Latest Articles from PhytoKeys Latest 92 Articles from PhytoKeys https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/ Fri, 29 Mar 2024 13:46:58 +0200 Pensoft FeedCreator https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/i/logo.jpg Latest Articles from PhytoKeys https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/ An account of the genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) in Iraq and taxonomic considerations in the Middle East https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/116470/ PhytoKeys 238: 281-294

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.116470

Authors: Majed Aldughayman, Chris J. Thorogood, Abdulridha A. A. Al-Mayah, Julie A. Hawkins

Abstract: Species limits in the genus Cistanche are poorly understood, despite the plants’ long history of use in traditional herbal medicine and food across their range. Here we present a taxonomic account for the genus Cistanche in Iraq, where several taxa have been reported, most of them doubtfully. Using herbarium specimens, images of living material, and taxonomic literature, we found evidence of only one species occurring with certainty in Iraq: Cistanche tubulosa. We found no evidence for the occurrence of other Cistanche species in Iraq, including a putative new entity reported for the region. Our work highlights inconsistencies in the literature, and underscores the importance of examining multiple stable characters for delimiting species in the genus Cistanche.

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Research Article Wed, 28 Feb 2024 17:00:24 +0200
Revised checklist of endemic vascular plants of Kazakhstan https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/114475/ PhytoKeys 238: 241-279

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.114475

Authors: Serik A. Kubentayev, Daniyar T. Alibekov, Yuri V. Perezhogin, Georgy A. Lazkov, Andrey N. Kupriyanov, Alexander L. Ebel, Klara S. Izbastina, Olga V. Borodulina, Balsulu B. Kubentayeva

Abstract: We compiled a checklist of endemic vascular plants occurring in Kazakhstan, employing an exhaustive examination of literature sources, herbarium collections, databases and field observations. Our study reveals that 451 taxa can be considered endemic to Kazakhstan, constituting 7.97% of the total vascular plant diversity in the country. These endemic taxa, originating from 139 genera and 34 families, predominantly thrive in the southern regions of Kazakhstan, specifically in the mountain ridges of the Kazakh part of the Tian Shan, including Karatau (123 taxa), Dzungarian Alatau (80 taxa) and Trans-Ili and Kungey Alatau (50 taxa). Notably, 107 endemic species are granted legal protection. Detailed information regarding life form, life cycle, conservation status and geographical distribution across floristic regions was meticulously compiled for each endemic taxon. Of the six groups of life forms, herbs include the highest part of endemic taxa (367 taxa), followed by dwarf semishrubs (25 taxa), shrubs (23 taxa), subshrubs (20 taxa), undershrubs (13 taxa) and trees (3 taxa). The observed life cycles are perennials (408 taxa), annuals (33 taxa) and biennials (10 taxa). This paper serves as a fundamental groundwork for prospective investigations aimed at assessing population sizes and hotspots of plant endemism throughout Kazakhstan, crucial for determining conservation status of endemic plants.

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Checklist Wed, 28 Feb 2024 12:48:17 +0200
Re-evaluating monotypic Eleutherostylis from New Guinea and the Moluccas and its inclusion in Grewia (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/114105/ PhytoKeys 237: 91-102

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.237.114105

Authors: Laurence J. Dorr, Kenneth J. Wurdack

Abstract: Morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence indicate that Eleutherostylis Burret (Malvaceae, Grewioideae), a monotypic genus described from New Guinea, is best considered a synonym of Grewia L., a species-rich genus widespread across the Paleotropics and found in Africa, Arabia, Asia, Australia and the western Pacific. A new combination, based on E. renistipulata Burret, G. renistipulata (Burret) Dorr, comb. nov., is proposed. Original material of the basionym could not be located and a neotype is designated. A lectotype is designated for G. morotaiensis Kosterm., a synonym of G. renistipulata.

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Research Article Fri, 19 Jan 2024 11:28:03 +0200
The History and introduction of the Daurian Lily Lilium pensylvanicum and the new combination L. pensylvanicum var. alpinum (Liliaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/111741/ PhytoKeys 236: 215-247

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.236.111741

Authors: James A. Compton, Andrej K. Sytin

Abstract: Manuscripts in the Archives of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg reveal the first recorded observations and introductions of Lilium pensylvanicum Ker-Gawl. from Siberia to European Russia. The naming of Lilium pensylvanicum and its attempted renaming to L. dauricum Ker-Gawl. is fully outlined. Lectotypes are designated here for the names Lilium pseudodahuricum M.Fedoss. & S.Fedoss., L. dauricum var. alpinum N.I.Kuznetsov and L. pensylvanicum f. praecox Vrishcz. The new combination L. pensylvanicum var. alpinum (N.I.Kuznetsov) J.Compton & Sytin is made and a key is provided to the varieties of L. pensylvanicum.

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Research Article Fri, 22 Dec 2023 20:12:15 +0200
Distribution and morphology of the diatom genus Olifantiella Riaux-Gobin & Compère in Indonesian and Australian waters, including the description of O. gondwanensis sp. nov. https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/111109/ PhytoKeys 236: 197-213

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.236.111109

Authors: Mateusz Rybak, Sulastri Arsad, Catherine Riaux-Gobin, Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi, Gustaaf Hallegraeff, Renata Ciaś, Agnieszka Kierzek, Andrzej Witkowski

Abstract: Samples from coastal tropical waters of Central Sulawesi, Bangka Island and Bawean Island in Indonesia and from the Great Barrier Reef at Fitzroy Island in Queensland, Australia were analysed for species composition of diatom assemblages with a focus on Olifantiella. Whereas samples from Fitzroy Island littoral in Australia retrieved only one species of Olifantiella, in Poso Bay, Indonesia, we observed at least six species. All established taxa were documented with light (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis was used to compare the species, based on the basic valve parameters of length, width, length to width ratio and striae density. A new species of the genus Olifantiella, O. gondwanensis is described from Australia. In addition, we showed the distinct nature of O. pilosella var. rhizophorae permitting to species status. Particular attention is placed on girdle bands in this genus.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Dec 2023 18:16:33 +0200
New taxa of Plagiothecium (Plagiotheciaceae) from Pakistan https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/109519/ PhytoKeys 236: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.236.109519

Authors: Grzegorz J. Wolski, Aamir Shehzad Khan, Beata Paszko

Abstract: A revision of specimens of Plagiothecium deposited in the herbarium of Pakistan Museum of Natural History (PMNH) collected during a Japanese lead project on Cryptogams in the Western Himalaya (Pakistan) shows that the material consists of five taxa. Of the studied samples, the most common taxa were from the P. denticulatum complex, including Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium, new to Pakistan. Examination of the rest of the collection showed that it consists of specimens with a unique combination of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of their gametophyte. For example, for small plants, with small asymmetrical, folded leaves, gradually tapering into long, acuminate, not denticulate apex, whose leaf cells are long and narrow, making the cell areolation tight, the name Plagiothecium filifolium is proposed. For other plants with large leaves, loosely arranged on the stem, concave, symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical, with denticulate apex and long decurrency composed of rectangular and spherical, inflated cells, the name Plagiothecium higuchii is proposed. However, within this material, specimens differ in terms of the length and width of the leaf cells and therefore, within this taxon, two varieties are distinguished: Plagiothecium higuchii var. higuchii and Plagiothecium higuchii var. brevicellum.

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Research Article Thu, 23 Nov 2023 09:16:02 +0200
A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/100894/ PhytoKeys 231: 1-342

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894

Authors: Sandra Knapp, Tiina Särkinen, Gloria E. Barboza

Abstract: The Morelloid clade, also known as the black nightshades or "Maurella" (Maurella), is one of the 10 major clades within the mega-diverse genus Solanum L. The clade is most diverse in the central to southern Andes, but species occur around the tropics and subtropics, some extending well into the temperate zone. Plants of the group vary from herbs to short-lived perennials to perennial shrubs that are distinctly woody at the base, they have small mostly white or purplish white flowers and small juicy berries. Due to the complex morphological variation and weedy nature of these plants, coupled with the large number of published synonyms (especially for European taxa), our understanding of species limits and diversity in the Morelloid clade has lagged behind that of other clades in Solanum. Here we provide the last in a three-part series of monographic treatments of the morelloid solanums (see PhytoKeys Vols. 106, 125), treating the 62 species occurring in South America. This region is by far the most diverse in the clade, both in terms of species number and morphological diversity. We provide complete synonymy, nomenclatural details, including lecto- and neotypifications where needed, common names and uses, morphological descriptions, illustrations to aid identification both in herbaria and in the field, and distribution maps for all native, non-cultivated species. We include a key to all species, a synoptic character list for the species treated here and links to synoptic online keys for all species of the Morelloid clade. Preliminary conservation assessments following IUCN guidelines are also provided for all native species.

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Monograph Tue, 29 Aug 2023 11:18:27 +0300
Taxonomic revision of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae) in Central America: phylogeny and classification https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/103882/ PhytoKeys 230: 1-106

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.230.103882

Authors: Paul M. Peterson, Yolanda Herrera Arrieta, Silvia Lobo Cabezas, Konstantin Romaschenko

Abstract: A taxonomic treatment of 38 species of Muhlenbergia, a phylogeny based on analysis of six DNA sequence markers, and classification of Muhlenbergia for Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; and Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Yucatán, México) is given. With the support from a molecular phylogeny we describe Muhlenbergia subg. Ramulosae subgen. nov. In our treatment we place M. gigantea (younger name) as a synonym of M. mutica. Lectotypes are designated for the names Agrostis microsperma Lag., Epicampes gigantea E. Fourn., Lamarckia tenella DC., Muhlenbergia adspersa Trin., M. diversiglumis Trin., M. exilis E. Fourn., M. flabellata Mez, M. setarioides E. Fourn., Pereilema ciliatum E. Fourn., P. crinitum var. cirratum E. Fourn., Podosemum ciliatum Kunth, P. tenuissimum J. Presl, and Schellingia tenera Steud.

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Research Article Thu, 3 Aug 2023 09:00:59 +0300
Seven Epithemia taxa (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Akan (Japan) and their salinity tolerances https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/104449/ PhytoKeys 229: 139-155

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.104449

Authors: Takashi Chiba, Yoshifumi Horie, Akihiro Tuji

Abstract: The ecologies (salinity tolerance) of many diatoms are largely unknown, despite their potential to contribute to more detailed paleoenvironmental reconstructions. This study therefore aimed to investigate the relationship between diatom species and salinity. We cultured seven cosmopolitan benthic diatom species obtained from Lake Akan, a freshwater inland lake in Japan: Epithemia adnata, E. frickei, E. gibba, E. operculata, E. sorex, E. sp. and E. turgida. Each species was cultured at eleven salinities between 0‰ and 50‰. Epithemia adnata, E. frickei and E. sorex had the highest growth rate at a salinity of 3‰, with no further increase observed above 25‰. However, E. gibba had the highest growth rate at a salinity of 5‰, with no increase at salinities ≥ 30‰. These results suggest that E. adnata, E. frickei, E. gibba, and E. sorex grow in freshwater to brackish-water environments. Epithemia operculata and E. sp. proliferated at all salinities, indicating that they can adapt to hypersaline environments. However, E. turgida did not survive in salinities >10‰, making it the species with the narrowest salinity tolerance range. These results provide new knowledge that improves the understanding of the ecology of these species in modern environments and offer insights into paleoenvironmental reconstructions through diatom analysis.

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Research Article Tue, 18 Jul 2023 18:05:41 +0300
Insect herbivore and fungal communities on Agathis (Araucariaceae) from the latest Cretaceous to Recent https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/99316/ PhytoKeys 226: 109-158

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.226.99316

Authors: Michael P. Donovan, Peter Wilf, Ari Iglesias, N. Rubén Cúneo, Conrad C. Labandeira

Abstract: Agathis (Araucariaceae) is a genus of broadleaved conifers that today inhabits lowland to upper montane rainforests of Australasia and Southeast Asia. A previous report showed that the earliest known fossils of the genus, from the early Paleogene and possibly latest Cretaceous of Patagonian Argentina, host diverse assemblages of insect and fungal associations, including distinctive leaf mines. Here, we provide complete documentation of the fossilized Agathis herbivore communities from Cretaceous to Recent, describing and comparing insect and fungal damage on Agathis across four latest Cretaceous to early Paleogene time slices in Patagonia with that on 15 extant species. Notable fossil associations include various types of external foliage feeding, leaf mines, galls, and a rust fungus. In addition, enigmatic structures, possibly armored scale insect (Diaspididae) covers or galls, occur on Agathis over a 16-million-year period in the early Paleogene. The extant Agathis species, throughout the range of the genus, are associated with a diverse array of mostly undescribed damage similar to the fossils, demonstrating the importance of Agathis as a host of diverse insect herbivores and pathogens and their little-known evolutionary history.

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Research Article Fri, 26 May 2023 11:05:36 +0300
Morphology, taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of Micrasterias foliacea Bailey ex Ralfs (Desmidiales, Zygnematophyceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/103500/ PhytoKeys 226: 33-51

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.226.103500

Authors: Anatoliy Levanets, Sanet Janse van Vuuren

Abstract: Micrasterias foliacea (Desmidiales, Zygnematophyceae) is an interesting desmid species as its filamentous life form is quite different from all other species within the genus. Due to the large size of the filaments and cells, accurate species identification is easy. After its original description from Rhode Island (USA) it was recorded from five continents, but no record could be found of its presence in Europe. In this paper a review of the worldwide distribution of M. foliacea (Desmidiales, Zygnematophyceae) is presented, together with notes on the species’ ecology. In addition to its currently known geographical distribution, the paper also records the species’ presence at two new locations in southern Africa, namely Botswana (Okavango River) and Mozambique (Palma, Cabo Delgado). The paper presents a discussion of taxonomical levels of intraspecific taxa, based on morphological characteristics. It is proposed that the taxonomical status of M. foliacea Bailey ex Ralfs f. nodosa should be raised to the variety, as its nodular cell wall thickenings are unique morphological features.

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Research Article Tue, 9 May 2023 15:27:54 +0300
Nomenclature and typification in Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) from North Africa https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/99356/ PhytoKeys 225: 115-152

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.225.99356

Authors: Hamid Khamar, Jalal El Oualidi, Amina Ouazzani Touhami, Laure Civeyrel

Abstract: The progress of taxonomic work on native Verbascum L. taxa found in Morocco led to a search for reference specimens in various herbaria. This process was extended to the taxa found in the other four countries of North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt), which make up the southern shore of the Mediterranean basin. Numerous names were identified as needing typification or requiring corrections of their earlier lectotypifications in order to stabilize their nomenclature and provide a better definition of each taxon. As a result, lectotypes are now designated for 35 names, a neotype is proposed for V. ballii (Batt.) Hub.-Mor., and second-step lectotypes are proposed for V. faurei subsp. acanthifolium (Pau) Benedí & J.M.Monts. and V. pinnatisectum (Batt.) Benedí. Comments have been added for each typified name. Known isolectotypes are also mentioned whenever possible. Furthermore, some new combinations are proposed in this paper, namely V. longirostre var. antiatlantica (Emb.) Khamar, comb. nov., V. longirostre var. atlantica (Maire) Khamar, comb. nov., and V. longirostre var. hoggarica (Maire) Khamar, comb. nov.

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Research Article Thu, 27 Apr 2023 22:19:09 +0300
Checklist of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, with some historical notes https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/98168/ PhytoKeys 224: 101-174

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.224.98168

Authors: Christine Cocquyt, Dirk Verschuren

Abstract: Lake Naivasha is one of only two large freshwater lakes in the Eastern Rift Valley of Kenya, East Africa. Together with its satellite lakes Crescent Island Crater, Oloidien and Sonachi, it comprises a great variety of pelagic and benthic habitats for aquatic biota, and its sediment record represents a unique archive of past climate change and long-term ecosystem dynamics in equatorial East Africa. This is particularly so because local paleoenvironmental reconstructions can be checked against historical data on the composition of aquatic fauna and flora collected in Lake Naivasha since the early 20th century. Some of the most prominent biological proxies for reconstructing past changes in lakes are diatoms (Bacillariophyta), a group of unicellular autotrophic eukaryotes of which the siliceous skeletons (valves) preserve well in lake sediments and are good indicators for, among others, climate-driven changes in salinity. However, diatom taxonomy and species concepts have changed a lot in recent decades, making it sometimes difficult for non-taxonomists to know which species are concerned in different published studies. This paper provides the currently accepted taxonomic names of the 310 specific and infraspecific diatom taxa reported from Lake Naivasha and its satellite lakes to date, together with their synonyms used in literature concerning these lakes as well as other, commonly used synonyms. Further, a short overview is given of the history of diatom research conducted on materials from Lake Naivasha and its satellite lakes. The present checklist may facilitate the identification and interpretation aspects of future diatom studies on the wider Lake Naivasha ecosystem and on other East African lakes that are less well studied.

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Checklist Fri, 7 Apr 2023 17:47:17 +0300
Taxonomy and nomenclature of Abutilon albidum (Malvaceae, Malvoideae), a cryptic Saharo-Canarian species recently rediscovered in Tenerife https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/95907/ PhytoKeys 221: 41-60

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.221.95907

Authors: Filip Verloove, Alexander N. Sennikov, J. Alfredo Reyes-Betancort

Abstract: Abutilon albidum, a cryptic Saharo-Canarian species, was thought to have been last collected in 1945 in Tenerife by E.R. Sventenius. In 2019, it was rediscovered in the same area. The characteristic features of the Canarian plants are discussed, especially in relation to the morphologically similar-looking and probably closely-related species Abutilon indicum and A. bidentatum. It is concluded that the plants from Tenerife and north-western Africa indeed represent a distinct species. The species is illustrated and a key for the identification of this and related species is presented.

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Research Article Tue, 7 Mar 2023 18:40:24 +0200
A new, disjunct species of Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae): Phytogeographic connections between the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru and Brazil, and a review of spinescence in the family https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/95872/ PhytoKeys 219: 121-144

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.219.95872

Authors: Kenneth J. Wurdack

Abstract: Bahiana is expanded from 1 to 2 species with the description of B. occidentalis K. Wurdack, sp. nov. as a new endemic of the seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of Peru. The disjunct distribution of Bahiana with populations of B. occidentalis on opposite sides of the Andes in northwestern Peru (Tumbes, San Martín) and B. pyriformis in eastern Brazil (Bahia) adds to the phytogeographic links among the widely scattered New World SDTFs. Although B. occidentalis remains imperfectly known due to the lack of flowering collections, molecular phylogenetic results from four loci (plastid matK, rbcL, and trnL-F; and nuclear ITS) unite the two species as does gross vegetative morphology, notably their spinose stipules, and androecial structure. Spinescence in Euphorbiaceae was surveyed and found on vegetative organs in 25 genera, which mostly have modified sharp branch tips. Among New World taxa, spines that originate from stipule modifications only occur in Bahiana and Acidocroton, while the intrastipular spines of Philyra are of uncertain homologies.

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Research Article Mon, 20 Feb 2023 15:13:59 +0200
Akhania, a new genus for Salsola daghestanica, Caroxylon canescens and C. carpathum (Salsoloideae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/89408/ PhytoKeys 211: 45-61

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.211.89408

Authors: Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Alina V. Fedorova, Maria Kushunina, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev

Abstract: Genus Salsola s.l. was recently split into several genera of different phylogenetic placements within Salsoloideae, but both taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of some parts of the former broadly defined Salsola still need to be clarified. A remarkable example is Salsola canescens nom. illegit. ≡ Salsola boissieri, a taxon with tricky taxonomic history that was only recently transferred to the genus Caroxylon (tribe Caroxyleae). Salsola daghestanica, a narrow endemic of Central Dagestan (Russian Federation), was not even included in previous molecular studies of Salsoloideae and therefore still lacks an appropriate estimation of its relationships. Molecular phylogeny constructed here using nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data clearly placed Salsola daghestanica and Caroxylon carpathum as sister taxa and the clade S. daghestanica, Caroxylon canescens (Salsola boissieri), C. carpathum (Salsola carpatha) as a sister of the monophyletic Caroxylon. All three species are distinct from Caroxylon from a morphological standpoint. In conclusion, a new genus, Akhania, was established for these taxa. The detailed distribution of Akhania daghestanica is presented for the first time.

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Research Article Fri, 14 Oct 2022 10:48:55 +0300
The ECAT dataset: expert-validated distribution data of endemic and sub-endemic trees of Central Africa (Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/77379/ PhytoKeys 206: 137-151

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.206.77379

Authors: Wesley Tack, Henry Engledow, Nuno Veríssimo Pereira, Christian Amani, Steven P. Bachman, Patricia Barberá, Henk J. Beentje, Gaël U. D. Bouka, Martin Cheek, Ariane Cosiaux, Gilles Dauby, Petra De Block, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Eberhard Fischer, Roy E. Gereau, Serene Hargreaves, Yvette Harvey-Brown, Davy U. Ikabanga, Edouard Ilunga wa Ilunga, James Kalema, Peris Kamau, Olivier Lachenaud, Quentin Luke, Ithe Mwanga Mwanga, Sydney T. Ndolo Ebika, Jacques Nkengurutse, Aimable Nsanzurwimo, Salvator Ntore, Sophie L. Richards, Reddy Shutsha Ehata, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Tariq Stévart, Marc S. M. Sosef

Abstract: In this data paper, we present a specimen-based occurrence dataset compiled in the framework of the Conservation of Endemic Central African Trees (ECAT) project with the aim of producing global conservation assessments for the IUCN Red List. The project targets all tree species endemic or sub-endemic to the Central African region comprising the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), Rwanda, and Burundi. The dataset contains 6361 plant collection records with occurrences of 8910 specimens from 337 taxa belonging to 153 genera in 52 families. Many of these tree taxa have restricted geographic ranges and are only known from a small number of herbarium specimens. As assessments for such taxa can be compromised by inadequate data, we transcribed and geo-referenced specimen label information to obtain a more accurate and complete locality dataset. All specimen data were manually cleaned and verified by botanical experts, resulting in improved data quality and consistency.

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Data Paper Fri, 16 Sep 2022 16:29:40 +0300
Revisiting the phylogeny and taxonomy of the Pithecellobium clade (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) with new generic circumscriptions https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/82728/ PhytoKeys 205: 279-298

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.205.82728

Authors: Iván Tamayo-Cen, Benjamin M. Torke, José Enrique López Contreras, German Carnevali Fernández-Concha, Ivón Ramírez Morillo, Lilia Lorena Can Itza, Rodrigo Duno de Stefano

Abstract: We present the most complete molecular phylogeny to date of the Pithecellobium clade of subfamily Caesalpinioideae. This neotropical group was informally recognised (as the Pithecellobium alliance) at the end of the 20th century by Barneby and Grimes (1996) and includes five genera and 33 species distributed from the southern United States and Caribbean Islands to north-eastern South America. Our aims were to further test the monophyly of the group and its genera and to identify sister group relationships within and amongst the genera. A phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences (ITS and ETS) was performed. The results provide further support for the monophyly of the Pithecellobium clade. The genera Ebenopsis, Pithecellobium and Sphinga were strongly supported as monophyletic. Havardia and Painteria were found to be non-monophyletic, prompting their re-circumscriptions and the description of two new genera: Gretheria and Ricoa. New combinations are made for the three species transferred to the new genera.

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Research Article Mon, 22 Aug 2022 19:00:10 +0300
A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/83529/ PhytoKeys 203: 1-274

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529

Authors: Tatiana Erika Boza Espinoza, Michael Kessler

Abstract: We present a monograph of the high Andean tree genus Polylepis (Rosaceae), based on a species concept considering morphological, climatic and biogeographic distinctness as indicators of evolutionary independence. In total, we recognize 45 species of Polylepis, grouped in five sections. Polylepis sect. Sericeae is represented by 15 species in four subsections, P. sect. Reticulatae by seven species, P. sect. Subsericantes by three species, P. sect. Australes by two species and P. sect. Incanaee by three subsections with 18 species. We describe seven new species, one from Colombia (P. frontinensis), one from Ecuador (P. simpsoniae) and five from Peru (P. acomayensis, P. fjeldsaoi, P. occidentalis, P. pilosissima and P. sacra). Three species from Peru (P. albicans, P. pallidistigma and P. serrata) are re-instated as valid species. Two taxa from Bolivia (P. incanoides and P. nana) are elevated from subspecies to species rank. The morphology, habitat, distribution, ecology and conservation status of each species are documented. We also provide an identification key to the species of the genus and general introductions on taxonomic history, morphology, evolution, ecology and conservation.

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Monograph Mon, 1 Aug 2022 13:28:46 +0300
A new classification of C4- Atriplex species in Russia, with the first alien record of Atriplex flabellum (Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae) from North Siberia https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/87306/ PhytoKeys 202: 59-72

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.202.87306

Authors: Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Maria Kushunina, Alexander N. Sennikov

Abstract: For a long time, the systematics of Atriplex was based solely on morphological characters and leaf anatomy. The latest worldwide phylogenetic study of Atriplex significantly improved our knowledge about the relationships within the genus, but a new classification has not been put forward thus far. Here we re-evaluate the taxonomy of C4-species of Atriplex that are native to Russia. Seven species are classified into two sections, A. sect. Obione (incl. A. sect. Sclerocalymma, syn. nov.) (A. altaica, A. centralasiatica, A. rosea, A. sibirica, and A. sphaeromorpha), and A. sect. Obionopsis (incl. A. sect. Psammophila, syn. nov.) (A. fominii and A. tatarica). Although the majority of Eurasian C4-species have similar morphology, leafy inflorescence is a typical character for A. sect. Obione. The members of A. sect. Obionopsis are characterised mostly by aphyllous inflorescences, but some species (A. laciniata, A. pratovii, and A. tornabenei) have leafy inflorescences. Geographically, almost all members of A. sect. Obione are confined to Central Asia, although A. rosea is a typical Mediterranean element and A. argentea occurs in North America. The representatives of A. sect. Obionopsis are distributed mostly in the Mediterranean and the Irano-Turanian floristic region. The alien status of A. rosea, A. sibirica and A. tatarica is discussed. Atriplex flabellum, a desert species from the Irano-Turanian region, is reported for the first time from Russia (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, North Siberia) as a casual alien. This species occupies a phylogenetic position distant from both aforementioned sections. An identification key to all C4-species of the genus growing in Russia is given, and a sectional checklist with updated nomenclature and revised synonymy is provided.

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Research Article Fri, 22 Jul 2022 11:14:14 +0300
A revision of the “spiny solanums” of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/79514/ PhytoKeys 198: 1-270

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514

Authors: Xavier Aubriot, Sandra Knapp

Abstract: The Leptostemonum Clade, or the “spiny solanums”, is the most species-rich monophyletic clade of the large cosmopolitan genus Solanum (Solanaceae) and represents almost half the species diversity of the genus. Species diversity in the clade is highest in the Americas, but significant clusters of endemic taxa occur in the Eastern Hemisphere. We present here a taxonomic revision of the 51 species of spiny solanums occurring in tropical Asia (excluding the island of New Guinea, and the lowlands of Nepal and Bhutan). Three species are described as new: Solanum kachinense X.Aubriot & S.Knapp, sp. nov. from northern Myanmar, S. peikuoense S.S.Ying, sp. nov. from Taiwan, and S. sulawesi X.Aubriot & S.Knapp, sp. nov. from northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Of the spiny solanums occurring in the region, 38 are native and 13 are introduced from the Americas or Africa, either as adventive weeds or as cultivated plants. Phylogenetic resolution amongst these taxa is still a work in progress, so we have chosen to treat these taxa in a geographical context to aid with identification and further taxon discovery. For the native species we provide complete nomenclatural details for all recognised species and their synonyms, complete descriptions, distributions including maps, common names and uses, and preliminary conservation assessments. For the introduced taxa that have been treated in detail elsewhere we provide details of types, synonyms based on tropical Asian material, general distributions, and common names for the region. We provide lecto- or neotypifications for 67 names; 63 for native and 4 for introduced taxa. All taxa are discussed and compared to similar species; keys are provided for all taxa. We illustrate all native species with herbarium and field photographs and introduced species with field photographs only. All specimens examined for this treatment are included in Suppl. materials 1–3 as searchable files.

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Monograph Wed, 1 Jun 2022 11:27:09 +0300
Resurrection of Stipa tremula and taxonomy of the high-alpine species from the Stipa purpurea complex (Poaceae, Pooideae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/82598/ PhytoKeys 196: 21-47

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.196.82598

Authors: Marcin Nobis, Marta Krzempek, Arkadiusz Nowak, Polina D. Gudkova, Ewelina Klichowska

Abstract: Stipa purpurea is a high-alpine species that occurs in cryophilous steppes, semi-deserts and stony slopes, from the Tian Shan and Pamirian Plateau through Qinghai-Xizang Plateau to the Himalayas and is characterised by a great morphological variability. During the revision of specimens of the taxon, we observed that the pattern of this variability is linked to the geographical distribution of the specimens. Numerical analyses (PCA and UPGMA) revealed three groups of OTUs corresponding to three morphotypes within the S. purpurea complex. A set of macro- and micromorphological characters, supported by a map of general distributional ranges, are presented to distinguish each of the three taxa within the complex and we reassess the status of Lasiagrostis tremula described by Ruprecht in 1869. As a result, Stipa tremula, S. purpurea and S. arenosa were distinguished within the complex. The intermediate characters of S. arenosa may suggest its putative hybrid origin (S. tremula × S. purpurea), whereas the presence of extremely long florets may be an expression of the gigas effect. We propose two new combinations (S. tremula and S. arenosa), describe a new nothospecies (S. × ladakhensis) that originated from hybridisation between S. klimesii and S. purpurea s.l. and designate the lectotype for Ptilagrostis semenovii. An identification key and detailed morphological description of species from the S. purpurea complex are also presented.

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Research Article Fri, 13 May 2022 11:58:32 +0300
The history and typification of Lilium brownii A.Lemoinier (Liliaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/81755/ PhytoKeys 195: 29-62

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.195.81755

Authors: James A. Compton

Abstract: The Chinese Lilium brownii has been much confused with the Japanese endemic species Lilium japonicum. In this paper, it is shown that L. brownii was introduced to England at least four times between 1804 and 1819. The history of L. brownii is fully discussed and its taxonomy, nomenclature and relationships are examined. A neotype is designated for the name, its correct botanical authority is given and the correct place of its publication is provided. Lectotypes are also provided for the names Lilium aduncum Stapf, Lilium australe Stapf, Lilium odorum Planch., Lilium brownii var. colchesteri E.H.Wilson and Lilium brownii var. ferum Stapf.

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Research Article Thu, 5 May 2022 12:16:24 +0300
Rediscovery of Gasteranthus extinctus L.E.Skog & L.P.Kvist (Gesneriaceae) at multiple sites in western Ecuador https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/79638/ PhytoKeys 194: 33-46

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.194.79638

Authors: Nigel C. A. Pitman, Dawson M. White, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, Riley P. Fortier, José Nicolás Zapata, Xavier Cornejo, John L. Clark, Kenneth J. Feeley, Mark K. Johnston, Alix Lozinguez, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres

Abstract: We report the rediscovery of the Critically Endangered cloud forest herb Gasteranthus extinctus, not seen since 1985. In 2019 and 2021, G. extinctus was recorded at five sites in the western foothills of the Ecuadorian Andes, 4–25 km from the type locality at the celebrated Centinela ridge. We describe the species’ distribution, abundance, habitat and conservation status and offer recommendations for further research and conservation efforts focused on G. extinctus and the small, disjunct forest remnants it occupies.

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Short Communication Fri, 15 Apr 2022 14:59:01 +0300
A new species of Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) from Western Pamir-Alay, Uzbekistan https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/70757/ PhytoKeys 193: 125-139

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.193.70757

Authors: Natalia V. Shchegoleva, Elena V. Nikitina, Inom J. Juramurodov, Andrei A. Zverev, Orzimat T. Turginov, Anvarbek M. Jabborov, Ziyoviddin Yusupov, Davron B. Dekhkonov, Tao Deng, Hang Sun

Abstract: New data on the phylogeny of four rare and endemic species of Ranunculus L. sect. Ranunculastrum DC. of western Pamir-Alai, one of which is new to science, have been obtained. Ranunculus tojibaevii sp. nov., from the Baysuntau Mountains, Western Hissar Range of Uzbekistan, is described. The new species is closely related to R. botschantzevii Ovcz., R. convexiusculus Kovalevsk. and R. alpigenus Kom., but differs in the blade of the radical leaves, which is rounded-reniform, segments 3–5-dissected, each 2–5-partite with elongated, rounded apical lobes. A phylogenetic analysis, using both the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cpDNA (matK, rbcL, trnL-trnF), was informative in placing R. tojibaevii in context with its most closely-related species. Discussion on the geographic distribution, updated identification key, a detailed description, insights about its habitat and illustrations are provided.

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Review Article Fri, 1 Apr 2022 13:11:37 +0300
Orobanche ingens (Orobanchaceae) – a poorly known species of the Greater Caucasus: taxonomic problems, distribution, hosts and habitats https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/79886/ PhytoKeys 193: 55-66

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886

Authors: Renata Piwowarczyk, Óscar Sánchez Pedraja, Alexander V. Fateryga, Sergey A. Svirin

Abstract: Orobanche ingens is an endemic species from the Caucasus, especially the Greater Caucasus, parasitising on large Apiaceae (usually Heracleum). This species was misclassified over the years and little was known about its range and habitats. Here, we clarify the typification, as well as provide notes about the taxonomy of this species. Additionally, we presented distribution, habit and host range of O. ingens and morphological features that distinguish it from similar species.

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Short Communication Thu, 17 Mar 2022 17:38:24 +0200
Two new species of Navicula (Bacillariophyta) from Southeast Asia https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/78164/ PhytoKeys 190: 69-85

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.190.78164

Authors: Maxim S. Kulikovskiy, Dmitry A. Chudaev, Anton M. Glushchenko, Irina V. Kuznetsova, John Patrick Kociolek

Abstract: We present light and scanning electron microscopical observations on two new species of Navicula Bory sensu stricto from Southeast Asia. Navicula winoniformis Chudaev, Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy & Kociolek, sp. nov. differs from taxa with similar outline and size by the combination of simple drop-like external raphe endings deflected to the primary valve side, presence of well-developed external longitudinal grooves and relatively low lineolae density. Navicula sparsilineolata Chudaev, Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy & Kociolek, sp. nov. can be discriminated from the taxa of similar valve shape and size by consistently lower lineolae density, and from the majority of them also by the structure of external proximal raphe endings with small projections in proximal parts and larger triangular insertions in distal parts. Some remarks on Navicula species diversity and its distribution in the Southeast Asia are given.

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Research Article Fri, 18 Feb 2022 10:50:28 +0200
An updated checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/75321/ PhytoKeys 189: 61-80

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.189.75321

Authors: Délcio Odorico, Enrico Nicosia, Castigo Datizua, Clayton Langa, Raquel Raiva, Joelma Souane, Sofia Nhalungo, Aurélio Banze, Belkiss Caetano, Vânia Nhauando, Hélio Ragú, Mário Machunguene Jr., Jónata Caminho, Leonel Mutemba, Efigénio Matusse, Jo Osborne, Bart Wursten, John Burrows, Silvio Cianciullo, Luca Malatesta, Fabio Attorre

Abstract: An updated checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants is presented. It was compiled referring to several information sources such as existing literature, relevant online databases and herbaria collections. The checklist includes 7,099 taxa (5,957 species, 605 subspecies, 537 varieties), belonging to 226 families and 1,746 genera. There are 6,804 angiosperms, 257 pteridophytes, and 38 gymnosperms. A total of 6,171 taxa are native to Mozambique, while 602 are introduced and the remaining 326 taxa were considered as uncertain status. The endemism level for Mozambique’s flora was assessed at 9.59%, including 278 strict-endemic taxa and 403 near-endemic. 58.2% of taxa are herbaceous, while shrubs and trees account respectively for 26.5% and 9.2% of the taxa. The checklist also includes ferns (3.6%), lianas (1.7%), subshrubs (0.5%) and cycads (0.3%). Fabaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae are the three most represented families, with 891, 543 and 428 taxa, respectively. The extinction risk of 1,667 taxa is included, with 158 taxa listed as Vulnerable, 119 as Endangered and as 24 Critically Endangered. The geographical distribution, known vernacular names and plants traditional uses are also recorded.

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Checklist Fri, 28 Jan 2022 16:29:44 +0200
The rediscovery of Carya poilanei (Juglandaceae) after 63 years reveals a new record from China https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/77242/ PhytoKeys 188: 73-82

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.188.77242

Authors: Wei-Ping Zhang, Wei-Ning Bai, Da-Yong Zhang

Abstract: Despite having been first published in 1941, Carya poilanei (A.Chev.) J.-F.Leroy is only known from three collections in Vietnam, Laos and Thailand. It has not been recollected since then and was long suspected to have become extinct through repeated deforestation events. Here, we report the rediscovery, and meanwhile the first new record in China, of this extremely rare gigantic hickory species at Yunnan province 63 years after its last collection in 1958. Three small patchy subpopulations were found with a total of about 50 adult trees having diameter at breast height (DBH) larger than 60 cm, together with some seedlings and saplings, but the fruit set was low. Based on new and fresh material, we present a revised morphological description of C. poilanei, and an updated distribution map for the species. In addition, we also provide a key for the hickories in China. Lastly, we suggest C. poilanei should be listed as a Critically Endangered (CR) species according to the latest IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

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Research Article Wed, 12 Jan 2022 15:16:18 +0200
Genetic diversity of Salix lapponum populations in Central Europe https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/71641/ PhytoKeys 184: 83-101

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.184.71641

Authors: Jacek Urbaniak, Paweł Kwiatkowski, Paweł Pawlikowski

Abstract: Salix lapponum is a cold-tolerant relict species in Europe that occurs in several sites, probably reflecting previous migration routes of S. lapponum during the Pleistocene. However, only a few data are available on the genetic structures of populations of S. lapponum. In this study, we use PCR-ISSR markers to investigate genetic variation in 19 European populations of S. lapponum L. AMOVA analysis shows that most of the variation (55.8%) occurs within populations; variability among groups accounts for 19.7%. An AMOVA analysis based on four groups determined by STRUCTURE analysis shows similar results: variability of 54.1% within the population and variability of 18.9% between the four population groups, based on geographic regions. Within individual geographic groups, which are characterised by the studied populations, the lowest variability (as well as the highest homogeneity) was found in populations located in Belarus. The obtained results are consistent with our expectations that the European Lowland could be a significant geographic barrier for gene flow over large geographic distances for S. lapponum. Both the Scandinavian and Belarusian populations, as well as those coming from NE Poland, are characterised by significant genetic distinctiveness. However, some populations from NE Poland and the Sudetes show similarities with populations from other geographic regions, indicating existing genetic relationships between them. Moreover, the results suggest a fairly clear division of the population into 4 emerging geographic regions, although separated by a geographical barrier: the Polish lowland, which forms part of the larger geographic unit known as the European Lowland.

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Research Article Fri, 5 Nov 2021 09:52:15 +0200
Perrottetia taronensis B.M.Barthol. & K.Armstr., sp. nov. (Dipentodontaceae), a new species from northwestern Yunnan Province, China and northern Kachin State, Myanmar and a re-examination of the Asian and Australasian taxa of Perrottetia https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/71505/ PhytoKeys 183: 67-76

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.183.71505

Authors: Bruce Bartholomew, Kate E. Armstrong, Rong Li, Peter W. Fritsch

Abstract: Perrottetia taronensis from the Dulong Jiang valley in northwestern Yunnan Province, China and the Babulongtan mountain range in northern Kachin State, Myanmar is here described as a new species of the Dipentodontaceae. It is the third species of the genus to be recognized for China and the first to be reported for Myanmar. It is similar to P. alpestris s.s. but differs by characters of its leaf margins, inflorescences, and fruit. The three subspecies of P. alpestris recognized by Hou in “Flora Malesiana” are here recognized as three distinct species, i.e., P. alpestris, P. moluccana, and P. philippinensis on the basis of differences in diagnostic characters and distribution. The report in the “Flora of China” of the Taiwan species P. arisanensis from Yunnan is determined to be incorrect due to misidentification of two specimens at KUN.

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Research Article Thu, 14 Oct 2021 17:48:01 +0300
Description of four new terrestrial diatom species from Luticola and Microcostatus genera from South Africa https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/65326/ PhytoKeys 182: 1-26

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.181.65326

Authors: Mateusz Rybak, Natalia Kochman-Kędziora, Łukasz Peszek

Abstract: The knowledge about terrestrial diatom assemblages in southern Africa is rather limited, despite a long history of diatom research in this area. Terrestrial habitats are places of characteristic diatom floras, dominated by species resistant to desiccation which are able to thrive in conditions of limited water availability. The presented work expands the knowledge about these unique habitats. During the study on terrestrial moss-inhabiting diatoms from Western Cape Province (South Africa), four taxa with a unique set of valve features have been found and described herein as new species, based on light and scanning electron microscopy. These new species are: Luticola microcephala M. Rybak, Peszek & Kochman-Kędziora, sp. nov., Luticola asymmetrica M. Rybak, Kochman-Kędziora & Peszek, sp. nov., Luticola terrestris Kochman-Kędziora, M. Rybak & Peszek, sp. nov. and Microcostatus meridionalis Peszek, M. Rybak & Kochman-Kędziora, sp. nov. Algal community composition had low species richness (9–15 taxa per sample) and samples were dominated by: Humidophila contenta, Nitzschia brevissima and Eunotia aff. pseudominor. The three new Luticola species formed numerous populations, exceeding 10% of the share, whereas Microcostatus meridionalis reached 5.4%. Basic morphological data of associated diatom flora together with detailed micrographs are also provided.

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Research Article Tue, 14 Sep 2021 15:47:43 +0300
Hybridization of Oxalis corniculata and O. dillenii in their non-native range https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/61031/ PhytoKeys 178: 17-30

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.178.61031

Authors: Quentin Groom, Sofie Meeus, Steven B. Janssens, Leen Leus, Ivan Hoste

Abstract: Many species have been introduced beyond their native ranges and many have become global weeds. Human mediated dispersal has removed the geographic isolation of these species, reversing millions of years of independent evolution. Examples are the Oxalis species in section Corniculatae where several species have become invasive. Here we characterize and formally describe a hybrid between O. dillenii and O. corniculata, which occurs spontaneously in Belgium and Japan. Oxalis corniculata is probably native to Japan, but both species are alien to Belgium and O. dillenii is native to North America. We formally name this hybrid as Oxalis × vanaelstii. Although this hybrid is sterile, it is nevertheless vigorous and perennial. Both parent species grow as weeds in gardens; therefore, it is likely to be more common than currently appreciated in countries where these species co-occur.

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Research Article Tue, 18 May 2021 10:21:30 +0300
On a noteworthy habitat type in the savannahs of Central Cuba and a remarkable new species of Elytraria (Acanthaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/64764/ PhytoKeys 177: 117-124

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.177.64764

Authors: Werner Greuter, Rankin Rodríguez

Abstract: A peculiar habitat type found in the savannahs of Central Cuba, Villa Clara Province and characterised by the presence of a surface gravel layer of “perdigones”, an assemblage of small ferralitic concretions, upon the “mocarrero” soil prevailing in the area, is described. On sterile gravel patches, only one species grows: Elytraria serpens, a new species described and named here. It is noteworthy for possessing long and wide creeping, stoloniform subterranean peduncles with apical gemmae developing into rooting leaf rosettes enabling vegetative propagation. The new species is close to E. shaferi and considered to derive from the latter by adaptive evolution, enabling it to survive in its hostile habitat, sheltered from the competition of other plant species. Small soil insects, for example, ants, are believed to act as pollinators.

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Research Article Thu, 13 May 2021 10:32:59 +0300
A checklist of vascular plants of Ewe-Adakplame Relic Forest in Benin, West Africa https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/61467/ PhytoKeys 175: 151-174

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.175.61467

Authors: Alfred Houngnon, Aristide C. Adomou, William D. Gosling, Peter A. Adeonipekun

Abstract: Covering 560.14 hectares in the south-east of Benin, the Ewe-Adakplame Relic Forest (EARF) is a micro-refugium that shows insular characteristics within the Dahomey Gap. It is probably one of the last remnants of tropical rain forest that would have survived the late Holocene dry period. Based on intensive field investigations through 25 plots (10 × 50 m size) and matching of herbarium specimens, a checklist of 185 species of vascular plant belonging to 54 families and 142 genera is presented for this forest. In addition to the name for each taxon, we described the life form following Raunkiaer’s definitions, chorology as well as threats to habitat. The Rubiaceae family was the richest (20 species) followed by the Fabaceae (15 species). Life forms showed the preponderance of phanerophytes (88%). The Chorological spectrum was dominated by Guineo-Congolean species (66%). Species richness estimated were 200.52 ± 9.2808 for Bootstrap; 217.62 ± 14.5972; 224.16 ± 15.3725 and 242.67 respectively for Chao, Jacknife1 and Jacknife2. Bootstrap appears to be the estimation closer to the field records. In Benin, EARF is home for Rinorea species described as West African forest bio-indicators and single location for Nesogordonia papaverifera, Mansonia altissima, Englerophytum oblanceolatum, Octolobus spectabilis, Vitex micrantha and most of Drypeteae tribe species (Drypetes aframensis, Drypetes afzelii, Drypetes gilgiana and Drypetes leonensis) recorded in Benin. Our results provides baseline information for further in-depth analysis of vegetation history in Benin by raising the question on the past floristic connection of the Dahomey gap and community engagement in conservation.

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Checklist Mon, 12 Apr 2021 13:21:17 +0300
Lilium leichtlinii subsp. maximowiczii (Regel) J.Compton (Liliaceae): a new combination for Maximowicz’s orange lily https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/62059/ PhytoKeys 174: 81-93

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.174.62059

Authors: James A. Compton

Abstract: The newly-proposed Lilium leichtlinii subsp. maximowiczii (Maxim.) J.Compton recognises the wide distribution of Maximowicz’s lily and provides long-term stability of the name. Lectotypes are designated for the names Lilium leichtlinii Hook.f., L. maximowiczii Regel, L. maximowiczii var. tigrinum Regel, L. pseudotigrinum Carrière and L. tigrinum var. lishmannii T.Moore.

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Research Article Fri, 12 Mar 2021 12:45:40 +0200
Phylogeny and historical biogeography analysis support Caucasian and Mediterranean centres of origin of key holoparasitic Orobancheae (Orobanchaceae) lineages https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/62524/ PhytoKeys 174: 165-194

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.174.62524

Authors: Renata Piwowarczyk, Adam C. Schneider, Grzegorz Góralski, Dagmara Kwolek, Magdalena Denysenko-Bennett, Anna Burda, Karolina Ruraż, Andrzej J. Joachimiak, Óscar Sánchez Pedraja

Abstract: The extensive diversity of the tribe Orobancheae, the most species-rich lineage of holoparasitic Orobanchaceae, is concentrated in the Caucasus and Mediterranean regions of the Old World. This extant diversity has inspired hypotheses that these regions are also centres of origin of its key lineages, however the ability to test hypotheses has been limited by a lack of sampling and phylogenetic information about the species, especially in the Caucasus region. First, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships of several poorly known, problematic, or newly described species and host-races of four genera of Orobancheae occurring in the Caucasus region–Cistanche, Phelypaea, Phelipanche and Orobanche–using nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and plastid (trnL–trnF) sequence data. Then we applied a probablistic dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model of historical biogeography across a more inclusive clade of holoparasites, to explicitly test hypotheses of Orobancheae diversification and historical biogeography shifts. In sum, we sampled 548 sequences (including 196 newly generated) from 13 genera, 140 species, and 175 taxa across 44 countries. We find that the Western Asia (particularly the Caucasus) and the Mediterranean are the centre of origin for large clades of holoparasitic Orobancheae within the last 6 million years. In the Caucasus, the centres of diversity are composed both of long-branch taxa and shallow, recently diversified clades, while Orobancheae diversity in the Mediterranean appears to represent mainly recent diversification.

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Research Article Fri, 12 Mar 2021 09:35:14 +0200
Systematics of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae): review, phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/59555/ PhytoKeys 174: 13-45

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.174.59555

Authors: Samuel Paul Kagame, Andrew W. Gichira, Ling-Yun Chen, Qing-Feng Wang

Abstract: Lobelioideae, the largest subfamily within Campanulaceae, includes 33 genera and approximately1200 species. It is characterized by resupinate flowers with zygomorphic corollas and connate anthers and is widely distributed across the world. The systematics of Lobelioideae has been quite challenging over the years, with different scholars postulating varying theories. To outline major progress and highlight the existing systematic problems in Lobelioideae, we conducted a literature review on this subfamily. Additionally, we conducted phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses for Lobelioideae using plastids and internal transcribed spacer regions. We found that former studies have reached agreement on the southern African origin of Lobelioideae, herbaceous habit and Asian origin of giant lobelioids, the convergent evolution of giant rosette lobelioids, and lastly, the multiple cosmopolitan and independent radiation of lobelioids in Africa, Pacific Basin, and the Hawaiian Islands. Also, Apetahia Baill., Sclerotheca A.DC., and Cyanea Gaudich. are paraphyletic, while Lobelia L., Pratia Gaudich., Centropogon C.Presl, Siphocampylus Pohl, and Isotoma Lindl. are polyphyletic. The taxonomy of these genera, especially Lobelia, is particularly quite frustrating. This calls for further reappraisals using both morphological and molecular data.

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Research Article Fri, 5 Mar 2021 16:47:13 +0200
Evolutionary relationships, biogeography and morphological characters of Glinus (Molluginaceae), with special emphasis on the genus composition in Sub-Saharan Africa https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/60898/ PhytoKeys 173: 1-92

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.173.60898

Authors: Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Alexander Sennikov, Marie Claire Veranso-Libalah, Maria Kushunina, Maya V. Nilova, Roger Heath, Alison Heath, Yuri Mazei, Maxim A. Zaika

Abstract: Glinus is a small genus of Molluginaceae with 8–10 species mostly distributed in the tropics of the World. Its composition and evolutionary relationships were poorly studied. A new molecular phylogeny constructed here using nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (rbcL, trnK-matK) markers confirmed the monophyly of the genus. Based on ITS analysis, the following well-supported lineages are present within Glinus: the G. bainesii lineage is recovered as sister to the remainder of the genus followed by G. oppositifolius. Three other clades are: G. hirtus with G. orygioides; G. radiatus and G. lotoides; the latter is represented by a sample from North America, and G. zambesiacus as sister to G. setiflorus + G. lotoides + G. dictamnoides. On the plastid gene tree, G. bainesii + G. oppositifolius form a sister clade to all other Glinus species. The next clade is formed by G. hirtus and G. orygioides followed by G. radiatus plus an American sample of G. lotoides. The next branch comprises G. setiflorus as sister to G. zambesiacus + G. lotoides + G. dictamnoides. Glinus seems to have originated from Africa around the Late Eocene or Early Miocene, with further radiations to Australia and the Americas during the Late Miocene or Late Pliocene. Compared with the previous limited character set used for the diagnostics, we have found ten new morphological and carpological traits distinguishing Glinus members. In both trees based on nuclear and plastid datasets, the major phylogenetic clades cannot be characterized by the peculiar morphological characters. Many shared character states leading to their contrasting pattern in the multivariate analysis model are interpreted as a high homoplasy in the phylogenetically distant species. We paid special attention to the composition of the genus in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region with the greatest species diversity. Our results provide new insight into the taxonomy of Glinus in this region. Glinus lotoides var. virens accepted in many previous works is a synonym of G. dictamnoides that is closely related to G. lotoides based on molecular analysis and morphological characters. The status of the American populations of G. lotoides needs further investigation due to different characters of the specimens from the Old and the New World. Many specimens previously identified as G. lotoides var. virens and as the intermediates G. lotoides × G. oppositifolius belong to G. zambesiacus sp. nov. and G. hirtus comb. nov. (≡ Mollugo hirta); the latter species is resurrected from synonymy after 200 years of unacceptance. In some African treatments, G. hirtus was known under the invalidly published name G. dahomensis. Glinus zambesiacus is distributed in the southern and eastern parts of tropical Africa, and G. hirtus previously assumed to be endemic to West Africa is indeed a species with a wide distribution across the tropical part of the continent. Glinus microphyllus previously accepted as endemic to West Tropical Africa together with other new synonyms (G. oppositifolius var. lanatus, G. herniarioides, Wycliffea rotundifolia) is considered here as G. oppositifolius var. keenanii comb. nov. (≡ Mollugo hirta var. keenanii), a variety found across the entire distribution of G. oppositifolius (Australia, Asia, and Africa). The presence of the American G. radiatus in Africa is not confirmed, and all records of this species belong to G. hirtus. The lectotypes of some names (G. dictamnoides, G. herniarioides, Mollugo hirta, M. setiflora, Pharnaceum pentagynum, Wycliffea) as well as a neotype of G. trianthemoides are designated. A new key to the identification of all Glinus species in Sub-Saharan Africa is provided. A checklist is given of all accepted species in this region (G. bainesii, G. hirtus, G. lotoides, G. oppositifolius s.l., G. setiflorus, and G. zambesiacus) with their nomenclature, morphological description and geographical distribution.

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Monograph Mon, 22 Feb 2021 10:26:59 +0200
Iron islands in the Amazon: investigating plant beta diversity of canga outcrops https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/54819/ PhytoKeys 165: 1-25

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.165.54819

Authors: Caroline Oliveira Andrino, Rafael Gomes Barbosa-Silva, Juliana Lovo, Pedro Lage Viana, Marcelo Freire Moro, Daniela Cristina Zappi

Abstract: The world’s largest mineral iron province, Serra dos Carajás, is home to an open vegetation known as canga, found on top of isolated outcrops rising out of the Amazon rainforest. Over one thousand vascular plants species have been recorded in these canga sites, including 38 edaphic endemics. A new survey adds to our investigation of biogeographic relationships between sixteen canga outcrops and the effect of the distance between site pairs on the number of shared species, regional species turnover and species distribution patterns. Plant collecting expeditions to the westernmost site, the Serra de Campos of São Félix do Xingu (SFX), were carried out followed by the identification of all collected specimens and the creation of a species database, built to perform biogeographical analyses. Floristic relationships among the sites were investigated regarding their similarity, using multivariate analyses. The correlation between canga areas and species richness was tested, as well as the geographical distance between pairs of outcrops and their shared species. Vascular plants at SFX total 254 species including 17 edaphic endemics. All canga sites are grouped with 25% of minimum similarity, and the SFX falls within a large subgroup of outcrops. The total species number shared between site pairs does not change significantly with geographical distance but is positively correlated with the area of each outcrop. Meanwhile, shared endemic species numbers between site pairs decline when geographical distance increases, possibly imposed by the barrier of the rainforest. Our data suggest higher shared similarity between the largest and species-richest sites as opposed to geographically nearby sites, and provide useful insight for drafting conservation and compensation measures for canga locations. The size of the canga outcrops is associated to higher floristic diversity but connectivity among islands also plays a role in their similarity.

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Research Article Wed, 28 Oct 2020 09:47:40 +0200
Four new species from the diatom (Bacillariophyceae) genus Adlafia Moser, Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin from waterbodies of Vietnam https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/57657/ PhytoKeys 162: 13-27

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.162.57657

Authors: Anton M. Glushchenko, John Patrick Kociolek, Irina V. Kuznetsova, Maxim S. Kulikovskiy

Abstract: Four species of the diatom genus Adlafia were found from waterbodies of Vietnam and described as new to science. Their formal descriptions are presented herein and they are illustrated by light and scanning electron micrographs. These new species are: A. lamdongiensis Glushch., Kulik. & Kociolek, sp. nov., A. babeiensis Glushch., Kulik. & Kociolek, sp. nov., A. vietnamensis Glushch., Kulik. & Kociolek, sp. nov. and A. dauiensis Glushch., Kulik. & Kociolek, sp. nov. These species are then compared to other similar taxa. Our new findings add to the number of species in this interesting genus and contribute to our understanding of the unique diatom flora found in Vietnam.

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Research Article Wed, 7 Oct 2020 10:18:34 +0300
Cluster analysis of karyotype similarity coefficients in Epimedium (Berberidaceae): insights in the systematics and evolution https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/51046/ PhytoKeys 161: 11-26

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.161.51046

Authors: Lin-Jiao Wang, Meng-Di Gao, Mao-Yin Sheng, Jie Yin

Abstract: In order to evaluate the genome evolution and systematics, karyotype analysis of mitotic metaphase chromosomes in 51 taxa of Epimedium and two species of Vancouveria was conducted. The 53 taxa were clustered, based on their karyotype similarity coefficients. Results showed that the 53 taxa studied were all diploid with 12 chromosomes (2n = 2x = 12). Each taxon had one pair of satellites located on pair I of homologous chromosomes. Moreover, the karyotype types of the 53 taxa studied were all type 1A or 2A of Stebbins. It can be concluded that the karyotypes between species are indeed very similar and the genome of Epimedium was conservative in evolution. The cluster analysis of karyotype similarity coefficients could provide valuable clues for the systematics and taxonomy of Epimedium. Results of the cluster analysis strongly supported the previous taxonomic division of E. subg. Rhizophyllum and E. subg. Epimedium. The results also showed that the interspecific relationship was closely correlated with geographical distribution in E. subg. Epimedium and the taxa native to east Asia had the highest genetic diversity in Epimedium. Finally, the origin of the modern geographical distribution of Epimedium was inferred. Results of the present study have significant scientific values in further studies on resource utilisation, taxonomy and phylogeny in Epimedium.

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Research Article Tue, 15 Sep 2020 10:59:04 +0300
Oreocharis jasminina (Gesneriaceae), a new species from mountain tops of Hainan Island, South China https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/50246/ PhytoKeys 157: 121-135

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.157.50246

Authors: Shao-Jun Ling, Shu-Ping Guan, Fang Wen, Yu-Min Shui, Ming-Xun Ren

Abstract: A new species of Gesneriaceae, Oreocharis jasminina S.J.Ling, F.Wen & M.X. Ren from Hainan Island, south China, is highlighted and described. The new species is distinguished by its actinomorphic corolla, narrow floral tube and ovate anthers hidden in the floral tube. The new species also showed clear geographic and altitudinal isolation from the three currently-recognised Oreocharis species on the Island. Molecular phylogenetic analysis, based on nuclear ITS1/2 and plastid trnL-trnF sequences, supported the delimitation of the new species, which forms a single lineage with all the other Oreocharis species from Hainan Island. The roles of geographic and floral isolation in the evolution of the new species and its affinities are discussed.

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Research Article Wed, 26 Aug 2020 20:00:09 +0300
Genetic delimitation of Oreocharis species from Hainan Island https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/32427/ PhytoKeys 157: 59-81

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.157.32427

Authors: Shao-Jun Ling, Xin-Ting Qin, Xi-Qiang Song, Li-Na Zhang, Ming-Xun Ren

Abstract: Hainan Island harbours an extraordinary diversity of Gesneriaceae with 14 genera and 23 species, amongst which two species and one variety are recognised in the genus Oreocharis. These three Oreocharis taxa are all Hainan-endemics and show a complex geographical distribution pattern with considerable morphological intermixtures. In this study, we combined DNA (nuclear ITS sequences and cpDNA trnL-trnF and ycf1b) to evaluate genetic delimitation for 12 Oreocharis populations from the island, together with morphological similarity analysis using 16 morphological traits. The results showed Hainan Oreocharis taxa were monophyletic with relative low genetic diversity within populations, highly significant genetic differentiation amongst populations and a significant phylogeographical structure. The 12 populations formed three genetically distinct groups, roughly correspondent to the currently recognised two species and one unknown lineage. The PCA analyses of morphological traits indicate three distinctive groups, differing mainly in petal colour and corolla shapes. The roles of river and mountain isolations in the origin and distribution of these three lineages are discussed.

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Research Article Wed, 26 Aug 2020 20:00:05 +0300
Biogeography and evolution of Asian Gesneriaceae based on updated taxonomy https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/34032/ PhytoKeys 157: 7-26

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.157.34032

Authors: Ke Tan, Tao Lu, Ming-Xun Ren

Abstract: Based on an updated taxonomy of Gesneriaceae, the biogeography and evolution of the Asian Gesneriaceae are outlined and discussed. Most of the Asian Gesneriaceae belongs to Didymocarpoideae, except Titanotrichum was recently moved into Gesnerioideae. Most basal taxa of the Asian Gesneriaceae are found in the Indian subcontinent and Indo-China Peninsula, suggesting Didymocarpoideae might originate in these regions. Four species diversification centers were recognized, i.e. Sino-Vietnam regions, Malay Peninsula, North Borneo and Northwest Yunnan (Hengduan Mountains). The first three regions are dominated by limestone landscapes, while the Northwest Yunnan is well-known for its numerous deep gorges and high mountains. The places with at least 25% species are neoendemics (newly evolved and narrowly endemic) which were determined as evolutionary hotspots, including Hengduan Mountains, boundary areas of Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi in Southwest China, North Borneo, Pahang and Terengganu in Malay Peninsula, and mountainous areas in North Thailand, North Sulawesi Island. Finally, the underlying mechanisms for biogeographical patterns and species diversification of the Asian Gesneriaceae are discussed.

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Research Article Wed, 26 Aug 2020 20:00:02 +0300
Welcome to the Czech Republic again! Rare northern mosses Calliergon megalophyllum and Drepanocladus sordidus (Amblystegiaceae) in South Bohemia in light of their European distribution and habitat preferences https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/51454/ PhytoKeys 154: 111-136

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.154.51454

Authors: Łukasz Krajewski, Lubomír Adamec, Marta Saługa, Halina Bednarek-Ochyra, Vítězslav Plášek

Abstract: Two aquatic moss species, Calliergon megalophyllum and Drepanocladus sordidus (Amblystegiaceae, Bryophyta), which had been considered extinct in the Czech Republic, were found in the Třeboň Basin, South Bohemia, in 2016–2017. They co-occurred in extensive reed- and sedge-dominated fen pools with humic water on the shore of an old fishpond and the former species was also discovered in a small humic pool in an old shallow sand-pit. The new Czech sites of these rare boreal species represent one of the southernmost known outposts within their entire European range. Previously, the two species were only known from single records in the Czech Republic from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To confirm our morphological observations, we used phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence variation in four chloroplast loci (atpB-rbcL, trnL-trnF, rpl16, trnG) and one nuclear region, the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA (ITS). We found (1) monophyly of all Calliergon megalophyllum specimens tested; (2) based on chloroplast DNA sequences, monophyly among all Drepanocladus sordidus specimens and representatives of Pseudocalliergon turgescens and P. lycopodioides moss species; (3) based on nuclear ITS sequences, monophyly of all original D. sordidus specimens. These results corroborate morphological studies and thus confirm the existence of natural sites for the studied moss species in the Třeboň Basin, South Bohemia, Czech Republic.

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Research Article Tue, 4 Aug 2020 10:49:41 +0300
Synopsis of Schizanthus Ruiz & Pav. (Solanaceae), a genus endemic to the southern Andes https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/49615/ PhytoKeys 154: 57-102

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.154.49615

Authors: Vanezza Morales-Fierro, Mélica Muñoz-Schick, Andrés Moreira-Muñoz

Abstract: We present a taxonomic synopsis of the South American genus Schizanthus Ruiz & Pav. (Solanaceae), within which we recognise seventeen taxa (14 species with three infraspecific taxa). The genus is mainly distributed in Chile between the coast of the Atacama Desert and the southern temperate forests, while two species occur in the Argentinian Provinces of Mendoza and Neuquén. This taxonomic treatment is based on the analysis of herbarium specimens from 30 different herbaria. For each accepted species we provide details of type specimens and synonymy, key characters, habitat, distribution information and presence in public or private protected areas. We also incorporate a list of representative localities from examined material. We here described three new taxa: Schizanthus porrigens Graham ex Hook. subsp. borealis V.Morales & Muñoz-Schick, subsp. nov., Schizanthus carlomunozii V.Morales & Muñoz-Schick, sp. nov. and its variety Schizanthus carlomunozii var. dilutimaculatus V.Morales & Muñoz-Schick, var. nov., all of them from the coast of Coquimbo Region. We also recognise Schizanthus litoralis Phil. var. humilis (Lindl.) V.Morales & Muñoz-Schick, comb. nov., as a new combination.

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Research Article Tue, 4 Aug 2020 09:47:35 +0300
Lectotypification of the name Melastoma candidum f. albiflorum and its taxonomic status https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/49929/ PhytoKeys 146: 47-52

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.146.49929

Authors: Xinjian Zhang, Jin-Hong Dai, Xiaozhou Liu, Zihua Li, Shiou Yih Lee, Renchao Zhou, Guangwen Tan

Abstract: A nomenclatural and taxonomic treatment of the name Melastoma candidum f. albiflorum (Melastomataceae) is presented. A lectotype is designated for this name, with an updated morphological description based on fresh material. The name Melastoma candidum f. albiflorum is proposed as a heterotypic synonym of Melastoma candidum.

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Research Article Fri, 8 May 2020 09:58:53 +0300
A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/46700/ PhytoKeys 144: 81-112

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700

Authors: John M. McPartland, Ernest Small

Abstract: Two kinds of drug-type Cannabis gained layman’s terms in the 1980s. “Sativa” had origins in South Asia (India), with early historical dissemination to Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Americas. “Indica” had origins in Central Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkestan). We have assigned unambiguous taxonomic names to these varieties, after examining morphological characters in 1100 herbarium specimens, and analyzing phytochemical and genetic data from the literature in a meta-analysis. “Sativa” and “Indica” are recognized as C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica and C. sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica, respectively. Their wild-growing relatives are C. sativa subsp. indica var. himalayensis (in South Asia), and C. sativa subsp. indica var. asperrima (in Central Asia). Natural selection initiated divergence, driven by climatic conditions in South and Central Asia. Subsequent domestication drove further phytochemical divergence. South and Central Asian domesticates can be distinguished by tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol content (THC/CBD ratios, ≥7 or <7, respectively), terpenoid profiles (absence or presence of sesquiterpene alcohols), and a suite of morphological characters. The two domesticates have undergone widespread introgressive hybridization in the past 50 years. This has obliterated differences between hybridized “Sativa” and “Indica” currently available. “Strains” alleged to represent “Sativa” and “Indica” are usually based on THC/CBD ratios of plants with undocumented hybrid backgrounds (with so-called “Indicas” often delimited simply on possession of more CBD than “Sativas”). The classification presented here circumscribes and names four taxa of Cannabis that represent critically endangered reservoirs of germplasm from which modern cannabinoid strains originated, and which are in urgent need of conservation.

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Research Article Fri, 3 Apr 2020 12:57:58 +0300
Vascular plants of Victoria Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada): a specimen-based study of an Arctic flora https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/48810/ PhytoKeys 141: 1-330

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.141.48810

Authors: Jeffery M. Saarela, Paul C. Sokoloff, Lynn J. Gillespie, Roger D. Bull, Bruce A. Bennett, Serguei Ponomarenko

Abstract: Victoria Island in Canada’s western Arctic is the eighth largest island in the world and the second largest in Canada. Here, we report the results of a floristic study of vascular plant diversity of Victoria Island. The study is based on a specimen-based dataset comprising 7031 unique collections from the island, including some 2870 new collections gathered between 2008 and 2019 by the authors and nearly 1000 specimens variously gathered by N. Polunin (in 1947), M. Oldenburg (1940s–1950s) and S. Edlund (1980s) that, until recently, were part of the unprocessed backlog of the National Herbarium of Canada and unavailable to researchers. Results are presented in an annotated checklist, including keys and distribution maps for all taxa, citation of specimens, comments on taxonomy, distribution and the history of documentation of taxa across the island, and photographs for a subset of taxa. The vascular plant flora of Victoria Island comprises 38 families, 108 genera, 272 species, and 17 additional taxa. Of the 289 taxa known on the island, 237 are recorded from the Northwest Territories portion of the island and 277 from the Nunavut part. Thirty-nine taxa are known on the island from a single collection, seven from two collections and three from three collections. Twenty-one taxa in eight families are newly recorded for the flora of Victoria Island: Artemisia tilesii, Senecio lugens, Taraxacum scopulorum (Asteraceae); Crucihimalaya bursifolia, Draba fladnizensis, D. juvenilis, D. pilosa, D. simmonsii (Brassicaceae); Carex bigelowii subsp. bigelowii, Eriophorum russeolum subsp. albidum (Cyperaceae); Anthoxanthum monticola subsp. monticola, Bromus pumpellianus, Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. cespitosa, D. sukatschewii, Festuca rubra subsp. rubra, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis subsp. pratensis (Poaceae); Stuckenia filiformis (Potamogetonaceae); Potentilla × prostrata (Rosaceae); Galium aparine (Rubiaceae); and Salix ovalifolia var. ovalifolia (Salicaceae). Eight of these are new to the flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Senecio lugens, Draba juvenilis, D. pilosa, Anthoxanthum monticola subsp. monticola, Bromus pumpellianus, Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. cespitosa, Poa pratensis subsp. pratensis and Salix ovalifolia var. ovalifolia. One of these, Galium aparine, is newly recorded for the flora of Nunavut. Four first records for Victoria Island are introduced plants discovered in Cambridge Bay in 2017: three grasses (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra, Lolium perenne, and Poa pratensis subsp. pratensis) and Galium aparine. One taxon, Juncus arcticus subsp. arcticus, is newly recorded from the Northwest Territories. Of the general areas on Victoria Island that have been botanically explored the most, the greatest diversity of vascular plants is recorded in Ulukhaktok (194 taxa) and the next most diverse area is Cambridge Bay (183 taxa). The floristic data presented here represent a new baseline on which continued exploration of the vascular flora of Victoria Island – particularly the numerous areas of the island that remain unexplored or poorly explored botanically – will build.

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Monograph Fri, 6 Mar 2020 08:57:07 +0200
The endemic plants of Mozambique: diversity and conservation status https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/39020/ PhytoKeys 136: 45-96

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020

Authors: Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermenegildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten

Abstract: An annotated checklist of the 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa (337 species) of vascular plants in Mozambique is provided. Together, these taxa constitute c. 9.3% of the total currently known flora of Mozambique and include five strict-endemic genera (Baptorhachis, Emicocarpus, Gyrodoma, Icuria and Micklethwaitia) and two near-endemic genera (Triceratella and Oligophyton). The mean year of first publication of these taxa is 1959, with a marked increase in description noted following the onset of the two major regional floristic programmes, the “Flora of Tropical East Africa” and “Flora Zambesiaca”, and an associated increase in botanical collecting effort. New taxa from Mozambique continue to be described at a significant rate, with 20 novelties described in 2018. Important plant families for endemic and near-endemic taxa include Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae s.s. There is a high congruence between species-rich plant families and endemism with the notable exceptions of the Poaceae, which is the second-most species rich plant family, but outside of the top ten families in terms of endemism, and the Euphorbiaceae, which is the seventh-most species rich plant family, but third in terms of endemism. A wide range of life-forms are represented in the endemic and near-endemic flora, with 49% being herbaceous or having herbaceous forms and 55% being woody or having woody forms. Manica Province is by far the richest locality for near-endemic taxa, highlighting the importance of the cross-border Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands shared with Zimbabwe. A total of 69% of taxa can be assigned to one of four cross-border Centres of Endemism: the Rovuma Centre, the Maputaland Centre sensu lato, and the two mountain blocks, Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue. Approximately 50% of taxa have been assessed for their extinction risk and, of these, just over half are globally threatened (57% for strict-endemics), with a further 10% (17% for strict-endemics) currently considered to be Data Deficient, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation of Mozambique’s unique flora. This dataset will be a key resource for ongoing efforts to identify “Important Plant Areas – IPAs” in Mozambique, and to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites and species, thus enabling Mozambique to meet its commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

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Research Article Wed, 11 Dec 2019 11:03:34 +0200
Taxonomic studies on the Chara section Hartmania in Poland based on morphological and molecular data https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/36714/ PhytoKeys 135: 71-90

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.135.36714

Authors: Jacek Urbaniak, Paweł Kwiatkowski

Abstract: Charophytes are aquatic green macroalgae, which inhabit fresh and brackish water ecosystems. In this study, four species belonging to the genus Chara were examined to determine their taxonomic status. Morphological characteristics of the plant bodies as well as plastid psaB barcoding genes were applied to test the relations among Chara species. Plants were initially classified using morphological features into four species: C. baltica, C. hispida, C. polyacantha and C. rudis, and twelve quantitative characters were used in a principal component analysis and discriminant analysis to determine groupings among the species and to determine the morphological features that best separated the groups. In the component analysis and discriminant analysis, results showed that only C. polyacantha and partly C. baltica formed separate groups. The other species C. hispida and C. rudis were only partially distinguishable. All species from one molecular group, and no differentiation in the psaB variability between them has been found.

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Research Article Thu, 5 Dec 2019 10:28:16 +0200
Molecular phylogeny of Hiptage (Malpighiaceae) reveals a new species from Southwest China https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/37011/ PhytoKeys 135: 91-104

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.135.37011

Authors: Ke Tan, Hai-Lei Zheng, Shu-Peng Dong, Ming-Xun Ren

Abstract: Hiptage is an Asia-endemic genus of Malpighiaceae currently placed in the tetrapteroid clade, representing one of the seven inter-continent dispersions from New to Old World. A molecular phylogeny based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was recovered for the first time for the genus. Our results showed that the most recent common ancestor of Hiptage probably originated in the South Indo-China Peninsula and diversified in this region. Based on phylogenetic evidence and relevant morphological traits, we propose a new species; Hiptage incurvatum is characterised by mericarps with arcuate anterior lateral wings, two large glands on the dorsal sepals, and small glands on the remaining sepals. The new species is from Mt. Cangshan, Dali City (25°35'N, 100°02'E) in North Yunnan, Southwest China and is notable for its occurrence at high altitude, 1400 m (the highest distribution currently known for the genus). The implications of this unusual species for the dispersal and evolution of the genus are discussed.

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Research Article Thu, 5 Dec 2019 10:11:48 +0200
New taxa of Rhododendron tschonoskii alliance (Ericaceae) from East Asia https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/38216/ PhytoKeys 134: 97-114

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.134.38216

Authors: Watanabe Yoichi, Tadashi Minamitani, Sang-Hun Oh, Atsushi J. Nagano, Harue Abe, Tomohisa Yukawa

Abstract: Three new taxa, Rhododendron sohayakiense Y.Watan. & T.Yukawa (Ericaceae), and its two varieties, var. kiusianum Y.Watan., T.Yukawa & T.Minamitani and var. koreanum Y.Watan. & T.Yukawa are described and illustrated from Japan and South Korea. They can be distinguished from each other and from the other members of the R. tschonoskii alliance, i.e. R. tschonoskii, R. tetramerum, R. trinerve and R. tsusiophyllum, through their combination of leaf size, leaf morphologies including lateral nerves on abaxial leaf surface, corolla morphologies including number of corolla lobes, style length and anther form. Phylogenetic inferences based on chloroplast DNA and genome-wide sequences revealed that each of the three new taxa is monophyletic and they further form a clade. Distributions of the three taxa are also clearly separated from each other and also from the other members of the R. tschonoskii alliance.

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Research Article Wed, 23 Oct 2019 10:48:37 +0300
Hemiboea albiflora, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guizhou, China https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/33783/ PhytoKeys 122: 79-86

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.122.33783

Authors: Zhaowen Wu, Zhiyou Guo, Chaoyi Deng, Zhenyu Li, Xiaoguo Xiang

Abstract: Hemiboea albiflora X.G.Xiang, Z.Y.Guo & Z.W.Wu, sp. nov., a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated. This species was previously listed informally as a variety of H. gamosepala, but it differs significantly from H. gamosepala by its 5-parted calyx from the base, longer peduncle, white corolla and longer pistil. Based on recent extensive observations, this new species is similar to H. cavaleriei var. paucinervis and H. subcapitata but differs from them by its longer petiole, larger involucre, white corolla and longer staminal filaments. The conservation status of this species is considered to be “Vulnerable” (VU) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

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Research Article Tue, 28 May 2019 12:08:41 +0300
Taxonomic revision of Chenopodiaceae in Himalaya and Tibet https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/27301/ PhytoKeys 116: 1-141

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.116.27301

Authors: Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Pei-Liang Liu, Maria Kushunina

Abstract: The composition of many Chenopodiaceae genera in different parts of Himalaya and Tibet has been insufficiently known or contradictory. A revision of the family in Himalaya including Bhutan, Nepal, parts of India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim and Uttarakhand) and Tibet (Xizang, China) is presented for the first time. Altogether, 57 species from 20 genera are reported, including three species new to science (Agriophyllum tibeticum, Salsola austrotibetica and Salsola hartmannii). Atriplex centralasiatica, Corispermum dutreuilii and Salsola monoptera are identified as new records for India and Chenopodium pamiricum is recorded in China for the first time. Dysphania ambrosioides and Sympegma regelii are recorded for Xizang. The generic and species keys, species distributions (including maps) and taxonomic notes are provided. We indicate for the first time that the presence of short yellow hairs is the remarkable morphological characteristic of the genus Grubovia. Evident heterocarpy and heterospermy is found in Dysphania for the first time (Dysphania tibetica). Agriophyllum pungens, Atriplex crassifolia, Atriplex laciniata, Atriplex sagittata, Axyris amaranthoides, Axyris hybrida, Bassia indica, Corispermum korovinii, Dysphania schraderiana (=Chenopodium foetidum auct.), Halocharis violacea and Suaeda microsperma are excluded from the species list. Neobotrydium corniculatum is synonymised with Dysphania kitiae, Neobotrydium longii with Dysphania himalaica and Neobotrydium ornithopodum seems to be conspecific with Dysphania nepalensis. Corispermum ladakhianum is a new synonym of Corispermum tibeticum. Amaranthus diandrus is added to the synonyms of Acroglochin persicarioides, and Bassia fiedleri, previously considered as conspecific with Grubovia dasyphylla, is added to the synonymy of Bassia scoparia. Lectotypes of Anabasis glomerata (≡Halogeton glomeratus), Halogeton tibeticus (=Halogeton glomeratus), Amaranthus diandrus (=Acroglochin persicarioides), Chenopodium tibeticum (≡Dysphania tibetica), Corispermum dutreuilii, Corispermum falcatum, Corispermum lhasaense, Corispermum pamiricum var. pilocarpum (=Corispermum gelidum, syn. nov.), Corispermum tibeticum, Kochia indica(≡Bassia indica), Kochia odontoptera (≡Bassia odontoptera) and Salsola monoptera are selected. Out of 53 native elements, 42 are restricted in their distribution to Himalaya and Tibet at altitudes 2000–4500 m above sea level. The greatest taxonomic diversity of the Chenopodiaceae is represented in Jammu and Kashmir (India) and Xizang (China) with a continuous decrease in the number of species southwards.

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Monograph Thu, 31 Jan 2019 13:50:35 +0200
Evolutionary relationships and taxonomy of Microtea (Microteaceae), a basal lineage in the core Caryophyllales https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/29041/ PhytoKeys 115: 1-50

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.115.29041

Authors: Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Alexander N. Sennikov, Maya V. Nilova, Yuri Mazei, Maria Kushunina, Maria Salete Marchioretto, Pavel Hanáček

Abstract: The basal position of the small American genus Microtea within the core Caryophyllales was suggested only recently in accordance with molecular phylogeny. However, the specific relationships within the genus were not traced. The results of our phylogenetic analysis based on the matK chloroplast gene suggest the monophyly of Microtea, and Ancistrocarpus and other related genera should be included in it. Microtea is divided into two major sister clades: clade A consisting of M. glochidiata, M. maypurensis and M. tenuifolia, and clade B comprising M. debilis, M. sulcicaulis, M. scabrida, M. celosioides, and M. papillosa. The nrDNA dataset (ITS), although containing only a limited number of accessions, shows the same species number in clade A, and the remaining species studied (M. debilis, M. scabrida and M. celosioides) form clade B. Subgeneric status is assigned to clades A and B corresponding with the names Microtea subgen. Ancistrocarpus subgen. nov. and Microtea subgen. Microtea, respectively. The diagnostic characters at the subgeneric level are as follows: length of pedicels, number of flowers at each node, number of stamens and styles. A multivariate analysis of 13 distinguishing morphological characters supports the results of phylogenetic analysis. All species have similar pericarp and seed ultrasculpture and anatomy, and they share the reticulate pericarp surface (independent of presence or absence of finger-shaped outgrowths on its surface) and rugose or slightly alveolate seed ultrasculpture. On the basis of morphological characters, we accept 10 Microtea species. A checklist includes a new diagnostic key, morphological descriptions and distribution patterns of each species. Galenia celosioides is the oldest legitimate name available for the plants previously known as Microtea paniculata, for which the combination Microtea celosioides is validated here. The neotypes of Galenia celosioides and Microtea sprengelii were designated from the collections of Prinz Wied at BR. The name M. foliosa is discussed and finally synonymized with M. scabrida. The lectotypes of Ancistrocarpus maypurensis (≡Microtea maypurensis), Microtea debilis var. ovata (=M. debilis), M. glochidiata, M. maypurensis var. angustifolia (=M. tenuifolia), M. glochidiata f. lanceolata (=M. maypurensis), M. longebracteata (=M. celosioides), M. paniculata var. latifolia (=M. scabrida), M. portoricensis, M. scabrida, M. sulcicaulis, and Potamophila parviflora (=M. maypurensis) are designated. Microtea sulcicaulis is reported for the first time as native to Bolivia, and M. maypurensis is reported from Indonesia (Java), where it is found as an alien plant with an unclear invasion status.

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Research Article Wed, 9 Jan 2019 10:28:44 +0200
Similarity analysis between species of the genus Quercus L. (Fagaceae) in southern Italy based on the fractal dimension https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/30330/ PhytoKeys 113: 79-95

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.113.30330

Authors: Carmelo Maria Musarella, Ana Cano-Ortiz, José Carlos Piñar Fuentes, Juan Navas-Ureña, Carlos José Pinto Gomes, Ricardo Quinto-Canas, Eusebio Cano, Giovanni Spampinato

Abstract: The fractal dimension (FD) is calculated for seven species of the genus Quercus L. in Calabria region (southern Italy), five of which have a marcescent-deciduous and two a sclerophyllous character. The fractal analysis applied to the leaves reveals different FD values for the two groups. The difference between the means and medians is very small in the case of the marcescent-deciduous group and very large when these differences are established between both groups: all this highlights the distance between the two groups in terms of similarity. Specifically, Q. crenata, which is hybridogenic in origin and whose parental species are Q. cerris and Q. suber, is more closely related to Q. cerris than to Q. suber, as also expressed in the molecular analysis. We consider that, in combination with other morphological, physiological and genetic parameters, the fractal dimension is a useful tool for studying similarities amongst species.

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Research Article Tue, 11 Dec 2018 11:38:29 +0200
The indigenous vascular flora of the forest domain of Anela (Sardinia, Italy) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/28681/ PhytoKeys 113: 97-143

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.113.28681

Authors: Emmanuele Farris, Michele Carta, Salvatore Circosta, Salvatore Falchi, Guillaume Papuga, Peter de Lange

Abstract: The importance of mountains for plant diversity and richness is underestimated, particularly when transition zones between different bioclimates are present along altitudinal gradients. Here we present the first floristic data for a mountain area in the island of Sardinia (Italy), which exhibits Mediterranean bioclimates at the bottom and temperate bioclimate at the top. We discovered a very high floristic richness, despite the fact that the number of endemic taxa is not high and the number of exclusive taxa is very low. Many of the detected taxa are at their range periphery and/or ecological margin. We conclude that climate transition zones in Mediterranean mountains and especially on islands are key areas regarding plant biodiversity and should be better investigated and protected.

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Checklist Tue, 11 Dec 2018 11:31:08 +0200
Diatoms from Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska, USA https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/29456/ PhytoKeys 113: 33-57

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.113.29456

Authors: Loren Bahls, Tara Luna

Abstract: As a contribution to our knowledge of diatom biodiversity and biogeography in the United States, high resolution light microscope images are provided for 139 diatom taxa recorded from lake, stream, spring and glacier habitats in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska. The spring had the highest taxa richness of the four habitats that were sampled, likely owing to the relative stability of this habitat compared to the others. Most of the taxa were described from northern and alpine locations in Europe and North America and are typical of habitats in the northern Rocky Mountains, with two notable exceptions. Surirella arctica had been reported previously only from locations in the High Arctic of North America, north of 68°N latitude. Gomphonema caperatum has a disjunct distribution in montane regions of the eastern and far western contiguous United States. This may be the first record of this taxon from Alaska.

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Research Article Thu, 6 Dec 2018 14:16:51 +0200
Vernonia subgenus Austrovernonia, a new subgenus from South America (Compositae, Vernonieae, Vernoniinae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/28890/ PhytoKeys 110: 123-134

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.110.28890

Authors: Harold Robinson, Vicki A. Funk

Abstract: Vernonia incana Less. and V. echioides Less. are two semi-aquatic species from southern South American that are referred to as “the semi-aquatic Vernonia of South America” and they have been, until now, retained as members of Vernonia mostly because each had some unusual characters that made them hard to place. Based on an ongoing molecular study, we can now say that V. incana is the sister taxon to all true Vernonia and can therefore be responsibly left in Vernonia but, because of its morphological and geographic differences, it is now assigned to its own subgenus: Vernonia subg. Austrovernonia. Vernonia echioides is not closely related to V. incana and is now part of a separate investigation. This placement of V. incana as sister to the true Vernonia species brings up the possibility of a South American root for the Vernonia clade and perhaps indicates a propensity in the lineage for growing in or near water. The species V. incana is lectotypified.

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Research Article Mon, 5 Nov 2018 12:06:34 +0200
Synthetic cartography for mapping biodiversity in the Mediterranean region: Sicily as a case study https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/28297/ PhytoKeys 109: 77-92

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.109.28297

Authors: Gianniantonio Domina, Giuseppe Venturella, Maria Letizia Gargano

Abstract: This paper proposes a new hierarchical land classification system for the mapping of species distribution at national or regional scales. Our integrative framework incorporates two hierarchical levels inferred from historical, climatic, geomorphological and geological attributes. The feasibility of this proposal is based on the use of historical collections and literature data, as well as on its ability to combine old low-precision data with more recent records of higher resolution. The system is set up for vascular plants, but it can also be used for other taxonomic groups. Furthermore, it has the potential for application to the whole Mediterranean region because it is based on information that is generally available in all Mediterranean countries. This model is tested with the distribution of loci classici of the Italian endemic plants occurring in Sicily.

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Research Article Tue, 16 Oct 2018 11:53:36 +0300
Evidence from checklists for a Holarctic (circumboreal) kingdom of diatoms https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/26277/ PhytoKeys 108: 13-24

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.108.26277

Authors: Loren Bahls

Abstract: Published checklists of freshwater diatoms that represent the American Northwest, Laurentian Great Lakes, Germany and the South Polar Region were compared systematically and the numbers of taxa shared by two or more of these regions were noted. There is a higher level of floristic correspondence between the American Northwest and Germany (71%) and between the American Northwest and the Laurentian Great Lakes (64%) than between the American Northwest and the South Polar Region (45%). These findings support a Holarctic Kingdom of diatoms that is parallel to the Holarctic Kingdom of flowering plants. Mountains and coastal areas and/or inland waters of high salinity may explain why the American Northwest and Germany have more taxa in common than the American Northwest and the Laurentian Great Lakes. Common riverine diatom taxa in the American Northwest are similar to those reported from nationwide monitoring stations. The number of truly cosmopolitan species – those found on all continents – is probably less than 300. The terms “cosmopolitan”, “endemic” and “native” are often misused when applied to diatoms and the first two terms always need to be qualified.

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Research Article Mon, 13 Aug 2018 11:36:55 +0300
Atlas of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from diverse habitats in remote regions of western Canada https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/23806/ PhytoKeys 105: 1-186

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.105.23806

Authors: Loren Bahls, Beverly Boynton, Barb Johnston

Abstract: High-resolution LM images of diatoms from remote regions of western Canada are presented as a contribution to our knowledge of diatom floristics, ecology and biogeography in North America. Approximately 600 taxa are imaged in 132 plates. Genera with the most taxa are Cymbella (19 taxa), Cymbopleura (29), Encyonema (23), Encyonopsis (15), Eunotia (77), Gomphonema (42), Navicula (47), Neidium (20), Nitzschia (35), Pinnularia (50) and Stauroneis (34). Diatoms were collected from diverse habitats in four of North America’s major biomes: Arctic tundra, taiga, Rocky Mountains and Pacific rainforest. Many of the photographed taxa could not be identified to species and are likely new to science. Other taxa may represent new records for North America or Canada. Images of voucher specimens are keyed to individual collection sites. Detailed descriptions of the collection sites include GPS coordinates, colour photographs, vegetation, algal substrates, elevations, pH, temperature and conductivity. Samples were collected from natural substrates in fresh to brackish, flowing and standing waters. Voucher slides are deposited in the Montana Diatom Collection (Helena) and the University of Montana Herbarium (Missoula). Cleaned diatom frustules have been deposited in the Diatom Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

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Monograph Tue, 24 Jul 2018 11:06:22 +0300
Checklist of gypsophilous vascular flora in Italy https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/25690/ PhytoKeys 103: 61-82

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.103.25690

Authors: Carmelo Maria Musarella, Antonio Jesús Mendoza-Fernández, Juan Francisco Mota, Alessandro Alessandrini, Gianluigi Bacchetta, Salvatore Brullo, Orazio Caldarella, Giampiero Ciaschetti, Fabio Conti, Luciano Di Martino, Amedeo Falci, Lorenzo Gianguzzi, Riccardo Guarino, Aurelio Manzi, Pietro Minissale, Sergio Montanari, Salvatore Pasta, Lorenzo Peruzzi, Lina Podda, Saverio Sciandrello, Leonardo Scuderi, Angelo Troia, Giovanni Spampinato

Abstract: Our understanding of the richness and uniqueness of the flora growing on gypsum substrates in Italy has grown significantly since the 19th century and, even today, new plant species are still being discovered. However, the plants and plant communities, growing on gypsum substrates in Italy, are still a relatively unknown subject. The main aim of this paper was to elaborate a checklist of the Italian gypsophilous flora, to increase knowledge about this peculiar flora and for which conservation efforts need to be addressed. Through a structured group communication process of experts (application of the Delphi technique), a remarkable number of experienced Italian botanists have joined together to select focal plant species linked to gypsum substrates. From the results obtained, 31 plant species behave as absolute or preferent taxa (gypsophytes and gypsoclines) and form the ‘core’ Italian gypsophilous flora. The most abundant life forms were chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes, belonging to Poaceae and Brassicaceae; as for chorotypes, the most represented are Mediterranean and narrow endemics. By improving on previously available information about the flora with a clear preference for gypsum in Italy, this undertaking represents an important contribution to the knowledge of a habitat which is today considered a priority for conservation.

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Research Article Wed, 18 Jul 2018 14:06:45 +0300
Staying cool: preadaptation to temperate climates required for colonising tropical alpine-like environments https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/13353/ PhytoKeys 96: 111-125

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.96.13353

Authors: Berit Gehrke

Abstract: Plant species tend to retain their ancestral ecology, responding to temporal, geographic and climatic changes by tracking suitable habitats rather than adapting to novel conditions. Nevertheless, transitions into different environments or biomes still seem to be common. Especially intriguing are the tropical alpine-like areas found on only the highest mountainous regions surrounded by tropical environments. Tropical mountains are hotspots of biodiversity, often with striking degrees of endemism at higher elevations. On these mountains, steep environmental gradients and high habitat heterogeneity within small spaces coincide with astounding species diversity of great conservation value. The analysis presented here shows that the importance of in situ speciation in tropical alpine-like areas has been underestimated. Additionally and contrary to widely held opinion, the impact of dispersal from other regions with alpine-like environments is relatively minor compared to that of immigration from other biomes with a temperate (but not alpine-like) climate. This suggests that establishment in tropical alpine-like regions is favoured by preadaptation to a temperate, especially aseasonal, freezing regime such as the cool temperate climate regions in the Tropics. Furthermore, emigration out of an alpine-like environment is generally rare, suggesting that alpine-like environments – at least tropical ones – are species sinks.

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Research Article Tue, 17 Apr 2018 10:36:19 +0300
Floristic affinities of the lowland savannahs of Belize and southern Mexico https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/20097/ PhytoKeys 96: 47-56

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.96.20097

Authors: Idalia Arely Canché-Estrada, Juan Javier Ortiz-Díaz, Juan Tun-Garrido

Abstract: Environmental heterogeneity of Belize and southern Mexico savannahs as well as their geographical location suggest that these plant communities share floristic elements, making them conducive to a phytogeographical analysis. The aim of this study was to analyse the floristic affinities of nine savannahs of Belize and southern Mexico and to explain the similarities and differences amongst them. A binary data matrix containing 915 species was built based on the authors’ own collections and on nine floristic lists already published. A second data matrix, consisting of 113 species representing trees, was also used since most literature on neotropical savannahs has focused on this life form. In addition, the ten most species-rich families as well as the characteristic species present in more than five savannahs were analysed. Floristic similarities were calculated using the Jaccard index. Dendrograms obtained in both types of analysis showed clusters with low similarity values, corresponding to geographic locations formed by the savannahs of Belize-Tabasco and the Yucatan Peninsula. The floristic affinities of the savannahs may be explained in terms of heterogeneity in climate and physiography. The Yucatan Peninsula and Belize-Tabasco groups have differences in climate type and the amount of rainfall. In addition, the Yucatan Peninsula savannahs are established at the bottom of karstic valleys, while the Belize and Tabasco savannahs develop on extensive flatlands. The savannahs of Oaxaca have the same climate type and amount of rainfall as those of the Yucatan Peninsula but they are distributed along peaks and the slopes of shale hills. Fabaceae and Poaceae mainly dominated the local floras with 121 and 116 species each; remarkably, Melastomataceae was absent in the Yucatan Peninsula and Oaxaca. Nine species occurred in five to seven savannahs, confirming that they are widespread in both Belize and southern Mexico, and the Neotropics. Geographic location and floristic affinities of the nine savannahs support, to some extent, three different biogeographic provinces.

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Research Article Wed, 21 Mar 2018 09:40:06 +0200
Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/22205/ PhytoKeys 92: 45-88

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205

Authors: Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Maya V. Nilova, Andrey S. Erst, Maria Kushunina, Cláudia Baider, Filip Verloove, Marcos Salas-Pascual, Irina V. Belyaeva, Anastasiya A. Krinitsina, Peter V. Bruyns, Cornelia Klak

Abstract: The taxonomy of perennial Sesuvium species in Africa has been poorly investigated until now. Previously five perennial species of Sesuvium were recognised in Africa (S. congense, S. crithmoides, S. mesembryanthemoides, S. portulacastrum, and S. sesuvioides). Based on the differing number of stamens, S. ayresii is accepted here as being distinct from S. portulacastrum. Field observations in Angola also led the authors to conclude that S. crystallinum and S. mesembryanthemoides are conspecific with S. crithmoides. A new subspecies, Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. persoonii, is described from West Africa (Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Senegal). The molecular phylogeny indicates the position of S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii within the “American lineage” as a part of the Sesuvium portulacastrum complex which needs further studies. A diagnostic key and taxonomic notes are provided for the six perennial species of Sesuvium found in Africa and recognised by the authors (S. ayresii, S. congense, S. crithmoides, S. portulacastrum subsp. portulacastrum, S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii, S. verrucosum and the facultatively short-lived S. sesuvioides). The distribution of S. crithmoides, previously considered to be endemic to Angola, is now confirmed for the seashores of Republic of Congo and DR Congo. The American species S. verrucosum is reported for the first time for Africa (the Macaronesian islands: Cape Verde and the Canaries). It is locally naturalised in Gran Canaria, being a potentially invasive species. These findings as well as new records of S. verrucosum from Asia and the Pacific Islands confirm its proneness to transcontinental introduction. Lectotypes of S. brevifolium, S. crithmoides, S. crystallinum and S. mesembryanthemoides are selected. The seed micromorphology and anatomy of the perennial African species is studied. Compared to the seeds of some annual African Sesuvium investigated earlier, those of perennial species are smooth or slightly alveolate. The aril is one-layered and parenchymatous in all species and usually tightly covers the seed. The aril detachments from the seed coat that form a white stripe near the cotyledon area easily distinguish S. verrucosum from other species under study.

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Research Article Mon, 15 Jan 2018 14:34:46 +0200
Nahuatlea: a new genus of compositae (Gochnatieae) from North America https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/21340/ PhytoKeys 91: 105-124

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.91.21340

Authors: Vicki A. Funk, Gisela Sancho, Nádia Roque

Abstract: In the course of a detailed molecular study of the tribe Gochnatieae (Compositae: Gochnatioideae) it became apparent that the genus Gochnatia (sensu Cabrera) was not monophyletic but composed of a number of morphologically, geographically, and molecularly distinct clades. All but one of these clades had previously been recognized at the generic or sectional level and therefore had a name that could be applied. However, one clade, whose members are from Mexico and adjacent parts of the United States, had never been recognized as a distinct taxon. The Mexican clade is the sister group of the Caribbean clade which seems to indicate a dispersal event from Southern South America to Mexico and from Mexico to the Caribbean. Here we provide the Mexican clade with a genus name, Nahuatlea, and make the necessary new combinations. The name is derived from Nahuatl, the major indigenous language that is spoken in the area where most of the collections were gathered. A genus description, key to species, images, and a short, species descriptions, are provided.

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Research Article Mon, 18 Dec 2017 09:58:29 +0200
Coelogyne magnifica (Orchidaceae), a new species from northern Myanmar https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/19861/ PhytoKeys 88: 109-117

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.88.19861

Authors: Bin Yang, Shi-Shun Zhou, Qiang Liu, Kyaw Win Maung, Ren Li, Rui-Chang Quan, Yun-Hong Tan

Abstract: Coelogyne magnifica (Orchidaceae), a new species from Putao, Kachin State, Myanmar, is described and illustrated. It belongs to Coelogyne section Ocellatae Pfitzer & Kraenzl. and it is morphologically similar to Coelogyne corymbosa and C. taronensis, but can be distinguished from these species by its larger flowers, lanceolate sepals and petals, a narrowly ovate lip, which has two bright yellow patches surrounded by shiny brownish red and two fimbriate or erose-lacerate lateral keels on the lip. The major differences between these species are outlined and discussed.

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Research Article Thu, 12 Oct 2017 09:32:03 +0300
A revision of the Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade; subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/12695/ PhytoKeys 84: 1-104

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.84.12695

Authors: Sandra Knapp, Eva Sagona, Anna K.Z. Carbonell, Franco Chiarini

Abstract: The Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade) contains five species of small, often rhizomatous, shrubs from deserts and dry forests in North and South America. Members of the clade were previously classified in sections Leprophora, Nycterium and Lathyrocarpum, and were not thought to be closely related. The group is sister to the species-rich monophyletic Old World clade of spiny solanums. The species of the group have an amphitropical distribution, with three species in Mexico and the southwestern United States and three species in Argentina. Solanum elaeagnifolium occurs in both North and South America, and is a noxious invasive weed in dry areas worldwide. Members of the group are highly variable morphologically, and this variability has led to much synonymy, particularly in the widespread S. elaeagnifolium. We here review the taxonomic history, morphology, relationships and ecology of these species and provide keys for their identification, descriptions, full synonymy (including designations of lectotypes) and nomenclatural notes. Illustrations, distribution maps and preliminary conservation assessments are provided for all species.

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Research Article Mon, 7 Aug 2017 14:36:42 +0300
Diversity and biogeographical patterns of legumes (Leguminosae) indigenous to southern Africa https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/9147/ PhytoKeys 70: 53-96

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.70.9147

Authors: Marike Trytsman, Robert H. Westfall, Philippus J.J. Breytenbach, Frikkie J. Calitz, Abraham E. van Wyk

Abstract: The principal aim of this study was to establish biogeographical patterns in the legume flora of southern Africa so as to facilitate the selection of species with agricultural potential. Plant collection data from the National Herbarium, South Africa, were analysed to establish the diversity and areas covered by legumes (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) indigenous to South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. A total of 27,322 records from 1,619 quarter degree grid cells, representing 1,580 species, 122 genera and 24 tribes were included in the analyses. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was applied to the presence or absence of legume species in quarter degree grid cells, the resultant natural biogeographical regions (choria) being referred to as leguminochoria. The description of the 16 uniquely formed leguminochoria focuses on defining the associated bioregions and biomes, as well as on the key climate and soil properties. Legume species with a high occurrence in a leguminochorion are listed as key species. The dominant growth form of key species, species richness and range within each leguminochorion is discussed. Floristic links between the leguminochoria are established, by examining and comparing key species common to clusters, using a vegetation classification program. Soil pH and mean annual minimum temperature were found to be the main drivers for distinguishing among legume assemblages. This is the first time that distribution data for legumes has been used to identify biogeographical areas covered by leguminochoria on the subcontinent. One potential application of the results of this study is to assist in the selection of legumes for pasture breeding and soil conservation programs, especially in arid and semi-arid environments.

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Research Article Tue, 4 Oct 2016 12:29:12 +0300
The mosses (Bryophyta) of Capitán Prat Province, Aisén Region, southern Chile https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/9181/ PhytoKeys 68: 91-116

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.68.9181

Authors: Juan Larraín

Abstract: The bryophytes of Capitán Prat province have remained one of the least explored in Chile. The eventual construction of several dams on the rivers Baker and Pascua required prospection of all groups of organisms including bryophytes, work that was facilitated by the recent construction of vehicular roads that now offer easy access to previously almost unaccessible locations. The results of intense bryophyte collecting during the austral summer of 2007 are here presented. A total of 260 moss taxa are reported for the province, corresponding to 256 species and four infraspecific taxa, of which 211 are new records for the province, 54 are new for Aisén Region, and two are new records for continental Chile (Pohlia longicollis (Hedw.) Lindb. and Rigodium toxarion var. robustum (Broth.) Zomlefer). Twelve species extend their known distribution ranges to the north, whereas 49 extend them to the south.

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Checklist Tue, 16 Aug 2016 14:34:55 +0300
Home at last: the enigmatic genera Eriachaenium and Adenocaulon (Compositae, Mutisioideae, Mutisieae, Adenocaulinae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/6795/ PhytoKeys 60: 1-19

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.60.6795

Authors: Vicki A. Funk, Eduardo Pasini, J. Mauricio Bonifacino, Liliana Katinas

Abstract: The genera Eriachaenium and Adenocaulon (Compositae) have distinct but complex histories and both have been placed in a number of tribes across the family. For the first time the two genera are included in a molecular study and the results show that they are best placed in the tribe Mutisieae s.s. and are the only genera in the re-instated subtribe Adenocaulinae. When described, this subtribe contained only Adenocaulon and was found in the Inuleae. The study also confirms one of the conclusions of a recent morphological study that Eriachaenium and Adenocaulon are sister taxa. Past difficulties in tribal assignment are attributed to the distinct and unusual morphology of each genus. Both genera and the subtribe are described and a key to separate the genera is provided.

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Research Article Thu, 11 Feb 2016 09:08:20 +0200
A comprehensive checklist of vascular epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest reveals outstanding endemic rates https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/5643/ PhytoKeys 58: 65-79

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.58.5643

Authors: Leandro Freitas, Alexandre Salino, Luiz Menini Neto, Thais Almeida, Sara Mortara, Joao Stehmann, André Márcio Amorim, Elsie Guimaraes, Marcus A. Nadruz Coelho, Ana Zanin, Rafaela Forzza

Abstract: Knowledge of the geographic distribution of plants is essential to underpin the understanding of global biodiversity patterns. Vascular epiphytes are important components of diversity and functionality of Neotropical forests but, unlike their terrestrial counterparts, they are under-represented in large-scale diversity and biogeographic analyses. This is the case for the Atlantic Forest - one of the most diverse and threatened biomes worldwide. We provide the first comprehensive species list of Atlantic Forest vascular epiphytes; their endemism patterns and threatened species occurrence have also been analyzed. A list with 2,256 species of (hemi-)epiphytes - distributed in 240 genera and 33 families - is presented based on the updated Brazilian Flora Checklist. This represents more than 15% of the total vascular plant richness in the Atlantic Forest. Moreover, 256 species are included on the Brazilian Red List. More than 93% of the overall richness is concentrated in ten families, with 73% represented by Orchidaceae and Bromeliaceae species alone. A total of 78% of epiphytic species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to overall vascular plant endemism in this biome estimated at 57%. Among the non-endemics, 13% of epiphytic species also occur either in the Amazon or in the Cerrado - the other two largest biomes of Brazil – and only 8% are found in two or more Brazilian biomes. This pattern of endemism, in addition to available dated phylogenies of some genera, indicate the dominance of recent radiations of epiphytic groups in the Atlantic Forest, showing that the majority of divergences dating from the Pliocene onwards are similar to those that were recently reported for other Neotropical plants.

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Checklist Tue, 12 Jan 2016 17:43:06 +0200
Monograph of Coccinia (Cucurbitaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/5797/ PhytoKeys 54: 1-166

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285

Authors: Norbert Holstein

Abstract: This monograph deals with all 95 names described in the Cucurbitaceae genus Coccinia and recognizes 25 species. Taxonomic novelties are Coccinia adoensis var. aurantiaca (C.Jeffrey) Holstein, stat. nov., C. sessilifolia var. variifolia (A.Meeuse) Holstein, stat. nov., and C. adoensis var. jeffreyana Holstein, var. nov. For the 25 species 3157 collections were examined, of which 2024 were georeferenced to produce distribution maps. All species are distributed in sub-Saharan Africa with one species, C. grandis, extending from Senegal in West Africa east to Indonesia and being naturalized on Pacific Islands, in Australia, the Caribbean, and South America. Coccinia species are dioecious creepers or climbers with simple or bifid tendrils that occupy a range of habitats from arid scrubland, woodlands to lowland rainforest and mist forest. The corolla of Coccinia species is sympetalous, usually pale yellow to orange, and 1 to 4.5 cm long. Pollination is by bees foraging for pollen or nectar. After pollination, the developing ovary often exhibits longitudinal mottling, which usually disappears during maturation. All species produce berries with a pericarp in reddish colors (orange-red through to scarlet red), hence the generic name. The globose to cylindrical fruits contain numerous grayish-beige flat to lenticular seeds. Chromosome numbers are 2n = 20, 24, and 22 + XX/XY. Many Coccinia species are used for food, either as roasted tubers, greens as spinach, or the fruits as vegetables. Medicinal value is established in C. grandis, of which leaves and sap are used against diabetes.

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Monograph Mon, 3 Aug 2015 00:00:00 +0300
Four new species of Pyropia (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) from the west coast of North America: the Pyropia lanceolata species complex updated https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/5009/ PhytoKeys 52: 1-22

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.52.5009

Authors: Sandra C. Lindstrom, Jeffery R. Hughey, Luis E. Aguilar Rosas

Abstract: Recent molecular studies indicate that the Pyropia lanceolata species complex on the west coast of North America is more speciose than previously thought. Based on extensive rbcL gene sequencing of representative specimens we recognize seven species in the complex, three of which are newly described: Py. montereyensis sp. nov., Py. columbiensis sp. nov., and Py. protolanceolata sp. nov. The new species are all lanceolate, at least when young, and occur in the upper mid to high intertidal zone primarily in winter and early spring. Pyropia montereyensis and Py. columbiensis are sister taxa that are distributed south and north of Cape Mendocino, respectively, and both occur slightly lower on the shore than Py. lanceolata or Py. pseudolanceolata. Pyropia protolanceolata is known thus far only from Morro Rock and the Monterey Peninsula, California; it occurs basally to the other species in the complex in the molecular phylogeny. A fourth newly described species, Pyropia bajacaliforniensis sp. nov., is more closely related to Py. nereocystis than to species in this complex proper. It is a thin species with undulate margins known only from Moss Landing, Monterey Bay, California, and northern Baja California; it also occurs in the high intertidal in spring. Porphyra mumfordii, a high intertidal winter species that has frequently been confused with species in the Py. lanceolata complex, has now been confirmed to occur from Calvert Island, British Columbia, to Pescadero State Park, California.

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Research Article Thu, 25 Jun 2015 10:03:22 +0300
Two new species of Indigofera L. (Leguminosae) from the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism, Great Escarpment (Eastern and Western Cape, South Africa) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/4798/ PhytoKeys 48: 29-41

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.48.4798

Authors: Vincent R. Clark, Brian Schrire, Nigel Barker

Abstract: Two new species of Indigofera L. (Leguminosae) are described from the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism on the southern Great Escarpment, Eastern and Western Cape Provinces, South Africa. Both species are localised high-altitude endemics. Indigofera magnifica Schrire & V.R. Clark is confined to the summit plateau of the Toorberg–Koudeveldberg–Meelberg west of Graaff-Reinet, and complements other western Sneeuberg endemics such as Erica passerinoides (Bolus) E.G.H. Oliv. and Faurea recondita Rourke & V.R. Clark. Indigofera asantasanensis Schrire & V.R. Clark is confined to a small area east of Graaff-Reinet, and complements several other eastern Sneeuberg endemics such as Euryops exsudans B. Nord & V.R. Clark and E. proteoides B. Nord. & V.R. Clark. Based on morphology, both new species belong to the Cape Clade of Indigofera, supporting a biogeographical link between the Cape Floristic Region and the Sneeuberg, as well as with the rest of the eastern Great Escarpment.

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Research Article Thu, 2 Apr 2015 20:33:49 +0300
New species, additions and a key to the Brazilian species of the Geminata clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Brazil https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/4836/ PhytoKeys 47: 1-48

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.47.9076

Authors: Sandra Knapp, João Renato Stehmann, Leandro L. Giacomin

Abstract: Two additions and four new species are described from Brazil for the large Geminata clade (Solanum: Solanaceae) bringing the total diversity in the group to 149 species, with 44 of these occurring in Brazil. New species are described from Brazil: S. amorimii S.Knapp & Giacomin, sp. nov. from Bahia and adjacent Minas Gerais states, S. filirhachis Giacomin & Stehmann, sp. nov. from Espirito Santo, S. psilophyllum Stehmann & Giacomin, sp. nov. from Minas Gerais and S. verticillatum S.Knapp & Stehmann, sp. nov. from São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Modern character-rich descriptions and lectotypifications are provided for S. apiahyense Witasek and Solanum lacteum Vell. All are illustrated, mapped and assessed for conservation status. We also provide a brief analysis of the diversity and endemism of the Geminata clade in Brazil and a key to all 44 Brazilian species.

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Research Article Tue, 10 Mar 2015 00:00:00 +0200
A revision of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (Myrtaceae) complex https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1924/ PhytoKeys 40: 1-185

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.40.7973

Authors: Peter de Lange

Abstract: A revision of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides complex is presented. This paper is the final of a series that has explored the systematics of the New Zealand Kunzea complex using cytological and molecular variation, as well as experimental hybridisations between postulated segregates. As a result of those studies ten species, all endemic to New Zealand, are recognised; seven of these are new. One species, K. triregensis sp. nov., is endemic to the Three Kings Islands and another species K. sinclairii, endemic to Aotea (Great Barrier Island). The North Island of New Zealand has seven species, K. amathicola sp. nov., K. salterae sp. nov., K. serotina sp. nov., K. robusta sp. nov., K. tenuicaulis sp. nov., K. toelkenii sp. nov., and K. linearis comb. nov. Of these, K. linearis, K. salterae, K. tenuicaulis and K. toelkenii are endemic to the North Island, and K. amathicola, K. robusta and K. serotina extend to the South Island which also supports one endemic, K. ericoides. Typifications are published for Leptospermum ericoides A.Rich., L. ericoides var. linearis Kirk, L. ericoides var. microflorum G.Simps., L. ericoides var. pubescens Kirk, and L. sinclairii Kirk, names here all referred to Kunzea. The ecology, conservation, extent of natural hybridisation and some aspects of the ethnobotany (vernacular names) of these Kunzea are also discussed.

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Monograph Tue, 26 Aug 2014 00:00:00 +0300
Melicope balgooyi Appelhans, W.L. Wagner & K.R. Wood, a new species and new record in Melicope section Melicope (Rutaceae) for the Austral Islands https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1535/ PhytoKeys 39: 77-86

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.39.7691

Authors: Marc Appelhans, Warren Wagner, Kenneth Wood

Abstract: Melicope balgooyi, a new species of Melicope (Rutaceae) is described. It is known only from the Austral Islands in the South Pacific (French Polynesia). However, it is not closely related to the other two species previously known from the Austral Islands, which are part of Melicope section Vitiflorae. The new species belongs to Melicope section Melicope and is most closely related to species from New Zealand, the Kermadec Islands, and the Society Islands. The new species has alternate to sub-opposite leaves, which is a very rare arrangement in Melicope and has only been described for two other species of the genus so far.

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Research Article Fri, 25 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0300
Revision of endemic Marquesas Islands Bidens (Asteraceae, Coreopsideae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1531/ PhytoKeys 38: 37-67

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.38.7609

Authors: Warren Wagner, John Clark, David Lorence

Abstract: During the preparation of the Vascular Flora of the Marquesas Islands four new species of Bidens (Coreopsideae, Asteraceae) have come to light and are described herein: B. woodii W.L. Wagner, J.R. Clark & Lorence, sp. nov. from Ua Pou, and Bidens microcephala W.L. Wagner, J.R. Clark & Lorence sp. nov., B. evapelliana W.L. Wagner, J.R. Clark & Lorence, sp. nov., and B. wichmanii W.L. Wagner, J.R. Clark & Lorence, sp. nov. from the undercollected island of Fatu Hiva. In addition to these new species, we recognize the following six species of Bidens previously described from the Marquesas Islands: Bidens beckiana (F. Br.) Sherff (Eiao and Hatutaa), B. bipontina Sherff and B. cordifolia Sch. Bip. (both in Nuku Hiva), B. henryi Sherff (Hiva Oa, Tahuata), B. uapensis (F. Br.) Sherff (Ua Pou), and B. polycephala Sch. Bip. (Nuku Hiva, Ua Huku, Hiva Oa, Tahuata, and Mohotani). Two names are reduced to synonymy under B. polycephala: B. collina Degener & Sherff, syn. nov. and B. jardinii Sch. Bip., syn. nov. Bidens polycephala has the widest distribution of the Marquesan species on five of the islands and exhibits considerable variation.

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Research Article Wed, 4 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0300
Lithocarpus orbicarpus (Fagaceae), a new species of Stone Oak from Phang Nga province, Thailand https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1511/ PhytoKeys 34: 33-46

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.34.6429

Authors: Joeri Strijk, Sukontip Sirimongkol, Sukid Rueangruea, Nikom Ritphet, Voradol Chamchumroon

Abstract: A new species is described, Lithocarpus orbicarpus Strijk, collected from Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary, Mueang district, Phang Nga Province in the Peninsular Floristic Region of Thailand. We provide the first technical illustrations and colour photographs of the new species, as well as a description of its conservation status and the collecting locality. The species can be easily distinguished by its unique orbicular acorns, each covered with a dense pattern of irregularly placed scales, which completely conceal the nut, except for a tiny apical pore, and which are arranged in a dense cluster on an erect woody spike. We also provide an amendment to the existing diagnostic key to Lithocarpus, and discuss important differences with morphologically similar species found in Thailand and the surrounding region.

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Research Article Tue, 11 Feb 2014 00:00:00 +0200
Insights from natural history collections: analysing the New Zealand macroalgal flora using herbarium data https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1499/ PhytoKeys 30: 1-21

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.30.5889

Authors: Wendy Nelson, Jennifer Dalen, Kate Neill

Abstract: Herbaria and natural history collections (NHC) are critical to the practice of taxonomy and have potential to serve as sources of data for biodiversity and conservation. They are the repositories of vital reference specimens, enabling species to be studied and their distribution in space and time to be documented and analysed, as well as enabling the development of hypotheses about species relationships. The herbarium of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (WELT) contains scientifically and historically significant marine macroalgal collections, including type specimens, primarily of New Zealand species, as well as valuable exsiccatae from New Zealand and Australia. The herbarium was initiated in 1865 with the establishment of the Colonial Museum and is the only herbarium in New Zealand where there has been consistent expert taxonomic attention to the macroalgae over the past 50 years. We examined 19,422 records of marine macroalgae from around New Zealand collected over the past 164 years housed in WELT, assessing the records in terms of their spatial and temporal coverage as well as their uniqueness and abundance. The data provided an opportunity to review the state of knowledge of the New Zealand macroalgal flora reflected in the collections at WELT, to examine how knowledge of the macroalgal flora has been built over time in terms of the number of collections and the number of species recognised, and identify where there are gaps in the current collections as far as numbers of specimens per taxon, as well as with respect to geographical and seasonal coverage.

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Research Article Tue, 26 Nov 2013 00:00:00 +0200
Integrative taxonomy resolves the cryptic and pseudo-cryptic Radula buccinifera complex (Porellales, Jungermanniopsida), including two reinstated and five new species https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1487/ PhytoKeys 27: 1-113

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.27.5523

Authors: Matt Renner, Nicolas Devos, Jairo Patino, Elizabeth Brown, Andrew Orme, Michael Elgy, Trevor Wilson, Lindsey Gray, Matt von Konrat

Abstract: Molecular data from three chloroplast markers resolve individuals attributable to Radula buccinifera in six lineages belonging to two subgenera, indicating the species is polyphyletic as currently circumscribed. All lineages are morphologically diagnosable, but one pair exhibits such morphological overlap that they can be considered cryptic. Molecular and morphological data justify the re-instatement of a broadly circumscribed ecologically variable R. strangulata, of R. mittenii, and the description of five new species. Two species Radula mittenii Steph. and R. notabilis sp. nov. are endemic to the Wet Tropics Bioregion of north-east Queensland, suggesting high diversity and high endemism might characterise the bryoflora of this relatively isolated wet-tropical region. Radula demissa sp. nov. is endemic to southern temperate Australasia, and like R. strangulata occurs on both sides of the Tasman Sea. Radula imposita sp. nov. is a twig and leaf epiphyte found in association with waterways in New South Wales and Queensland. Another species, R. pugioniformis sp. nov., has been confused with Radula buccinifera but was not included in the molecular phylogeny. Morphological data suggest it may belong to subg. Odontoradula. Radula buccinifera is endemic to Australia including Western Australia and Tasmania, and to date is known from south of the Clarence River on the north coast of New South Wales. Nested within R. buccinifera is a morphologically distinct plant from Norfolk Island described as R. anisotoma sp. nov. Radula australiana is resolved as monophyletic, sister to a species occurring in east coast Australian rainforests, and nesting among the R.buccinifera lineages with strong support. The molecular phylogeny suggests several long-distance dispersal events may have occurred. These include two east-west dispersal events from New Zealand to Tasmania and south-east Australia in R. strangulata, one east-west dispersal event from Tasmania to Western Australia in R. buccinifera, and at least one west-east dispersal from Australia to New Zealand in R. australiana. Another west-east dispersal event from Australia to Norfolk Island may have led to the budding speciation of R. anisotoma. In contrast, Radula demissa is phylogeographically subdivided into strongly supported clades either side of the Tasman Sea, suggesting long distance dispersal is infrequent in this species.

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Research Article Wed, 30 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0200
A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1465/ PhytoKeys 22: 1-428

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.22.4041

Authors: Sandra Knapp

Abstract: The Dulcamaroid clade of Solanum contains 45 species of mostly vining or weakly scandent species, including the common circumboreal weed Solanum dulcamara L. The group comprises members of the previously recognised infrageneric groupings sect. Andropedas Rusby, sect. Californisolanum A. Child, sect. Dulcamara (Moench) Dumort., sect. Holophylla (G.Don) Walp., sect. Jasminosolanum (Bitter) Seithe, sect. Lysiphellos (Bitter) Seithe, subsect. Nitidum A.Child and sect. Subdulcamara Dunal. These infrageneric groups are not monophyletic as traditionally recognised, and the complex history of the classification of the dulcamaroid solanums is reviewed. Many of the species in the clade are quite variable morphologically; plants are shrubs, herbaceous vines or woody canopy lianas, and habits can vary between these states in a single locality. Variation in leaf shape and pubescence density and type is also extreme and has lead to the description of many minor morphological variants as distinct species. The flowers of members of the group are generally very showy, and several species (e.g., S. crispum Ruiz & Pav., S. laxum Spreng., S. seaforthianum Andrews) are popular ornamental plants that have occasionally escaped from cultivation and become naturalised. The clade is here divided into five morphologically and geographically delimited species groups to facilitate further study. One new species from southern Ecuador, Solanum agnoston S.Knapp sp. nov., is described here. Full descriptions and synonymies (including designations of lectotypes or neotypes), preliminary conservation assessments, illustrations, distribution maps, and an extensive list of localities are provided for all species.

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Research Article Fri, 10 May 2013 00:00:00 +0300
A revised circumscription for the Blakeeae (Melastomataceae) with associated nomenclatural adjustments https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1456/ PhytoKeys 20: 17-32

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.20.4344

Authors: Darin Penneys, Walter Judd

Abstract: Systematic investigations and phylogenetic analyses of the Blakeeae (Melastomataceae) have indicated that Topobea should be synonymized under Blakea, and Huilaea under Chalybea. Presented here is a detailed description of the Blakeeae, a key to its two accepted genera, and a listing of 62 new combinations, including 3 new names, necessitated by the transfer of Topobea as follows: B. acuminata (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. adscendens (E.Cotton & Matezki) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. albertiae (Wurdack) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. amplifolia (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. arboricola (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. asplundii (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. barbata (Gleason) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. brenesii (Standl.) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. brevibractea (Gleason) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. bullata (E.Cotton & Matezki) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. calcarata (L.Uribe) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. calophylla (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. calycularis (Naudin) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. castanedae (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. clavata (Triana) Penneys & Judd, nom. nov., B. cordata (Gleason) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. cuprina Penneys & Judd, nom. nov., B. cutucuensis (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. dimorphophylla (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. discolor (Hochr.) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. dodsonorum (Wurdack) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. eplingii (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. ferruginea (Gleason) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. fragrantissima (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. gerardoana (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. glaberrima (Triana) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. henripittieri (Cogn.) Penneys & Almeda, comb. et nom. nov., B. hexandra (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. horologica Penneys & Judd, nom. nov., B. induta (Markgr.) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. inflata (Triana) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. insignis (Triana) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. intricata (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. killipii (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. lentii (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. longiloba (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. longisepala (Gleason) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. macbrydei (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. maguirei (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. maurofernandeziana (Cogn.) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. mcphersonii (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. modica (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. mortoniana (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. muricata (Lozano) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. pascoensis (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. pluvialis (Standl.) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. sessilifolia (Triana) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. setosa (Triana) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. standleyi (L.O.Williams) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. stephanochaeta (Naudin) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. steyermarkii (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. suaveolens (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. subbarbata (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. subscabrula (Triana) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. subsessiliflora (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. superba (Naudin) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. tetramera (Almeda) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov., B. tetroici (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. toachiensis (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. trianae (Cogn.) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. verrucosa (Wurdack) Penneys & Judd, comb. nov., B. watsonii (Cogn.) Penneys & Almeda, comb. nov.

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Research Article Fri, 22 Feb 2013 00:00:00 +0200
Systematics and ecology of the Australasian genus Empodisma (Restionaceae) and description of a new species from peatlands in northern New Zealand https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1423/ PhytoKeys 13: 39-79

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.13.3259

Authors: Steven Wagstaff, Beverley Clarkson

Abstract: The genus Empodisma comprises two species that are ecologically important in wetland habitats. Empodismagracillimum is restricted to south-western Australia, whereas E.minus is found in Tasmania, eastern Australia and New Zealand. We sequenced three cpDNA genes for 15 individuals of Empodisma sampled from throughout the range of the species. The results support an Australian origin for Empodisma sometime during the late Oligocene to early Miocene with more recent dispersal, colonization and diversification in New Zealand. We recovered six genetically distinct maternal lineages: three E. gracillimum haplotypes corresponding to the three accessions in our analysis, a wide-ranging E. minus haplotype found in eastern Australia and Tasmania, an E. minus haplotype found in New Zealand from Stewart Island to approximately 38° S latitude on the North Island, and a distinct haplotype restricted to the North Island of New Zealand north of 38° S latitude. The Eastern Australian and New Zealand haplotypes of E. minus were supported by only one cpDNA gene, and we felt the relatively minor morphological differences and the small amount of genetic divergence did not warrant taxonomic recognition. However, we recommend that the northern New Zealand haplotype should be recognized as the new species Empodisma robustum and provide descriptions and a key to the species of Empodisma. Monophyly of E. robustum is supported by all three cpDNA genes. Empodisma robustum can be distinguished from E. gracillimum and E.minus by its robust growth stature and distinct ecology. It is typically eliminated by fire and re-establishes by seed (seeder strategy), whereas E.minus and E. gracillimum regrow after fire (sprouter strategy).

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Research Article Tue, 3 Jul 2012 00:00:00 +0300
Taxonomic synopsis of invasive and native Spartina (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington and Oregon), including the first report of Spartina ×townsendii for British Columbia, Canada https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1409/ PhytoKeys 10: 25-82

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734

Authors: Jeffery Saarela

Abstract: Five species of the grass genus Spartina are invading salt marshes along the Pacific coast of North America, of which three have been documented in British Columbia, Canada, in only the last decade. A taxonomic synopsis of the two native (S. gracilis, S. pectinata) and five introduced Spartina taxa (S. anglica, S. alterniflora, S. densiflora, S. patens, S. ×townsendii) in the Pacific Northwest is presented to facilitate their identification, including nomenclature, a new taxonomic key, new descriptions for a subset of taxa, and representative specimens. Spartina ×townsendii is newly reported for the flora of British Columbia. The non-coastal species S. pectinata is reported from an urban site in British Columbia, the first confirmed report of the taxon for the province. Lectotypes are newly designated for S. anglica C.E. Hubb., S. maritimasubvar.fallax St.-Yves, and S. cynosuroides f. major St.-Yves.

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Research Article Wed, 21 Mar 2012 00:00:00 +0200
A new species of Solanum named for Jeanne Baret, an overlooked contributor to the history of botany https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1403/ PhytoKeys 8: 37-47

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.8.2101

Authors: Eric Tepe, Glynis Ridley, Lynn Bohs

Abstract: We describe Solanum baretiae sp. nov., a new species of Solanum section Anarrhichomenum, named in honor of Jeanne Baret, who sailed as the assistant to botanist Philibert Commerson on Louis Antoine de Bougainville’s global circumnavigation (1766–1769). The species is similar to S. chimborazense, but differs inlarger flowers, more flowers per inflorescence, and different patterns of pubescence on the filaments (pubescent adaxially and glabrous abaxially) and style (papillose to sparsely pubescent). A description, illustration, photos, and comparisons to similar species are included. Also included is a preliminary conservation assessment, along with a brief account of the important role played by Baret during the expedition. The new species appears to be restricted to the Amotape-Huancabamba zone, an area of southern Ecuador and northern Peru known for its exceptional biodiversity.

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Research Article Tue, 3 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0200
Coccinia intermedia - a new Cucurbitaceae species from West Africa https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1396/ PhytoKeys 7: 27-36

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.7.2032

Authors: Norbert Holstein, Susanne Renner

Abstract: Nuclear and plastid sequences from two individuals of a suspected new species of Coccinia from West Africa were added to an available molecular phylogeny for the remaining 27 species of the genus. Phylogenetic analyses of these data indicate the new species` monophyletic status and closest relatives. Based on four fertile collections, we here describe and illustrate Coccinia intermedia Holstein. We also provide a key to the Coccinia species of West Africa and map their distributions.

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Research Article Tue, 29 Nov 2011 00:00:00 +0200
A third species of Polyspatha, an endemic African genus of Commelinaceae https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/1367/ PhytoKeys 3: 9-20

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.3.1181

Authors: Robert Faden

Abstract: Polyspatha oligospatha Faden, the third species in a small African endemic genus of Commelinaceae, is described. It is widespread but has been overlooked because of its small stature and resemblance to small plants of P. paniculata. It differs from both P. paniculata and P. hirsuta, the two other species, by its leaf pubescence, fewer, more widely spaced and usually patent spathes, deeply ridged seeds with numerous knobby, transversely interrupted ridges, and morning anthesis. It occurs throughout the Congolian forests from Cameroon to Uganda, but it is also disjunct in Ivory Coast, across the Dahomey gap.

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Research Article Mon, 30 May 2011 00:00:00 +0300