses. These characters contrast with features of Serpocaulon species: regular anastomosing veins (goniophlebioid venation), clathrate scales, and the absence of scales in veins or laminar surface between veins or paraphyses, or if paraphyses are present, they are 2-3 celled glands (Smith et al. 2006a) (Table 2). Hernández et al. (2014) reported similarities in anatomical features of root cortical cells between P. chrysolepis and Serpocaulon gilliesii (C.Chr.) A.R.Sm, the only Serpocaulon species sampled in their study. Of all Serpocaulon species, S. levigatum (Cav.) A.R.Sm. is the only one that has entire leaves, and therefore the single species resembling P. chrysolepis morphologically. However, in addition to the characteristics mentioned above, S. levigatum differs from P. chrysolepis by having multiple rows of sori on each side of midvein and by rhizomes being covered by whitish wax-like deposits, with few roundish scales, not covering the entire surface of the rhizome (Smith et al. 2006a, Labiak and Prado 2008), while in P. chrysolepis only one row of sori is found on each side of midvein, and rhizomes lack whitish wax-like deposits and are covered by lanceolate rhizome scales (Figs 2, 3). Smith et al. (2006a) highlighted a possible trend of increasing pinnation in Serpocaulon, but the fact their results showed S. levigatum to be closely related to species with completely free, non-adnate pinnae would make the entire lamina shared with P. chrysolepis a homoplastic feature.

Table 2.
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Comparison of character states among Adetogramma and the morphologically or phylogenetically closest genera/groups.

Adetogramma Serpocaulon 1 Grammitids Pecluma Polypodium 2 Pleopeltis 3 Microgramma 4
Rhizome Long-creeping, branched Long- to short-creeping, sparingly branched Short-creeping to erect, usually unbranched Long- to short-creeping, unbranched Long- to short-creeping, branched Long- to short-creeping, branched Long-creeping, branched
Rhizome scales Peltate, non-clathrate Peltate, clathrate Basifixed, non-clathrate or clathrate, or absent Basifixed to peltate, non-clathrate Peltate, non-clathrate Peltate, non-clathrate, to clathrate at margins Peltate, non-clathrate
Fronds Monomorphic Monomorphic Monomorphic, or the distal fertile portion modified Monomorphic Monomorphic Monomorphic to dimorphic Monomorphic to dimorphic
Lamina Simple Pinnatifid to pinnate, rarely simple Simple to 3-pinnate Pinnatisect to pinnate Deeply pinnatifid to pinnate Simple to pinnatifid, rarely pinnate-pinnatifid or more divided Simple to lobate
Indument on lamina Scales Glabrous, trichomes, or scales (confined to costae and rachises) Trichomes, and sometimes glands Trichomes Glabrous or with trichomes Scales Glabrous, trichomes
and/or scales
Veins Free Regularly anastomosing (goniophlebioid), areoles with one included veinlet Usually free, sometimes anastomosing with or without included free veinlets Free, rarely anastomosing, but never reticulate Free to anastomosing, with one single included veinlet Free to anastomosing, areoles with 1-3 free or netted included veins Anastomosing, with simple included veinlets
Sori Round to oblong, 1 row between costa and margins Round, 1-10 rows between costa and margins Round to elongate, 1 row between costa and margins, or confluent Round to oblong, 1 row between costa and margins Round to oblong, 1-5 rows between costa and margins Round to oblong, or linear, rarely marginal and coalescing, in 1 row between costa and margins Round to elongate, 1 row between costa and margins, confluent or forming several irregular rows between costa and margins
Paraphyses Peltate, pedicellate, scales Absent or short 2-3-celled glands Present or absent Present, glandular trichomes Absent or if present, filamentous or branched Absent, or round peltate, Trichomes or sessile scales, or absent
Spores Bilateral, monolete, verrucate Bilateral, monolete, verrucate, generally tuberculate, occasionally winged Tetrahedral-globose, trilete Bilateral,
monolete, smooth to tuberculate		 Bilateral, monolete Bilateral, monolete, shallowly to prominently verrucate Bilateral, monolete, tuberculate

1Serpocaulon circumscription follows Smith et al. (2006).

2Polypodium circumscription accepted here includes Polypodium plesiosorum and Polypodium colpodes species groups (sensu Tejero-Díez 2005, Sigel et al. 2014), Polypodium dulce species group (sensu Moran 1995) and Polypodium vulgare species group (sensu Haufler et al. 1995).

3Pleopeltis circumscription accepted here follows Smith and Tejero-Díez (2014).

4Microgramma circumscription follows Salino et al. (2008).

Figure 2. 

Adetogramma chrysolepis (Hook.) T.E.Almeida. A Habit B Rhizome scale C Sterile lamina detail showing free venation and laminar scales D Fertile lamina detail showing sori, paraphyses, and laminar scales E Paraphysis detail. Drawings A–D by H. Fukuda from Dorr et al. 6764 (NY); drawing E by Juliana Ventura from T.E. Almeida & L.L. Giacomin 3121 (BHCB). Scale bars: A = 5 cm, B–E = 1 mm.

Sanín (2014, 2015) described a species of Serpocaulon with free veins (S. tayronae D.Sanín), but no phylogenetic evidence is presented to support its placement in Serpocaulon. Sanín also stated that S. eleuterophlebium (Fée) A.R.Sm. and S. patentissimum (Mett.) A.R.Sm. have free veins, although Hensen (1990) describes their venation as regularly anastomosing in the taxonomic treatment of the group (treated as the Polypodium loriceum-complex). More evidence is needed to elucidate the generic position of S. obscurinervium and S. tayronae, as is the case with several other groups morphologically related to Polypodium (Tejero-Díez 2005, Assis et al. 2016).

Polypodium chrysolepis was combined by Crabbe (1967) in Microgramma, but it exhibits morphological characters distinct from that genus. It has free venation while Microgramma, as circumscribed by Almeida et al. (unpublished data) and Salino et al. (2008), has anastomosing veins on the sterile fronds. Moreover, P. chrysolepis has lanceolate, peltate, long-stalked paraphyses (Fig. 2E) while in Microgramma, paraphyses (if present) are hairlike or lanceolate and sessile, never stalked (Table 2). Polypodium chrysolepis resembles some Pleopeltis species in having entire laminae, long-creeping rhizomes, and peltate paraphyses. The main difference between Pleopeltis and Polypodium chrysolepis lies in the shape of the paraphyses – ovate-lanceolate in P. chrysolepis vs. roundish in Pleopeltis. Furthermore, species of Pleopeltis with entire blades always have anastomosing veins (Table 2).

Grammitid ferns, the lineage sister to the Polypodium chrysolepis+Serpocaulon clade, are a very distinct group of species inside the polygrammoid ferns. Once recognized as a separated family (Parris 1990) or a subfamily inside Polypodiaceae (Tryon and Tryon 1982), this lineage can be distinguished by usually tetrahedral chlorophyllous spores, sporangia stalk reduced to a single cell wide in the middle, absence of scales in the fronds, and free or occasionally anastomosing without free included veinlets (Parris 1990, Sundue et al. 2010). Although sharing the free veins with Polypodium chrysolepis, we can distinguish the latter from grammitids by the bilateral spores, and the presence of scales in the blades (Table 2).

Polypodiums.s., following Tejero-Díez (2005), includes the species groups of Polypodium plesiosorum, Polypodium colpodes, Polypodium dulce (sensu Moran 1995) and Polypodium vulgare species group (sensu Haufler et al. 1995). Using this circumscription, Polypodiums.s. remains a polyphyletic assemblage of species, with species from the Polypodium dulce complex apparently closer to Pecluma than to Polypodiums.s. (Otto et al. 2009, Assis et al. 2016); in fact, some species in this group were moved to Pecluma (Assis et al. 2016). Further studies are needed to define a monophyletic Polypodium. Nevertheless, following this circumscription, Polypodiums.s. can be distinguished from P. chrysolepis by its deeply-pinnatifid to pinnate leaves with free (in the Polypodium dulce complex species) to anastomosing veins, with a single included veinlet in each areole. Indument is also a useful character for separating P. chrysolepis: Polypodiums.s. shows glabrous to pilose laminar surfaces and the paraphyses, when present, are filamentous or branched, while P. chrysolepis has scaly laminae and the paraphyses are pedicellate scales. Table 2 summarizes the features and main differences amongst the related genera.

Our results do not support the inclusion of Polypodium chrysolepis in any genus previously recognized, including Microgramma, Pleopeltis, or Polypodiums.s. Therefore, we consider this species as constituting a separated, isolated lineage inside the polygrammoid clade. Because the species also has a morphology distinct from that of all other known genera in Polypodiaceae, we believe it merits recognition as a genus, and is described below.

Taxonomic treatment

Adetogramma T.E.Almeida, gen. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77161864-1

Note

Adetogramma is similar to Microgramma and Pleopeltis in its epiphytic habit, long-creeping rhizomes and in having entire leaves with one row of sori on each side of the midrib, but differs from these genera by having free veins (vs. veins anastomosing in Microgramma and Pleopeltis) and peltate, pedicellate, lanceolate paraphyses (vs. hairlike or lanceolate and sessile paraphyses in Microgramma, and round, peltate, pedicellate paraphyses in Pleopeltis).

Type

Adetogramma chrysolepis (Hook.) T.E.Almeida, comb. nov., Polypodium chrysolepis Hook., Icon. Pl. 8: t. 721. 1845.

Adetogramma chrysolepis (Hook.) T.E.Almeida, comb. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77161865-1
Figures 2, 3, 4

Lepicystis chrysolepis (Hook.) Diels, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 322, f. 167A–B. 1899. Type: Based on Polypodium chrysolepis Hook.

Microgramma chrysolepis (Hook.) Crabbe, Brit. Fern Gaz. 9: 316. 1967. Type: Based on Polypodium chrysolepis Hook.

Polypodium bangii Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1901: 145. 1901. Type: Bolivia. Yungas, 1890, A.M. Bang 734 (lectotype, designated here: BM! [BM000936895]; isolectotypes: B! [B200075587], BR!, GH!, K! [K000590773], LE!, MO! [MO5472871)], NY! [NY00144786, NY00144787], US! [US00065725]).

Basionym

Polypodium chrysolepis Hook., Icon. Pl. 8: t. 721. 1845.

Type

Ecuador. Andes de Quito, W. Jameson 37 (wrongly typed in protologue as “73”; lectotype, designated by Tryon et al., 1993, pg. 151: K! [K000590772]; isolectotypes: BM! [BM000936896], G!, FI [FI004543!]).

Plants epiphytic or epipetric, rarely terrestrial. Rhizomes long-creeping, branched, 0.6–0.9 mm wide, cylindrical, with four vascular bundles; short, perpendicular roots about 5–20 mm long, these regularly spaced, covered with brownish root hairs; rhizome scales 4.3–7.1 mm long, peltate, not clathrate, linear-lanceolate, with elongate cells, the margins entire from the base to the middle and toothed beyond the middle, with 1- or 2-celled marginal teeth, scales concolorous, stramineous and usually darker at the attachment point. Fronds remote, 2.2–4.5 mm apart, articulate, monomorphic. Stipes nearly absent to 55 mm long, 0.4–0.7 mm in diameter, covered with sparse peltate, lanceolate, sessile, non-clathrate, concolorous, stramineous scales, these 1.4–3.5 mm long, darker at the attachment point; phyllopodia darker than stipes. Laminae light green, 5.0–17.0 × 1.0–2.5 cm, simple, chartaceous, linear-lanceate to lanceolate, bases acuminate to attenuate, decurrent in the distal third of the stipe, apices acute to obtuse, laminar surfaces squamose on both sides, scales lanceolate, peltate, sessile, non-clathrate, concolorous, translucent, stramineous, darker at attachment point, slightly erose at bases and entire at apices, scales present also on abaxial and adaxial sides of costae and veins, and on the laminar margins, 1.3–2.6 mm long. Veins free, immersed, obscure, 1–2 furcate, not reaching laminar margins, midribs and lateral veins immersed on both sides of the laminae, not evident. Sori superficial, rounded to oblong, 1.6–2.6 × 1.9–5.0 mm, terminal to subterminal on veins, receptacles elongate, sporangia long-stalked, paraphyses present, scale-like, similar those of the laminar surfaces, peltate, pedicellate, with pedicels as long as those of the sporangia, paraphyses completely covering immature sori. Spores yellow, with verrucate surfaces.

Distribution and ecology

Restricted to central and southern Andes, with known collections from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina (Fig. 5). It occurs preferably in high elevation formations, ranging from 1,800 to 4,100 meters above sea level, with most collections between 3,000–4,000 m in the central part of the Andes, but found at lower elevations further south in Southern Bolivia and Argentina. Adetogramma chrysolepis is mostly epiphytic or epipetric, rarely terrestrial. Epiphytic specimens usually grow on Polylepis, Berberis, or Buddleja, inside highland humid montane forests (Yungas). Epipetric ones were recorded as growing on rocks inside Yungas forest or in sub-alpine grasslands with scattered shrubs, normally associated with mosses (de la Sota 1960). According to herbarium sheet labels, the species also occurs in secondary forests and modified areas.

Conservation status

Least Concern (LC - IUCN 2016). Adetogramma chrysolepis presents EOO of 1,108,559.773 km2 and AOO of 5,300 km2, respectively, and its conservation status is considered Least Concern. However, the species occurs in a fragile environment that is undergoing an increasing pressure due to human settlement, and extensive grazing by cattle and camelids. Although it is known from at least 40 localities and occurs in several protected areas (e.g., Parque Nacional Carrasco, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Reserva Nacional de Flora e Fauna de Tariquía, Tarija, Bolivia; Parque Nacional Huascarán, Ancash, Peru; Santuario Nacional de Ampay, Apurimac, Peru; Parque Nacional del Rio Abiseo, San Martín, Peru) no information on population fluctuations is available. Decline in the quality and area of occupancy in the near future seems feasible and it is advised that the species be monitored.

Etymology

The generic epithet refers to the most distinctive character of the species, the free venation (Fig. 2C); from the Greek adetos-, free and -gramma, line.

Notes

Adetogramma is a monotypic genus, and although its sole species, A. chrysolepis, varies in laminar size and shape and stipe length, all other characters, such as the rhizome and stipe scales, venation, and paraphyses, are constant. Specimens from the Argentinean Provinces of Tucumán and Salta and Bolivian Provinces of Tarija and Chuquisaca have very long, linear laminae, and longer stipes, but in other characters are congruent with the circumscription here adopted for A. chrysolepis. This variation may reflect colonization of drier, seasonal habitats in a subtropical region.

Morphologically, Adetogramma chrysolepis shares features with several neotropical genera of Polypodiaceae (Table 2), while presenting unique characteristics within the group. Free veins (Figs 2C, 4C) are shared with the Polypodium dulce species group, some Pecluma species, a few Pleopeltis species, few pinnatisected species of Serpocaulon, S. tayrona and most grammitids. Presence of peltate scales on the receptacle is shared between Adetogramma and Pleopeltis (Figs 2D–E, 3A, 4A–B). In both genera, paraphyses may almost completely cover the sporangia in immature sori, and presumably have a protective function.

Kreier et al. (2008) hypothesized that Serpocaulon, sister group to Adetogramma, has the Bolivian Andes and adjacent southeastern Brazil as its ancestral area. According to this hypothesis, the Bolivian Andes formed a path for migration and successful colonization of the Northern Andes, with subsequent migration into Central America and Caribbean regions. With Adetogramma as sister to Serpocaulon, we believe the hypothesis of the Bolivian Andes as putative ancestral area of the Adetogramma+Serpocaulon clade common ancestor to be more likely. From Bolivia, Adetogramma could have dispersed southwards where colder climate allowed it to colonize lower elevation habitats, and also migrated northwards to Peru and Ecuador. Adetogramma chrysolepis may represent a single relictual species from a previously more diverse and geographically widespread group, or a single, undiversified lineage that colonized high elevation environments. More detailed phylogenetic or phylogeographic studies are required to support or refute these hypotheses.

Specimens examined

ARGENTINA. Jujuy: San Antonio, 27 Apr 2015, C. Martín 479 (SI); Valle Grande, 14 Apr 2016, C. Martín 730 (SI). Salta: Salta, 21 Nov 1945, S.A. Pieroffi 1326 (NY!); Santa Victoria, 05 Dec 2015, C. Martín 673 (SI). Tucumán: s.l., 1952, H. Brücher s.n. (LP!); s.l., s.d., L. Castillón 2248 (BM!); s.l., s.d., M. Lillo 11534 (BM!, GH!, K!, NY!); La Ventanita, s.d., M. Lillo 16713 (BM!, GH!, K!); Burruyacu, 20 Jan 1947, Borsini s.n. (LP!); Chicligasta, 11 Dec 1925, S. Venturi 4062 (BM!, GH!); idem, 13 Feb 1924, S. Venturi 3151 (GH!); Tafi del Vale, Jan 1912, L. Castillón 35 (BM!, GH!, K!, LP!, NY!). BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Hernando Siles, 09 Nov 2007, J. Villalobos 928 (MO!, UC). Cochabamba: Ayopaya, 07 May 1990, E. Hennipman 8148 (LPB!); idem, 28 Oct 2007, J. Terán 1486 (MO!); idem, 30 Oct 2007, J. Terán 1563 (MO!); Carrasco, 20 Mar 1991, I. Hensen 1819 (LPB!); idem, 25 Feb 1996, M. Mercado 501 (MO!); Chapare, 30 Sep 2001, J.R.I. Wood 17271 (LPB!); Cochabamba, 27 Jan 1950, W.M.A. Brooke 6081 (BM!, NY!); Jose Carrasco Torrico, 27 Jun 1996, M. Kessler 6763 (NY!, UC); idem, 02 Jul 1996, M. Kessler 6877 (NY!, UC); Tiraque, 10 May 2005, E. Zurita 390 (MO!). La Paz: Bautista Saavedra, 27 Apr 1993, P. Gutte 559 (LPB!); Franz Tamayo, 24 Feb 2008, A.F. Fuentes Claros 11982 (MO!, UC); idem, 04 Mar 1980, J. Krach 9207 (LPB!); idem, 06 Apr 2009, M.I.L. Rivera 599 (MO!); Inquisivi, 21 Dec 1989, L.J. Dorr 6764 (LPB!, NY!); idem, 18 Feb 1989, M.A. Lewis 35242 (LPB!, MO!, NY!, UC); idem, 09 Mar 1991, M.A. Lewis 38230 (MO!); idem, 04 Sep 1991, M.A. Lewis 39744 (F, GH!, LPB!, MO!); Larecaja, 1818, G. Mandon 1560 (BM!, G!, K!, NY!); Murillo, 16 May 1985, J.C. Solomon 13742 (LP!, LPB!, MO!, NY!); Nor Yungas, XI/1900, O. Buchtien 2751 (P!); idem, 07 Mar 1969, H. Doppelbaur s.n. (MO!); Pedro Domingo Murillo, 17 Mar 2012, T.E. Almeida 3121 (BHCB!, LPB!); Pongo, s.d., W.M.A. Brooke 5456 (BM!, NY!); Unduavi, 1890, A.M. Bang 734 (B!, BR!, GH!, K!, LE!, MO!, US!); idem, 30 Mar 1977, J.D. Boeke 1375 (NY!); idem, Feb 1914, O. Buchtien 420 (B!, BM!, G!, GH!, K!, NY!, P!); idem, 19 Jun 1912, E. Rosenstock 49 (B!, P!). Santa Cruz: Manuel M. Caballero, 11 Apr 2004, R. Nuñez Cabrera 682 (MO!, NY!, UC, USZ!); idem, 08 Mar 2012, T.E. Almeida 3083 (BHCB!, HSTM!, LPB!); s.l., 26 Oct 1928, J. Steinbach 8531 (BM!, GH!, K!, MO!, NY!). Tarija: Aniceto Arce Ruiz, 13 Jun 2004, I. Jimenez 2420 (NY!, UC); Arce, 10 Nov 2004, H. Huaylla 1509 (MO!); idem, 27 Jun 2005, H. Huaylla 1882 (MO!); idem, 12 Nov 2004, M. Serrano 5082 (MO!); idem, 12 Nov 2004, M. Serrano 5136(MO!); idem, 03 Feb 2005, M. Serrano 5945 (MO!); O’Connor, 22 Oct 1983, S.G. Beck 9651 (LPB!); s.l, s.d., M. Cárdenas 1036 (GH!); s.l., 07 Mar 1969, H. Doppelbaur 291 (M!); s.l., 06 May 1928, [illegible]1569 (B!); s.l., 21 Aug 1926, [illegible] 2559 (B!). ECUADOR. Pichincha: Quito, s.d., W. Jameson 73 (G!, K!). PERU. Amazonas: s.l., 03 Aug 1962, J.J. Wurdack 1592 (GH!). Ancash: Carhuaz, 14 Feb 1985, D.N. Smith 9571 (MO!, USM); idem, 18 Jul 1985, D.N. Smith 11264 (BM!, ENAG, F, GH!, MICH, MO!, NY, UC, USM); Huari, 08 May 1986, D.N. Smith 12415 (BM!, F, LPB!, MO!, NY, UC); idem, 13 Jun 1986, Smith 12648 (MO!); Yungay, 13 Jan 1985, Smith 9150 (GH!, MO!, USM); idem, 17 Apr 1985, D.N. Smith 10326 (MO!, USM); idem, 19 Apr 1985, D.N. Smith 10463 (MO!, USM). Apurimac: Abancay region, Oct 1935, students of Santander C. s.n. (UC); Abancay, Tamburco, 6 Jun 2015, V. Zuñiga 452 (USM). Cusco: s.l., 31 May 2002, W.L. Galiano 4034 (MO!); s.l., 14 Feb 1987, P.Núñez Vargas 6988 (MO!); s.l., 10 Jun 2002, L.Valenzuela Gamarra 238 (NY!, MO!); La Convención, 11 Jul 2003, E. Bonino 832 (MO!); idem, 23 Jul 2003, E. Bonino 909 (MO!, UC); idem, 26 Mar 2004, I. Huamantupa 4428 (MO!); idem, 21 Sep 2005, I. Huamantupa 6844 (MO!, USM!); idem, 30 Mar 1939, C. Vargas 4505 (MO!); Urubamba, 23 Apr 1982, B. Peyton 51 (MO!); idem, 04 Jul 1982, B. Peyton 766 (MO!); idem, 17 Aug 1982, B. Peyton 1053 (GH!, MO!); idem, 05 Nov 1988, A. Tupayachi 758 (GH!, MO!, NY!); idem, 30 Dec 1963, L. Valenzuela 14983 (GH!). Huánuco: Yanano, 13-16 May 1923 J.F. Macbride 3826 (G!). La Libertad: Pataz, 24 Feb 1986, K. Young 2988 (NY); s.l., 23 Jun 1974, A. López M. 8129 (G!, MO!, NY!). Lambayeque: Ferreñafe, 9 Jun 2012, L. García Llatas s.n. (USM). San Martín: Mariscal Cáceres, Huicungo, 15 Jun 2001, B. León 5249 (NY!, USM).

Figure 3. 

Adetogramma chrysolepis (Hook.) T.E.Almeida. A, B Scanning electron micrography (SEM); magnification 75× and 1750×, respectively A Sori showing sporangia and paraphysis (the latter indicated by an arrow head) B Spores. Images from Almeida & Giacomin 3121 (BHCB). Scale bars: A = 500 μm, B = 20 μm.

Figure 4. 

Adetogramma chrysolepis (Hook.) T.E.Almeida. A Fertile and sterile fronds B Detail of abaxial surface of fertile frond, showing laminar scales and paraphyses C Juvenile sterile leaves. (A) and (B) from C. Martín 730 (SI), (C) from C. Martín 479 (SI).

Figure 5. 

Distribution of Adetogramma chrysolepis.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais through grant CRA-APQ 01599-10, CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) through grants 478723/2010-5 and 563568/2010, and for productivity grants, all attributed to AS, and the ATM “Biodiversité actuelle et fossile” of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (2012) attributed to SH. CNPq also provided research scholarships to TEA (555226/2010-7 and 202160/2011-4). We thank the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris, France (MNHN), the Service de Systématique Moléculaire (SSM - MNHN) and Céline Bonillo for the support and help. L.L. Giacomin for helping with fieldwork and for carefully reviewing the manuscript. A. Field, A. Smith, B. León, D. Sanín, E. Smidt, J. Prado, J.A.N. Batista, and V.A.O. Dittrich for critical reviews and comments. T. Martínez for guiding us in Bolivia; to the curators of all visited herbaria; Claudia Martín for the pictures, and J.T. Mickel for allowing the use of the drawings.

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Collection information for voucher specimens and GenBank accession numbers for sequences used in this study. Locality and voucher specimen (herbarium) are given to sequences newly generated in this study. *sequences submitted to GenBank

Taxon rbcL rps4-trnS
Adenophorus oahuensis (Copel.) L.E.Bishop AY057382 AY096236
Adetogramma chrysolepis (Hook.) T.E.Almeida; Bolivia, Almeida 3083 (BHCB) KY847865* KY847858*
Adetogramma chrysolepis (Hook.) T.E.Almeida; Bolivia, Almeida 3121 (BHCB) KY847859* KY847863*
Aglaomorpha pilosa (J.Sm.) Copel. AY529156 AY529180
Alansmia cultrata (Willd.) Moguel & M.Kessler GU376496 JN654943
Arthromeris himalayensis (Hook.) Ching JQ685378 JQ685442
Campyloneurum gracile A.Rojas; Panama, Salino 15357 (BHCB) KY847860* KY847864*
Campyloneurum phyllitidis (L.) C.Presl KT780752 KT794132
Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw. AY096193 AY096210
Dictymia brownii (Wikstr.) Copel. DQ227292 DQ227295
Goniophlebium percussum (Cav.) W.H.Wagner & Grether AY362561 AY362628
Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hook.) Tardieu & C.Chr. AY096201 JQ685456
Lecanopteris carnosa (Reinw.) Blume AF470322 AY096227
Lellingeria apiculata (Klotzsch) A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran GU387021 GU387046
Lellingeria brevistipes (Kuhn) A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran GU387030 GU387049
Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Hook.) C.Presl GU126698 GU126717
Lepidomicrosorium subhemionitideum (Christ) P.S.Wang GU126693 GU126711
Lepisorus heterolepis (Rosenst.) Ching GQ256270 GQ256344
Leptochilus digitatus (Baker) Noot. JX103695 EU363250
Leucotrichum madagascariense Rakotondr. & Rouhan JN654924 JN654949
Leucotrichum organense (Gardner) Labiak GU376490 JN654946
Loxogramme salicifolia (Makino) Makino DQ227294 DQ227297
Melpomene flabelliformis (Poir.) A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran GU387028 GU387114
Melpomene melanosticta (Kunze) A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran GU387024 GU387115
Microgramma baldwinii Brade; Brazil, Almeida 2631 (BHCB) KY847861* KY847866*
Microgramma bifrons (Hook.) Lellinger AY362582 AY362654
Microgramma mauritiana (Willd.) Tardieu DQ642148 DQ642185
Microgramma persicariifolia (Schrad.) C.Presl KT780753 KT794133
Microsorum membranaceum (D.Don) Ching EU482963 AY725047
Mycopteris attenuatissima (Copel.) Sundue GU476927 GU387121
Mycopteris subtilis (Klotzsch) Sundue GU476875 GU387128
Neocheiropteris palmatopedata (Baker) Christ JX103706 GQ256396
Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellingerl; Brazil, Almeida 3247 (BHCB) KY847862* KY847867*
Niphidium nidulare (Rosenst.) Lellinger EF551064 EF551080
Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr AB232405 AY096209
Pecluma ptilotos (Kunze) M.G.Price AY362588 AY362661
Phlebodium pseudoaureum (Cav.) Lellinger AY362589 AY362663
Platycerium andinum Baker DQ164446 DQ164477
Pleopeltis angusta Willd. EU650122 EU650161
Pleopeltis desvauxii (Klotzsch) Salino AY362584 AY362657
Polypodium vulgare L. JF832081 EF551081
Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching DQ642165 DQ642204
Selliguea plantaginea Brack. EF463262 EU128510
Serpocaulon articulatum (C.Presl) Schwartsb. & A.R.Sm. DQ151910 DQ151935
Serpocaulon dissimile (L.) A.R.Sm. DQ151908 DQ151933
Serpocaulon levigatum (Cav.) A.R.Sm. DQ151917 EF551103
Serpocaulon loriceum (L.) A.R.Sm. EF551074 EF551104
Stenogrammitis hellwigii (Mickel & Beitel) Labiak GU386990 GU387058
Stenogrammitis hildebrandtii (Hieron.) Labiak GU386975 GU387059
Synammia feuillei (Bertero) Copel. AY362597 AY362670
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