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Research Article
Two new endemic species, Peucedanum miroense and P. tongkangense (Apiaceae), from Korea
expand article infoKyeonghee Kim‡, Hwa-Jung Suh§, Jun-Ho Song|
‡ National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
§ Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Republic of Korea
¶ Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea

Corresponding author: Jun-Ho Song ( jhsong@chungbuk.ac.kr )

Academic editor: Leandro Giacomin
© 2022 Kyeonghee Kim, Hwa-Jung Suh, Jun-Ho Song.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Kim K, Suh H-J, Song J-H (2022) Two new endemic species, Peucedanum miroense and P. tongkangense (Apiaceae), from Korea. PhytoKeys 210: 35-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.210.86067
Open Access

Abstract

Two new species of Peucedanum (Apiaceae), P. miroense and P. tongkangense, from Gangwon Province, South Korea, are described. Both species are most similar to P. elegans and P. hakuunense because of their linear ultimate leaf segments. Peucedanum miroense was found on crevices of rocks in mountain summits and can be distinguished by its pubescent ovary, purple anthers, oblong schizocarp, and 1 or (2) vittae per vallecula and 4 on the commissural face. Peucedanum tongkangense was found in open areas on rocky cliffs along the Donggang River and can be distinguished by its glabrous ovary, whitish-yellow anthers, narrowly ellipsoid schizocarp, and 3 vittae per vallecula and 4 on the commissural face. Distinguishing characteristics, full descriptions, illustrations, photographs, taxonomic notes on geographical distribution, ecology, and phenology of the two species are presented. An identification key for all Korean species of Peucedanum is also provided. In addition, the mericarp surface of two new species and their close relatives are compared using micromorphological analysis.

Keywords

Apiaceae, FE-SEM, Korea, new species, Peucedanum, taxonomy

Introduction

Peucedanum L. (Apiaceae), represented by 100–120 species, is broadly distributed in the Old World (Hiroe 1979; Pimenov and Leonov 1993; Ostroumova and Pimenov 1997a, b; Shneyer et al. 2003). Peucedanum is distinguished from other genera by its dorsally compressed mericarps with narrowly winged marginal ribs and filiform dorsal ribs (Drude 1898; Sheh and Watson 2005). The leaves are ternately or pinnately compound, and the leaflets are variously lobed and pinnatifid, pinnatisect, or sometimes simply toothed (Thellung 1926; Shishkin 1951; Shan and Sheh 1992). The ultimate leaf segments of Peucedanum are linear, lanceolate, oblong, or oblanceolate (Thellung 1926; Shishkin 1951; Shan and Sheh 1992).

Peucedanum is a complex and heterogeneous genus because many species present a complicated morphological variation of key characters, such as composition of leaves and ribs of mericarps (Pimenov and Leonov 1993; Shneyer et al. 2003). Therefore, many authors have tried to divide the genus Peucedanum into several genera, according to the species morphology. For example, Pimenov (1986) newly defined a genus Kitagawia Pimenov based on the shapes of mericarps, ribs on mericarps, apex of petals, and morphology of the base of the leaves. Other than genus Kitagawia, there are several segregate genera part of Peucedanum s.l.; these are Imperatoria L., Thysselinum Adans., Cervaria Wolf, Holandrea Reduron, Charpin & Pimenov, and Leutea Pimenov (Spalik et al. 2004). However, the generic delimitation and synapomorphy of each group is not clear. Therefore, a comprehensive study including further molecular phylogenetic research with more various species is necessary to understand the phylogenetic relationships among groups of Peucedanum s.l.

Some species of Peucedanum have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various conditions, including coughs, cramps, pain, rheumatism, asthma, angina, and headaches (Morioka et al. 2004; Sarkhail, 2014). The most representative phytochemicals isolated from Peucedanum are coumarin compounds called pyranocoumarins and furanocoumarins, which have pharmacological effects in ailments including asthma, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal disorders (Sarkhail 2014; Gurbuz et al. 2018). For example, P. praeruptorum Dunn, which is distributed in China, is regarded as an effective medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory, anti- asthmatic, and anti-osteoclastogenic properties (Lee et al. 2015; Song et al. 2015).

To date, nine taxa, including three endemic species, in four sections of Peucedanum have been reported in Korea (Chung 1957; Kitagawa 1972; Lee 1996; Park et al. 2017; Lee 2018; Kim et al. 2019). During recent fieldwork and as a part of comprehensive systematic studies of Peucedanum in South Korea, we identified two distinct undescribed species of Peucedanum that have not been reported previously. One species was on the top of mountains in Gangwon Province and the other was on rocky slopes near rivers in Gangwon and North Chungcheong provinces. After detailed morphological, anatomical, and carpological analysis, we concluded that these plants differed from all other species of Peucedanum, particularly from P. elegans Kom. and P. hakuunense Nakai, which have similar ultimate leaf segments. We therefore propose the name P. miroense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song for the plants from the top of the mountains and P. tongkangense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song for those from the rocky slopes near the rivers and describe them here. We also present illustrations, a taxonomic key to all species of Peucedanum in Korea, images and a map of their distribution.

Materials and methods

Morphological description

The morphological descriptions of the two new species were based on observation of living plants and specimens collected from the type localities in 2021. We also examined specimens in the herbaria KB, KH, KIOM, and SNU (Thiers 2022) to compare them with related species. Type and voucher specimens were deposited in the Korean Herbarium of Standard Resources, Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM). Measurements of morphological structures were performed using a digital vernier caliper (CD-15CP; Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan). Digital images of floral parts were captured by using an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope (SM: Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), equipped with an attached Olympus DP21 digital camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Quantitative data of floral structures obtained from SM images were determined using Digimizer software (version 5.4.3; MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium).

Micromorphological observation

We also observed and compared micromorphological details of the mericarp surface of Peucedanum miroense and P. tongkangense and their close relatives, P. hakuunense and P. elegans. The dried mericarps of the four species were rehydrated overnight in a wetting agent (Agepon: distilled water, 1:200) (Agfa Gevaert, Leverkusen, Germany). Rehydrated materials were dehydrated through an ethanol series (50%, 70%, 90%, 95%, and 100%) at room temperature for one hour each. The dehydrated material was immersed in liquid CO2 for CPD (SPI-13200JE-AB; SPI Supplies, West Chester, PA, USA) and subsequently mounted on aluminum stubs using a double-sided adhesive conductive carbon disk (05073-BA; SPI Supplies, West Chester, PA, USA). All samples were gold-coated using an ion-sputtering device (208HR; Cressington Scientific Instruments Ltd., Watford, UK) and observed using a low-voltage field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM: JSM-7600F; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 3–5 kV and a working distance of 8 mm.

Taxonomy

Peucedanum miroense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song, sp. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77305892-1
Figs 1, 2, 6A

Type

Korea. Gangwon Province: Samcheok-si, Miro-myeon, Naemiro-ri, Swinŭm-san, crevices of rocks on mountain summits, 37°26'37.7"N, 129°01'49.4"E, alt. 540 m, 7 September 2021, J.H.Song & S. Yang, KIOM-2021-646-1 [Holotype: KIOM! (Fig. 6A); Isotype KB!].

Figure 1. 

Photographs of Peucedanum miroense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song A–C habitat D basal leaves E cauline leaf F sheath G compound umbel (early flowering stage) H compound umbel (mature flowering stage) I umbellet (after anthesis) J bractlets K rays L flowers M calyx teeth and stylopodium (mature fruiting stage) N dorsal side of mericarp O commissural side of mericarp P transverse plane of mericarp. cv, commissure vittae; dr, dorsal ribs; dv, vallecula vittae; mr, marginal ribs; tr, trichomes; vb, vascular bundles.

Figure 2. 

Peucedanum miroense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song A habit B flower C umbellet D basal cauline leaf E mericarp (dorsal side) F mericarp (commissural side) G mericarp (cross-section) (A–F J.H.Song & S. Yang, KIOM2021-646-2).

Diagnosis

Peucedanum miroense is similar to P. elegans but differs in its height at anthesis 37–50 cm tall (vs. 60–90 cm) and number of vittae, 8 or 9 vittae (vs. 6), 1 or (2) per vallecula (vs. 1 per vallecula), and 4 on commissure (2 on commissure). Peucedanum miroense is similar to P. hakuunense in ultimate leaf segments but has 2- or 3-pinnate leaves (vs. 1- or 2-ternate leaves) (Table 1).

Table 1.
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Comparison of major morphological characteristics of Peucedanum miroense, P. tongkangense, and their close relatives P. hakuunense and P. elegans.

P. miroense P. tongkangense P. hakuunense* P. elegans*
Habitat crevices of rocks on mountain summits open areas on rocky cliffs along the river grassy places on mountain summits mountain slopes
Height (cm) 37–50 60–120 30–75 60–90
Stems
Pith solid solid solid hollow
Branch branched much branched much branched simple or branched in upper part
Basal leaves
Division 2-pinnate 3-pinnate 2-ternate 3-pinnate
Persistence usually deciduous usually deciduous persistent persistent
Outline of blade ovate to triangular elliptic to rhombic triangular to pentagonal ovate or ovate-oblong
Central/terminal leaflet division 1- or 2-pinnatisect 2-pinnatisect 2-pinnatisect 1-pinnatisect
Central/terminal leaflet shape triangular or ovate-rhombic triangular or ovate-rhombic ovate or rhombic ovate-rhombic
Ultimate segments shape narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear narrowly lanceolate linear
Ultimate segments apex acute acute acute cuspidate with spine 1–1.5 mm long
Cauline leaves
Division 1-pinnatisect 1- or 2-pinnatisect deeply 3-lobed entire or 3-lobed
Uppermost one shape ovate to rhombic ovate to rhombic ovate linear or lanceolate
Inflorescences
No. of flowers per umbellet 16–23 15–25 15–20 20–24
No. of rays 12–16 16–18 10–20 15–25
No. of bracts 1 or 2 1 usually absent, rarely 1 or 2 5–7
No. of bractlets 6–10 5–6 6 or 8, rarely 9 6–9
Flowers
Petal color white white white or pinkish white or pinkish white
Petal shape obcordate obcordate oblong to obovate obovate-orbicular
Petal size (mm) 0.9–1.2 × 0.7–1.2 0.7–1.3 × 0.9–1.6 approximately 1 × 0.8 0.5–1 × 0.7–1
Anther color purple yellowish white pale yellow pale yellow
Anther size (mm) 0.3–0.5 × 0.4–0.5 0.5–1.1 × 0.8–1.2 0.2–0.3 × ca. 0.2 0.3–0.4 × 0.2–0.3
Fruit
Carpophore length (mm) 3.4–4.5 2.1–2.4 2.5–4.5 2.9–3.8
Mericarp size (mm) 3.7–5× 2.4–2.7 3.8–4.4 × 1.5–2 3.7–4 × 2.3–2.5 3–4 × 2–3
Pubescence on dorsal side moderately to densely pubescent with short simple unicellular hairs subglabrous to sparsely tuberculate sparsely tuberculate† moderately to densely pubescent with short simple unicellular hairs†
Marginal wings width (mm) 0.2–0.7 0.2–0.3 approximately 0.5 0.5–0.8
No. of vittae 8 or 9 13–16 18–28 6
No. of vittae per vallecula / on commissure 1 or (2) / 4 3 / 4 3 or 4 / 6–12 1 / 2

* Refer to the Park et al. (2017), Flora of Korea, Vol. 5c. Rosidae: Rhamnaceae to Apiaceae. † Newly updated description of mericarp surface in the present study.

Description

Herbs, perennial, hermaphroditic, 37–50 cm tall. Root a taproot, whitish to pale yellow, elongated, thickened, approximately 20 × 0.6–1.2 cm. Rhizomes erect or ascending, yellowish white, cylindrical, 0.3–1 cm in diameter, woody. Stems erect, purplish below middle, purplish green apically, branched, 4–7 mm in diameter, terete, longitudinally grooved, solid, glabrous, with fibrous remnants of basal leaves. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, pinnately compound, petiolate, petiole sheathing at base; stipules absent. Basal leaves many, 2-pinnate, usually deciduous; petiole 5.6–9.5 cm long, glabrous; sheath purplish or purplish green, cylindrical, not inflated, 1.1–1.8 cm × 5–7.5 mm, margins scarious, glabrous; blade ovate to triangular in outline, 6.5–11.5 × 7.3–10.6 cm, both surfaces green, glabrous; petiolule of terminal leaflet (0.8–)1.7(–3.5) cm long; terminal leaflet triangular or ovate-rhombic, 1- or 2-pinnatisect, 1.5–2.2 × 1.5–2.6 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, margins entire; petiolule of basal lateral leaflets 0.7–2.7 cm long; lateral leaflets elliptic-ovate to ovate, 1- or 2-pinnatisect, 1.8–5 × 1.3–3.7 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, margins entire, uppermost ones sessile; ultimate segments narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear, 0.5–1.2 cm × 1.8–3.5 mm. Cauline leaves similar to basal ones and becoming smaller upward; petiole of lower cauline leaves (1.5–)4.8–8 cm long, reduced upward, glabrous; blade elliptic to ovate in outline; uppermost cauline leaves ovate to rhombic, 1-pinnatisect, 0.6–1 × 0.5–1.2 cm, sessile. Inflorescences terminal and lateral, with 2–10 compound umbels, more or less flat-topped, 6.5–7 cm in diameter; umbellets hermaphroditic, 16- to 23-flowered, 1.1–1.5 cm in diameter; peduncle 2.5–6 cm long, sparsely pubescent with short simple unicellular hairs, uppermost part densely pubescent; rays 12–16, spreading to ascending, 1–2.7 cm long, unequal in length, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with short simple unicellular hairs; bracts 1 or 2, persistent or sometimes caducous, lanceolate, entire, 0.9–1.2 cm × 1–1.8 mm, apex acute, margins scarious, glabrous; pedicels 1.5–7 mm long, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with simple unicellular hairs; bractlets 6–10, persistent, linear, entire, 2.6–6.7 × 0.4–0.6 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, 1.8–2.1 mm in diameter; calyx 5-toothed; calyx teeth minute, narrowly triangular, 0.2–0.5 × 0.1–0.3 mm, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent with short conical simple unicellular hairs; petals 5, white, obcordate, 0.9–1.2 × 0.7–1.2 mm, apex incurved, base cuneate to caudate, with greenish yellow line on abaxial surface, glabrous; stamens 5, alternating with petals, with purplish dots; filaments filiform, 1.2–2 mm long; anthers 2-locular, purple, introrse, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally, subglobose, 0.3–0.5 × 0.4–0.5 mm; pistil 1, 2-carpellate; ovary inferior, syncarpous, 2-locular, moderately to densely pubescent with short simple unicellular hairs; stylopodium conical; styles 2, free, ascending, 0.2–0.5 mm at anthesis, 1.0–1.5 mm in fruit, swollen at base to form a stylopodium, reflexed in fruit; ovule 1 per locule, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a dry schizocarp composed of 2 mericarps, pale brown to brown at maturity, oblong; carpophore 3.4–4.5 mm long, 2-cleft; mericarps splitting apart at maturity, oblong, dorsally compressed, 3.7–5.0 × 2.4–2.7 mm, moderately to densely pubescent with short simple unicellular hairs on dorsal surface, glabrous on commissural surface; dorsal ribs 3, prominent, not winged; marginal ribs 2, slightly winged; wings 0.2–0.7 mm wide, scarious; secondary ribs absent; vittae (oil tubes) 8 or 9, 1 or (2) per vallecula and 4 on commissure; commissure 1.7–3.6 mm wide. Seed 1 per mericarp; narrowly oblong in cross-section; face plane.

Phenology

Flowering September to October. Fruiting October to November.

Etymology

The specific epithet ‘miroense’ refers to Miro-myeon, Samcheok-si, where the type specimen was collected.

Vernacular name

Mi-ro-gi-reum-na-mul.

Distribution and ecology

Peucedanum miroense is restricted to only two populations on the summits of Swinŭm-san and Duta-san at Miro-myeon, Samcheok-si, Gangwon Province, South Korea. The two populations are connected to each other. The plants occur in rocky areas at the top of the mountains at an elevation of 540–680 m (Fig. 5). One population, at the type locality on Swinŭm-san, was growing with Allium thunbergii G. Don (Amaryllidaceae), Dendranthema boreale (Makino) Y. Ling ex Kitam. (Asteraceae), Fraxinus sieboldiana Blume (Oleaceae), Lespedeza bicolor Turcz., L. maximowiczii C.K. Schneid. (Fabaceae), Peucedanum terebinthaceum (Fischer ex Trevir.) Turcz. (Apiaceae), Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. (Pinaceae), Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Turcz (Fagaceae), Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. (Ericaceae), Sedum polytrichoides Hemsl. (Crassulaceae), and Spodiopogon sibiricus Trin. (Poaceae). The other population of P. miroense on Duta-san was growing with Aconogonon microcarpum (Kitag.) H. Hara (Polygonaceae), Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich (Asteraceae), and Geranium koreanum Kom. (Geraniaceae). Each population of P. miroense comprised approximately 120 individuals.

Additional specimens examined (Paratypes)

Korea. Gangwon Province: Samcheok-si, Miro-myeon, Naemiro-ri, Swinŭm-san, 37°26'46.5"N, 129°01'41.0"E, alt. 535 m, 12 October 2014, K. Kim & H.-J. Suh, KK#4 (SNU).

Proposed IUCN conservation status

After conducting fieldwork throughout the country and examining specimens from several domestic herbaria, we found out that Peucedanum miroense is known only from Miro-myeon, Gangwon. Therefore, according to the IUCN criteria, P. miroense is classified as endangered (IUCN 2022; EN D) because the known number of individuals occurring at Swinŭm-san and Duta-san in Gangwon Province, South Korea, is less than 250.

Taxonomic notes

Peucedanum miroense is morphologically similar to P. elegans and P. hakuunense among species with linear ultimate leaf segments. Peucedanum miroense is clearly distinguishable from P. elegans, which is restricted to mountain slopes in North Korea, by the shape of the leaf apex, the number of bracts, pubescence of the mericarp, and the number of vittae per mericarp (non-overlapping character states). Peucedanum miroense has an acute leaf apex, 1 or 2 bracts, moderate to dense pubescence with short simple unicellular hairs on the dorsal surface of the mericarps, and 8 or 9 vittae [1 or (2) per vallecula and 4 per commissure] whereas P. elegans has spine-tipped ultimate leaf segments, 5–7 bracts, glabrous mericarps, and 6 vittae (1 per vallecula and 2 per commissure) (Table 1).

Additionally, P. miroense is easily distinguishable from P. hakuunense, which is only in the southern part of South Korea, on the basis of its 2-pinnate leaves, obcordate petals, purple anthers, 8 or 9 vittae [1 or (2) per vallecula and 4 per commissure]; P. hakuunense has 3-ternate leaves, persistent basal leaves, oblong to obovate petals, and 18–28 vittae (3 or 4 per vallecula and 6–12 per commissure) (Table 1).

The natural habitat of P. miroense on Swinŭm-san and Duta-san in Gangwon Province is one of the major limestone areas in Korea, with sedimentary rock outcrops consisting of calcium carbonate. Peucedanum miroense can be considered a calciphile and added to the limestone flora of Korea (Kim et al. 2021).

Peucedanum tongkangense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song, sp. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77305893-1
Figs 3, 4, 6B

Type

Korea. Gangwon Province: Jeongseon-gun, Sindong-eup, Unchi-ri, Donggang River, rocky cliffs along the riverside, 37°16'25.7"N, 128°36'33.8"E, alt. 264 m, 8 September 2021, J.H.Song & S. Yang, KIOM-2021-802-1 [Holotype: KIOM! (Fig. 6B); Isotype KB!].

Diagnosis

Peucedanum tongkangense is similar to P. miroense, but differs in its subglabrous (vs. pubescent) ovary, yellowish white (vs. purple) anthers, narrowly ellipsoid (vs. oblong) schizocarp, 13–16 vittae (3 per vallecula, 4 on commissure) [vs. 8 or 9 vittae, 1 or (2) per vallecula, 4 on commissure] per mericarp. Peucedanum tongkangense is also similar to P. elegans and P. hakuunense but is distinct from both in the acute (vs. spine-tipped) apex of the ultimate leaf segments and 2-pinnate (vs. 1- or 2-ternate) leaves (Table 1).

Description

Herb, perennial, hermaphroditic, (60–)75–95(–120) cm tall. Root a taproot, whitish or pale yellow, elongated, thickened, 17–23 × 0.4–1.5 cm. Rhizomes erect or ascending, yellowish white, cylindrical, approximately 0.6–1.1 cm in diameter, woody. Stems erect, purplish green, much branched, 3–9 mm in diameter, terete, longitudinally grooved, solid, glabrous, with fibrous remnants of basal leaves. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, pinnately compound, petiolate; petiole sheathing at base; stipules absent. Basal leaves many, 3-pinnate, usually deciduous; petiole 8.5–10.5 cm long, glabrous; sheath purplish or yellowish green, cylindrical, not inflated, 1.3–2 cm × 3.6–8.5 mm, margins scarious, glabrous; blade elliptic to rhombic in outline, 15–21.5 × 12–16.8 cm, both surfaces green, glabrous; petiolule of terminal leaflet 2.7–4.8 cm long; terminal leaflet triangular or ovate-rhombic, 2-pinnatisect, 3.5–5 × 2.8–4.1 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, margins entire; petiolule of basal lateral leaflets 1.8–3.8 cm long; lateral leaflets elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 3-pinnatisect, 7.1–9.9 × 4.7–5.4 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, margins entire, uppermost leaflets sessile; ultimate segments narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear, 1.3–2 cm × 2.8–4.3 mm. Cauline leaves similar to basal ones and becoming smaller upward; petiole of lower cauline leaves (2–)2.8–4.5 cm long, reduced upward, glabrous; blade elliptic to ovate in outline; uppermost cauline leaves ovate to rhombic, 1- or 2-pinnatisect, 0.9–2.4 × 1.1–2.7 cm, sessile. Inflorescences terminal and lateral, with 15–48 compound umbels, more or less flat-topped, 3.5–8.8 cm in diameter; umbellets hermaphroditic, 15- to 25-flowered, 0.5–1.2 cm in diameter; peduncle 2.5–5 cm long, glabrous; rays 16–18, spreading to ascending, 1–2.5 cm long, unequal in length, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with short simple unicellular hairs; bract 1, persistent or sometimes caducous, lanceolate, entire, 0.7–2 cm × 1–1.5 mm, apex acute, margins scarious, glabrous; pedicels 1.5–2.5(–5) mm long, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with simple unicellular hairs; bractlets 5–6, persistent, linear, entire, 2.5–7 × 0.4–0.8 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, 2.4–3.2 mm in diameter; calyx 5-toothed; calyx teeth minute, narrowly triangular, 0.2–0.4 × 0.1–0.2 mm, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent with short conical simple unicellular hairs or glabrous; petals 5, white, obcordate, 0.7–1.3 × 0.9–1.6 mm, apex incurved, base cuneate to caudate, glabrous; stamens 5, alternating with petals; filaments filiform, 1.6–2.5 mm long; anthers 2-locular, yellowish white, introrse, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally, subglobose, 0.5–1.1 × 0.8–1.2 mm; pistil 1, 2-carpellate; ovary inferior, syncarpous, 2-locular, subglabrous; stylopodium conical; styles 2, free, ascending, 0.3–0.7 mm at anthesis, 1.0–1.7 mm in fruit, swollen at base to form a stylopodium, reflexed in fruit; ovule 1 per locule, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a dry schizocarp composed of 2 mericarps, pale brown to brown at maturity, narrowly ellipsoid; carpophore 2.1–2.4 mm long, 2-cleft; mericarps splitting apart at maturity, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly dorsally compressed, 3.8–4.4 × 1.5–2 mm, subglabrous to sparsely tuberculate on dorsal side, glabrous on commissural side; dorsal ribs 3, filiform, not winged; marginal ribs 2, slightly winged; wings 0.2–0.3 mm wide, scarious; secondary ribs absent; vittae 13–16, 3 per vallecula and 4 on commissure; commissure 0.9–1.2 mm wide. Seed 1 per mericarp; oblong in cross-section; face plane.

Figure 3. 

Photographs of Peucedanum tongkangense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song A–C habitat D basal leaves E cauline leaf F compound umbel (early flowering stage) G–H compound umbel (mature flowering stage) I compound umbel (fruiting stage) J bractlets K rays L flowers M calyx teeth and stylopodium (mature fruiting stage) N dorsal side of mericarp O commissural side of mericarp P transverse plane of mericarp. cv, commissure vittae; dr, dorsal ribs; dv, vallecula vittae; mr, marginal ribs; tr, trichomes; vb, vascular bundles.

Figure 4. 

Peucedanum tongkangense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song A habit B flower C umbellet D basal cauline leaf E mericarp (dorsal side) F mericarp (commissural side) G mericarp (cross-section) (A–F J.H.Song & S. Yang, KIOM2021-729-1).

Figure 5. 

Distribution of Peucedanum miroense and P. tongkangense = gray ellipse. P. miroense = black circle. P. tongkangense = black squares. Blue lines: rivers.

Figure 6. 

Holotype of A Peucedanum miroense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song (J.H.Song & S. Yang, KIOM-2021-646-1) and B P. tongkangense K. Kim, H.J.Suh & J.H.Song (J.H.Song & S. Yang, KIOM-2021-802-1).

Phenology

Flowering September to October. Fruiting October to November.

Etymology

The specific epithet ‘tongkangense’ refers to the rocky cliffs along the Donggang River, where the type specimen was collected.

Vernacular name

Dong-gang-gi-reum-na-mul

Distribution and ecology

Peucedanum tongkangense grows in open areas on rocky cliffs near the Donggang River in Gangwon Province and the Namhangang River in North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. Five populations were found: the type locality and those at Unchi-ri, Sindong-eup, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon Province, along the Dong-gang river at 150–400 m elevations (Fig. 5). The type locality was growing with Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. var. iwayomogi (Kitam.) M.S. Park & G.Y. Chung, Aster scaber Thunb., Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake (Asteraceae), Boehmeria spicata (Thunb.) Thunb. (Urticaceae), Calamagrostis purpurea (Trin.) Trin. (Poaceae), Carex siderosticta Hance (Cyperaceae), Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. (Cannabaceae), Isodon inflexus (Thunb.) Kudô (Lamiaceae), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. (Vitaceae), Polystichum craspedosorum (Maxim.) Diels (Dryopteridaceae), Rubia argyi (H. Lév. & Vaniot) H. Hara ex Lauener & D.K. Ferguson (Rubiaceae), Scabiosa comosa Fisch. ex Roem. & Schult. (Caprifoliaceae), and Spiraea blumei G. Don (Rosaceae). Three populations of P. tongkangense were also found along the Donggang River where they were growing with Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda (Asteraceae), Clematis serratifolia Rehder (Ranunculaceae), and Trichophorum dioicum J. Jung & H.K. Choi (Cyperaceae). The fifth population was near the Namhangang River in North Chungcheong Province where it was growing with Gypsophila oldhamiana Miq. (Caryophyllaceae), Mukdenia rossii (Oliv.) Koidz. (Saxifragaceae), Patrinia rupestris (Pall.) Dufr. (Caprifoliaceae), Potentilla dickinsii Franch. & Sav. (Rosaceae), Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching (Polypodiaceae), and Selaginella stauntoniana Spring (Selaginellaceae).

Additional specimens examined (Paratypes)

Korea. Gangwon Province: Yeongwol-gun, Seo-myeon, Ongjeong-ri, 37°13'5.3"N, 128°20'56.6"E, alt. 234 m, 13 October 2010, B.-Y. Lee et al., SHY2322 (KB); Gangwon Province: Jeongseon-gun, Hwaam-myeon, Bukdong-ri, 37°22'4.78"N, 128°47'54.35"E, alt. 687 m, 25 September 2012, G.-H. Nam & J.-H. Kim, SHY3-2023 (KB); Jeongseon-eup, Yeotan-ri, 37°22'05.6"N, 128°43'41.9"E, alt. 30 October 2016, K. Kim & H.-J. Suh, KK3510 (SNU); Gangwon Province: Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Nakdong-ri, 37°18' 38.47" N, 128°42'43.27"E, alt. 719 m, 01 September 2016, J.-H. Kim & H.-J. Park, Beaki161681 (KB).

Figure 7. 

Scanning electron micrographs of mericarp surface of four species of Peucedanum A P. miroense B P. tongkangense C P. hakuunense D P. elegans. All scale bars: 10 μm.

Proposed IUCN conservation status

After conducting field surveys throughout the country and examining specimens from several domestic herbaria, three more populations along the Donggang River, Gangwon Province were documented for Peucedanum tongkangense. According to the IUCN criteria, P. tongkangense is classified as least concern (IUCN 2022; LC), because it is distributed widely and a considerable number of individuals is known.

Taxonomic notes

Peucedanum tongkangense is morphologically similar to P. miroense but it is clearly distinct due to its subglabrous ovary, yellowish white anthers, narrowly ellipsoid schizocarp, and 13–16 vittae (3 per vallecula and 4 on commissure) in mericarp; P. miroense has a pubescent ovary, purple anthers, oblong schizorcarp, and 8–10 vittae [1 or (2) per vallecula and 4 on commissure]. Additionally, P. tongkangense is similar to P. elegans and P. hakuunense but is distinguished from P. elegans by the acute apex of the ultimate leaf segments (vs. spine-tipped) and from P. hakuunense by its 2-pinnate leaves (vs. 1- or 2-ternate leaves) (Table 1).

North Chungcheong Province is also a major limestone area in Gangwon Province. Thus, it is necessary to add P. tongkangense to the limestone flora list for Korea (Kim et al. 2021).

Comparative mericarp micromorphology

Micromorphological characteristics of fruits using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have provided valuable information in classifying and identifying taxa of Apiaceae (Ostroumova 2018 and references therein). Significantly, SEM micrographs helped to visualize trichome types and small rounded projections, such as tubercules (Ostroumova 2018; Lee et al. 2018).

In our study, we found that P. miroense and P. elegans have short, simple unicellular hairs with a striate surface. Hair length in P. miroense was up to 40 μm long, and up to 10 μm long in P. elegans (Fig. 7). Peucedanum tongkangense and P. hakuunense had tubercules 20–30 μm in diameter (Fig. 7). The micromorphological measurements of the mericarps of P. miroense and P. tongkangense differ from other species. Peucedanum has at least two types of mericarp surface.

Key to the species of Peucedanum in Korea

1 Basal and cauline leaves 1- to 3-pinnately compound 2
2 Ultimate segments of leaves linear 3
3 Umbellets 20- to 44-flowered. Vittae 6, 1 per vallecula and 2 on commissural face 4
4 Leaves 2-pinnately compound; blade triangular to broadly ovate in outline; ultimate segments linear-lanceolate, apex acute, not spine-tipped. Bracts 1 or 2 1. P. paishanense
4' Leaves 2- or 3-pinnately compound; blade ovate in outline; ultimate segments linear, apex spine-tipped. Bracts 5–7 2. P. elegans
3' Umbellets 16- to 20-(to 27)-flowered. Vittae 8–18, 1–3 per vallecula, 4 or 6 on commissural face 5
5 Plants 10–20 cm tall. Bracts 2–7; bractlets 10–12 3. P. coreanum
5' Plants 50–80 cm tall. Bract 1 or absent; bractlets 6–10 6
6 Anthers purple. Mericarp pubescent with short simple hairs. Schizocarp oblong; vittae 8 or 9, 1 or (2) per vallecula, 4 on commissural face 4. P. miroense
6' Anthers yellowish white. Mericarp subglabrous to sparsely tuberculate. Schizocarp narrowly ellipsoid; vittae 13–16, 3 per vallecula, 4 on commissural face 5. P. tongkangense
2' Ultimate segments of leaves lanceolate to elliptic, not linear 7
7 Apex of ultimate leaf segments acute; vittae 6, 1 per vallecula and 2 on commissure 6. P. terebinthaceum
7' Apex of ultimate leaf segments rounded; vittae 20–38; 3 or 4 per vallecula and 8–12 on commissure 8
8 Leaf blades ovate to triangular in outline, both surfaces glabrous. Bracts 1–4, lanceolate; bractlets 4–8, lanceolate to narrowly triangular 7. P. chujaense
8' Leaf blades triangular or broadly triangular in outline, both surfaces sparsely pubescent with short simple hairs along veins. Bracts 1, 2 or absent, lanceolate or narrowly triangular; bractlets 8–10, lanceolate to linear 8. P. litorale
1' Basal and cauline leaves 1- or 2-ternately compound 9
9 Leaves coriaceous, both surfaces glaucous; ultimate leaf segments obovate or elliptic. Calyx teeth obsolete. Seed face slightly concave in cross-section 9. P. japonicum
9' Leaves not coriaceous, adaxial surface green, abaxial surface pale green; ultimate leaf segments linear. Calyx teeth prominent, triangular. Seed face plane in cross-section 10. P. hakuunense

Acknowledgements

We thank the directors of the herbaria (KB, KH, and SNU) for granting us permission to examine the specimens. This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2020R1A2C1100147) to J.H.Song. The corresponding author sincerely thanks Dr. Sungyu Yang (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) for his help with the field survey. Finally, we are grateful to the editor, Leandro Giacomin, and two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions regarding the manuscript.

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