In this study, we critically revised and updated the checklist of native vascular plants of Mongolia. The checklist comprises 3,041 native vascular plant taxa (2,835 species and 206 infraspecific species) from 653 genera and 111 families, including 7 lycophytes, 41 ferns, 21 gymnosperms, and 2,972 angiosperms. In the angiosperms, we identified the 14 families with the greatest species richness, ranging from 50 to 456 taxa. Species endemism is also noted here; 102 taxa are endemic to Mongolia, and 275 taxa are sub-endemic that co-occur in adjacent countries. Since 2014, a total of 14 taxa have been described new to science based on morphological evidences. Moreover, five genera and 74 taxa were newly added to the flora of Mongolia. Based on our critical revisions, names of three families, 21 genera, and 230 species have been changed in comparison to the previous checklist, “Conspectus of the vascular plants of Mongolia” (2014).

Checklist, flora of Mongolia, native taxa, vascular plants

Mongolia is located in the mid-latitude (between 41°35'N–52°09'N and 87°44'E–119°56'E), between Russia and China, covering approximately 1.6 million km², roughly equivalent to the size of western and central Europe. The flora of Mongolia is comprised of native species of different origins including boreal, steppe, desert, and mountainous elements of vegetation (Hilbig 1995; Gunin et al. 1999). The country is divided into sixteen phytogeographical regions which have various vegetation types (Grubov and Yunatov 1952), namely, alpine steppe, forest, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and desert (Gunin et al. 1999; Baasanmunkh et al. 2021a). Mongolia has a significant amount of temperate grasslands and semi-arid desert (Gunin et al. 1999; Wesche et al. 2016), which cover about 80% of the country’s area (Pfeiffer et al. 2020). Overall, the species richness of vascular plants in Mongolia is not particularly high compared to other countries in Asia (Du et al. 2020; Li et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020). However, Mongolia has the world’s largest intact grassland with respect to its biodiversity (Batsaikhan et al. 2014; Hurka et al. 2019), which has great importance for the preservation of native vascular plants.

The systematic order and taxonomic circumscription of the families is based on the following classifications: Ferns and Fern Allies by PPG I (2016), Gymnosperms by Christenhusz et al. (2011), and Angiosperms by APG IV (2016). The names of accepted genera and species mostly follow Govaerts et al. (2021), which is currently maintained by Plants of the World Online (POWO 2021). Additionally, we reference recently published taxonomic revisions of certain families and genera. The authorship of species, genera and families is given after the International Plant Names Index (IPNI 2021); each species is provided with the author and respective publication as a reference. The name changes and most common synonyms, compared to the previous checklist, are also provided. Species endemism is given after Baasanmunkh et al. (2021c). Sub-endemic species are those that have also been found in at least one other country outside Mongolia, such as China, Kazakhstan, or Russia. For each species, we examined representative occurrence records based on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2021, https://www.gbif.org/). We also compiled the phytogeographical regional distribution of all species, because species distribution is important information for species identification. The main herbaria for Mongolian flora (ALTB, LE, MW, MHA, NS, NSK, OSBU, TK, UBA, and UBU; acronyms follow Thiers 2021), Virtual Guide to the Flora of Mongolia (Rilke et al. 2012; Zemmrich et al. 2013; https://floragreif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/), and all literature data for the species’ regional distribution, have been checked and studied. The regional distribution of the taxa mostly follows Gubanov (1996), Urgamal et al. (2014), German (2015), and Baasanmunkh et al. (2021a). In addition to these sources, we used a revision of Baasanmunkh et al. (2022b), where numerous species were added or excluded from some phytogeographical regions. Lastly, the checklist comprises only native species, thus non-native taxa are not included and should be adressed in a future publication.

The current checklist comprises 3,042 native vascular plant taxa (including 2,891 species, 116 subspecies, 29 varieties, and 12 nothospecies), belonging to 653 genera and 111 families (Table 1, Fig. 1). The updated checklist is divided into four major taxonomic groups: lycophytes (2 families and 4 genera), ferns and fern allies (12 families and 17 genera), gymnosperms (3 families and 6 genera), and angiosperms (94 families and 626 genera) (see Table 1 for detailed numbers of taxa). Among these, angiosperms comprise 2,979 taxa, which constitute 97% of Mongolian flora (Table 1). We cross-checked the occurrence of each taxon using GBIF (2021), which includes occurrence data for 2,249 taxa (73% of Mongolian flora).

Figure 1. 

Species richness of genera (≥ 24 taxa) and families (≥ 57 taxa) of vascular flora of Mongolia. The names of only the most species-rich genera and families are shown.

There are 14 families with a high species richness (≥ 9 genera and ≥ 57 taxa): Asteraceae (85 genera and 456 taxa), Fabaceae (24 and 328), Poaceae (58 and 229), Rosaceae (28 and 168), Ranunculaceae (20 and 156), Brassicaceae (51 and 138), Cyperaceae (10 and 130), Lamiaceae (22 and 103), Amaranthaceae (30 and 94), Caryophyllaceae (20 and 97), Boraginaceae (24 and 78), Apiaceae (36 and 66), Polygonaceae (11 and 63), and Orobanchaceae (9 and 57) (Fig. 1). The remaining 97 families comprise a smaller set of taxa. At the genus level, 14 genera represent a high species richness (≥ 24 taxa): Astragalus L. (127 taxa), Artemisia L. (103), Carex L. (99) Oxytropis DC. (97), Potentilla L. (75), Saussurea DC. (55), Taraxacum F.H.Wigg. (53), Allium L. (50), Salix L. (42), Ranunculus L. (41), Pedicularis L. (36), Poa L. (28), Viola L. (27), and Silene L. (24) which is shown in Fig. 1.

In this study, a total of 275 sub-endemic taxa are provided which account for 9% of the total species of flora of the country. Among these, Fabaceae (74 taxa) show the highest number of sub-endemic taxa along with Asteraceae (60 taxa), Brassicaceae (23 taxa), Poaceae (18 taxa), and Amaranthaceae (9 taxa). The highest number of sub-endemic taxa were found in the Mongolian Altai (114 taxa) followed by Khangai (87 taxa), Gobi-Altai (76 taxa), Khovd (68 taxa), Khuvsgul (63 taxa), and the Depression of Great Lakes (60 taxa). The remaining ten regions have between 24 and 58 sub-endemic taxa (Table 2).

Based on the species distribution across the 16 phytogeographical regions, six regions with high species richness (over 1,000 taxa) were identified: the Mongolian Altai (more than 1,400 taxa), Khangai (1,514 taxa), Khentei (1,236 taxa), Mongolian Dauria (1,118 taxa), Khuvsgul (1,054 taxa), and Khovd (1,011 taxa). The remaining ten regions have between 262 and 952 taxa (Table 2, Fig. 2).

Figure 2. 

The species richness of native vascular plants of each phytogeographical region in Mongolia (1 Khuvsgul 2 Khentei 3 Khangai 4 Mongolian Dauria 5 Foothills of Great Khyangan 6 Khovd 7 Mongolian Altai 8 Middle Khalkh 9 East Mongolia 10 Depression of Great Lakes 11 Valley of Lakes 12 East Gobi 13 Gobi Altai 14 Dzungarian Gobi 15 Transaltai Gobi 16 Alashan Gobi).

In this study, we primarily excluded non-native species, including archeophytes that were listed in the previous checklist of Mongolia by Urgamal et al. (2014). As a result, 59 plant taxa found in Mongolia are considered non-native, including the families Cannabaceae (Cannabis sativa L.) and Portulacaceae (Portulaca oleracea L.). Several taxa were found to be archeophytes, which were introduced in “ancient” times and became naturalized as part of the native flora (a full list is given in Table 3).

We revised the checklist of Mongolian vascular plants provided by Urgamal et al. (2014), which included 3,127 taxa, belonging to 683 genera and 112 families. Because the list comprised both native and non-native taxa, we first sorted non-native taxa out to make our study comparable. There were 3,069 native taxa from 682 genera and 110 families listed by Urgamal et al (2014) and the current checklist has been shortened and comprises 3,041 native vascular plant taxa from 653 genera and 111 families. Since Grubov (1955) provided the first checklist, more than 1,150 species have been added to the flora of Mongolia. In this study, the family Brassicaceae is based upon the work of German (2015), who recognized 141 species from 59 genera which significantly differs from the 160 species and 61 genera provided by Urgamal et al. (2014); this is because of misidentification of species and records from outside Mongolia being included in the latter publication. Since Urgamal et al. (2014), 14 taxa have been described as new to science based on morphological evidence, the majority of which are from Boraginaceae (Suppl. material 1: Appendix 1). Furthermore, 79 taxa have recently been added to the flora of Mongolia (Suppl. material 1: Appendix 1). On the other hand, many taxa are synonymized and/or the names and status of numerous taxa were changed based on our critical revisions (list of the synonymized taxa is provided Suppl. material 2: Appendix 2). In particular, accepted names of three families, 21 genera, and 232 taxa have been changed/synonymized. Moreover, 21 taxa listed in the Urgamal et al (2014) were absent from Mongolia based on our extensive research which is given in Suppl. material 2: Appendix 2 (Pimenov 2017; Ovczinnikova 2019a; Nesom 2020; Baasanmunkh et al. 2021b, 2022a). Due to this high number of synonymization, even after dozens of new species have been discovered in Mongolian flora, change in absolute species numbers appeared to be minor.

Previous checklists of vascular plants in Mongolia (Gubanov 1996; Urgamal et al. 2014), listed both native and non-native taxa; however, there were no specific remarks for non-native taxa. Recently, many researchers have published checklists of non-native plants, mainly in Europe and East Asia, for example, concerning China (Xu et al. 2012), Italy (Galasso et al. 2018), South Korea (Korea National Arboretum 2021) as well as the Russian Far East and Siberia (Ebel et al. 2014; Vinogradova et al. 2020). These works aim to increas awareness about invasive species and strengthen their biosecurity regulations. This level of detail is important because invasions have complex and often immense long-term direct and indirect effects on native natural communities (Pagad et al. 2018; van Kleunen et al. 2019; Pyšek et al. 2020). In many Central Asian countries, there is no separate checklist for non-native plants species (Sennikov and Lazkov 2021). The first checklist of alien species was recently published for Kyrgyzstan by Sennikov et al. (2021). In Mongolia, approximately 35 non-native plants taxa are recognized in GBIF (Munkhnast et al. 2020), but this list has not critically revised all non-native plants species of the country. In this study, we primarily excluded non-native species that were listed in the previous checklist of Mongolia, including two families Cannabaceae (Cannabis sativa L.) and Portulacaceae (Portulaca oleracea L.) and 57 other taxa (Table 3).

Mongolia has a relative small number of endemic vascular plants, with 102 taxa belonging to 43 genera and 19 families, accounting for only about 3% of the country’s total flora (Baasanmunkh et al. 2021c). Notably, the Mongolian Altai and Khangai regions harbor over 70% of the total endemics and sub-endemics of Mongolia, which reflects their high species richness (Fig. 2; Table 2). This could be due to the diverse habitats along the Altai mountains and the large expanse of forest and mountain-steppe in both regions. Regional distribution of new species, new records, and recently revised genera and families, were provided based on literature. It is important to highlight that the study does not entirely revise regional distribution of each taxon. Nonetheless, we have been working on the grid distribution map of vascular plants (see Baasanmunkh et al. 2021b, 2022a) since 2020 based on critical revision of herbarium specimens, literature, and our own field observation data.

Both of the online databases are allowing researchers to collaborate and revise Mongolian taxa more readily and will continue to improve the documentation of Mongolia’s flora. To date, a total of 2,249 taxa (ca. 73% of the flora) have been deposited in the database of GBIF (2021). Furthermore, the data for 1,249 species (including herbarium specimens and/or images of living plants) are at least partially available in the database of the Virtual Guide to the Flora of Mongolia (Rilke et al. 2012; Zemmrich et al. 2013; https://floragreif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/). Moreover, approximately 19,300 images of 1,780 taxa have been observed as part of citizen science contributions to the “Flora of Mongolia” project on the iNaturalist platform (https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/flora-of-mongolia?tab=observations), which was established on January 2019.

In this study, we checked more than 70 works published since 2013 that have revised the flora of Mongolia, and provided respective references for each species in our checklist. We reviewed the species status of all vascular flora of Mongolia and made critical changes by adding, synonymizing, and excluding taxa; this work resulted in 265 fewer taxa compared to Urgamal et al. (2014). We believe that our revised checklist serves as an essential background and reference not only for scientists and students, but also for local government administrations and protected areas, for the conservation of Mongolian flora. Having an updated checklist allows researchers and communities to monitor plants as climate and land use changes, and population size and herding pressures increase. We recommend more research be conducted on regional flora, as well as comprehensive revisions of species distribution based on herbarium collections for phytogeographical regions and taxonomic revision of doubtful taxa.

The families in the checklist are alphabetically ordered and, within them, the genera, species, and subspecies are alphabetically listed. The currently accepted names are highlighted in bold italics. The most common synonyms (previously used in Urgamal et al. (2014)) and the species’ distribution in phytogeographical regions are provided here. Symbols used in the checklist include endemic [E] and sub-endemic [SE].

I Lycophytes

1. Lycopodiaceae P.Beauv. (3 genera and 5 species)

Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub [1, 2]

Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub [1]

Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. [1, 2]

Lycopodium annotinum L. [1, 2]

Lycopodium clavatum L. [2]

2. Selaginellaceae Willk. (1 genus and 2 species)

Selaginella borealis (Kaulf.) Spring [1, 3, 4, 8]

Selaginella sanguinolenta (L.) Spring [1, 2, 3, 4, 8]

II Ferns and fern allies

3. Aspleniaceae Newman (1 genus and 5 species)

Asplenium altajense (Kom.) Grubov [1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 13]

Asplenium ruprechtii Sa.Kurata [2, 3, 4]

Asplenium ruta-muraria L. [7, 14]

Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. [7, 8, 10, 14]

Asplenium yunnanense Franch. [7, 13]

4. Athyriaceae Alston (2 genera and 4 species)

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth [1–5]

Athyrium monomachi Kom. [2, 3, 4, 5]

Athyrium sinense Rupr. [3, 5, 9]

Diplazium sibiricum (Turcz.) Sa.Kurata [1–5]

5. Cystopteridaceae Shmakov (2 genera and 4 species)

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. [1–10, 13, 14, 15]

Cystopteris sudetica A.Braun & Milde [2]

Gymnocarpium dryopteris Newman [2, 4]

Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8]

6. Dennstaedtiaceae Losty (1 genus and 1 species)

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn [2, 3, 4, 5]

7. Dryopteridaceae Herter (1 genus and 3 species)

Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A.Gray [2, 5]

Dryopteris expansa (C.Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy [2, 5]

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott [2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10]

8. Equisetaceae Michx. (1 genus and 9 species)

Equisetum arvense L. [1–10, 14]

Equisetum fluviatile L. [1–10, 14]

Equisetum hyemale L. [3, 4, 5]

Equisetum palustre L. [1–10, 14]

Equisetum pratense Ehrh. [1–7, 9, 10]

Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. [14]

Equisetum scirpoides Michx. [1, 2, 3, 4, 6]

Equisetum sylvaticum L. [1–5, 8, 9]

Equisetum variegatum Schleich. [1, 4]

9. Onocleaceae Pic.Serm. (2 genera and 2 species)

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. [2, 4]

Onoclea sensibilis L. [2]

10. Ophioglossaceae Martinov (1 genus and 2 species)

Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Ångstr. [3]

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. [1–7, 9]

11. Polypodiaceae J.Presl. & C.Presl (2 genera and 2 species)

Lepisorus clathratus Ching [13]

Polypodium virginianum L. [1–5, 8]

12. Pteridaceae E.D.M.Kirchn. (2 genera and 2 species)

Cheilanthes argentea (S.G.Gmel.) Kunze [1–9, 12, 13]

Cryptogramma stelleri (S.G.Gmel.) Prantl [1]

13. Thelypteridaceae Ching (1 genus and 1 species)

Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt [2, 4]

14. Woodsiaceae Herter (1 genus and 6 species)

Woodsia calcarea (Fomin) Shmakov [1, 3, 4]

Woodsia glabella R.Br. [1, 7, 10]

Woodsia heterophylla (Turcz.) Shmakov [1]

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br. [= Woodsia acuminata (Fomin) Sipliv.] [1–9, 13]

Woodsia pseudopolystichoides (Fomin) Kiselev & Shmakov [5]

Woodsia subcordata Turcz. [4, 5, 9]

III Gymnosperms

15. Cupressaceae Gray (1 genus and 4 taxa)

Juniperus communis L. [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7]

Juniperus pseudosabina Fisch. & C.A.Mey. [1–4, 7, 8, 13]

Juniperus sabina var. davurica (Pall.) Farjon [= Juniperus davurica Pall.] [2]

Juniperus sabina L. var. sabina [2–4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, 14]

16. Ephedraceae Dumort. (1 genus and 9 species)

Ephedra dahurica Turcz. [= Ephedra sinica subsp. dahurica (Turcz.) Galanin] [2, 3, 8, 9, 12]

Ephedra equisetina Bunge [3, 6–9, 12–16]

Ephedra fedtschenkoi Paulsen [2, 3, 4, 7]

Ephedra glauca Regel [12, 14, 15]

Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey. [7, 14, 15]

Ephedra lomatolepis Schrenk [12, 14, 15]

Ephedra monosperma J.G.Gmel. [1–8, 10, 12–14]

Ephedra przewalskii Stapf [6, 7, 10–16]

Ephedra sinica Stapf [2–5, 7–15]

17. Pinaceae Spreng. (4 genera and 8 species)

Abies sibirica Ledeb. [1, 2]

Larix czekanowskii Szafer [4]

Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. [≡ Abies gmelinii Rupr.] [2, 4]

Larix sibirica Ledeb. [1–4, 6–8, 10, 14]

Picea obovata Ledeb. [1, 2, 3, 6, 7]

Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel [2]

Pinus sibirica Du Tour [1, 2, 3, 6, 7]

Pinus sylvestris L. [1–5, 8, 9]

IV Angiosperms

18. Acoraceae Martinov (1 genus and 1 species)

Acorus calamus L. [1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9]

19. Adoxaceae E.Mey. [including Viburnaceae Raf.] (3 genera and 6 species)

Adoxa moschatellina L. [1–3, 5–7, 13]

Sambucus sibirica Nakai [3, 6]

Sambucus williamsii Hance [= Sambucus manshurica Kitag.] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Viburnum burejaeticum Regel & Herder [5]

Viburnum mongolicum Rehder [= Lonicera mongolica Pall.] [4, 5, 8, 9]

Viburnum sargentii Koehne [5]

20. Alismataceae Vent. (2 genera and 4 species)

Alisma gramineum Lej. [5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14]

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. [1–5, 8–10, 14]

Sagittaria natans Pall. [4, 9, 10, 14]

Sagittaria trifolia L. [1, 4, 5, 9, 14]

21. Amaranthaceae Juss. [including Chenopodiaceae Vent.] (34 genera and 94 taxa)

Agriophyllum pungens (Vahl) Link [= Agriophyllum squarrosum Moq.] [6–16]

Anabasis aphylla L. [7, 14]

Anabasis brevifolia C.A.Mey. [3, 6–8, 10–16]

Anabasis elatior (C.A.Mey.) Schischk. [14]

Anabasis eriopoda Paulsen [14]

Anabasis pelliotii Danguy [14]

Anabasis salsa Paulsen [14]

Anabasis truncata Bunge [7, 14]

Atriplex altaica Sukhor. [7]

Atriplex cana C.A.Mey. [14]

Atriplex fera (L.) Bunge [1, 3, 4, 8–10, 12, 13]

Atriplex laevis C.A.Mey. [3, 4, 8–11, 13–15]

Atriplex sibirica L. [2, 3, 4, 6–16]

Atriplex tatarica L. [7, 10, 14]

Axyris amaranthoides L. [2–5, 8, 9, 13]

Axyris hybrida L. [2–5, 7–10, 12–14]

Axyris prostrata L. [1–4, 6–10, 13, 14]

Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze [6, 7, 10–14]

Bassia prostrata (L.) Beck [≡ Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.] [1–15]

Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J.Scott [≡ Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] [2, 3, 4, 6–14]

Blitum virgatum L. [≡ Chenopodium foliosum Asch.] [3, 4, 6, 7, 12–15]

Camphorosma monspeliaca subsp. lessingii (Litv.) Aellen [6, 10, 14]

Caroxylon gemmascens (Pall.) Tzvelev [≡ Salsola gemmascens Pall.] [10]

Caroxylon passerinum (Bunge) Akhani & Roalson [≡ Salsola passerina Bunge] [8, 10–16]

Ceratocarpus arenarius L. [6, 7, 10, 14]

Chenopodiastrum hybridum (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch [≡ Chenopodium hybridum L.] [2, 3, 4, 5, 7–16]

Chenopodium acuminatum Willd. [3–14, 16]

Chenopodium album L. [1–16]

Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. [1, 9, 10, 11, 14]

Chenopodium frutescens C.A.Mey. [6, 7, 10]

Chenopodium iljinii Golosk. [7, 10]

Chenopodium karoi Aellen [1–15]

Chenopodium novopokrovskyanum (Aellen) Uotila [≡ Chenopodium album subsp. novopokrovskyanum (Aellen) Uotila] [7]

Chenopodium strictum Roth [2, 4, 9, 14]

Chenopodium vulvaria L. [3, 6–10, 13, 14]

Climacoptera affinis (C.A.Mey.) Botsch. [≡ Pyankovia affinis (C.A.Mey.) Mosyakin & Roalson] [14]

Climacoptera subcrassa (Popov) Botsch. [14]

Corispermum chinganicum Iljin [1–12]

Corispermum declinatum Steph. ex Iljin [3, 4, 8]

Corispermum elongatum Bunge [≡ Corispermum stauntonii subsp. elongatum (Bunge) Vorosch.] [10, 13]

Corispermum mongolicum Iljin [3, 4, 7–16]

SE Corispermum patelliforme Iljin [10, 13, 16]

SE Corispermum tylocarpum Hance [= Corispermum gmelinii Bunge] [12]

Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants [7, 14, 15]

Grubovia dasyphylla (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Freitag & G.Kadereit [≡ Bassia dasyphylla (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Kuntze, Kochia dasyphylla Fisch. & C.A.Mey.] [3–16]

Grubovia krylovii (Litv.) Freitag & G.Kadereit [≡ Kochia krylovii Litv.] [6, 7, 10–16]

Grubovia melanoptera (Bunge) Freitag & G.Kadereit [≡ Kochia melanoptera Bunge] [3, 6, 7, 10–16]

Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M.Bieb. [14]

Halogeton glomeratus (M.Bieb.) C.A.Mey. [7, 10, 11, 14, 15]

Halostachys caspica C.A.Mey. [14, 15]

Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bunge [7, 10–16]

Iljinia regelii (Bunge) Korovin [14, 15, 16]

Kalidium caspicum (L.) Ung.-Sternb. [10, 14]

Kalidium cuspidatum (Ung.-Sternb.) Grubov [3, 8, 9, 12–16]

Kalidium foliatum Moq. [3, 6–16]

SE Kalidium gracile Fenzl [3, 4, 8–16]

Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst. [= Krascheninnikovia ewersmanniana (Stschegl.) Grubov] [1, 3, 4, 6–16]

Micropeplis arachnoidea (Moq.) Bunge [≡ Halogeton arachnoides Moq.] [4, 6–16]

SE Nanophyton grubovii U.P.Pratov [10]

SE Nanophyton mongolicum U.P.Pratov [7, 14]

Oreosalsola abrotanoides (Bunge) Akhani [≡ Salsola abrotanoides Bunge] [6–13]

Oxybasis chenopodioides (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch [≡ Chenopodium chenopodioides (L.) Aellen] [7, 10, 14]

Oxybasis glauca (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch [≡ Chenopodium glaucum L.] [2–16]

Oxybasis gubanovii (Sukhor.) Sukhor. & Uotila [≡ Chenopodium gubanovii Sukhor.] [10, 14]

Oxybasis rubra (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch [≡ Chenopodium rubrum L.] [3, 7, 10, 14, 15]

Oxybasis urbica (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch [≡ Chenopodium urbicum L.] [4, 10]

Petrosimonia litvinowii Korsh. [10]

Petrosimonia sibirica Bunge [14]

SE Salicornia altaica Lomon. [≡ Salicornia perennans subsp. altaica (Lomon.) G.Kadereit & Piirainen] [7]

Salsola collina Pall. [≡ Kali collinum (Pall.) Akhani & Roalson] [2–15]

SE Salsola ikonnikovii Iljin [≡ Kali ikonnikovii (Iljin) Akhani & Roalson] [7, 11, 12, 13]

Salsola jacquemontii Moq [≡ Kali jacquemontii (Moq.) Akhani & Roalson] [8, 13]

Salsola laricifolia Litv. [12, 13, 16]

Salsola monoptera Bunge [≡ Kali monopterum (Bunge) Lomon.] [3, 6–13]

Salsola paulsenii Litv. [≡ Kali paulsenii (Litv.) Akhani & Roalson] [3, 7, 9–11, 14]

Salsola rosacea L. [7, 14]

Salsola tragus L. [2, 3, 4, 6–16]

Soda foliosa (L.) Akhani [≡ Salsola foliosa L. ≡ Neocaspia foliosa (L.) Tzvelev] [14]

Suaeda acuminata (C.A.Mey). Moq. [6, 10, 14]

Suaeda corniculata (C.A.Mey.) Bunge subsp. corniculata [1, 3–16]

Suaeda corniculata subsp. mongolica Lomon. & Freitag [3, 4, 7–11]

Suaeda glauca (C.A.Mey.) Bunge [4, 9, 16]

Suaeda heterophylla (Kar. & Kir.) Bunge [10–15]

Suaeda kossinskyi Iljin [≡ Bienertia kossinskyi (Iljin) Tzvelev] [6, 7, 10, 13, 16]

Suaeda linifolia Pall. [10, 14]

Suaeda prostrata Pall. [= Suaeda maritima auct. non L.] [6, 9–13, 16]

Suaeda przewalskii Bunge [≡ Bienertia przewalskii (Bunge) G.L.Chu] [10–13]

Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. [8–13, 15, 16]

Suaeda sibirica Lomon. & Freitag [3, 4, 8, 9, 10]

SE Suaeda tschujensis Lomon. & Freitag [6, 7]

SE Suaeda tuvinica Lomon. & Freitag [3, 6, 10]

Sympegma regelii Bunge [7, 10–16]

Teloxys aristata (L.) Moq. [≡ Chenopodium aristatum L. ≡ Dysphania aristata (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants] [3–13, 15, 16]

Xylosalsola arbuscula (Pall.) Tzvelev [≡ Salsola arbuscula Pall.] [7, 13–16]

22. Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. (1 genus and 50 taxa)

Note: According to Sinitsyna et al. (2018), Allium spirale is absent in Mongolia and A. subangulatum was found in southern Gobi by Friesen et al. (2020).

Allium altaicum Pall. [1–3, 6–8, 10, 13, 14]

Allium amphibolum Ledeb. [1–4, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14]

Allium anisopodium Ledeb. [2–13]

SE Allium austrosibiricum N.Friesen [3, 6, 7, 10, 14]

Allium baicalense Willd. [= Allium senescens subsp. glaucum (Schrader) Dostál] [1, 3–5, 9, 10]

Allium bidentatum Fisch. [1–6, 8–12, 14]

Allium burjaticum N.Friesen [3, 4, 8]

Allium carolinianum Redouté [14]

Allium chamarense M.M.Ivanova [1, 2, 3]

Allium clathratum Ledeb. [3, 6, 7, 10, 11]

Allium condensatum Turcz. [5, 9]

Allium eduardi Stearn [2, 3, 4, 6–16]

Allium flavidum Ledeb. [1–4, 6, 7, 13, 14]

Allium galanthum Kar. & Kir. [7, 14]

Allium hymenorrhizum Ledeb. [7, 14]

Allium karelinii Poljakov [7, 14]

Allium ledebourianum Schult. & Schult.f. [7]

Allium leucocephalum Turcz. [1–4, 7–14, 16]

Allium macrostemon Bunge [8, 9]

Allium malyschevii N.Friesen [1, 2, 3]

Allium maximowiczii Regel [2, 4, 5, 9]

Allium microdictyon Prokh. [1, 2, 3, 4]

Allium monadelphum Turcz. [1, 2, 3, 6, 7]

Allium mongolicum Regel [3, 4, 6–16]

Allium neriniflorum G.Don [4, 5, 9]

Allium obliquum L. [7]

Allium oliganthum Kar. & Kir. [6, 7, 10, 14]

Allium pallasii Murray [14]

Allium platyspathum Schrenk subsp. platyspathum [3, 6, 7, 13, 14]

Allium platyspathum subsp. amblyophyllum (Kar. & Kir.) N.Friesen [7, 13, 14]

Allium polyrhizum Turcz. [1, 2, 3, 4, 7–16]

Allium prostratum Trev. [1–13]

SE Allium pumilum Vved. [6, 7, 14]

Allium ramosum L. [1–13]

Allium rubens Schrad. [6, 7, 14]

Allium schischkinii Sobolevsk. [3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13]

Allium schoenoprasum L. [1–7, 10]

Allium schrenkii Regel [= Allium bogdoicola Regel] [3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14]

Allium senescens L. [1–10, 13]

Allium splendens Willd. [1–5, 8, 9]

Allium spurium G.Don [1, 2, 4, 5, 9]

Allium stellerianum Willd. [1, 2, 3, 4]

Allium strictum Schrad. [1–10, 13, 14]

SE Allium subangulatum Regel [16]

Allium subtilissimum Ledeb. [3, 14]

Allium tenuissimum L. [1–5, 7–9, 11–15]

Allium tuvinicum (N.Friesen) N.Friesen [≡ Allium stellerianum subsp. tuvinicum N.Friesen] [3, 6, 7, 10]

SE Allium tytthocephalum Schult.f. [4, 6, 7, 13]

SE Allium ubsicola Regel [6, 10, 14]

Allium vodopjanovae N.Friesen [3, 4, 6–8, 10–15]

23. Apiaceae Lindl. (36 genera and 66 taxa)

Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb. [1–5, 13]

Angelica czernaevia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Kitag. [5, 9]

Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. [≡ dahurica Hoffm.] [2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Angelica saxatilis Turcz. [≡ Physolophium saxatile (Turcz.) Turcz.] [2]

Angelica sylvestris L. [6, 7]

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. [1–10]

Archangelica decurrens Ledeb. [≡ Angelica archangelica subsp. decurrens (Ledeb.) Kuvaev] [1–4, 6, 7, 14]

Aulacospermum anomalum Ledeb. [6, 7]

Bupleurum aureum Fisch. [7]

Bupleurum bicaule Helm [= Bupleurum pusillum Krylov] [1–4, 6–13]

Bupleurum densiflorum Rupr. [= Bupleurum mongolicum V.M.Vinogr.] [7, 13, 14]

Bupleurum krylovianum Schischk. [3, 7]

Bupleurum multinerve DC. [= Bupleurum longeinvolucratum Krylov] [1–5, 7, 9, 11]

Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. [1–6, 8, 9, 12, 13]

Bupleurum sibiricum Vest [2, 4, 8, 9]

Carum buriaticum Turcz. [1–6, 8, 9]

Carum carvi L. [1–5, 7–10, 14]

Cenolophium denudatum (Hornem.) Tutin [3, 7, 10, 14]

Cicuta virosa L. [1–15]

Cnidium dauricum (Jacq.) Turcz. [≡ Laserpitium dauricum Jacq.] [2–10]

Cnidium monnieri Cusson [4, 9]

SE Conioselinum longifolium Turcz. [1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 10]

Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm. [= Conioselinum vaginatum (Spreng.) Thell.] [1, 2, 3, 4]

Elwendia setacea (Schrenk) Pimenov & Kljuykov [≡ Bunium setaceum (Schrenk) H.Wolff, ≡ Carum setaceum Schrenk] [6, 7]

SE Ferula bungeana Kitag. [5, 8–16]

Ferula caspica M.Bieb. [7, 14]

Ferula dissecta Ledeb. [3, 6, 7, 10, 14]

Ferula dshaudshamyr Korovin [= Ferula dubjanskyi Korovin] [7, 14]

Ferula ferulioides (Steud.) Korovin [7]

Ferula potaninii Korovin [14]

Ferula soongarica Pall. [= Ferula mongolica (V.M.Vinogr. & Kamelin) V.M.Vinogr. & Kamelin] [3, 7, 10, 14, 15]

SE Ferulopsis hystrix (Bunge) Pimenov [≡ Peucedanum hystrix Bunge] [2–4, 6–11, 13, 15]

SE Haloselinum falcaria (Turcz.) Pimenov [≡ Peucedanum falcaria Turcz.] [1, 3, 4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13–16]

Hansenia mongholica Turcz. [≡ Ligusticum mongholicum (Turcz.) Krylov] [1, 2]

Heracleum dissectum Ledeb. [1–7, 9, 10, 11, 13]

Heracleum sibiricum L. [1, 2, 3, 9, 13]

Kadenia salina (Turcz.) Lavrova & V.N.Tikhom. [≡ Cnidium salinum Liou] [2, 3, 4, 8–11, 13]

Kitagawia baicalensis (Redow.) Pimenov [≡ Peucedanum baicalense (Redow.) Koch] [1–8, 10]

Kitagawia terebinthacea (Fisch.) Pimenov [≡ Peucedanum terebinthaceum (Fisch.) Ledeb.] [2, 4, 5, 9]

SE Lithosciadium kamelinii (V.M.Vinogr.) Pimenov [≡ Cnidium kamelinii V.M.Vinogr.] [7]

SE Lithosciadium multicaule Turcz. [1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 13]

Neogaya simplex Meisn. [= Pachypleurum alpinum Ledeb.] [10]

Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. [= Peucedanum salinum Pall.] [1–4, 6–10, 13]

Ostericum tenuifolium (Pall.) Y.C.Chu [= Pachypleurum alpinum Ledeb.] [1–4, 6, 7, 13, 14]

Paraligusticum discolor (Ledeb.) V.N.Tikhom. [7]

SE Peucedanum puberulum Turcz. [2, 3, 6, 8, 13]

Peucedanum vaginatum Ledeb. [1–4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13]

Phlojodicarpus sibiricus Koso-Pol. [1–4, 7, 8, 9, 13]

Phlojodicarpus villosus Turcz. [1, 2, 3, 6]

Pimpinella thellungiana H.Wolff [4, 5, 9]

Pleurospermum uralense Hoffm. [1–6, 8, 9]

Prangos ledebourii Herrnst. & Heyn [7, 14]

Sajanella monstrosa (Willd.) Soják [1, 2]

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. [2–6, 8, 9]

Schulzia crinita (Pall.) Spreng. [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7]

Seseli abolinii (Korovin) Schischk. [≡ Libanotis abolinii (Korovin) Korovin] [7, 10, 11, 13]

Seseli buchtormense W.D.J.Koch [≡ Libanotis buchtormensis (Fisch.) DC.] [7, 14]

Seseli condensatum Rchb.f. [≡ Libanotis condensata (L.) Fisch.] [1–3, 6–8, 10, 14]

Seseli eriocarpum B.Fedtsch. [≡ Libanotis eriocarpa Schrenk] [7, 10, 14]

Seseli glabratum Willd. [= Libanotis tenuifolia DC.] [7]

SE Seseli grubovii V.M.Vinogr. & Sanchir [≡ Libanotis grubovii (V.M.Vinogr. & Sanchir) M.L.Sheh & M.F.Watson] [7, 13, 14, 15]

Seseli mucronatum (Schrenk) Pimenov & Sdobnina [14]

Seseli seseloides (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) M.Hiroe [≡ Libanotis seseloides (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Turcz.] [1–7, 9]

Sium suave Walter [1–10, 14]

Sphallerocarpus gracilis Koso-Pol. [1–4, 6–13]

Stenocoelium athamantoides Ledeb. [≡ Seseli athamantoides (M.Bieb.) Beck] [6, 7]

24. Apocynaceae Juss. (3 genera and 10 taxa)

Apocynum pictum Schrenk [= Apocynum hendersonii Hook.f.] [7, 11, 14, 15]

Apocynum venetum L. [≡ Poacynum venetum (L.) Mavrodiev] [14]

Cynanchum acutum subsp. sibiricum (Willd.) Rech.f. [10–16]

Cynanchum bungei Decne. [9]

Cynanchum chinense R.Br. [9, 12, 15, 16]

SE Cynanchum gobicum Grubov [= Vincetoxicum lanceolatum (Grubov) Grubov] [12–16]

Cynanchum mongolicum Hemsl. [16]

Cynanchum purpureum K.Schum. [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 16]

Vincetoxicum mukdenense Kitag. [= Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag.] [4, 5, 9]

Vincetoxicum sibiricum (L.) Decne. [= Cynanchum thesioides K.Schum.] [2–16]

25. Araceae Juss. (2 genera and 4 species)

Lemna minor L. [1, 3, 4, 7–11, 13]

Lemna trisulca L. [1–5, 8–11]

Lemna turionifera Landolt [9, 11]

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. [5, 9]

26. Asparagaceae Juss. (5 genera and 19 species)

Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge [5, 9]

Asparagus brachyphyllus Turcz. [9]

SE Asparagus burjaticus Peschkova [4]

Asparagus dauricus Fisch. [2–6, 8, 9, 11, 12]

SE Asparagus gobicus Ivanova [7–16]

Asparagus neglectus Kar. & Kir. [14]

Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim. [5]

Asparagus pallasii Miscz. [7, 10, 11]

Asparagus schoberioides Kunth [5]

Asparagus tamariscinus Ivanova [10, 14, 15, 16]

Asparagus trichophyllus Bunge [10, 12, 14–16]

Convallaria keiskei Miq. [2, 5]

Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W.Schmidt [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Maianthemum dilatatum (Alph.Wood) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. [3, 4, 5, 9]

Maianthemum × intermedium Vorosch. [5]

Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda [2]

Polygonatum humile Fisch. [4, 5]

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce [1–5, 8, 9]

Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté [1–5, 8, 9, 12]

27. Asphodelaceae Juss. [including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort.] (1 genus and 2 taxa)

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. var. lillioasphodelus [4, 5, 9]

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus var. minor (Mill.) M.N.Tamura [≡ Hemerocallis minor Mill.] [1–5, 8, 9]

28. Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl (85 genera and 456 taxa)

Note: Some classifications of some genera of Asteraceae have changed after extnesive molecular investigations. For example, species of Scorzonera L. were split into several genera, and three of them are present in Mongolia: Lipschitzia Zaika, Sukhor. & N.Kilian, Takhtajaniantha Nazarova, and Scorzonera L. s.str. by Zaika et al. (2020). The taxonomic status of Scorzonera curvata, S. grubovii, and S. sinensis is not resolved yet.

Achillea acuminata Sch.Bip. [2, 4, 5, 9]

Achillea alpina L. [1–6, 8–10]

Achillea asiatica Serg. [1–10, 14]

Achillea impatiens L. [2, 3, 4]

Achillea ledebourii Heimerl [3, 7, 8]

Achillea millefolium L. [1, 2, 3, 4, 7]

Achillea ptarmicoides Maxim. [2, 4, 8, 9, 10]

Achillea sergievskiana Shaulo & Shmakov [7]

SE Ajania achilleoides Poljakov [3, 6–8, 10–13, 15, 16]

Ajania fruticulosa (Ledeb.) Poljakov [3, 4, 6–16]

E Ajania grubovii Muldashev [≡ Chrysanthemum grubovii (Muldashev) H.Ohashi & Yonek.] [7, 14]

Ajania trifida (Turcz.) Muldashev [≡ Hippolytia trifida (Turcz.) Poljakov] [3, 6–9, 11–13, 16]

Allardia tridactylites Sch.Bip. [≡ Waldheimia tridactylites Kar. & Kir.] [1, 3, 6, 7, 13]

Ancathia igniaria DC. [3, 7, 10, 14, 15]

Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. [1, 2, 3, 4, 7]

Arctium tomentosum Mill. [4]

Arctogeron gramineum (L.) DC. [1–5, 7, 8, 9]

Arnica angustifolia subsp. iljinii (Maguire) I.K.Ferguson [7]

Artemisia adamsii Besser [2, 3, 4, 6–13]

SE Artemisia aksaiensis Y.R.Ling [2, 6, 8, 12–14, 16]

Artemisia amoena Poljakov [7, 12]

Artemisia anethifolia Weber [2, 3, 4, 7–16]

Artemisia anethoides Mattf. [8–16]

Artemisia annua L. [2–4, 7–10, 12–16]

Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot [2, 4, 5, 7–9, 12, 13]

Artemisia argyrophylla Ledeb. [1, 3, 6, 7, 13, 15]

E Artemisia assurgens Filatova [≡ Seriphidium assurgens (Filatova) K.Bremer & Humphries] [7, 11, 13–15]

Artemisia aurata Kom. [2–5, 8, 9, 13]

Artemisia bargusinensis Spreng. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

SE Artemisia blepharolepis Bunge [11, 12, 13, 16]

Artemisia borealis Pall. [1–4, 6, 7, 10, 13]

Artemisia borotalensis Poljakov [≡ Seriphidium borotalense (Poljakov) Ling & Y.R.Ling] [7, 14]

SE Artemisia brachyloba Franch. [4, 8, 9]

Artemisia brachyphylla Kitam. [5]

Artemisia caespitosa Ledeb. [3, 4, 6–16]

Artemisia capillaris Thunb. [2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9]

Artemisia compacta Fisch. [3, 6–8, 10–12, 14]

Artemisia dahurica (Turcz.) Poljakov [4]

E Artemisia davazamczii Darijma & Kamelin [7, 10, 13, 15]

Artemisia demissa Krasch. [3, 7–16]

Artemisia depauperata Krasch. [1–4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, 14]

Artemisia desertorum Spreng. subsp. desertorum [2, 4, 5, 9, 13]

E Artemisia desertorum subsp. pseudojaponica Darijma & Kamelin [5]

SE Artemisia disjuncta Krasch. [7, 13]

SE Artemisia dolosa Krasch. [1–9, 11, 13]

SE Artemisia dracunculus var. changaica (Krasch.) Y.R.Ling [≡ Artemisia changaica Krasch.] [1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13]

Artemisia dracunculus L. var. dracunculus [1–15]

Artemisia eriopoda Bunge [16]

Artemisia feddei subsp. arschantinica (Darijma) Gubanov & Kamelin [≡ Artemisia arschantinica Darijma] [16]

Artemisia feddei H.Lév. & Vaniot subsp. feddei [5, 9]

Artemisia freyniana (Pamp.) Krasch. [4–6, 8–10, 12, 13]

Artemisia frigida Willd. [1–16]

SE Artemisia giraldii Pamp. [4]

Artemisia glauca Pall. [1–8, 10, 14]

SE Artemisia globosa Krasch. [6,–8, 10, 12–14]

SE Artemisia globosoides Ling & Y.R.Ling [9, 12]

Artemisia gmelinii Web. var. gmelinii [2–13]

Artemisia gmelinii var. messerschmidiana (Besser) Poljakov [2–5, 8, 9, 12, 13]

Artemisia gracilescens Krasch. & Iljin [7, 14, 15]

Artemisia halodendron Turcz. [4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 16]

Artemisia heptapotamica Poljakov [≡ Seriphidium heptapotamicum (Poljakov) Ling & Y.R.Ling] [7, 14]

Artemisia implicata T.G.Leonova [16]

Artemisia integrifolia L. [1–5, 8, 9, 13]

Artemisia klementzae Krasch. [= Artemisia xylorhiza Krasch.] [3, 4, 7–13, 16]

Artemisia laciniata Willd. [1–5, 7–10, 12, 14]

SE Artemisia lagocephala Fisch. var. lithophila (Turcz.) Y.R.Ling [1]

Artemisia latifolia Ledeb. [2, 4, 5, 9]

Artemisia macilenta (Maxim.) Krasch. [2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Artemisia macrantha Ledeb. [1, 2, 3, 7]

Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem. [1–16]

Artemisia manshurica (Kom.) Kom. [2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9]

Artemisia marschalliana Spreng. [7]

Artemisia maximovicziana Krasch. [4, 5, 9]

Artemisia medioxima Krasch. [1, 2, 3, 4, 9]

Artemisia mongolica (Fisch.) Nakai [≡ Artemisia vulgaris var. mongolica Fisch.] [1–15]

Artemisia mongolorum subsp. gobicum Krasch. [≡ Artemisia gobica (Krasch.) Grubov] [3, 4, 6–16]

Artemisia mongolorum Krasch. subsp. mongolorum [≡ Seriphidium mongolorum (Krasch.) Ling & Y.R.Ling] [3, 4, 6–16]

Artemisia nitrosa Weber [3, 4, 8, 9]

Artemisia obtusiloba subsp. altaiensis (Krasch.) Krasnob. [≡ Artemisia altaiensis Krasch.] [3, 6, 7]

Artemisia obtusiloba Ledeb. subsp. obtusiloba [3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14]

Artemisia obtusiloba var. glabra Ledeb. [= Artemisia glabella Kar. & Kir.] [3, 6, 10]

SE Artemisia ordosica Krasch. [7, 9, 10, 12–16]

SE Artemisia oxycephala Kitag. [4, 5, 8, 9]

Artemisia palustris L. [1–13]

Artemisia pamirica C.Winkl. [3, 6, 7, 10–13]

Artemisia phaeolepis Krasch. [1–4, 6–9, 13, 14]

Artemisia pubescens Ledeb. [= Artemisia commutata Besser] [1–4, 6–11, 13, 14]

Artemisia pycnorrhiza Ledeb. [1–4, 6–8, 10–14]

Artemisia rubripes Nakai [2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9]

Artemisia rupestris L. [1–4, 6–8, 10, 14]

Artemisia rutifolia var. altaica (Krylov) Krasch. [7]

Artemisia sacrorum var. messerschmidtiana (Besser) Y.R.Ling [2–5, 8, 9, 12, 13]

Artemisia saissanica (Krasch.) Filatova [7, 10, 14]

Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. [= Artemisia santolinifolia subsp. stepposa Darijma] [2, 3, 6–15]

Artemisia schischkinii Krasch. [6, 7, 10, 14]

Artemisia schrenkiana Ledeb. [3, 6, 10, 14]

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. [2–12]

Artemisia selengensis Turcz. [3, 4, 5, 9]

Artemisia sericea Weber [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8]

Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. [1–16]

SE Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. [3, 10–16]

Artemisia stolonifera (Maxim.) Kom. [3, 7, 10, 13–16]

SE Artemisia subchrysolepis Filatova [≡ Seriphidium subchrysolepis (Filatova) K.Bremer & Humphries] [7, 14]

Artemisia subdigitata Mattf. [≡ Artemisia dubia var. subdigitata (Mattf.) Y.R.Ling] [3, 4, 7, 10, 12–16]

Artemisia sublessingiana Krasch. [= Seriphidium gorjaevii (Poljak.) Y.R.Ling] [14]

Artemisia subulata Nakai [1, 5, 9]

Artemisia succulenta Ledeb. [7]

Artemisia sylvatica Maxim. [4, 5, 9, 10, 15]

Artemisia tanacetifolia L. [1–10, 14]

Artemisia terrae-albae Krasch. [7, 14, 15]

Artemisia tomentella Trautv. [1, 3, 6, 10–12, 14]

Artemisia tournefortiana Rchb. [7, 9, 12, 14]

SE Artemisia transbaicalensis T.G.Leonova [1, 3]

Artemisia umbrosa (Besser) Turcz. [4, 5, 9]

Artemisia vestita Wall. [13]

Artemisia viridis Willd. [6, 7, 14]

Artemisia vulgaris subsp. vulgaris L. [2, 3]

E Artemisia vulgaris subsp. inundata Darijma [= Artemisia superba Pamp.] [1–4, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14]

Artemisia wudanica Liou & W.Wang [8, 9, 12]

SE Artemisia xanthochloa Krasch. [3–16]

Artemisia xerophytica Krasch. [6, 7, 8, 10–16]

Askellia flexuosa (Ledeb.) W.A.Weber [1, 3, 5–11, 13–16]

Askellia pygmaea (Ledeb.) Sennikov [1, 3, 6, 7]

Aster alpinus L. [1–10, 13]

Aster hispidus Thunb. [2–6, 8–11, 13, 15]

Aster lingii G.J.Zhang & T.G.Gao [= Rhinactinidia limoniifolia Novopokr.] [7]

Aster maackii Regel [5]

E Aster sanczirii Kamelin & Gubanov [5]

Aster tataricus L.f. [2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

SE Asterothamnus alyssoides (Turcz.) Novopokr. [= Aster alyssoides Turcz.] [8, 12]

SE Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus var. potaninii (Novopokr.) Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen [≡ Asterothamnus potaninii Novopokr.] [7, 8, 9, 11–16]

SE Asterothamnus heteropappoides Novopokr. [6, 7, 10, 14]

Asterothamnus molliusculus Novopokr. [12, 15]

Asterothamnus poliifolius Novopokr. [3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13–15]

Bidens cernua L. [3, 4, 6, 7, 9–11]

Bidens parviflora Willd. [3, 4, 6, 8–10, 13]

Bidens radiata Thuill. [3, 4, 6–10]

Bidens tripartita L. [1–4, 7, 8–10, 14]

SE Brachanthemum gobicum Krasch. [12, 13, 16]

SE Brachanthemum mongolicum Krasch. [12, 14]

E Brachanthemum mongolorum Grubov [9]

Cancrinia discoidea (Ledeb.) Poljakov [7, 10–16]

SE Cancrinia krasnoborovii Khanm. [10]

Carduus crispus L. [2–7, 9]

Carduus nutans L. [1, 7]

Centaurea adpressa Ledeb. [6]

Centaurea glastifolia subsp. intermedia (Boiss.) L.Martins [= Centaurea chartolepis Greuter] [6, 7]

Centaurea pulchella Ledeb. [= Hyalea pulchella (Ledeb.) K.Koch] [7, 14]

Chondrilla lejosperma Kar. & Kir. [6, 7, 10, 14]

E Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum Grubov [5, 9]

Chrysanthemum mongolicum Ling [≡ Chrysanthemum zawadzkii var. mongolicum (Ling) Gubanov] [1, 2, 3]

Chrysanthemum naktongense Nakai [9]

SE Chrysanthemum sinuatum Ledeb. [Tanacetum sinuatum Sch.Bip.] [6, 7]

Chrysanthemum trilobatum (Poljakov) H.Ohashi & Yonek. [≡ Ajania trilobata Poljakov] [12, 13]

Chrysanthemum zawadzkii Herbich [1–5, 8, 9]

Cicerbita azurea (Ledeb.) Beaverd [3, 7, 10]

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. [≡ Serratula arvensis L.] [2–4, 7, 9–11, 13–15]

Cirsium esculentum C.A.Mey. [1–4, 6–11, 14]

Cirsium glabrifolium O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch. [7]

Cirsium helenioides (L.) Hill [= Carduus helenioides L.] [2]

Cirsium pendulum Fisch. [2, 4, 5, 9]

Cirsium serratuloides Hill [1, 2, 3]

Cirsium setosum (Willd.) M.Bieb. [≡ Serratula setosa Willd.] [3, 4, 7–11, 14, 15]

Cirsium sieversii (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Petr. [= Cirsium polyacanthum Kar. & Kir.] [7]

Cirsium vlassovianum Fisch. [2, 5, 9]

Cousinia affinis Schrenk [14]

Crepidiastrum akagii (Kitag.) J.W.Zhang & N.Kilian [= Youngia tenuicaulis (Babc. & Stebbins) Czerep.] [2, 3, 6–8, 10–15]

Crepidiastrum sonchifolium (Bunge) Pak & Kawano [5]

Crepidiastrum tenuifolium (Willd.) Sennikov [≡ Crepis tenuifolia Willd. ≡ Youngia tenuifolia (Willd.) Babc. & Stebbins] [1–11, 13, 14]

Crepis bungei Ledeb. [1–4, 6–9, 11]

Crepis chrysantha Froel. [1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10]

Crepis crocea (Lam.) Babc. var. crocea [2, 3, 4, 6–13]

SE Crepis crocea var. czuensis (Serg.) Tzvelev [≡ Crepis czuensis Serg.] [6, 7]

E Crepis lomonosovae Tzvelev [3, 13]

Crepis lyrata (L.) Froel. [1, 7]

Crepis multicaulis Ledeb. [3, 7, 10, 13, 14]

Crepis polytricha Turcz. [1, 3, 4, 6, 7]

Crepis praemorsa (L.) Tausch [≡ Hieracium praemorsum L.] [4, 10]

Crepis sibirica L. [2–5, 7, 8, 11]

Crepis tectorum L. [2, 4, 7, 10, 14]

Doronicum altaicum Pall. [1]

Doronicum oblongifolium DC. [7, 14]

Doronicum turkestanicum Cavill. [3, 7, 14]

Echinops davuricus Fisch. [= Echinops latifolius Tausch] [1–5, 8, 9]

Echinops gmelinii Turcz. [3, 7–16]

Echinops humilis M.Bieb. [3, 7, 13–15]

Echinops integrifolius Kar. & Kir. [6, 7, 14]

Echinops nanus Bunge [7, 14]

Echinops ritro L. [7, 14]

Erigeron acris L. [1–7, 9, 10, 13]

Erigeron altaicus Popov [7, 14]

SE Erigeron baicalensis Botsch. [1]

Erigeron eriocalyx (Ledeb.) Vierh. [1–3, 6, 7, 13]

Erigeron krylovii Serg. [3, 7]

Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook. [1–7, 9, 10, 13]

Erigeron oreades Fisch. & C.A.Mey. [1, 3, 7, 13]

Erigeron petiolaris Vierh. [3, 7]

Erigeron politus Fr. [1–4, 6, 7, 13]

Erigeron pseudoeriocephalus Popov [3]

Filago arvensis L. [7, 8, 10, 14]

Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam. [= Tanacetum sibiricum L.] [1–5, 8, 9]

Galatella altaica Tzvelev [7, 14]

Galatella angustissima (Tausch) Novopokr. [1]

Galatella dahurica DC. [= Galatella macrosciadia Gand. = Galatella songorica Novopokr.] [1–7, 9, 10]

Galatella hauptii Lindl. [7]

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. [= Gnaphalium baicalense Kirp. & Kuprian.] [2–4, 7, 9, 10, 14]

Helichrysum arenarium Moench [7]

Heteropappus altaicus Novopokrov. [≡ Aster altaicus Willd.] [1–4, 6–8, 10, 12–16]

Heteropappus biennis (Ledeb.) Tamamsch. [1–5, 8, 9]

SE Heteropappus medius (Krylov) Tamamsch. [3, 4, 5, 8, 9]

SE Hieracium czadanense Tupitz. [1, 10]

Hieracium korshinskyi Zahn [2, 4]

Hieracium narymense Schischk. & Serg. [2, 4]

Hieracium robustum Fr. [8, 9]

Hieracium sershukense Üksip [7]

Hieracium subramosum Lonnr. [2, 4]

Hieracium umbellatum L. [1–5, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Hieracium virosum Pall. [2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9]

Hololeion maximowiczii Kitam. [9]

Hypochaeris maculata L. [≡ Trommsdorffia maculata (L.) Bernh.] [4, 8]

Inula japonica Thunb. [2]

Inula linariifolia Turcz. [5, 8, 10, 11]

Inula salsoloides Ostenf. [≡ Limbarda salsoloides Ikonn.] [8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16]

Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Kitagawa subsp. chinensis s.l. [= Ixeridium graminifolium (Ledeb.) Tzvelev, = Ixeridium gramineum (Fisch.) Tzvelev] [2–5, 7–9, 12, 14]

Jacobaea ambracea (Turcz.) B.Nord. [= Senecio ambraceus Turcz.] [2, 3, 4, 6–10, 14]

Jacobaea cannabifolia (Less.) E.Wiebe [≡ Senecio cannabifolius Less.] [2, 3, 5, 9]

Jacobaea erucifolia subsp. argunensis (Turcz.) Veldkamp [≡ Senecio argunensis Turcz.] [5, 9]

Jacobaea erucifolia (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. subsp. erucifolia [= Senecio erucifolius L.] [2–4, 6, 7, 9, 10]

Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. [≡ Senecio jacobaea L.] [3, 4, 7–10, 14]

Jurinea chaetocarpa (Ledeb.) Ledeb. [7, 14]

Jurinea margalensis Iljin [7, 14]

SE Jurinea mongolica Maxim. [= Jurinea potaninii Ilijn] [10–14]

Jurinea multiflora B.Fedtsch. [7, 14]

Karelinia caspia Less. [14, 15, 16]

Kaschgaria komarovii (Krasch. & Rubtzov) Poljakov [≡ Tanacetum komarovii Krasch. & Rubtzov] [7, 14, 15]

Klasea cardunculus (Pall.) Holub [≡ Serratula cardunculus (Pall.) Schischk.] [2, 3, 4, 5, 7]

Klasea centauroides (L.) Cass. [≡ Serratula centauroides L.] [1–5, 7–13]

Klasea marginata (Tausch) Kitag. [≡ Serratula marginata Tausch] [1–4, 7–10, 13, 14]

Klasea sogdiana (Bunge) L.Martins [≡ Serratula sogdiana Bunge, Serratula alatavica C.A.Mey.] [6]

Lactuca serriola L. [= Lactuca sativa subsp. serriola (L.) Frietema] [7, 10, 14, 15]

Lactuca sibirica Benth. [2–6, 8, 9, 11]

Lactuca tatarica C.A.Mey. [3, 4, 6–16]

Lactuca undulata Ledeb. [7, 14]

Leibnitzia anandria (L.) Turcz. [2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Leontopodium campestre Hand.-Mazz. [1–3, 6–9, 11, 13, 14]

Leontopodium conglobatum Hand.-Mazz. [1– 9, 13]

Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauverd [1–5, 8, 9, 16]

Leontopodium nanum (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hand.-Mazz. [16]

Leontopodium ochroleucum Beauverd [1–3, 6, 7, 13]

Leontopodium palibinianum Beauverd [2, 4, 5]

Leuzea carthamoides DC. [= Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin] [7]

Leuzea repens (L.) D.J.N.Hind, [≡ Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo ≡ Acroptilon repens (L.) DC.] [6, 7, 10–16]

Leuzea uniflora (L.) Holub [= Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC.] [1–5, 8, 9]

Ligularia altaica DC. [6, 7]

Ligularia fischerii (Ledeb.) Turcz. [2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Ligularia glauca (L.) O.Hoffm. [7]

Ligularia hodgsonii Hook.f. [5, 9]

Ligularia mongolica DC. [5, 9]

Ligularia przewalskii Diels [9, 12]

Ligularia sagitta (Maxim.) Mattf. [≡ Senecio sagitta Maxim.] [4, 5, 9]

Ligularia sibirica Cass. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Lipschitzia divaricata (Turcz.) Zaika, Sukhor. & N.Kilian [≡ Scorzonera divaricata Turcz.] [6–13, 15, 16]

Matricaria chamomilla L. [= Matricaria recutita L.] [2]

Neopallasia pectinata (Pall.) Poljakov [1–4, 6–16]

SE Olgaea leucophylla (Turcz.) Iljin [8, 9, 11–13]

SE Olgaea lomonossowii (Trautv.) Iljin [9]

Omalotheca supina (L.) DC. [= Gnaphalium supinum L.] [2, 7]

Packera cymbalaria (Pursh) W.A.Weber & Á.Löve [≡ Senecio cymbalaria Pursh] [1, 3, 7]

Parasenecio hastatus (L.) H.Koyama [≡ Cacalia hastata L.] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Pentanema asperum (Poir.) G.V.Boiko & Korniy. [≡ Inula aspera Poir.] [2, 3, 9]

Pentanema britannica (L.) D.Gut.Larr. [≡ Inula britannica L.] [1– 11, 13, 14]

Pentanema salicinum (L.) D.Gut.Larr. [≡ Inula salicina L.] [2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. [1]

Petasites radiatus (J.F.Gmel.) Toman [1]

Petasites rubellus (J.F.Gmel.) Toman [1, 3]

Phalacrachena calva (Ledeb.) Iljin [10]

Picris davurica Fisch. [1, 3, 4, 8, 9]

Picris hieracioides L. [2, 3, 4, 5]

Picris japonica Thunb. [2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Pilosella dublitzkii (B.Fedtsch. & Nevski) Sennikov [≡ Hieracium dublitzkii B.Fedtsch. & Nevski] [7]

Pilosella echioides (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. [≡ Hieracium echioides L.] [2, 4]

Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. [10]

Rhinactinidia eremophila (Bunge) Novopokr. [= Rhinactinidia eremophila subsp. grubovii Botsch.] [3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14]

Richteria pyrethroides Kar. & Kir. [≡ Pyrethrum pyrethroides (Kar. & Kir.) B.Fedtsch.] [7]

Saussurea acuminata Turcz. [2, 4, 5]

SE Saussurea alaschanica Maxim. [6, 10]

Saussurea alata DC. [4, 6, 10]

Saussurea alpina (L.) DC. [1–3, 6, 7, 13]

Saussurea amara (L.) DC. [1–5, 7–12, 14]

SE Saussurea arctecapitulata Lipsch. [1, 3]

Saussurea baicalensis B.L.Rob. [1, 2, 3, 7]

SE Saussurea bogedaensis Yu J.Wang & J.Chen [14]

SE Saussurea catharinae Lipsch. [15]

SE Saussurea ceterachifolia Lipsch. [3, 6, 7]

Saussurea congesta Turcz. [1]

Saussurea controversa DC. [1, 2, 3, 5]

Saussurea coronata Schrenk [= Saussurea dshungarica Iljin] [7]

Saussurea daurica Adams [3, 6–16]

SE Saussurea dorogostaiskii Palib. [1, 2]

Saussurea elata Ledeb. [7]

Saussurea elegans Ledeb. [= Saussurea amoena Kar. & Kir.] [3, 6, 7]

SE Saussurea elongata DC. [1, 2, 4]

Saussurea foliosa Ledeb. [6, 7]

Saussurea glacialis Herder [1, 3, 6, 7, 13, 14]

SE Saussurea grubovii Lipsch. [7, 14, 15]

E Saussurea gubanovii Kamelin [15]

Saussurea involucrata (Kar. & Kit.) Sch.Bip. [1–3, 6, 7, 13, 14]

Saussurea japonica (Thunb.) DC. [9]

Saussurea klementzii Lipsch. [7]

SE Saussurea krasnoborovii S.V.Smirn. [1]

Saussurea krylovii Schischk. & Serg. [7]

Saussurea laciniata Ledeb. [3, 4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13–16]

Saussurea latifolia Ledeb. [3, 7]

Saussurea leucophylla Schrenk [1, 3, 6, 7, 13]

SE Saussurea lipschitzii Filatova [7, 13]

Saussurea mongolica (Franch.) Franch. [5]

Saussurea neoserrata Nakai [2, 5]

Saussurea odontolepis Sch.Bip. [5]

E Saussurea odorata E.Pjak [7]

Saussurea orgaadayi Khanm. & Krasnob. [3, 7]

Saussurea parviflora (Poir.) DC. [1–7, 9]

SE Saussurea popovii Lipsch. [14]

Saussurea pricei N.D.Simpson [3, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, 14]

Saussurea pseudoalpina N.D.Simpson [1–3, 6, 7, 13, 14]

Saussurea pseudosalsa Lipsch. [15, 16]

Saussurea pulchella Fisch. [5, 7, 8, 9]

SE Saussurea purpurata (Fisch.) Lipsch. [2, 4]

E Saussurea ramosa Lipsch. [3, 10, 11, 15]

Saussurea recurvata (Maxim.) Lipsch. [2, 5]

Saussurea runcinata DC. [2–4, 7, 8, 10]

E Saussurea saichanensis Kom. [1–3, 6, 7, 13, 14]

Saussurea salicifolia DC. [2–9]

Saussurea salsa Spreng. [3, 5–11, 14, 16]

Saussurea schanginiana (Wydler) Fisch. [1–3, 6, 7, 13]

SE Saussurea squarrosa Turcz. [1]

Saussurea stubendorffii Herder [1, 3]

Saussurea subacaulis (Ledeb.) Serg. [1, 3, 6, 7, 13]

SE Saussurea sukaczevii Lipsch. [1, 2, 3]

Saussurea ussuriensis Maxim. [5]

Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge [1, 2, 4, 5, 9]

Scorzonera curvata (Popl.) Lipsch. [3, 7, 8, 9, 13]

E Scorzonera grubovii Lipsch. [7, 14]

Scorzonera parviflora Jacq. [14]

Scorzonera radiata Fisch. [1–10, 13, 14]

Scorzonera sinensis (Lipsch. & Krasch.) Nakai [9]

Senecio dubitabilis C.Jeffrey & Y.L.Chen [≡ Senecio dubius Ledeb. nom. illegit. non Beck] [2, 3, 7, 8, 10–15]

E Senecio kenteicus Grubov [2]

Senecio nemorensis L. [1, 2, 3]

Senecio subdentatus Ledeb. [7, 10, 14, 15]

Senecio vulgaris L. [1–4, 7, 8, 10]

Serratula coronata L. [5, 9]

Serratula kirghisorum Iljin [7]

Solidago dahurica (Kitag.) Kitag. [1–5, 7, 9]

Solidago virgaurea L. [7]

Sonchella dentata (Ledeb.) Sennikov [≡ Sonchus dentatus Ledeb.] [10, 14, 15]

Sonchella stenoma (Turcz.) Sennikov [≡ Crepis stenoma Turcz.] [8–15]

Sonchus arvensis L. [2–5, 7–11, 13, 14]

Sonchus brachyotus DC. [8–10, 13, 14]

Sonchus uliginosus M.Bieb. [4, 5, 8, 9, 10]

Stilpnolepis intricata (Franch.) C.Shih [3, 4, 7, 9–15]

Symphyotrichum ciliatum (Ledeb.) G.L.Nesom [3, 4, 9, 10]

Synurus deltoides (Aiton) Nakai [4, 5]

Takhtajaniantha austriaca (Willd.) Zaika, Sukhor. & N.Kilian [≡ Scorzonera austriaca Willd.] [2–10, 12–14]

Takhtajaniantha capito (Maxim.) Zaika, Sukhor. & N.Kilian [≡ Scorzonera capito Maxim.] [8, 11–16]

Takhtajaniantha ikonnikovii (Krasch. & Lipsch.) Zaika, Sukhor. & N.Kilian [≡ Scorzonera ikonnikovii Lipsch. & Krasch.] [3, 6–15]

Takhtajaniantha mongolica (Maxim.) Zaika, Sukhor. & N.Kilian [≡ Scorzonera mongolica Maxim.] [10–16]

Takhtajaniantha pseudodivaricata (Lipsch.) Zaika, Sukhor. & N.Kilian [≡ Scorzonera pseudodivaricata Lipsch] [3, 6, 7, 9, 10–16]

Takhtajaniantha pusilla (Pall.) Nazarova [≡ Scorzonera pusilla Pall.] [8, 14]

Takhtajaniantha subacaulis (Regel) Zaika, Sukhor. & N.Kilian [= Scorzonera subacaulis (Regel) Lipsch.] [6]

Tanacetum alatavicum Herder [≡ Pyrethrum alatavicum O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch.] [7]

E Tanacetum changaicum (Krasch.) K.Bremer & Humphries [≡ Pyrethrum changaicum Krasch.] [3, 4, 7, 10]

Tanacetum crassipes (Stschegl.) Tzvelev [7]

Tanacetum krylovianum (Krasch.) K.Bremer & Humphries [≡ Pyrethrum krylovianum Krasch.] [7]

Tanacetum lanuginosum Sch. [≡ Pyrethrum lanuginosum (Sch.Bip. & Herder) Tzvelev] [1, 6, 7, 13]

SE Tanacetum pulchellum Sch. [≡ Pyrethrum pulchellum Turcz.] [7]

Tanacetum pulchrum Sch. [= Pyrethrum pulchrum Ledeb.] [3, 6, 7, 13]

Tanacetum tanacetoides (DC.) Tzvelev [2, 3, 6, 7]

Tanacetum vulgare L. [= Tanacetum boreale Fisch. & DC.] [1–7, 9]

Taraxacum armeriifolium Soest [3–5, 7, 9–14, 16]

Taraxacum asiaticum Dahlst. [4, 7, 8, 13]

Taraxacum atrans Schischk. [7, 13]

Taraxacum bessarabicum (Hornem.) Hand.-Mazz. [2–4, 7–10]

Taraxacum bicorne Dahlst. [1, 2, 3, 7, 9–12]

SE Taraxacum bornuurense R.Doll [3, 4, 6, 7]

Taraxacum brevirostre Hand.-Mazz. [3, 7, 13]

Taraxacum ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC. [= Taraxacum altaicum Schischk.] [1–7, 9, 13, 14]

Taraxacum collinum DC. [3, 4, 6–10, 14]

Taraxacum dealbatum Hand.-Mazz. [1–4, 6–15]

Taraxacum dissectum Ledeb. [1–4, 6–10, 12, 13]

Taraxacum eriopodum DC. [6, 7, 13, 14]

Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. [3]

Taraxacum glabrum DC. [1–3, 6, 7, 14]

Taraxacum glaucanthum Nakai [3, 4, 8]

Taraxacum goloskokovii Schischk. [6, 7, 10, 13]

E Taraxacum inimitabile Kirschner & Štěpánek [13]

E Taraxacum junatovii Tzvelev [3, 7, 13, 14]

Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin [3, 7, 13]

SE Taraxacum krasnoborovii Krasnikov [7]

SE Taraxacum krylovii Krasnikov & Khanm. [7]

Taraxacum leucanthum Ledeb. [1–4, 6–8, 10–15]

Taraxacum linczevskyi Schischk. [7]

SE Taraxacum longicorne Dahlst. [1, 2, 5–10]

Taraxacum luridum G.E.Haglund [6, 7]

Taraxacum lyratum (Ledeb.) DC. [1, 3, 6, 7]

Taraxacum macilentum Dahlst. [1, 3, 6, 7]

Taraxacum microspermum Schischk. [= Taraxacum compactum Schischk.] [1, 2]

Taraxacum minutilobum Popov [7]

Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. [1–4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13]

Taraxacum mongoliforme R.Doll [1, 2, 4, 7–11, 13, 15]

Taraxacum monochlamydeum Hand.-Mazz. [3, 4, 7, 12–15]

Taraxacum mujense Petrochenko [1, 2]

Taraxacum multisectum Kitag. [9]

Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. [1, 2, 3, 4]

Taraxacum parvulum DC. [14]

Taraxacum pawlodarskum R.Doll [= Taraxacum ustamenum R.Doll] [7]

Taraxacum pingue Schischk. [1, 3, 6, 7]

Taraxacum pseudoatratum Orazova [6]

SE Taraxacum pseudonivale Malyschev [1]

Taraxacum puberulum G.E.Haglund [14]

SE Taraxacum sangilense Krasnob. & Khanm. [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7]

Taraxacum scariosum (Tausch) Kirschner & Štěpánek [= Taraxacum stenolobum Stschegl., Taraxacum commixtiforme Soest] [4, 8–10, 13, 14]

E Taraxacum selengensis Tzvelev [3]

Taraxacum sinicum Kitag. [= Taraxacum borealisinense Kitam.] [3–16]

SE Taraxacum smirnovii M.S.Ivanova [7]

SE Taraxacum songoricum Schischk. [6, 7, 13]

Taraxacum stanjukoviczii Schischk. [7, 13]

E Taraxacum submacilentum Tzvelev [7]

Taraxacum sumneviczii Schischk. [1, 7, 13]

Taraxacum tibetanum Hand.-Mazz. [13, 14]

Taraxacum turgaicum Schischk. [7, 13, 14]

SE Taraxacum tuvense Krasnob. & Krasnikov [1]

Tephroseris flammea (DC.) Holub [≡ Senecio flammeus DC.] [5]

Tephroseris integrifolia subsp. atropurpurea (Ledeb.) B.Nord. [1]

Tephroseris integrifolia (L.) Holub subsp. integrifolia [= Senecio campestris (Retz.) DC.] [1–4, 6–9, 13]

Tephroseris kirilowii (DC.) Holub [5]

Tephroseris palustris (L.) Rchb. [≡ Senecio palustris (L.) Hook.] [1, 2, 4–10]

SE Tephroseris porphyrantha (Schischk.) Holub [= Senecio porphyranthus Schischk.] [1, 7]

Tephroseris praticola (Sisk. & Serg.) Holub [= Senecio asiatica Schischk. & Serg.] [1, 2, 3, 7]

Tephroseris pricei (N.D.Simpson) Holub [≡ Senecio pricei N.D.Simpson] [1, 3, 6, 7, 13, 14]

SE Tephroseris sukaczevii (Schischk.) Holub [≡ Senecio sukaczevii Schischk.] [2, 4, 9]

Tephroseris turczaninovii (DC.) Holub [≡Senecio sumneviczii Schischk. & Serg.] [1, 2, 3, 6, 7]

Tephroseris vereszczaginii (Schischk. & Serg.) Holub [≡ Senecio veresczaginii Schischk. & Serg.] [7]

Tibetiodes flaccida (Bunge) G.L.Nesom [≡ Erigeron flaccidus (Bunge) Botsch.] [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7]

Tragopogon kasahstanicus S.A.Nikitin [7]

Tragopogon orientalis L. [6, 7]

Tragopogon ruber S.G.Gmel. [7, 14]

Tragopogon songoricus S.A.Nikitin [6, 7, 13, 14]

SE Tragopogon trachycarpus S.A.Nikitin [2–5, 7, 8, 13]

Tripleurospermum ambiguum (Ledeb.) Franch. & Sav. [≡ Matricaria ambigua (Ledeb.) Krylov] [6, 7]

Tripolium pannonicum (Jacq.) Dobrocz. [≡ Tripolium pannonicum Jacq.] [4, 9–13]

Trommsdorffia ciliata (Thunb.) Soják [≡ Hypochaeris ciliata (Thunb.) Makino] [5]

SE Tugarinovia mongolica Iljin [11, 12, 13, 16]

Turczaninovia fastigiata (Fisch.) DC. [≡Aster fastigiatus Fisch.] [2, 4]

Vickifunkia songarica (Fisch.) C.Ren [≡ Ligularia songarica (Fisch.) Y.Ling] [14]

Vickifunkia thomsonii (C.B.Clarke) C.Ren [≡ Ligularia thomsonii (C.B.Clarke) Pojark.] [14]

Vickifunkia thyrsoidea (Ledeb.) C.Ren [≡ Ligularia thyrsoidea (Ledeb.) DC.] [6, 7, 14]

29. Balsaminaceae A.Rich. (1 genus and 2 species)

Impatiens noli-tangere L. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

Impatiens parviflora DC. [7]

30. Berberidaceae Juss. (1 genus and 2 species)

Berberis amurensis Rupr. [5]

Berberis sibirica Pall. [1–4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13]

31. Betulaceae Gray (2 genera and 9 taxa)

Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa (Rupr.) Raus [1, 2, 4, 9]

Betula fruticosa Pall. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Betula mandshurica subsp. tauschii (Regel) Kamelin [4, 5]

Betula microphylla Bunge [1–4, 6–8, 10, 13, 14]

Betula nana subsp. exilis (Sukachev) Hultén [2, 3]

Betula nana subsp. rotundifolia (Spach) Malyschev [1, 2, 3, 6, 7]

Betula ovalifolia Rupr. [1–5, 7, 8, 13]

Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica (Regel) Ashburner & McAll. [1–5, 8, 13]

Betula pendula Roth subsp. pendula [2, 3, 4]

32. Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl. (1 genus and 1 species)

Biebersteinia odora Stephan [6, 7]

33. Bignoniaceae Juss. (1 genus and 1 species)

SE Incarvillea potaninii Batalin [13, 15, 16]

34. Boraginaceae Juss. (24 genera and 78 taxa)

Note: Since Urgamal et al. (2014), several genera and species have been critically revised and updated by Ovczinnikova (2019a). Additionally, six new species of Craniospermum Lehm. have been described from Mongolia by Ovczinnikova and Korolyuk (2016) and Ovczinnikova (2019b, 2020). We follow the treatment of Ovczinnikova (2019a). Furthermore, Arnebia tibetica previously known as a synonym of A. guttata, differs from A. guttata based on floral morphology and plastid genome characteristics discovered by Park et al. (2020).

Amblynotus rupestris (Pall.) Popov [≡ Eritrichium rupestre (Georgi) Bunge] [1–9, 13]

Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.Bieb. [7, 10, 11, 14]

SE Anoplocaryum compressum Ledeb. [≡ Echinospermum compressum (Ledeb.) Turcz.] [1, 2, 3, 6, 8]

E Anoplocaryum tenellum A.L.Ebel & Rudaya [≡ Microula tenella (A.L.Ebel & Rudaya)] [7]

SE Anoplocaryum turczaninovii Krasnob. [1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14]

Arnebia decumbens Coss. & Kralik [6, 7, 8, 13, 14]

Arnebia fimbriata Maxim. [11–13, 15, 16]

Arnebia guttata Bunge [3, 7, 10–16]

Arnebia tibetana Kurz [7]

Asperugo procumbens L. [3, 6, 7, 10, 14]

E Asperula gobicola Grubov [= Asperula saxicola Grubov] [13, 16]

SE Craniospermum canescens DC. [3, 7, 13, 14]

E Craniospermum desertorum Ovczinnikova & A.Korolyuk [7]

E Craniospermum gubanovii Ovczinnikova [14]

E Craniospermum kamelinii Ovczinnikova [7]

SE Craniospermum mongolicum I.M.Johnst. [7, 11–14]

E Craniospermum montanostepposum Ovczinnikova [7]

E Craniospermum pseudotuvinicum Ovczinnikova & A.Korolyuk [10]

SE Craniospermum tuvinicum Ovczinnikova [6, 7]

E Craniospermum volkovae Ovczinnikova [10]

Cynoglossum divaricatum Steph. [3, 4, 8, 9, 13, 14]

SE Eritrichium alpinum Ovczinnikova [6]

Eritrichium pauciflorum DC. [1–8, 13]