Research Article |
Corresponding author: Anna Trias-Blasi ( a.triasblasi@kew.org ) Academic editor: Hanno Schaefer
© 2021 Anna Trias-Blasi, Manop Poopath, Li-Min Lu, Gaurav Parmar.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Trias-Blasi A, Poopath M, Lu L-M, Parmar G (2021) Causonis sessilifolia (Vitaceae), a new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 185: 55-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.185.75570
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A new species, Causonis sessilifolia, from Thailand is described, based on morphological and phylogenetical methods. A full description, conservation assessment, a key, images and phylogenetic tree are provided. Diagnostic characters for this species are sessile leaves that are sometimes opposite and inflorescence insertion interfoliar.
Causonis, Thailand, new taxon, taxonomy
The genus Cayratia Juss. in the broad sense (s.l.) has consistently been found to be paraphyletic (
Causonis comprises about 16 species and four varieties and is found in tropical, subtropical and temperate Asia to Australia including the Pacific Islands (
In autumn 2019, an expedition was conducted in a 5-hectare area adjacent to Kriangkrai River in the Nakhon Sawan Province (Fig.
This study is based on the material collected in October 2019 in Nakhon Sawan. Morphological characters were studied using a hand lens (30–60× magnification) and stereomicroscope and documented by photography. Collected specimens were thoroughly compared with protologues and types of all Causonis species occurring in Thailand and neighbouring regions. Additionally, herbarium material of Causonis, deposited in K, was studied (herbarium codes according to
Genomic DNA for the new taxon was extracted from silica-gel-dried leaf material using DNeasy Plant Mini Kit Qiagen (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following manufacturers’ protocols. All other sequences for different taxa were downloaded from GenBank. The DNAs were amplified for four chloroplast loci (atpB-rbcL, trnC-petN, trnH-psbA and trnL-F) following the protocols in
Geneious 8.1.9 was used to assemble forward and reverse sequences (
Morphologically, Causonis sessilifolia and Causonis japonica (Thunb. ex Murray) Raf. share similarity in possessing 5-foliolate leaves, but the former taxon has sessile leaves and 2–5-furcate tendrils (vs. petiolate leaves and 2–3-furcate tendrils in C. japonica).
Voucher information and GenBank accession numbers for the sequences used in this study.
Taxon | Voucher No. | Locality | atpB-rbcL | trnC-petN | trnH-psbA | trnL-F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Causonis australasica L.M.Lu & Jackes | AU015 (PE) | Australia, Queensland | MW408585 | MW408375 | MW408696 | MW408491 |
Causonis clematidea (F.Muell.) Jackes | Wen 12184 (US) | Australia, New South Wales, Sydney (cult.) | KC166297 | KC166475 | KC166552 | KC166625 |
Causonis corniculata (Benth.) J.Wen & L.M.Lu | YSL4758 (PE) | China, Taiwan | MW408551 | MW408342 | MW408665 | MW408460 |
Causonis daliensis (C.L.Li) G.Parmar & L.M.Lu | VN2014116 (PE) | Vietnam, Lam Dong | MW408540 | MW408333 | MW408654 | MW408450 |
Causonis fugongensis (C.L.Li) G.Parmar & L.M.Lu | CPG36648 (PE) | Myanmar, Kachin | MW408564 | MW408355 | MW408676 | MW408473 |
Causonis japonica var. japonica | Wen 8537 (US) | Japan, Chiba | KC166313 | KC166488 | KC166564 | KC166637 |
Causonis japonica var. pseudotrifolia (W.T.Wang) G.Parmar & J.Wen | Wen 8085 (US) | China, Chongqing | AB234920 | KC166498 | KC166573 | AB235006 |
Causonis maritima (Jackes) Jackes | AU020 (PE) | Australia, Queensland | MW408567 | MW408358 | MW408679 | MW408476 |
Wen 9403 (US) | China, Taiwan | KC166314 | JF437193 | JF437079 | JF437299 | |
Causonis mollis (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) G.Parmar & J.Wen | CPG23617 (PE) | Vietnam, Vinh Phuc | MW408535 | MW408328 | MW408650 | MW408445 |
Causonis sessilifolia Trias-Blasi & G.Parmar | Poopath & Duangjai 2511 | Thailand, Nakhon Sawan | OK338627 | OK338628 | OK338629 | OK338630 |
Causonis timoriensis var. mekongensis (C.Y.Wu ex W.T.Wang) G.Parmar & L.M.Lu | CPG18926 (PE) | China, Yunnan | MW408580 | MW408370 | MW408692 | MW408486 |
Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J.Wen | CPG27533 (PE) | China, Yunnan | MW408575 | MW408365 | MW408687 | – |
CPG38701 (PE) | India, Kerala | MW408576 | MW408366 | MW408688 | – | |
LA17 (PE) | Laos, Luang Namtha | MW408577 | MW408367 | MW408689 | MW408484 | |
Wen 7488 (US) | Thailand, Chiang Mai | KC166323 | KC166500 | KC166574 | AB235007 | |
CPG19178 (PE) | Indonesia, Bali | KC428757 | KC428783 | KC428800 | KC428819 | |
Pseudocayratia pengiana Hsu & J.Wen | YSL4764 (PE) | China, Taiwan | MW408587 | MW408377 | MW408698 | MW408493 |
Pseudocayratia speciosa J.Wen & L.M.Lu | Wen 12026 (US) | China, Fujian | KC166377 | – | KC166616 | KC166682 |
Slender herbaceous climber. Stem cylindrical, 2–5 mm diameter, branched, glabrous, young stems purplish-green, hairy with some bent hairs to glabrous; tendril 2–5-furcate, slender, wiry, leaf-opposed, cylindrical, with a straight section, then bifurcating and coiling, 5–10 cm long, glabrous. Leaves compound, pedately 5-foliolate, alternate or opposite; petiole absent, central petiolule 0.5–1.5(–3) cm long, middle petiolules sessile, lateral petiolules 0.5–2 mm long, mostly glabrous, sometimes with bent hairs; central leaflet blade lanceolate to slightly rhombic, 2–5 by 1–2.5 cm, base cuneate; middle leaflet blade lanceolate, 1–3 by 0.5–1.5 cm; lateral leaflet blade lanceolate often with a single asymmetric acute lobe, 0.5–1.75 by 0.2–1.25 cm, base cuneate; margin broadly denticulate, apex acuminate to mucronate; adaxial and abaxial sides glabrous, mid-rib raised on upper surface, each leaflet with 2–5 pairs of lateral veins, if leaflet lobed then lower lateral vein may be more distinct. Inflorescence ramified, interfoliar or pseudo-terminal, mostly dividing dichotomously, with numerous ramifications, 0.7–2 by 1–2.5 cm, lax, erect; peduncle 2–8 cm long, glabrous, pedicel 0.75–2 mm long, glabrous. Buds ovoid, 1–2 by 1–2 mm. Calyx cupuliform, entire, margin sinuate, 0.5–1 by 1–1.25 mm, glabrous, dark red. Corolla petals 4, ovate, 1.5–2 by 1.25–2 mm, apex cucullate, glabrous, dark red. Stamens 4; filaments flattened, broadening at the base, 1 mm long, cream; anthers elliptic, medifixed, 0.5–1 mm long, cream. Ovary adnate to the disc; disc with 4 distinct lobes, cupular, 0.5 by 1.5 mm, glabrous, dark red outside and whitish inside. Style conical, 0.5 mm long; stigma inconspicuous, dark red. Fruit berry, globose, 4–7 mm in diameter, glabrous, smooth, green. Seeds 2, 4–5 by 3 mm, adaxial side with two faces, abaxial side convex and ovate with a linear chalazal knot (Fig.
The specific epithet “sessilifolia” refers to the sessile leaves of the taxon.
This species is only known from the type locality and, therefore, has an Area of Occupancy (AOO) and Extent of Occupancy (EOO) of 4 km2. This suggests that it might be Critically Endangered as the AOO is less than 10 km2 and is only found in one location. The species has been found to grow outside any protected areas and in an abandoned area next to a canal. This could mean the species is more vulnerable than others as it is unprotected. Additionally, all the surrounding areas are used for agriculture and, therefore, it is likely this forested area might also be transformed for this use. Due to this threat, the restricted AOO and number of locations, we think that this taxon could be driven to being Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time; therefore, we assess the taxon as VUD2 (
Phylogenetically, this pedately 5-foliolate leaved species lies in a clade previously known with species of exclusively trifoliolate leaves such as Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J.Wen and Causonis maritima (Jackes) Jackes (
1 | Leaves 3-foliolate | 2 |
– | Leaves 5-foliolate | 3 |
2 | Tendrils 2–3-furcate, tips without adhesive disc; hooked hairs confined to mid-vein on adaxial surface | 1. C. maritima |
– | Tendrils 3–5-furcate, tips with adhesive disc; hairs all over abaxial and adaxial surfaces | 2. C. trifolia |
3 | Petiole present; inflorescence leaf-opposed, pseudoaxillary or axillary | 3. C. japonica |
– | Petiole absent; inflorescence interfoliar | 4. C. sessilifolia |
We thank Steven Bachman for helpful discussions about the Conservation Assessment of this species. We are grateful to Jinren Yu for supporting molecular work. We are grateful to Sutee Duangjai for providing images of this species.