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Research Article
The floral morphology of four Chinese Bambusa species (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) previously described only from vegetative material
expand article infoQiao-Mei Qin‡, Zhuo-Yu Cai§|, Jing-Bo Ni§, Yi-Hua Tong§, Nian-He Xia§
‡ Guangdong Eco-engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
§ South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Corresponding author: Nian-He Xia ( nhxia@scbg.ac.cn )

Academic editor: Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
© 2022 Qiao-Mei Qin, Zhuo-Yu Cai, Jing-Bo Ni, Yi-Hua Tong, Nian-He Xia.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Qin Q-M, Cai Z-Y, Ni J-B, Tong Y-H, Xia N-H (2022) The floral morphology of four Chinese Bambusa species (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) previously described only from vegetative material. PhytoKeys 213: 143-159. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.213.95614
Open Access

Abstract

Due to their specialised flowering biology where frequent or even annual flowering is uncommon, reproductive materials of bamboos are not always available, so hampering taxonomic interpretation and research into other aspects. Bambusa contracta, B. corniculata, B. cornigera and B. subtruncata were established only based on vegetative materials and flowering or fruiting material has been hitherto unknown. The floral morphology of these four species is described for the first time and, correspondingly, epitypes are designated to support a more complete interpretation of the species.

Keywords

Bambuseae, epitype, pseudospikelet, taxonomy

Introduction

The subfamily Bambusoideae (Poaceae) includes forest grasses that number more than 1680 species in 127 genera classified into three tribes, viz., Olyreae, Bambuseae and Arundinarieae (Sungkaew et al. 2009; Triplett and Clark 2010; Zhang et al. 2012; Vorontsova et al. 2016; Clark and de Oliveira 2018). Bambusa Schreb. is a genus of Bambuseae including more than 100 species and is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (Xia et al. 2006). In China, there are about 80 Bambusa species of high practical and economic value (Jia et al. 1996; Xia et al. 2006).

Phylogenetic studies have shown that Bambusa is not monophyletic and it has complicated genetic relationships with Dendrocalamus Nees and Gigantochloa Kurz ex. Munro (Goh et al. 2010, 2011, 2013; Guo 2010; Zeng 2014; Qin 2019). Therefore, the reticulate alliance amongst these three genera has been called the Bambusa-Dendrocalamus-Gigantochloa complex (or ‘BDG’ complex) (Goh et al. 2010, 2011, 2013). The vegetative morphology of Bambusa and its allies can sometimes be rather confusing. The main characters distinguishing these three genera are found in their floral morphology. Bambusa (except subgenus Dendrocalamopsis L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung) has elongate and disarticulating rachilla segments which in Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, as well as Bambusa subgenus Dendrocalamopsis, are absent (Wong 1995; Xia et al. 2006). In addition, Gigantochloa consistently features a firm filament tube while the other two typically have separate filaments (Wong 1995). Lack of detailed knowledge on the flowering characters, combined with the long flowering interval and frequent clump death after reproduction has resulted in floral material of a number of these bamboo species being unavailable. Thus, it is valuable to document the reproductive characteristics for every bamboo species, which benefits identification and the clarification of relationships amongst various taxa.

Bambusa contracta L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung, B. corniculata L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung, B. cornigera McClure and B. subtruncata L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung were published, based only on vegetative materials (McClure 1940; Chia and Fung 1981). The type of B. cornigera was collected from Wuzhou, Guangxi in 1928 (McClure 1940). The types of B. subtruncata (introduced from Xinyi, Guangdong), B. contracta and B. corniculata (introduced from Dongxing, Guangxi) were collected from cultivated material in the South China Botanical Garden (Chia and Fung 1981). Up to now, studies about B. contracta, B. corniculata, B. cornigera and B. subtruncata mainly focused on resource collection, protection, utilisation and evaluation of growth characteristics (Qiu et al. 2006; Wu 2008; Huang et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2014; Wu 2014; Huang et al. 2017), introduction and reproduction (Jin and Wang 1990; Zhang 2008), leaf epidermis micromorphology (Wang et al. 2002; Tao 2021), chromosome characteristics (Li et al. 2001; Jia et al. 2016) and vascular bundle morphology (Wen and Chou 1984; Fang et al. 1998). Studies on their floral morphology are unknown.

In this study, the pseudospikelet and floral morphology of these four Bambusa species are compared with those of closely-related species. Epitypes are designated here to support a more complete representation of the species.

Materials and methods

All flowering materials were collected from plants cultivated in the Bambusetum of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. They are deposited in the IBSC Herbarium of the South China Botanical Garden, as Qin & Ni QQM 16 (B. subtruncata), QQM 39 (B. contracta), QQM 40 (B. corniculata) and QQM 41 (B. cornigera). Dissection was carried out using a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX16). Morphological comparisons were based on characters recorded in the relevant literature including protologues, as well as the study of type specimens. The specimens and photographic images were used for making descriptions.

New epitypes and descriptions including flowering material

Bambusa contracta L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung (1981:376)

Figs 1, 2

Holotype

China, Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, cultivated in South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (plants originally from Guangxi, Dongxing), 15 August 1978, Nan-Zhu 2061 (IBSC!).

Epitype (designated here)

China, Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, cultivated in South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 31 March 2016, Qin & Ni QQM 39 (IBSC!).

Description including flowering material

Culms 5–6 m tall, 2–3 cm diameter, erect, apically drooping; internodes 34–57 cm long, plain green, initially slightly white waxy, with sparse long white hairs; wall ca. 3 mm thick; nodes flat, glabrous. Branch complement at mid-culm with a slightly dominant central branch and many subequal branches, those at culm base without thorny branchlets. Culm leaf sheath slightly white waxy, usually glabrous or basally dark brown hispid, apically arched with asymmetric sides; auricles unequal, oblong to lanceolate, undulate, wrinkled, larger auricle slightly slanted downwards, ca. 3 cm long, 0.7–1 cm wide, ca. 2 times larger than smaller one, bristles on the margin undulate; ligule ca. 2 mm high, margin sparsely dentate; blade erect, narrowly ovate, ca. 2/5 as long as sheath, base rounded, slightly overlapping with auricles for 2–3 mm, ca. 1/4 as wide as sheath apex, apex involute and acuminate. Foliage leaf sheath glabrous; auricles subovate, margin with long bristles; ligule very low, margin sparsely dentate; blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–15 cm long, 1.3–1.5 cm wide, abaxial surface densely pubescent, adaxial surface glabrous. Pseudospikelets fasciculate at each node of flowering branches, linear, sessile, basally subtended by several bud-bearing bracts, 2.5–3.5 cm long; florets 4–6, middle 2–4 florets fully developed; prophylls 1–2 mm long, 2-keeled, keels sparsely ciliolate; bracts 2–4, ovate to oblong, 3–5 mm long, glabrous, apically ciliolate, adaxial surface apex puberulent, obscurely 0–5-veined, apex obtuse to acute, mucronate or not; rachilla disarticulating between florets, segments compressed, 1.5–3 mm long, glabrous, lower segments distally inflated, upper segments distally only slightly inflated; glumes 1–3, oblong, 6–7 mm long, glabrous, sometimes adaxial surface apex puberulent, obscurely 11–13-veined, apex obtuse to acute, mucronate or not; lemma oblong, 7–10 mm long, glabrous, abaxial surface purple-spotted, 19–21-veined, apex acute mucronate, calluses no more than 5 mm long, glabrous; palea 9–11 mm long, 2-keeled, keels apically ciliolate, 4–5-veined between keels, each side 2-veined, apex truncate; lodicules 3, apex ciliate, anterior two broadly oblong, 2–3 mm long, posterior one narrowly oblong, 2–3 mm long; stamens 6, filaments filiform, anthers brown to yellowish, 5.5–7 mm long, apex retuse; ovary obovoid, 1.8–2 mm long, apex hispidulous, styles 3, 0.5–0.7 mm long, stigmas 3, plumose, 4–5 mm long.

Figure 1. 

Vegetative morphology and pseudospikelets of B. contracta A clumps B clump base C culm internode D branch complement E culm node with velvety hairs F pseudospikelets G culm leaf (abaxial view) H culm leaf (adaxial view) I the distal part of a leafy branch (upper side) J the distal part of a leafy branch (lower side).

Figure 2. 

Floral morphology of B. contracta A pseudospikelet B prophyll (abaxial view) C rachilla segment D bud-bearing bract (adaxial view) E axillary bud subtended by bract in (D) F, G glumes (adaxial view) H lemma showing margins I palea showing margins J back of palea K lodicules L pistil M stamen. Drawn by Qiao-Mei Qin.

Note

We made a comparison between this species and its relative, Bambusa textilis McClure. The result shows that they share similar floral characters. B. contracta differs from B. textilis in having 4–5 veins between palea keels (versus 10), 2 veins on each wing of the palea (versus 4) and 11–13 veins on the glumes (versus 21).

Bambusa corniculata L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung (1981:368)

Figs 3, 4

Holotype

China, Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, cultivated in South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (plants originally from Guangxi, Dongxing), 15 August 1978, Nan-Zhu 2599 (IBSC!).

Epitype (designated here)

China, Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, cultivated in South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 31 March 2016, Qin & Ni QQM 40 (IBSC!).

Description including flowering material

Culms ca. 8 m tall, 4–7 cm diameter, basally slightly zig-zag, apically drooping; internodes 20–32 cm long, basal ones conspicuously shorter, usually flat and shallowly grooved above branches, plain green, initially white waxy and with caducous sparse hispid hairs; wall ca. 8 mm thick; basal nodes with grey-white sericeous ring-like zones below and above sheath insertion, with short aerial roots. Primary branch bud horizontally elliptic, prophyll margins apically ciliate. Branch complement at lower culm nodes typically with only one branch bearing short, curved, weak, thorny branchlets; at mid-culm with 3 to several branches, central branch dominant. Culm leaf sheath glabrous, apex subtruncate, with a triangular protuberance on one shoulder; auricles unequal, lager auricle oblong or elliptic, ca. 8 mm wide, ca. 3 times larger than smaller one, margin with undulate bristles ca. 1 cm long; ligule ca. 3 mm high, short-fimbriate; blade erect, triangular or narrowly ovate, base 4/5 as wide as sheath apex. Foliage leaf sheath glabrous; auricles absent or tiny, semicircular to ovate, margin with undulate bristles; ligule very low, fimbriate; blade linear to lanceolate, 13–20 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, abaxial surface pubescent, adaxial surface glabrous. Pseudospikelets fasciculate at each node of flowering branches, linear, sessile, basally subtended by several bud-bearing bracts, 2–4 cm long; florets 7–9, middle 2–5 florets fully developed; prophylls ca. 4 mm long, 2-keeled, keels apically sparsely ciliolate; bracts 2–3, lanceolate, 4–6 mm long, glabrous, 1–9-veined, apex acute, mucronate or not; rachilla disarticulating between florets, segments compressed, 2–4 mm long, glabrous, apex ciliolate, lower segments distally inflated, upper segments distally only slightly inflated; glumes 1–3, ovate, ca. 7 mm long, glabrous, adaxial surface puberulent at the upper half, 15-veined, apex acute mucronate; lemma oblong, 8–12 mm long, glabrous, abaxial surface purple-spotted, 18–21-veined, apex acute mucronate, calluses ca. 0.5 mm long, glabrous; palea 8–13 mm long, 2-keeled, keels apically sparsely ciliolate, 4-veined between keels, each side 2-veined; lodicules 3, apex ciliate, anterior 2 obliquely oblong, 2.5–3 mm long, posterior one obovate, ca. 2.5 mm long; stamens 6, filaments filiform, anthers yellow to brownish, 5.5–6 mm long, apex retuse; ovary obovoid, 1.5–2 mm long, apex sparsely hispidulous, styles 3, 0.8–1 mm long, stigmas 3, plumose, 2.5–8 mm long.

Figure 3. 

Vegetative morphology and pseudospikelets of B. corniculata A clump B clump base C culm internode D thorny branches at culm base E pseudospikelets F culm leaf (abaxial view) G culm leaf (adaxial view) H the distal part of a leafy branch (upper side) I the distal part of a leafy branch (lower side).

Figure 4. 

Floral morphology of B. corniculata A pseudospikelets B prophyll (abaxial view) C rachilla segment D empty bract (adaxial view) E, F glumes (abaxial view) G lemma (adaxial view) H palea showing glabrous margins I back of palea J pistil K young pistil L lodicules M stamen N terminal floret. D drawn by Qiao-Mei Qin, A–C and E–N drawn by Ding-Han Cui.

Note

This species is closely related to Bambusa gibba McClure in vegetative morphology. However, B. corniculata can differ from B. gibba by apically acute (versus obtuse) bracts, glabrous (versus puberulent) rachilla segments, apically sparsely ciliolate (versus glabrous) keels of the palea, more veins on the palea and unstalked (versus stalked) ovary.

Bambusa cornigera McClure (1940:7)

Figs 5, 6

Holotype

China, Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, cultivated in Lingnan University Bamboo Garden under BG 1833 (living type, originally from Guangxi, Wuzhou, Cangwu, Changzhou Island, West River, above Wuzhou), 10 September 1933, H. Fung 20712 (US!).

Epitype (designated here)

China, Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, cultivated in South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 31 March 2016, Qin & Ni QQM 41 (IBSC!).

Description including flowering material

Culms 8–13 m tall, 6–8 cm diameter, basally straight or zig-zag, apically pendulous; internodes 24–28 cm long, slightly curved, basally somewhat swollen, glabrous, plain green, initially slightly white waxy; basal nodes with grey-white sericeous ring-like zones below and above sheath insertion. Branch complement at lower culm nodes with branchlets sometimes specialised into curved, weak thorns; at mid-culm with several branches, central 3 branches dominant. Culm leaf sheath ribbed-striate, with caducous, stiff, appressed, pale hairs above the middle, apex somewhat truncate; auricles equal, oblong, small, margins with fine bristles; ligule up to 3 mm high, entire, margin ciliate; blade erect, triangular to narrowly triangular. Foliage leaf sheath glabrous; auricles absent, without or with only a few bristles; ligule very low; blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 12–20 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, abaxial surface pubescent, adaxial surface glabrous. Pseudospikelets fasciculate at each node of flowering branches, linear, sessile, basally subtended by several bud-bearing bracts at base, 2.5–4.5 cm long; florets 10–12, middle 5–7 florets fully developed; prophylls 2–4 mm long, 2-keeled, keels apically sparsely ciliolate; bracts 2–3, lanceolate, 3–4 mm long, glabrous, apically ciliolate, sometimes adaxial surface apex puberulent, apex acute, mucronate or not; rachilla not disarticulating between florets, segments compressed, 2–3 mm long, glabrous, apex slightly ciliolate and flat; glumes 1–2, lanceolate to oblong, 5–7 mm long, glabrous, both surface apex puberulent, obscurely 11–13-veined, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate; lemma broadly elliptic, 10–12 mm long, glabrous, 19–23-veined, apex acute mucronate, calluses no more than 0.5 mm long, glabrous; palea 8–11 mm long, 2-keeled, keels apically ciliolate, 4–6-veined between keels, each side 2–3-veined; lodicules 3, apex ciliate, anterior 2 obliquely oblong, 3–3.5 mm long, posterior one narrower, ca. 3.5 mm long; stamens 6, filaments filiform, anthers yellow, 5–7 mm long, apex apiculate; ovary broadly ovoid, 1–2 mm long, apex hispidulous, style 1, 0.7–1 mm long, stigmas 3, plumose, 4–5 mm long.

Figure 5. 

Vegetative morphology and pseudospikelets of B. cornigera A clumps B young culm C thorny branches at culm base D culm internode E pseudospikelets F culm leaf (abaxial view) G culm leaf (adaxial view) H the distal part of a leafy branch (upper side) I the distal part of a leafy branch (lower side).

Figure 6. 

Floral morphology of B. cornigera A pseudospikelets B prophyll (abaxial view) C rachilla segment D empty bract (adaxial view) E empty bract (abaxial view) F bud-bearing bract (adaxial view) G axillary bud subtended by bract in (F) H glume (adaxial view) I glume (abaxial view) J lemma showing margins K lemma (abaxial view) L palea showing margins M back of palea N lodicules O pistil P ovary Q stamen R lemma of subterminal floret S palea of subterminal floret T terminal floret. Drawn by Ding-Han Cui.

Bambusa subtruncata L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung (1981:378)

Figs 7, 8

Holotype

China, Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, cultivated in South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (plants originally from Guangdong, Xinyi, Qingshui mountain), 5 August 1976, Nan-Zhu 2312 (IBSC!).

Epitype (designated here)

China, Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, cultivated in South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 November 2015, Qin & Ni QQM 16 (IBSC!).

Description including flowering material

Culms 4–5 m tall, 2–2.5 cm diameter, basally nearly straight, apically slightly drooping; internodes 25–33 cm long, glabrous, initially slightly white waxy, green, basal ones typically with yellow stripes; wall ca. 7 mm thick; basal nodes with grey-white sericeous ring-like zones below and above sheath insertion. Primary branch bud broadly ovate, prophyll margins apically ciliate. Branch complement at mid-culm with many branches, central 3 branches dominant, those at culm base without thorny branchlets. Culm leaf sheath initially green with yellow stripes, glabrous or brown hispid especially near margins, apex subtruncate; auricles unequal, larger one about 2.5 times as large as smaller one, moderately to broadly elliptic, ca. 2 cm long, ca. 1.3 cm wide, wrinkled, margins with undulate bristles; ligule 1.5–2 mm high, margin ciliate; blade caducous, erect, triangular to narrowly triangular, base slightly rounded, overlapping with auricles for 6–7 mm, about 3/5 as wide as sheath apex. Foliage leaf sheath glabrous; auricles subovate or tiny, margin with undulate bristles; ligule low, entire; blade linear-lanceolate, 8–15 cm long, 0.9–1.3 cm wide, abaxial surface densely pubescent, adaxial surface glabrous. Pseudospikelets fasciculate at each node of flowering branches, linear, sessile, basally subtended by several bud-bearing bracts at base, 2.5–3 cm long; florets 9–10, middle 4–7 florets fully developed; prophylls ca. 3 mm long, 2-keeled, keels apically sparsely ciliolate; bracts 4–5, lanceolate, 3.5–10.5 mm long, glabrous, adaxial surface puberulent at the upper half, 5–15-veined, apex acute mucronate; rachilla disarticulating between florets, segments compressed, 4–5 mm long, apex ciliolate and flat; no glume; lemma oblong-lanceolate, 12–14 mm long, glabrous, 17–19-veined, apex acute mucronate, calluses ca. 1 mm long, glabrous; palea 12–13 mm long, 2-keeled, keels apically sparsely ciliolate, 4-veined between keels, each side 2-veined, apex slightly puberulent; lodicules 3, apex ciliate, anterior 2 obliquely oblong, 2.5–3.5 mm long, posterior one narrowly obovate, 2.5 mm long; stamens 6, filaments filiform, anthers brown to yellowish, 5–6.5 mm long, apex retuse; ovary obovoid, ca. 1.5 mm long, apex hispidulous, styles 3, 0.5–0.6 mm long, stigmas 3, rarely 4, plumose, 2.5–3 mm long.

Figure 7. 

Vegetative morphology and pseudospikelets of B. subtruncata A clump B culms internode C branch complement D primary branch bud E pseudospikelet F culm leaf (abaxial view) G culm leaf (adaxial view) H the distal part of a leafy branch (upper side) I the distal part of a leafy branch (lower side).

Figure 8. 

Floral morphology of B. subtruncata A pseudospikelet B prophyll (abaxial view) C rachilla segment D empty bract (adaxial view) E empty bract (abaxial view) F lemma (adaxial view) G palea showing margins H back of palea I pistil J lodicules K stamen. Drawn by Ding-Han Cui.

Note

After the comparison of floral characters between this species and a very similar congener, Bambusa tuldoides Munro, the following differences were found: B. subtruncata has a flat rachilla segment apex (versus inflated), 4–5 bracts (versus 2), no glumes (versus usually just 1), an acute lemma apex (versus obtuse) and 2 veins on each side of the palea (versus 4 veins).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Mr. Ding-Han Cui for preparing the illustrations. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 31670196), the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (grant no. 202201011461), the Young Innovative Talents Project (Natural Science) in Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province (grant no. 2021KQNCX189) and the Natural Science Project of the Guangdong Eco-engineering Polytechnic (grant no. 2020kykt-xj-zk05).

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