Research Article |
Corresponding author: De-Zhu Li ( dzl@mail.kib.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Muthama Muasya
© 2016 Yu-Xiao Zhang, Xia-Ying Ye, Hong-Mei Yang, Xian-Zhi Zhang, Ping-Yuan Wang, De-Zhu Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zhang Y-X, Ye X-Y, Yang H-M, Zhang X-Z, Wang P-Y, Li D-Z (2016) New distribution records of two bamboo species in Yunnan, China with description of the inflorescence for Melocalamus yunnanensis (Poaceae, Bambusoideae). PhytoKeys 62: 41-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.62.7276
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Ampelocalamus actinotrichus (Merrill & Chun) S. L. Chen, T. H. Wen & G. Y. Sheng and Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) P. C. Keng are reported with new distribution records in southern and southeastern Yunnan, China, respectively. Ampelocalamus actinotrichus was previously recorded to be endemic to Hainan, China, and Neomicrocalamus prainii to be distributed in southern Tibet and western Yunnan in China, northeastern India, and Burma. The identities of individuals collected in southern and southeastern Yunnan of these two species are confirmed by molecular evidence. The new distribution record of Ampelocalamus actinotrichus provides a case at the species level for confirming floristic affinities of southern Yunnan and Hainan Island in south China. The disjunct distribution of Neomicrocalamus prainii in Yunnan is concordant with the ecogeographical diagonal line from northwestern Yunnan to southeastern Yunnan and this may imply a tropical origin of this species. In addition, the inflorescence of Melocalamus yunnanensis (T. H. Wen) T. P. Yi is described.
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus , Neomicrocalamus prainii , biogeographic implications, molecular discrimination, inflorescence
Although morphological descriptions, distributions, and pictures of most bamboo species and genera in China have been recorded in the
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus, the type species of the genus Ampelocalamus S. L. Chen, T. H. Wen & G. Y. Sheng (
In order to further confirm the identities of these two species in southern and southeastern Yunnan, molecular phylogenetic analyses were carried out. Previous molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrated that plastid regions had low resolution at species and generic levels in Arundinarieae (
In addition to the two distinct bamboo species, we collected flowering specimens of Melocalamus yunnanensis (T. H. Wen) T. P. Yi in the field and the Bamboo Garden of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden. The inflorescence of this species is described in this paper, and its identity as a member of the genus Melocalamus Bentham reconfirmed.
Specimens for morphological observations and silica gel-dried leaf samples of “Ampelocalamus menglaensis” and Melocalamus yunnanensis were collected in August 2012 and April 2013 in southern Yunnan (Mengla, Xishuangbanna) and of “teng zhu” in October 2013 and August 2014 in southeastern Yunnan. The distribution map was created using DIVA-GIS (http://www.diva-gis.org).
The specimens collected in southern Yunnan were compared with specimens of Ampelocalamus actinotrichus from Hainan Island. The specimens of “teng zhu” from southeastern Yunnan were compared with those of Neomicrocalamus prainii from northwestern Yunnan and southern Tibet.
The inflorescence of Melocalamus yunnanensis from the Bamboo Garden of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden was compared with specimens of this species from Jiangcheng, southern Yunnan. The glumes, lemma, palea, ovary, style, and stamens were observed under a hand-lens (30×).
The phylogeny of Arundinarieae based on LEAFY indicated that the genus Ampelocalamus is monophyletic, except for A. calcareus C. D. Chu & C. S. Chao, and sister to Drepanostachyum P. C. Keng and Himalayacalamus P. C. Keng (
Plant materials, voucher information, and GenBank accession numbers of the samples used in the phylogenetic analyses.
Taxon | Voucher | Locality | GenBank accession number | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leafy | rbcL-psaI | rpl32-trnL | trnG-trnT(g) | trnG-trnT(t) | |||
Arundinarieae Nees ex Asch. & Graebn. | |||||||
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus (Merr. and Chun) S.L. Chen et al. | MPF10001 | Ledong, Hainan, China | KM264728 | — | — | — | — |
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus (Merr. and Chun) S.L. Chen et al. | MPF10003 | Ledong, Hainan, China |
KM264729
KM264730 |
— | — | — | — |
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus (Merr. and Chun) S.L. Chen et al. | 12167 | Mengla, Yunnan, China | KR057489 | — | — | — | — |
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus (Merr. and Chun) S.L. Chen et al. | 13007 | Mengla, Yunnan, China | KR057490 | — | — | — | — |
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus (Merr. and Chun) S.L. Chen et al. | 13012 | Mengla, Yunnan, China | KR057491 | — | — | — | — |
Ampelocalamus luodianensis T.P. Yi & R.S. Wang | MPF10052 | Luodian, Guizhou, China |
KM264732
KM264733 |
— | — | — | — |
Ampelocalamus melicoideus (P.C. Keng) D.Z. Li & Stapleton | MPF10142 | Nanchuan, Chongqing, China | KM264735 | — | — | — | — |
Ampelocalamus microphyllus (Hsueh & T.P. Yi) Hsueh & T. P. Yi | MPF10123 | Wuxi, Chongqing, China | KM264734 | — | — | — | — |
Ampelocalamus patellaris (Gamble) Stapleton | Zhang07075 | Lvchun, Yunnan, China | KM264785 | — | — | — | — |
Drepanostachyum ampullare (T.P. Yi) Demoly | GLM081860 | Shannan, Xizang, China | KM264793 | — | — | — | — |
Himalayacalamus falconeri (Munro) P.C. Keng | GLM081524 | Jilong, Xizang, China |
KM264791
KM264792 |
— | — | — | — |
Bambuseae Kunth ex Dumort. | |||||||
Bambusa lapidea McClure | 12152 | Jiangcheng, Yunnan, China | — | KF764854 | KF764906 | KF765049 | KF765025 |
Bambusa teres Buchanan-Hamilton ex Munro | 12204 | Yingjiang, Yunnan, China | — | KF764853 | KF764907 | KF765050 | KF765026 |
Bonia amplexicaulis (L. C. Chia et al.) N. H. Xia | 12329 | Pingxiang, Guangxi, China | — | KF764851 | KF764908 | KF765051 | KF765027 |
Bonia saxatilis var. saxatilis | 12327 | Bama, Guangxi, China | — | KF764852 | KF764909 | KF765052 | KF765028 |
Dendrocalamus barbatus Hsueh & D. Z. Li | 12151 | Jiangcheng, Yunnan, China | — | KF764849 | KF764912 | KF765055 | KF765021 |
Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz | 12142 | Jiangcheng, Yunnan, China | — | KF764848 | KF764914 | KR057481 | KF765023 |
Melocalamus yunnanensis (T. H. Wen) T. P. Yi | 12153 | Jiangcheng, Yunnan, China | — | KR057474 | KR057467 | KR057482 | KR057461 |
Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) P.C. Keng | LL07236 | Motuo, Xizang, China | — | KR057476 | KR057469 | KR057484 | KR057463 |
Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) P.C. Keng | LL07567 | Linzhi, Xizang, China | — | KR057477 | KR057470 | KR057485 | KR057464 |
Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) P.C. Keng | ZXZ11027 | Gongshan, Yunnan, China | — | KR057480 | KR057473 | KR057488 | — |
Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) P.C. Keng | 13045 | Malipo, Yunnan, China | — | KR057475 | KR057468 | KR057483 | KR057462 |
Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) P.C. Keng | YXY150 | Malipo, Yunnan, China | — | KR057478 | KR057471 | KR057486 | KR057465 |
Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) P.C. Keng | YXY151 | Xichou, Yunnan, China | — | KR057479 | KR057472 | KR057487 | KR057466 |
In order to confirm the identity of “teng zhu”, representatives of the subtribe Bambusinae were chosen according to
Voucher specimens of all samples are deposited at the herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (
Total genomic DNA was extracted from silica gel-dried leaves using a modified CTAB procedure (
Sequences were assembled and edited with SeqMan (DNA STAR package; DNA Star Inc., Madison, WI, USA), aligned by MUSCLE (
For phylogeny reconstructions, we used three methods, namely maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI). The MP and ML analyses were conducted with PAUP* version 4.0b10 (
The aligned length of LEAFY was 738 bp, and six indels were coded as additional absent/present (0/1) characters, giving a total of 744 characters in the MP matrix, of which 26 were parsimony-informative. Sequences of the four plastid regions were obtained for all samples, except trnG-trnT(t) for the sample ZXZ11027. The combined plastid matrix was 3737 bp long and included 14 indel characters in the MP matrix, 113 of which were parsimony-informative. There were inversions in the rbcL–psaI and rpl32–trnL sequences (
The 50% majority-rule consensus tree from BI for LEAFY is presented in Fig.
Phylogram of the 50% majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis of LEAFY sequences. Bootstrap values over 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities over 0.95 are shown along branches (MP/ML/BI). Individuals of Ampelocalamus actinotrichus from Yunnan are in bold and indicated by solid triangles. Letters A and B after taxon names denote different alleles of LEAFY.
The 50% majority-rule consensus tree from BI for the combined plastid data set is presented in Fig.
Phylogram of the 50% majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis of the combined plastid data set (rbcL–psaI, rpl32–trnL, trnG–trnT(g), and trnG–trnT(t)). Bootstrap values over 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities over 0.95 are shown along branches (MP/ML/BI). Individuals of Neomicrocalamus prainii from southeastern Yunnan are in bold and indicated by solid triangles.
Racemobambos yunnanensis T. H. Wen, J. Bamboo Res. 5: 11. 1986; Neomicrocalamus yunnanensis (T. H. Wen) Ohrnberger, The Bamboos of the World: Introduction to the Work, 4: 19.1997.
Melocalamus yunnanensis (T. H. Wen) T. P. Yi, J. Sichuan Forest. Sci. Tech. 28: 18. 2007.
CHINA. Yunnan: Jinping, W. W. Zhou ZP. 83311 (holotype,
Culms scrambling, 6–15 m, 5–10 mm in diam.; internodes 20–60 cm, smaller culms solid or nearly so, white pubescent, especially dense below corky nodes. Dominant branches equal in size to culm, other branches slender and many. Culm leaf sheaths brown scabrous, lower portion very tough, upper papery and thin, margins glabrous, shoulders protruding conspicuously; ligules inconspicuous; auricles and oral setae absent; blades lanceolate, recurved. Leaves 3-4 per ultimate branch; leaf sheaths slightly pubescent, margins ciliate; ligules 1–1.5 mm; auricles absent; oral setae erect to spreading, short; blades lanceolate, 4–7 × 0.8–1.3 cm, glabrous, veins 4 pairs, without tessellation. Flowering branches with or without leaves, internodes with dense white pubescence. Pseudospikelets 0.8-1.2 cm, several to many clustered on nodes, glomerate, 2–3 florets for each pseudospikelet with the top one sterile; rachilla ca. 1.5 mm; glumes 2, 2–4 mm; lemma purple red, 5–6 mm, glabrous; palea a little longer than lemma, purple red, 6–7 mm, 2–keeled, glabrous; lodicules 3, nearly equal, margins ciliate; stamens 6, yellow; ovary ovate–lanceolate; style 1, stigmas 2, plumose. Caryopsis unknown.
CHINA. Yunnan: Jiangcheng, 860 m, 22°28.429'N, 101°29.938'E, 12 August 2012, Y. X. Zhang, Y. X. Xu & M. Y. Zhou 12153, 12154 (
Our collections (specimens 12167, 13007, and 13012) were identified as Ampelocalamus menglaensisnom. nud. by bamboo taxonomists. This species was initially published without proper description and designation of the type specimen, and it was reported that this bamboo was originally distributed in Mengla, Yunnan, China (
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus from Hainan and Yunnan, China. A–C Individuals from Hainan A Culm leaf (MPF10001) B Branches and young culm (MPF10001) C Leaves (MPF10003) D–H Individuals from Yunnan D Culms climbing on trees (13012) E Culm leaf (13001, collected at the same locality with 12167) F Young culm (13001) G Leaves (13001) H Branches (13001).
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus was recorded to occur only on the island of Hainan before our confirmation of its occurence in southern Yunnan (Fig.
Distribution of Ampelocalamus actinotrichus and Neomicrocalamus prainii in China (based on specimens cited in this paper). Solid triangles: N. prainii; solid circles: A. actinotrichus; the solid line: the ecogeographical diagonal line from northwestern Yunnan to southeastern Yunnan (
Mengla and Mengsong are both parts of Xishuangbanna, in southern Yunnan. The flora of Xishuangbanna is part of the Indo-Malesian flora, and has a close affinity with floras of adjacent areas (i.e., southern China including tropical Guangxi and Hainan, Burma, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam) (
From the point of view of morphology, individuals of “teng zhu” (specimens 13045, YXY150, YXY151) from southeastern Yunnan share many features of Neomicrocalamus prainii, including culms scrambling, nearly solid, branches many with the dominant branch equal in size to the culm and other small branches seldom branching again, culm leaf sheaths with purple–brown spots and white pubescence abaxially, culm leaf blades acicular, and others (Fig.
This species was initially described as Racemobambos yunnanensis based on incomplete, poor specimens (
We thank Mr Bin Wen of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dr Peng-Fei Ma, Mr Yu-Xing Xu, and Ms Cen Guo of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KIB) for help in field investigation, and Ms Meng-Yuan Zhou of KIB for help in laboratory work. Special thanks go to Dr Michael Möller of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh for constructive comments. This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31100148), NSFC-Yunnan province joint foundation (Grant No. U1136603), and Doctor Startup Fund of Northwest A & F University: Molecular Phylogenetics of Ampelocalamus.