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Research Article
A new species of Quercus genus (Fagaceae) from Son Tra Peninsula, Central Vietnam
expand article infoNguyen Van Ngoc‡, Hoang Thi Binh‡, Hoang Thanh Son§, Yoshihisa Suyama|, Tetsukazu Yahara
‡ Dalat University, Dalat, Vietnam
§ Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
¶ Kyushu Open University, Fukuoka, Japan

Corresponding author: Nguyen Van Ngoc ( mr.ngocnv@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Norbert Holstein
© 2022 Nguyen Van Ngoc, Hoang Thi Binh, Hoang Thanh Son, Yoshihisa Suyama, Tetsukazu Yahara.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Ngoc NV, Binh HT, Son HT, Suyama Y, Yahara T (2022) A new species of Quercus genus (Fagaceae) from Son Tra Peninsula, Central Vietnam. PhytoKeys 206: 61-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.85635
Open Access

Abstract

A new species, Quercus sontraensis Ngoc, Binh & Son is described from Son Tra Nature Reserve, Son Tra Peninsula, Central Vietnam. We examined the morphology and constructed a highly resolved phylogeny of Q. sontraensis and its relatives (including Q. langbianensis and Q. cambodiensis) using Multiplex ISSR genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq). The morphological analyses and molecular evidence support the distinction between the new species (Q. sontraensis) and its relatives.

Keywords

Da Nang City, flora, MIG-seq, phylogeny, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Quercus contains more than 500 species worldwide, amongst which about 400 species from the Americas, Europe, North Africa and Macaronesia and about 125 species were reported from Asia (Govaerts and Frodin 1998; Borazan and Babaç 2003; Hubert et al. 2014), 50 of which are distributed in Vietnam (Ho 2003; Ban 2005; Li et al. 2016; Binh et al. 2018a, b, c; Binh et al. 2021). Quercus species are usually trees or sometimes shrubs that mostly occur in tropical montane forests in Southeast Asia and are often dominant in temperate deciduous forests in East Asia, Europe, North America, the Mediterranean and in desert scrubs of North America (Nixon 1993; Huang et al. 1999; Phengklai 2008; Hubert et al. 2014; Valencia-A et al. 2016). The members of the genus are characterised by staminate inflorescences lax spikes or dichasia (“catkins”), carpellate flowers in stiff spikes (actually double spikes, but with reduced side flowers, leading to effective solitary flowers), subtended by an indehiscent cupule with cupule bracts being connate or forming concentric or spiral rings or free and imbricate cupule bracts; capitate or dilated stigma (Kaul 1985; Nixon 1993; Huang et al. 1999; Manos et al. 1999; Phengklai 2008).

Son Tra Nature Reserve is located on the Son Tra Peninsula of Da Nang City (Fig. 1) and was established in 1977 with a total area of 3.871 ha (Tran et al. 2019). The vegetation in the Son Tra Nature Reserve is characterised as a semi-evergreen seasonal forest (Wright 1996) with 1,032 species of vascular plants (483 genera from 145 families) recorded (Son et al. 2018).

Figure 1. 

Study site: The area inside the red rectangle is Son Tra Peninsula; the red triangle is the type locality of Quercus sontraensis Ngoc, Binh & Son.

During a field excursion to the Son Tra Nature Reserve carried out in 2016 and 2019, we collected specimens of Quercus from 340 m to 430 m altitude, which we were unable to allocate to a described species. Further studies, based on specimens in the herbaria such as DLU, FU, HN, P and VNM, the digitised specimen images on the website of JSTOR Global Plants and literature on related species (Camus 1936–1954; Huang et al. 1999; Ho 2003; Ban 2005; Phengklai 2008; Li et al. 2016; Binh et al. 2018a, b, c; Binh et al. 2021), showed that the samples were morphologically distinct from previously known taxa of the genus Quercus. In addition to using morphological evidence, the evidence from molecular analyses is helpful for delimiting species of the Fagaceae family. Specifically, Binh et al. (2018b), Ngoc et al. (2021) and Ngoc et al. (in press) successfully used molecular markers of both classic and next-generation sequencing methods to construct a highly resolved phylogenetic tree of the species of Quercus and Lithocarpus, as well as to describe new species from these genera. For the genus Quercus, recently, Q. xuanlienensis Binh, Ngoc & Bon (Binh et al. 2018a), Q. trungkhanhensis Binh & Ngoc (Binh et al. 2018c), Q. baolamensis Binh & Ngoc, Q. bidoupensis Binh & Ngoc and Q. honbaensis Binh, Tagane & Yahara (Binh et al. 2018b) have been described as new species, based on both morphological and molecular evidence.

By combining the molecular evidence and morphological observations, we describe and illustrate the unknown species from Son Tra as Quercus sontraensis Ngoc, Binh & Son. Additionally, this study used Multiplex ISSR genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq: Suyama and Matsuki 2015) to determine the identities and phylogenetic relationship of new species from Son Tra and its close species from Vietnam and surrounding countries.

Materials and methods

Plant materials

A total of fifteen samples of Quercus from Vietnam and Cambodia including, Q. sontraensis and its related species, were collected for molecular analysis. Three samples of L. dahuoaiensis, L. vuquangensis and L. vinhensis were included as an outgroup in the inference of the phylogenetic tree. The information on samples used for molecular analysis in this study is shown in Table 1.

Table 1.
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Sample list for MIG-seq analysis in this study.

Country Area Voucher Elevation Species
Vietnam Lam Dong V9723 1930 m Quercus lanata
Lam Dong V3172 890 m Q. setulosa
Cao Bang V6066 767 m Q. trungkhanhensis
Da Nang V3156 340 m Q. austrocochinchinensis
Da Nang V3113 1310 m Q. poilanei
Lam Dong V10132 1630 m Q. poilanei
Lam Dong V9884 1637 m Q. braianensis
Lam Dong V4445 1464 m Q. braianensis
Lam Dong V10069 1867 m Q. bidoupensis
Lam Dong V10090 1884 m Q. bidoupensis
Lam Dong V5537 N/A Q. djiringensis
Lam Dong V10061 1867 m Q. langbianensis
Lam Dong V9972 1430 m Q. langbianensis
Da Nang QC201 340 m Q. sontraensis
Ha Tinh V5743 1518 m L. vuquangensis
Nghe An V3787 1062 m L. vinhensis
Lam Dong V3194 225 m L. dahuoaiensis
Cambodia Bokor C4302 844 m Q. cambodiensis

In addition, the following specimen vouchers of Q. cambodiensis: Poilane 215 (P [P00379257, P00379258] and NY [NY00253790]), Poilane 270 (P [P06872434, P06872435]), Tagane et al. C4302 (FU) and Toyama et al. 1834 (FU), the following specimen vouchers of Q. langbianensis: Chevalier 30029 (P [P00379254, P00379255, P00379256]), Tagane et al. V4465, V4165, V4166, V3962 (DLU, FU) and the following specimen vouchers of Q. sontraensis: Son et al. QC201 (DLU, VAFS: three duplicates), Son H.T. QC202 (DLU, VAFS: two duplicates) and Son H.T. QC203 (DLU, VAFS) were selected to measure the key morphological characters in the morphological analysis (a total 33 leaf of each species were measured).

Morphological analysis

To identify new samples that were collected from Son Tra Nature Reserve (Fig. 1), we referred to taxonomic literature of the genus Quercus in Vietnam and its surrounding countries (Camus 1936–1954; Soepadmo 1972; Huang et al. 1999; Ho 2003; Ban 2005; Phengklai 2008; Li et al. 2016; Binh et al. 2018a, b, c). Moreover, our specimens were also examined and compared with herbarium specimens at DLU, FU, HN, P and VNM, as well as images of type specimens on virtual herbaria websites (such as JSTOR Global Plants and the Chinese Virtual Herbarium).

Additionally, to provide strong evidence for the new species, we analysed and compared several key morphological characteristics including petiole length, leaf blade length and width and leaf blade aspect ratio, based on specimens of the new species and its related species. We used ImageJ (Schneider et al. 2012) to measure the above-mentioned morphological characters.

To evaluate differences amongst species, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Game-Howell post hoc test (Games and Howell 1976) were performed to confirm whether the differences were statistically significant (with the mean difference being significant when p < 0.05). The RStudio ver. 1.4.1106 (RStudio Team 2021) with ggstatsplot package (Patil 2021) and other built-in packages available in R were used to perform all statistical analyses in this study.

DNA extraction

For DNA extraction, we used the dried leaf material and milled them into fine powder with a QIAGEN TissueLyser. Then the powder was washed three times by 1 ml buffer solution (comprising 0.1 M HEPES, pH 8.0; 2% Mercaptoethanol; 1% PVP; 0.05% Ascorbic acid) (Toyama et al. 2015). Finally, DNA was isolated from the washed powder by using the CTAB method (Doyle and Doyle 1987) with a slight modification by Toyama et al. (2015).

Next-generation DNA sequencing

Fifteen DNA samples of eleven Quercus species were used to amplify thousands of short sequences by using the primers of “multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing” (MIG-seq: Suyama and Matsuki 2015). We performed two steps of PCR following the protocol of Suyama and Matsuki (2015) with minor modifications as in Binh et al. (2018b). PCR products of the 2nd PCR step were pooled as a single mixture library then we purified the mixture. Subsequently, we selected fragments of the size range 350–800 bp from the purified mixture by using a Pippin Prep DNA size selection system (Sage Science, Beverly, MA, USA). Then approximately 10 pM of libraries were measured by quantitative PCR (Library Quantification Kit; Clontech Laboratories, Mountain View, CA, USA) and used for sequencing in an Illumina MiSeq Sequencer (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) with a MiSeq Reagent Kit v.3 (150 cycles, Illumina) (Suyama and Matsuki 2015; Binh et al. 2018a, b).

Phylogenetic tree construction

The raw data of DNA sequence were pretreated following the published protocol (Suyama and Matsuki 2015; Binh et al. 2018b; Ngoc et al. 2021) by using the trimmomatic software version 0.40 (Bolger et al. 2014). The Stacks 2.41 pipeline (Catchen et al. 2013; Rochette et al. 2019) with the parameters set as described by Takata et al. (2019) and Ngoc et al. (2021) were used for de novo SNP discovery. The Maximum Likelihood tree was constructed by using the RAxML ver. 8.2 (Stamatakis 2014), based on the genome-wide SNPs dataset with the GTR+G model as selected by jMrModeltest 2.1.10 (Darriba et al. 2012) and examined its reliability by bootstrapping using 1000 replicates.

Results

Morphological comparison of the new species with its close species

Quercus sontraensis is morphologically most similar to Q. cambodiensis Hickel & A.Camus and Q. langbianensis Hickel & A.Camus. The comparison of key morphological characters amongst Q. sontraensis, Q. cambodiensis and Q. langbianensis are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2.
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Morphological comparison amongst Quercus sontraensis Binh, Ngoc & Son, sp. nov., Quercus cambodiensis Hickel & A.Camus and Quercus langbianensis Hickel & A.Camus.

Characters Q. sontraensis Q. cambodiensis (1,2,3) Q. langbianensis (4,5,6)
Young shoot Curly golden hairy Golden tomentose Golden tomentose
Leaf margin Regularly and distinctly serrate on upper 1/3–1/4(–1/5) Almost entire or with a few low teeth in upper 1/4 Distinctly serrate in upper 1/3
Length of petioles (0.7–)1–1.5 cm 1–2.2 cm 1–2 cm
Number of secondary veins (8–)11–14 pairs 7–11 pairs 10–12 pairs
Infructescence Each infructescence with 1–3 acorns Each infructescence with 4 acorns Each infructescence with 2 acorns
Cupule shape Bowl-shaped Cup-shaped Cup-shaped
Number of rings on cupule 7–8 rings 7–8 rings 6–9 rings
Margin of rings on cupule Distinctly toothed in all rings, except two upper rings Distinctly toothed in two lower rings Distinctly toothed in all rings
Nut enclosure by cupule Enclosing 1/3 of the nut Enclosing < 1/2 of the nut Enclosing 1/3 of the nut
Nut shape Broadly ellipsoid Obovoid to ellipsoid Obovoid to ellipsoid
Base of the nut Slightly convex Slightly convex Convex

(1) From the material E. Poilane 215 (P00379257) (2) From the original description in Hickel and Camus (1923) (3) From the material Tagane et al. C4302 (FU) (4) From the original description in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. X, 3: 382 1921 (5) From the material Chevalier 30029 (P) (6) From the material Tagane et al. V4166 (DLU)

According to the original description of Q. cambodiensis, Hickel and Camus (1923) described this species, based on two collections by Eugène Poilane (Poilane 215 and Poilane 270) from Cambodia. Of which, Poilane 215 has three duplicates in P and NY Herbaria (P00379257, P00379258 and NY 00253790) and Poilane 270 has two duplicates in P (P06872434 and P06872435). Amongst those specimens, only Poilane 215 [P00379257] represents the diagnostic traits of nuts and cupules. The new species is most similar to Q. cambodiensis in lanceolate to elliptic leaves, densely golden hairy cupules with 7–8 rings and densely golden hairy nuts, but differs from Q. cambodiensis in having a distinctly serrate leaf margin in upper 1/3 (vs. leaf margin almost entire or with a few low teeth in upper 1/4) and cupules with a bract margin distinctly toothed in all rings, except two upper rings (vs. distinctly toothed only in two lower rings in Q. cambodiensis). Quercus sontraensis is also morphologically similar to Q. langbianensis Hickel & A.Camus (types: Chevalier 30029, P [P00379254, P00379255, P00379256]) in leaf shape, leaf margin distinctly serrate in upper 1/3 and cupules covering 1/3 of a nut. However, Q. sontraensis is distinct from Q. langbianensis in having bowl-shaped cupules (vs. cupules cup-shaped), cupule bract margin distinctly toothed in all rings, except two upper rings (vs. distinctly toothed in all rings), cupules bowl-shaped (vs. cup-shaped), nuts broadly ellipsoid (vs. obovoid to ellipsoid) and nut scar slightly convex (vs. more strongly convex). These general differences are shown in Table 2.

The morphological comparison of leaf traits amongst Q. sontraensis and Q. cambodiensis and Q. langbianensis (Table 3, Fig. 2) shows that the leaf blade length and width are significantly longer and relatively broader than those of Q. cambodiensis (9.27 ± 1.93 cm vs. 7.76 ± 2.25 cm and 2.89 ± 0.59 cm vs. 2.57 ± 0.66 cm, respectively), while significantly shorter and smaller leaf blade length and width compared to Q. langbianensis (9.27 ± 1.93 cm vs. 10.54 ± 2.02 cm and 2.89 ± 0.59 cm vs. 3.77 ± 0.80 cm, respectively). In addition, the new species has, on average, a significantly shorter petiole length than that of Q. cambodiensis and Q. langianensis (1.0 ± 0.24 cm vs. 1.61 ± 0.51 cm and 1.62 ± 0.43 cm, respectively). Besides, the leaf blade aspect ratio of the new species is significantly greater than that of Q. langbianensis (3.27 ± 0.73 cm in Q. sontraensis vs. 2.83 ± 0.33 cm in Q. langbianensis), but there are no significant differences in the leaf blade aspect ratio between Q. sontraensis and Q. cambodiensis (Table 3, Fig. 2).

Table 3.
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The comparisons of mean (X) and standard deviation (SD) value of the leaf blade amongst Quercus sontraensis, Q. cambodiensis and Q. langbianensis. 1Derived from type specimens, 2Derived from our collections, n = number of leaves measured in this study.

Parameters Q. sontraensis 1 Q. langbianensis 1,2 Q. cambodiensis 1,2
X SD n X SD n X SD n
Leaf blade length (cm) 9.27 1.93 33 10.54 2.02 33 7.76 2.25 33
Leaf blade width (cm) 2.89 0.59 33 3.77 0.80 33 2.57 0.66 33
Petiole length (cm) 1.0 0.24 33 1.62 0.43 33 1.61 0.51 33
Leaf blade aspect ratio 3.27 0.73 33 2.83 0.33 33 3.02 0.43 33

type specimens, 2Derived from our collections, n = number of leaves measured in this study.
Figure 2. 

Morphological comparison of Q. sontraensis and its related species A box plot of leaf blade length B box plot of leaf blade width C box plot of petiole length D box plot of leaf blade aspect ratio. Red dots in the box plots indicate the mean value. Significant differences level (p) resulted from a Games-Howell post-hoc test (Comparison shown: only significant).

Phylogenetic tree using MIG-seq

The Maximum Likelihood tree, based on MIG-seq data for 15 samples of Quercus, strongly supports two major clades (except outgroup: Lithocarpus vuquangensis, L. vinhensis and L. dahuoaiensis) consisting of clade 1 and clade 2, with 100% bootstrap value (Fig. 3). Clade 1 consists of three species of section Ilex of subgenus Cerris with scale-cup oaks (Denk et al. 2017) (including Q. lanata, Q. setulosa and Q. trungkhanhensis) and clade 2 including 12 samples of eight species of section Cyclobalanopsis of subgenus Cerris with concentric lamellae-cup (Denk et al. 2017) (including Q. austrocochinchinensis, Q. poilanei, Q. braianensis, Q. bidoupensis, Q. djiringensis, Q. cambodiensis, Q. langbianensis and the new species as “Q. sontraensis”). The new species is placed in a highly supported monophyletic group (clade 2B with 100% bootstrap value) which included Q. bidoupensis, Q. djiringensis, Q. cambodiensis and Q. langbianensis. Amongst those five species of clade 2B, Q. sontraensis is placed together with Q. cambodiensis and Q. langbiangensis with 100% bootstrap value. While the two accessions of Q. langbianensis are clustering together with 96% bootstrap support, a sister relationship of Q. langbianensis and Q. cambodiensis was only supported with 66%.

Figure 3. 

The phylogenetic relationship of the new species (Bold) with its related species, based on SNPs dataset from MIG-seq.

Discussion

The morphological examination and the MIG-seq tree support Quercus sontraensis as being closely related to Q. langbiangensis and Q. cambodiensis. Morphological differentiation of leaf characters is moderate and mainly shown through statistical measures (Fig. 2, Table 3), while simple comparisons might not be too helpful (Table 2). Cupule and nut characters seem to provide good qualitative characters to recognise Q. sontraensis (Table 2). In addition, Q. sontraensis was found at different elevations in Vietnam and Cambodia, respectively. While Q. sontraensis was collected at a lower elevation, around 340 m, the two other species were recorded at higher elevations, > 800 m. The combination of ecological differences and morphological and phylogenetic analysis provides good evidence for recognising the new species in this study.

Taxonomic treatments

Quercus sontraensis Ngoc, H.T.Binh & Son, sp. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77303991-1
Fig. 4

Diagnosis

Quercus sontraensis is morphologically similar to Q. cambodiensis and Q. langbianensis in leaf shape (lanceolate to elliptic), cupules with 6–9 rings and cupule enclosing less than ½ of the nut. However, Q. sontraensis is distinguished from Q. cambodiensis by its leaf margin regularly and distinctly serrate on the upper 1/3–1/4 (–1/5) of the lamina (vs. almost entire or with a few low teeth in upper 1/4), bowl-shaped cupule (vs. cup-shaped), cupule bract margin distinctly toothed in all rings, except two upper rings (vs. entire, except distinctly toothed in two lower rings) and differs from Q. langbianensis in having bowl-shaped cupule (vs. cup-shaped), cupule bract margin distinctly toothed in all rings, except two upper rings (vs. distinctly toothed in all rings), broadly ellipsoid nut (vs. obovoid to ellipsoid) and slightly convex nut scar (vs. convex).

Figure 4. 

Quercus sontraensis Binh, Ngoc & Son A leafy twig with male inflorescences B, C young leaves covered with densely golden hairs D mature fruits E stylopodium F, G side and base of the cupule H inside of the cupule I nut (lateral view) K nut (top view). Materials from Son et al. QC201.

Type

Vietnam. Da Nang City, Son Tra Peninsula, Son Tra Nature Reserve, in evergreen forest, alt. 340 m, 16°08'22.90"N, 108°15'28.85"E, 9 October 2016, Son H.T., Binh H.T., Ngoc N.V. QC201 (holotype DLU!, isotypes HN!, VNM!, VAFS!).

Description

Tree, 12 m tall. Terminal and lateral buds ovoid, 3–5 mm long, 1.5–3 mm in diam., scales in 3–5 rows, imbricate, ovate-triangular, ca. 1.5 × 2 mm, apex obtuse, margin yellowish-brown ciliate, appressed hairy on both surfaces. Young twigs greyish-brown, 1.5–2 mm in diam., densely curly golden hairy, sometimes sulcate, old twigs greyish-brown, glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves alternate; blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 7–12.5 × 2.2–3.5 cm, acuminate or sometimes acute at apex, cuneate at base, margin regularly and distinctly serrate in the upper 1/3–1/4 (–1/5), densely golden hair on both surfaces when young, glabrescent, midrib sunken adaxially, prominent abaxially, lateral veins (8–)11–14 pairs, straight and running into the teeth of margin, slightly sunken adaxially, prominent abaxially, at an angle of 45–50(–52) degrees from midrib, tertiary veins scalariform, faint on the upper surfaces and conspicuous on the lower surfaces; petioles (0.7–)1–1.5 cm long, densely curly golden hairy when young, soon glabrous. Male inflorescence 7–9 cm long. Female inflorescence 2.5–3.5 cm long, female flowers solitary. Infructescences axillary or terminal, erect, rachis 0.5–0.8 (–1.2) cm long, 3–4 (–6) mm in diam., densely golden hairy. Fruits 1–3, 3–3.3 cm long (including cupule), sessile; cupules bowl-shaped, 1.2–1.7 (–1.9) cm long, 1.3–2.2 cm in diam., enclosing 1/3 of the nut when mature, both outside and inside covered with densely appressed yellowish-brown hairs, wall ca. 1.5–3 mm thick, comprising scales, scales arranged in 7–8 rings, margin of the ring distinctly toothed in all rings, except two upper rings; nut broadly ellipsoid 2.3–2.6 cm long, 1.7–2.0 cm in diam., densely golden hairy, apex nearly flat, densely appressed curly golden hairs around stylopodia, stylopodia up to 1.5 mm long, basal scar 1.1–1.3 cm in diam., slightly convex, glabrous.

Distribution

Vietnam. Da Nang City, Son Tra Nature Reserve.

Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from the district name of the type locality, Son Tra Nature Reserve, Son Tra Peninsula, Da Nang City, Central Vietnam.

Vernacular name

Sồi Sơn Trà (suggested here).

Phenology

Flowering from January to March, fruiting specimens were collected from September to October.

Additional specimens examined

Vietnam. Da Nang City, Son Tra Peninsula, Son Tra Nature Reserve, in evergreen forest, 385 m elev., 16°07'41.7"N, 108°15'55.7"E, 20 September 2019, Son H.T. QC202 [fr.] (DLU!, VAFS!); ibid., 428 m elev., 16°07'00.3"N, 108°17'40.5"E, 20 September 2019, Son H.T. QC203 [fl.] (DLU!, VAFS!).

Preliminary conservation status

During our floristic survey inside the protected area of Son Tra Nature Reserve, less than 10 mature individuals of Quercus sontraensis were found in the evergreen forest, from 340 to 430 m altitude. According to the criteria established by the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2019), Q. sontraensis is qualified as Critically Endangered (CR), based on the extent of occurrence (EOO 1.47 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO 12.0 km2) [CR B1ab(i,ii,iii) 1 B2ab(i,ii,iii)].

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the curators and staff of the following Herbaria DLU, FU, K, P and VNM for making their materials accessible. Additionally, our thanks to the Reviewers and Editors of the Journal for their valuable comments which helped us to improve the quality of the manuscript. This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 106.03-2019.19.

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