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Research Article
Youngia hangii (Asteraceae, Crepidinae), a new species from Hubei, China
expand article infoQun Liu‡, Gui-Yun Huang§, Dai-Gui Zhang|, Jian-Wen Zhang, Tao Deng, Zhi-Min Li‡
‡ Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
§ Rare Plants Research Institute of Yangtze River, Yichang, China
| Jishou University, Jishou, China
¶ Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

Corresponding author: Tao Deng ( dengtao@mail.kib.ac.cn )

Corresponding author: Zhi-Min Li ( lizhimin_vip@163.com )

Academic editor: Alexander Sennikov
© 2021 Qun Liu, Gui-Yun Huang, Dai-Gui Zhang, Jian-Wen Zhang, Tao Deng, Zhi-Min Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Liu Q, Huang G-Y, Zhang D-G, Zhang J-W, Deng T, Li Z-M (2021) Youngia hangii (Asteraceae, Crepidinae), a new species from Hubei, China. PhytoKeys 182: 27-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.182.71063
Open Access

Abstract

Youngia hangii T.Deng, D.G.Zhang, Qun Liu & Z.M.Li, sp. nov., a new species of Asteraceae, is described and illustrated. It was collected in Wufeng County, Hubei Province, Eastern Central China. Youngia hangii is morphologically most similar to Y. rubida, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by capitula with 8–10 florets and the hairy leaf surface. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and one chloroplast marker (rps16), showed that Y. hangii and Y. rubida were sister species with good support. The results of both phylogenetic analysis and the morphological data support the specific rank of Y. hangii.

Keywords

Crepidinae, Hubei, molecular phylogeny, morphology, new species, Youngia

Introduction

Youngia Cass. (Cassini 1831) (Asteraceae; Cichorieae) is an East Asian genus with about 32 species (Babcock and Stebbins 1937; Shih 1997; Shih and Kilian 2011; Urbatsch et al. 2013; Deng et al. 2014; Peng et al. 2014, 2015; Ke and Chen 2016; Chen 2018). Most of the diversity of the genus is confined to China, and their diversity is especially high in the Hengduan Mountains (Peng et al. 2017). Most species of Youngia in China have a narrow distribution, especially several new species of Youngia which have been described in recent years (Deng et al. 2014; Peng et al. 2015; Ke and Chen 2016; Chen 2018). At the same time, there are two species of Youngia with incorrect taxonomic status. Youngia japonica (L.) DC. subsp. longiflora Koh Nakam. & C.I. Peng is distinct from Y. japonica subsp. japonica, which is supported by micromorphological and cytological evidence (Choi et al. 2020). Youngia nansiensis Y.Z. Zhao & L. Ma was nested in the Crepidiastrum clade and, therefore, should be considered as Crepidiastrum akagii (Kitagawa) J.W. Zhang & N. Kilian (Shih and Kilian 2011; Peng et al. 2014).

A lack of conspicuous distinguishing morphological features makes the Cichorieae, especially the Crepidinae, taxonomically difficult (Babcock and Stebbins 1937; Shih 1997; Peng et al. 2013). The related genera, Youngia and Crepidiastrum Nakai (1920: 147) are particularly difficult to distinguish through morphological and palynological features like pollen morphology, the epidermis morphology of leaf and achenes (Babcock and Stebbins 1937; Shih 1993, 1997; Gao 2007; Sennikov and Illarionova 2008; Wang et al. 2009). First, the molecular phylogenetic studies supported Youngia to be part of subtribe Crepidinae Cass. ex Dumort. with the inclusion of subtribe Ixeridinae Sennikov (Kilian et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2011; Tremetsberger et al. 2012). Then, the results of some investigations (Urbatsch et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2013; Peng et al. 2014) and the most comprehensive Crepidinae phylogeny (Wang et al. 2020) supported close relationships between Youngia and Crepidiastrum being sister groups to each other, but they are phylogenetically distant to Ixeris, Ixeridium and Askellia, and Youngia is polyphyletic. However, the circumscription of sections in Youngia, so far, still lacks molecular evidence (Babcock and Stebbins 1937; Shih 1997; Peng et al. 2014). Sennikov and Illarionova (2008) proposed to divide Youngia into four sections (Youngia, Cineripappae Sennikov, Paleaceae Sennikov [= Mesomeris Babcock & Stebbins, nom. inval.] and Pinnatifidae Sennikov), based on the sculpturing of the fruit surface, which was supported by the morphological structure of the achenes in the Cichorieae (Zhu et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2013). These two studies currently lack the support of molecular results.

Due to the many floristic surveys dedicated to the flora of Hubei, a centre of Metasequoia Flora (Chen et al. 2018), many new species have been recently described from Hubei Province and the adjacent area (Lin et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2020; Lv et al. 2020; Sun et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2021). When conducting plant surveys in Houhe, we collected some interesting plants of Youngia from a cave in Wufeng County, Hubei (Fig. 4). After comparing them with the known species, we determined that they represent a new taxon, which we hereby describe as Y. hangii.

Material and methods

Morphological assessment

We compared the shape, lobes and size of the leaves, leaf surface, phyllaries, number of florets, achenes and pappus of the new collections with Y. rosthornii, Y. rubida and Y. heterophylla and with descriptions in literature, in the Herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany (KUN). Eight individuals of the new species were examined.

DNA Sequencing and Molecular Analyses

For molecular analysis, we sampled a sample from one population of the unknown species and obtained 38 samples from 26 related species from GenBank (Appendix 1). Voucher information and GenBank accession numbers are presented in Appendix 1 Total genomic DNA was extracted from dried leaves using a Plant Genomic DNA Kit DP305 (Beijing, China) and used as the template in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two sequences (ITS and rps16) were combined by Sequence Matrix v.1.7.8 for later analysis (Vaidya et al. 2011). Multiple-sequence was aligned using the programme CLUSTAL_W v.1.4 (Rédei 2008), followed by manual adjustment in BioEdit v.7.0.5.3 (Hall 1999). Gaps were treated as missing data.

Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Bayesian Inference (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Maximum Parsimony (MP). MP analyses were conducted using PAUP v.4.0a (Swofford 2004) by using a heuristic search, with random addition of 1000 replicates and tree bisection-reconnection (TBR). BI and ML analyses were conducted using MrBayes version 3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) and RAxML v.8.2.10 at the CIPRES Portal (https://www.phylo.org/portal2). The best-fit models of nucleotide substitution for individual data partitions were explored with Modeltest v.3.7 by Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Using this procedure, GTR+I was identified as the optimal model. Bayesian tree topology was started from random trees and four Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations were run simultaneously. Runs were performed for 100 generations for a total of 10 million generations. The average standard deviation of split frequencies (< 0.01) was used to assess the convergence of the two runs. After the first ca.15% of trees were discarded as burn-in, the remaining trees were imported into PAUP* and a 50% majority-rule consensus tree was then produced to obtain posterior probabilities (PP) of the clades.

Results

Taxonomic treatment

Youngia hangii T. Deng, D.G. Zhang, Qun Liu & Z.M. Li, sp. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77219670-1

Type

China. Hubei: Wufeng County, Renheping, 30°06'27"N, 110°16'31"E, karst cave of karst topography, 500–800 m alt., 5 August 2018, Daigui Zhang & Qun Liu HAC 001 (holotype KUN (KUN1511675); isotypes KUN (KUN1511676), JSU (HHE 3256)).

Description

Herbs, perennial, 20–35 cm tall. Taproot straight or slightly oblique, fleshy, with lateral roots (Fig. 2D). Stems erect, branched from the base, with sparse white simple hairs; stem base ribbed, with 1 or 2 leaves similar to basal leaves. Basal leaves crowded at the caudex base; petiole 2–3 cm long; blade oblanceolate, 6–18 × 2–4 cm, both surfaces short pubescent with white hairs 0.1–0.3 mm long (pubescence more evident on veins), bipinnate to pinnatifid, apical lobe halberd-shaped, apex acute-acuminate, margin deeply lobed; lateral lobes 5–10 pairs, opposite or slightly skewed, irregularly halberd-shaped (lateral lobes tapering to the base, serrate, lowermost lobes narrowly triangular), often with 1–3 pairs of triangular or oblique-ovate lobes between lateral lobes. Synflorescence corymbiform; capitula 7–10. Involucre ampullate, 3–4 mm long, 3 mm in diameter. Phyllaries in 4 rows, greyish-green; outer phyllaries 5–7, ovoid-triangular, ca. 1 × 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries 7–9, lanceolate, 2–4 × 0.5–1 mm, margin white-membranous, apex acute; florets 8–10, ligules 4–6 × 1–2 mm, teeth 0.2–0.4 mm long, tube 3–4 mm; anther tube ca. 2.5 mm long; style branches ca. 0.5 mm long. Outer achenes black, fusiform, 2 mm long, apex attenuate to shortly beaked and expanded again into the pappus disc; ribs 12–14; pappus white, bristles rough, 3 mm long; inner achenes similar to the outer ones, 2.5 mm long.

Figure 1. 

Bayesian consensus tree of Youngia hangii and related species. The BP tree is constructed, based on the combined matrix of ITS and rps16 sequences. Numbers below branches are ML bootstraps and MP bootstraps and numbers above branches indicate Bayesian posterior probability. Youngia hangii is shown in bold.

Figure 2. 

Youngia hangii T. Deng, D.G. Zhang, Qun Liu & Z.M. Li A habitat B population C habit D root E stems F, G leaves H–J capitula K, L floret (A–E, H–J Photos by D.F. Zhang F, G, K, L Photos by Qun Liu D, E, J–M HAC001 (KUN)).

Phenology

Flowering and fruiting April to October.

Vernacular name

五峰黄鹌菜, wǔ fēng huánɡ ān cài in Chinese Pinyin.

Etymology

The species epithet honours Prof. Hang Sun (b. 1963), a Chinese botanist who has conducted research on plant taxonomy, floristics, biogeography and evolutionary biology and inspired many people through his work. He has also given a lot of support to the plant research work in Hubei.

Distribution and habitat

Youngia hangii is known only from the type locality, Renheping in Wufeng Xian, Hubei, China; 500–1000 individuals are known along the edge of some small caves at the base of the karst hillside (Fig. 2A, B, C); at altitudes of 500–800 m.

Morphological assessment

Morphological characteristics suggest that Y. hangii is related to Y. rubida and Y. heterophylla owning 10–25 florets and resembles Y. rosthornii with bipinnately deeply partite leaves. The achenes of Y. hangii and Y. rubida are attenuated into a short beak, which is widened into the pappus disc. Several unique features including the shape, lobes and size of the leaves, the leaves with white simple hairs (Fig. 2E, F, G; Fig. 3F, G), phyllaries, number of florets and achenes differentiate Y. hangii from Y. rubida and Y. heterophylla (Table 1).

Figure 3. 

Youngia hangii T. Deng, D.G. Zhang, Qun Liu & Z.M. Li A, B capitula C floret D habit E leaf with hairs F achene (drawing by Jianing Yang).

Table 1.
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Comparison of morphological characteristics between Youngia hangii and related species.

Character Y. hangii Y. rubida Y. heterophylla Y. rosthornii
Basal leaf shape oblanceolate, bipinnately partite oblanceolate, pinnately deeply or completely partite elliptic or oblong lanceolate, pinnately deeply or completely partite long elliptic, bipinnately deeply partite with a large apical part
lobes shape apical lobes halberd-shaped, apex acute, with a tapered tip, margin middle to deep lobed; lowest lobes narrowly triangular apical lobes triangle, apex acute, with a tapered tip, margin serrate; lowest lobes serrate apical lobes elliptic, irregularly elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, apex acute, with a tapered tip, margin entire, almost entire or serrate; lowest lobes narrowly halberd apical lobes triangular, apex acute, with a tapered tip, margin entire, almost entire or serrate; lowest lobes narrowly triangular
number of lateral lobes 5–10 pairs 2–3 pairs 1–8 pairs 5–7 pairs
size 6–18 × 2–4 cm 3–7 × 1.5–3 cm 13–23 × 6–7 cm 20 × 8 cm
surface with white pubescent hairs on both surfaces, especially dense on veins glabrous on both surfaces sparsely pubescent on both surfaces glabrous on both surfaces
Phyllaries 4 rows 4 rows 4 rows 4 rows
Number of florets 8–10 13–15 11–25 20
Achenes colour black red brown-purple brown-purple
shape fusiform, attenuated into a narrow neck, with a conical beak fusiform, attenuated into a narrow neck, with a conical beak fusiform, attenuated into a narrow neck, without a beak fusiform, attenuated into a narrow neck, without a beak
length 2 mm 2.8 mm 3 mm 3.5 mm
ribs 12–14 ribs with small bristles 12 ribs with small bristles 14–15 ribs with small bristles 14–15 ribs with small bristles
Pappus white, rough, 3 mm white, rough, 3.5 mm white, rough, 3–4 mm white, rough, 3.5 mm

Phylogenetic analysis

The Bayesian tree showing PP support, ML bootstrap (LP) and MP bootstrap (BP) values for each clade are presented in Fig. 1. The species in clade Ι form a monophyletic group with PP = 0.97, but LP are with weak support and BP are in conflict with PP and they were instead with “–”, respectively in Fig. 1. Youngia hangii is nested within Clade I as sister to Y. rubida with strong support (PP = 1, LP = 83, BP = 88).

Figure 4. 

Distribution of Youngia hangii in Hubei Province, China.

Discussion

Owning only 8–10 florets supports a placement of Youngia hangii in Y. sect. Youngia and its small involucres and achenes further support that Y. hangii is related to Y. rubida. However, there are some obvious differences between Y. hangii and Y. rubida and other species in the shape, lobes and size of the leaves and in white pubescent surfaces of the leaves. Moreover, Y. rosthornii also has bipinnately deeply partite leaves, but its leaves with a large apical part are different from Y. hangii.

Based on the combined datasets of the ITS and rps16 sequences, BI, MP and ML trees with similar topologies were constructed. Youngia hangii was clustered with Y. rubida and nested in Y. sect. Youngia with strong support (PP = 1, LP = 87, BP = 74) and was sister to the clade of Y. rubida with strong support (PP = 1, LP = 83, BP = 88). The results from the phylogenetic analysis are consistent with the morphological comparisons. Although only one sample of Y. hangii was included in the phylogenetic analysis, Y. hangii and Y. rubida have obvious differences in morphology, so the morphological data and phylogenetic results altogether support our hypothesis of Y. hangii being a new species.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. David E. Boufford for revising this manuscript. This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31960046 and 31670206), the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan joint fund to support key projects (U1802232), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20050203), National Key R & D Program of China (2017YFC0505200), Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31590820), Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019382), Yunnan Ten-thousand Talents Plan Young & Elite Talent Project (YNWR-QNBJ–2019–154), Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province (2019HB039) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences “Light of West China” Program.

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Appendix I

Table A1.
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Voucher information and GenBank accessions of species used in our study.

Species Herbarium vouchers GenBank accessions
ITS rps16
Askellia flexuosa (1)L.Peng & L.J.Tong1078(CDBI)(2)X.F.Gao,Z.M.Zhu,X.L.Zhao14954(CDBI) KC968078 (1) KR733629 (2)
Crepidiastrum akagii 1 = Youngia nansiensis 1 (1)Y.L.Peng&L.J.Tong1151-1-3(CDBI)(2)Y. L.Peng & L.J.Tong1151(3)Y.L.Peng & L.J.Tong1131-3(CDBI) KC968064 (1) KC968154 (2)
Crepidiastrum akagii 2 = Youngia nansiensis 2 KC968064 (1) KC968148 (3)
Crepidiastrum chelidoniifolium (1)~~ AB002627 (1) –
Crepidiastrum denticulatum 1 (1)~(2)L.Pengpl2011052701 AB002623 (1) KC968107 (2)
Crepidiastrum denticulatum 2 AB002622 (1) KC968107 (2)
Crepidiastrum diversifolium 1 (1)L.Pengpl2011072605-6(CDBI)(2)L.Pengpl2011072804(3)L.Pengpl2011072605 KC968072 (1) KC968150 (2)
Crepidiastrum diversifolium 2 KC968072 (1) KC968149 (3)
Crepidiastrum lanceolatum ~ AB002624 AB598601
Crepidiastrum pinnatipartitum (1)Y.L.Peng325-6(2)Y.L.Peng325 KC968061 (1) KC968151 (2)
Crepidiastrum platyphyllum (1)K2-CR 1267(2)~ AY876264 (1) AB598599 (2)
Crepidiastrum sonchifolium 1 (1)SCSB-JS0086(2)Lilan245 MH808121 (1) –
Crepidiastrum sonchifolium 2 MH808120 (2) –
Crepidiastrum taiwanianum 1 (1)~ AB002615 (1) –
Crepidiastrum taiwanianum 2 AB002614 (1) –
Crepidiastrum tenuifolium (1)~ EU363645 (1) –
Scorzonera austriaca (1)Y.L.Peng & L.J.Tong1123-3-1(CDBI)(2)Y.L.Peng & L.J.Tong1123-2(CDBI) KC968059 (1) KC968135 (2)
Youngia cineripappa 1 (1)J.W. Zhang & W.D. Zhu ZZ09041 (KUN)(2)Z.M.Zhu682(CDBI)(3)~ LT722046 (1) KR733617 (2)
Youngia cineripappa 2 LT722046 (1) KF732162 (3)
Youngia erythrocarpa 1 ~ AB598566 KF732132
Youngia erythrocarpa 2 AB598566 KF732169
Youngia gracilipes 1 (1)X.F.Gao14517-9(2)L.Pengpl2011082607-2(3)X.F.Gao14517 KC968076 (1) KC968155 (2)
Youngia gracilipes 2 KC968076 (1) KC968126 (3)
Youngia heterophylla 1 (1)~(2)X.F.Gao,Y.L.Peng,B.Xu & X.Zheng11937-2(3)X.F.Gao,Y.L.Peng,B.Xu & X.Zheng11694 AB598561 (1) KC968123 (2)
Youngia heterophylla 2 AB598561 (1) KC968122 (3)
Youngia humifusa 1 (1)Y.L.Peng & L.J.Tong981-3-1(2)Y.L.Peng & L.J.Tong1012(3)X.F.Gao, Y.L.Peng, B.Xu & X.Zheng13147(CDBI)(4)Y.L.Peng & L.J.Tong981-1 KC968034 (1) KC968115 (3)
Youngia humifusa 2 KC968035 (2) KC968113 (4)
Youngia japonica subsp. formosana (1)~ AB598559 (1) –
Youngia japonica subsp. japonica 1 (1)~(2)ZhangJW 388 (KUN)(3)L.Pengpl2011072001-6(4)X.F.Gao,Y.L.Peng,B.Xu & X.Zheng11605 AB598557 (1) KC968153 (3)
Youngia japonica subsp. japonica 2 HQ436229 (2) KC968118 (4)
Youngia longiflora (1)~ AB598558 –
Youngia paleacea 1 (1)~(2)~(3)L.Peng pl2011082701(CDBI)(4)L.Peng pl082605-1(CDBI) KJ502310 (1) KR733620 (3)
Youngia paleacea 2 KJ502311 (2) KR733616 (4)
Youngia rubida (1)Y.L.Peng93-3(CDBI)(2)Y.L.Peng pl081201(CDBI) KC968048 (1) KR733627 (2)
Youngia hangii (1)HHE 3256(KUN) MZ817057 MZ923644
Youngia simulatrix (1)~ KJ502312 (1) –
Youngia szechuanica (1)~ KJ502313 (1) –
Youngia thunbergiana (1)~ KC539465 (1) –
Youngia zhengyiana (1)~ KJ502314 (1) –
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