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Research Article
Achnanthidium gladius sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) – a new monoraphid diatom species from Indonesia
expand article infoNatalia D. Tseplik‡, Yevhen I. Maltsev‡, Anton M. Glushchenko§, Irina V. Kuznetsova‡, Sergei I. Genkal|, Evgeniy S. Gusev‡, Maxim S. Kulikovskiy‡
‡ К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow, Russia
§ К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Borok, Russia
| I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Yaroslavl, Russia

Corresponding author: Maxim S. Kulikovskiy ( max-kulikovsky@yandex.ru )

Academic editor: Wolf-Henning Kusber
© 2021 Natalia D. Tseplik, Yevhen I. Maltsev, Anton M. Glushchenko, Irina V. Kuznetsova, Sergei I. Genkal, Evgeniy S. Gusev, Maxim S. Kulikovskiy.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Tseplik ND, Maltsev YI, Glushchenko AM, Kuznetsova IV, Genkal SI, Gusev ES, Kulikovskiy MS (2021) Achnanthidium gladius sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) – a new monoraphid diatom species from Indonesia. PhytoKeys 187: 129-140. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.73913
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Abstract

A new monoraphid diatom species Achnanthidium gladius sp. nov. is described from Indonesia. The description is based on molecular data (18SV4), morphological analysis and comparison with similar species. According to molecular data, Achnanthidium gladius sp. nov. is closely related to Achnanthidium minutissimum. Morphologically, the new species differs from similar species by the absence of a fascia on raphe valve, cell size, and striae density and pattern. The new species is only known from the type locality in Indonesia. Comparison with close related species is given.

Keywords

Achnanthidium, diatoms, Indonesia, new species, molecular investigation

Introduction

The genus Achnanthidium Kützing is one of the largest genera of monoraphid diatoms. It contains more than two hundred species which are widely distributed worldwide in various types of water bodies. Achnanthidium was first suggested by F. Kützing (1844), who included in it all monoraphid species that do not form colonies. Later, P.T. Cleve (1895) changed the status of this taxon and made it a subgenus of Achnanthes s.l. Most of monoraphid diatoms were included in Achnanthes s.l., and this system was used by many authors for a long time.

Round et al. (1990) reinstated Achnanthidium as a separate genus, with the explanation that Achnanthes and Achnanthidium differ significantly in the structure of areolae, girdle, raphe, and plastids. Round and Bukhtiyarova (1996) suggested an improved diagnosis for the genus which included the following features: radiate uniseriate striae, small linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate valves, external distal raphe ends straight or curved to one side, and sternum widened at the centre. The species that belonged to Achnanthidium but did not correspond with this diagnosis were moved to other genera.

Since the beginning of the 21st century many descriptions of new Achnanthidium species have been published (Monnier et al. 2004; Cantonati and Lange-Bertalot 2006; Ivanov and Ector 2006; Potapova 2006; Wojtal et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2021). Furthermore, the type materials of earlier described species are studied using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Hlúbiková et al. 2011; Van de Vijver et al. 2011). This data is used for clearer definition of species boundaries and separation of species complexes. Also, there have been attempts to separate species complexes using morphometric methods (Potapova and Hamilton 2007) and a complex of morphological, ecological and geographic studies (Jüttner et al. 2011).

Many authors note that the taxonomy of Achnanthidium is quite complicated for a number of reasons. First of all, most species of this genus are quite small, which makes light microscopy studies more difficult. Most of the features used for species identification are ultrastructural, so that SEM is required for precise identification. Also, the species boundaries may be unclear, since there are no criteria for species separation and values of quantitative features often overlap in different species, which complicates identification even further. Moreover, many species are quite similar in terms of morphology and require the usage of molecular methods. There are few molecular studies of Achnanthidium species. In a recent article (Pinseel et al. 2017) 12 different lines have been identified in the Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki species complex on the basis of molecular studies. The representatives of one of these lines have been described as a separate species Achnanthidium digitatum Pinseel, Vanormelingen, Hamilton & Van de Vijver (Pinseel et al. 2017).

In Indonesia, Achnanthidium has not been studied extensively. Most existing works concern the ecology and general biodiversity of diatoms in different water bodies (Hustedt 1937; Bramburger et al. 2004; Sabo et al. 2008; Soeprobowati et al. 2016) but not the taxonomy of the genus. Indonesia is a less studied region with a high level of endemicity (Bramburger et al. 2004; Kapustin et al. 2017, 2019, 2020; Kapustin and Kulikovskiy 2018; Kociolek et al. 2018; Kulikovskiy et al. 2020), which indicates a high probability of finding new diatom species there.

Materials and methods

Sample collection

The sample used in this study was collected from Indonesia by Ivanov I.I. on 23.09.2011. It was designated as no. I241 and was collected from the Lake Matano (02°31.985'S, 121°26.279'E), epipsammon, pH 8.36, conductivity 187 μS cm-1.

Culturing

Monoclonal strains were established by micropipetting single cells under an inverted microscope Zeiss Axio Vert. A1. The culture was maintained in the liquid medium WC (Guillard and Lorenzen 1972) in a lightbox with the photoperiod day:night 12:12 hours and temperature = 22–25 °C. The culture was grown for a month. The strain was designated Ind391.

Preparation of slides and microscopic observation

The monoclonal culture was boiled in 30% hydrogen peroxide at the temperature 150–160 °C for 8 hours to dissolve organic matter. After decanting and refilling up to 100 ml with deionized water, the suspension was spread onto coverslips and left to dry at room temperature. Permanent diatom preparations were mounted in Naphrax (refraction index=1.73). LM observations were performed with a Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 microscope equipped with an oil immersion objective (×100, n.a. 1.4, differential interference contrast) and Axio Cam ERc 5s camera. Valve ultrastructure was examined using a JEOL JSM-6510LV scanning electron microscope.

Molecular investigation

Total DNA of the strain Ind391 was extracted using HelixTM (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. A fragment of 18S rDNA (435 bp, including V4 domain) was amplified using primers D512 and D978 (Zimmermann et al. 2011). Amplification of the 18S rDNA fragment was carried out using the premade mix ScreenMix (Evrogen, Russia) for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The conditions of amplification for 18S rDNA fragment were: an initial denaturation of 5 min at 95 °C, followed by 35 cycles: denaturation at 94 °C (30 s), annealing at 52 °C (40 s), elongation at 72 °C (50 s); and a final extension of 5 min at 72 °C.

The resulting amplicons were visualized by horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis (1%), colored by SYBR Safe (Life Technologies, United States). Purification of DNA fragments was performed with the mix of FastAP, 10× FastAP Buffer, Exonuclease I (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and water. 18S rDNA fragment was decoded from two sides using forward and reverse PCR primers and the Big Dye system (Applied Biosystems, USA), followed by electrophoresis using a Genetic Analyzer 3500 sequencer (Applied Biosystems).

Editing and assembling of the consensus sequences were carried out by comparing the direct and reverse chromatograms using the Ridom TraceEdit program (ver. 1.1.0) and Mega7 (Kumar et al. 2016). Newly determined sequence and DNA fragments from 32 other diatoms, which were downloaded from GenBank (taxa and Accession Numbers are given in Fig. 1), were included in the alignments. Diatom species from genera Geissleria Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin and Placoneis Mereschkowsky were chosen as the outgroup. The nucleotide sequences of the 18S rDNA gene were aligned separately using the Mafft v7 software and the E-INS-i model (Katoh and Toh 2010). The resulting alignment had the length of 441 characters.

Figure 1. 

Phylogenetic position of Achnanthidium gladius Ind391 (indicated in bold) based on Bayesian inference for the partial 18S rDNA gene. Total length of the alignment is 441 characters. Bootstrap supports from ML (constructed by RaxML) are presented above the horizontal lines (slash). Posterior probabilities from BI (constructed by Beast) are presented below the horizontal lines (slash). Only BS and PP above 50 and 0.9 are shown. All sequences have strain numbers (if available) and GenBank numbers.

The dataset was analyzed using the Bayesian interference (BI) method implemented in Beast ver.1.10.1 (Drummond and Rambaut 2007) to construct phylogeny. For each of the alignment partitions, the most appropriate substitution model was estimated using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) as implemented in jModelTest 2.1.10 (Darriba et al. 2012). This BIC-based model selection procedure selected HKY+I+G model, shape parameter α = 0.5800 and a proportion of invariable sites (pinvar) = 0.7460. A Yule process tree prior was used as a speciation model. The analysis ran for 15 million generations with chain sampling every 100 generations. The parameters – estimated convergence, effective sample size (ESS) and burn-in period were checked using the software Tracer ver. 1.7.1. (Drummond and Rambaut 2007). The initial 25% of the trees were removed, the rest remained to reconstruct a final phylogeny. The phylogenetic tree and posterior probabilities of its branching were obtained on the basis of the remaining trees, having stable estimates of the parameter models of nucleotide substitutions and likelihood. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was performed using the program RA×ML (Stamatakis et al. 2008). The nonparametric bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates was used. The statistical support values were visualized in FigTree (ver. 1.4.2) and Adobe Photoshop CC (19.0).

Results

Figure 1

The molecular analysis has established that the strain Achnanthidium gladius sp. nov. belongs to a group of close species that includes A. minutissimum and A. digitatum (ML 87/BI 100). A branch that includes three strains of two species (Achnanthidium minutissimum and A. saprophilum) is also close (ML 87/BI 100). Overall, the new species belongs to a large clade of monoraphid and cymbelloid taxa from such genera as Cocconeis, Pauliella, Psammothidium, Planothidium, Geissleria, Placoneis, and others.

The morphological description of the new species is given below.

Achnanthidium gladius Tseplik, Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko & Genkal, sp. nov.

Figures 2, 3

Holotype

Slide no 04123 in collection of MHA, Main Botanical Garden Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia, represented here by Fig. 2G.

Figure 2. 

A–X Achnanthidium gladius Tseplik, Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko & Genkal, sp. nov. LM, DIC, size diminution series. Slide no 04123. A–L raphe valves M–X rapheless valves. Holotype (G). Scale bar: 10 μm.

Reference strain

Strain Ind391, isolated in sample no. I241.

Figure 3. 

A–H Achnanthidium gladius Tseplik, Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko & Genkal, sp. nov. SEM. Sample no 04123. A–F raphe valves G, H rapheless valves A–C, G, H external views D–F, H internal views. Scale bars: 2 μm (A, D, G, H), 1 μm (C, F), 0.5 μm (B, E).

Type locality

Indonesia, Lake Matano, 02°31.985'S, 121°26.279'E.

Description

LM (Fig. 2). Valves relatively big, linear to linear-lanceolate, with gradually narrowing, rounded apices. Length 27.7–30.4 µm, breadth 3.3–4.0 µm. Raphe straight, filiform. Striae on the raphe valve radiate, uniseriate, 27–28 in 10 µm, consist of round and narrow elongated areolae. On the rapheless valve the central and axial areas are absent. Striae are almost parallel, 26–27 in 10 µm, becoming noticeably more radiate near the valve apices. Areolae not resolved in LM.

SEM (Fig. 3). External proximal raphe ends simple, distal raphe ends straight. Internal proximal raphe ends slightly bent in opposite directions, distal raphe ends terminate is weakly developed helictoglossae. Raphe positioned in a narrow axial area that slightly widens near the centre of the valve. A distinct central area is absent, but 2 or 3 striae in the center of the valve are spaced wider than the majority of the striae. Areolae are mostly elongated.

Etymology

The specific epithet “gladius” refers to the similarity in valve morphology contour with a sword.

Distribution

As yet known only from the type locality.

Sequence data

Partial 18S rDNA gene sequence comprising V4 domain sequence (GenBank accession number MW025231).

Discussion

The new species Achnanthidium gladius sp. nov. belongs to the genus Achnanthidium and possesses the characteristic features of the genus, including a linear-lanceolate valve shape, radiate uniseriate striae and straight external distal raphe ends. Achnanthidium species are divided into two morphological groups: the A. minutissimum species complex has straight external distal raphe ends, and the Achnanthidium pyrenaicum (Hustedt) Kobayasi species complex has external distal raphe ends that are distinctly curved to one side. Since A. gladius sp. nov. has straight external distal raphe ends, it belongs to the A. minutissimum species complex. The new species has quite large valves, which is characteristic only for several of the known Achnanthidium species (Table 1).

Table 1.
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Comparison of new species with similar taxa of Achnanthidium.

Outline Valve apices Axial area Central area Valve length (μm) Valve width (μm) Striae in raphe valve (in 10 μm) Striae in rapheless valve (in 10 μm) Distribution Reference
A gladius sp. nov. relatively big, linear to linear-lanceolate gradually narrowing, rounded absent absent, but 2 or 3 striae in the center of the valve are spaced wider than the majority of the striae 27.7–30.4 3.3–4.0 27–28 26–27 Indonesia: Lake Matano This study
A. initium linear-lanceolate to lanceolate rounded to weakly rostrate rounded slightly expanded into asymmetrical transverse fascia at central area at the raphe valve; narrow linear at the rapheless valve asymmetrical transverse fascia at the raphe valve; slightly expanded at the rapheless valve 11.5–25.5 9.0–13.0 29–34 32–35 India: Masilla Waterfalls Karthick et al. 2017
A. sublanceolatum linear-lanceolate rounded or weakly protracted narrow, linear-lanceolate rounded at the raphe valve; slightly expanded at the rapheless valve 18–35 4.0–4.5 20–23 at the middle portion, 36–42 near the apices 21–24 in the center, and 30–36 near the apices China: Taiping Lake Yu et al. 2019
A. standeri not or very slightly dorsiventral, subelliptical-lanceolate, dorsal and ventral margins moderately arched protracted, apiculate to rostrate narrow, linear, narrowing slightly towards to the ends, almost median line of the valve irregular, asymmetric space of different extent 8–37 2.8–4.4 28–30 24–26 South Africa Taylor et al. 2011

There are some known Achnanthidium species that are morphologically similar to A. gladius sp. nov. The most similar is Achnanthidium initium Karthick, Taylor & Hamilton (Karthick et al. 2017); however, it can be differentiated from the new species by several features. The most obvious one is the fascia on the raphe valve of A. initium, while A. gladius sp. nov. lacks a central area; also A. initium has external distal raphe ends that are curved to opposite sides. Furthermore, these species differ in valve length (27.7–30.4 μm in A. gladius sp. nov., 11.5–25.5 μm in A. initium) and the striae density on both raphe and rapheless valves (raphe valves: 27–28 in 10 μm in A. gladius sp. nov., 29–34 in 10 μm in A. initium; rapheless valves: 26–27 in 10 μm in A. gladius sp. nov., 32–35 in 10 μm in A. initium).

Two more similar species are Achnanthidium sublanceolatum Yu, You & Kociolek (Yu et al. 2019) and Achnanthidium standeri Taylor, Morales & Ector (Taylor et al. 2011). A. sublanceolatum is similar to the new species in valve shape and size, but has lower striae density (20–23 in 10 μm on the raphe valve, 21–24 in 10 μm on the rapheless valve) and curved external distal raphe ends. A. standeri, as well as the new species, belongs to the A. minutissimum species complex. It can be differentiated by the fascia on the raphe valve and radiate striae on the rapheless valve.

On the phylogenetic tree the strain A. gladius sp. nov. belongs to the clade that includes a lot of A. minutissimum strains. The strain used in the present study forms a cluster with three A. minutissimum strains, but is separated from them with high statistical support, which indicates that our strain is a separate species. Although A. minutissimum and A. gladius sp. nov. are closely related, morphologically they are significantly different, which confirms the identification of A. gladius sp. nov. as a separate species. The group that includes the new species is sister to a cluster of A. digitatum strains, which was recently separated from A. minutissimum.

Extensive molecular investigations are required for better understanding of taxonomy in the genus Achnanthidium and the A. minutissimum species complex. Often it is impossible to separate species of the genus without molecular methods. However, molecular data is available for a very small number of Achnanthidium species: GenBank has sequences for 13 identified species and several sequences that are labeled as Achnanthidium sp. Including DNA sequences in new species descriptions makes the subsequent identification of these species much easier, and also contributes to the establishment of a database of various Achnanthidium strains.

Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to the staff of the Centre of Electron Microscopy of the Papanin’s Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, RAS, for technical assistance. Publication is based on research carried out with financial support by Russian Science Foundation 19-14-00320.

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