Research Article |
Corresponding author: Qiang Fan ( fanqiang@mail.sysu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Alexander Sennikov
© 2021 Yan-Shuang Huang, Ning Kang, Xiang-Jing Zhong, Wen-Bo Liao, Qiang Fan.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Huang Y-S, Kang N, Zhong X-J, Liao W-B, Fan Q (2021) A new species of Viola (Violaceae) from Guangdong Province, China. PhytoKeys 176: 67-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.176.65443
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Viola huizhouensis (Violaceae), a new species from Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve of Guangdong Province in China, is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to V. guangzhouensis, but it can be easily distinguished by its much stouter rhizome, lack of aerial stem, dense pubescence of the basal pedicel and the whole plant. Our phylogenetic analysis, based on ITS sequences, confirms that the new species belongs to V. sect. Diffusae.
Morphology, new species, phylogeny, section Diffusae, Viola huizhouensis
Mount Xiangtoushan in Guangdong Province, China, is located in a subtropical zone with abundant rainfall, mainly a low-lying hilly landform, but has an extremely high altitude compared with the surrounding environment. A large area of granite in this region is exposed on the surface due to intense erosion and denudation and there are climax lithophytic vegetation communities with a high level of biodiversity. During fieldwork in March 2018 for the investigation of the biodiversity patterns in this mountainous region, a distinct new species, Viola huizhouensis, was collected on Mount Xiangtoushan.
Viola L. is the largest genus of family Violaceae, with approximately 525–600 species around the world (
Leaf material of the putative new species and its related species V. guangzhouensis, was collected and stored with silica gel in zip-lock plastic bags until use for comparisons and taxonomical treatment. Specimens of V. huizhouensis and V. guangzhouensis were collected respectively from Darenyan, Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve and Shaoshangling, Liuxi River State Forest Park in March 2018. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Sun Yat-sen University (
Total DNA was extracted with the modified CTAB method (
The aligned length of ITS sequences was 638 bps in total. ML and BI analyses produced similar topology (Fig.
China. Guangdong: Huizhou City, Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve, Darenyan, 23°15.99'N, 114°22.27'E, 535 m a.s.l., 29 March 2018, Y. S. Huang and Q. Fan 1803 (holotype:
Viola huizhouensis is most similar to V. guangzhouensis, but differs by its much stouter rhizome, lack of aerial stem, different leaf shape and dense pubescence of the basal pedicel and the whole plant.
Herbs, perennial, basal leaves rosulate, 10–15 cm tall. Rhizome erect or obliquely erect, rather stout, 4–7 mm diam.; stolons with an apical rosette of leaves, usually producing adventitious roots. Leaves alternate; stipules leaf-like, base adnate to the petiole, densely pubescent, lanceolate, 6–8 × 1–1.5 mm, apex acuminate, margins sparsely fimbriate or fimbriate-laciniate; petioles densely pubescent, 3–5 cm long, narrowly decurrent-alate; blades narrowly ovate to ovate, apex obtuse, 1.5–3 × 1–2 cm, thinly leathery or chartaceous, densely pubescent, abaxially dark purple, 5 to 7 veins on each side of mid-rib, margin coarsely serrate, base cuneate. Flowers 15–18 mm diam.; pedicels slender, 6–10 cm long, pubescent, usually exceeding leaves, with two opposite bracteoles above middle; bracteoles lanceolate, pubescent, 4–8 mm long, margin entire, apex obtuse. Sepals green, pubescent, linear-lanceolate, 2.7–3.7 × 0.5–1 mm, margin entire, apex obtuse, base truncate or rounded. Petals whitish to light purple, with apparent violet lines, anterior one with a yellow to green patch at base; upper petals, oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2.5–3 × 0.5–0.8 mm, glabrous, margin entire, apex obtuse or erose; lateral petals with glandular hairs at the base adaxially, oblong, 4.5–5 × ca. 1.5 mm, margin entire, apex obtuse or erose; anterior petal with a short saccate spur at base, broadly spathulate or flabellate, margin entire to slightly undulate, apex obtuse. Stamens 5, unequal, puberulent, the anther thecae ca. 1 mm long, terminal appendages ca. 0.7 mm long, the posterior appendages (nectar spurs) of two anterior stamens 0.7–1 mm long. Ovary ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 0.7 mm diam., puberulent; style ca. 1.0 mm long, conspicuous geniculate at base; stigma thickly margined on lateral sides, slightly raised at central part, shortly beaked at the apex. Capsule with brownish lines at maturity, ovoid, 6–8 mm long. Seeds brown, ovoid, 1–1.5 mm long.
Flowering from March to June, fruiting from April to July.
Populations of Viola huizhouensis were only discovered in Darenyan, Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province. The species was observed to grow on damp cliffs and rocks in broad-leaved forests at altitudes between 400 and 800 m. Its known localities are well protected and more field investigations are needed to determine its distribution.
Based on its slightly 2-lobed stigma and stolons topped by rosettes of leaves, Viola huizhouensis should be a member of section Diffusae (W. Beck.) C.J. Wang, which was formerly treated as subsection Diffusae under section Viola by
Viola huizhouensis A habitat B habit C young capsule with sepals and bracteoles D stem with stipules E abaxial surface of leaf blade F bracteoles G flowers H petals I longitudinal section of stigma and ovary J comparison of leaf blades. Left, V. guangzhouensis. Right, V. huizhouensis. K. Specimen of V. huizhouensis (Y.S. Huang and Q. Fan 1803). L. Specimen of V. guangzhouensis (Y.S. Huang 1804).
The ITS tree shows that V. huizhouensis is sister to V. guangzhouensis (BS = 100%), then they form a well-supported clade with V. yunnanensis, V. diffusa, V. nanlingensis and V. lucens (BS = 99%) (Fig.
In conclusion, the morphological differences and the molecular phylogenetic results provide sufficient evidence for treating V. huizhouensis as a distinct new species and it is a member of section Diffusae (W. Beck.) C.J. Wang (
Morphological differences between the species V. huizhouensis and V. guangzhouensis.
Characters | V. huizhouensis | V. guangzhouensis |
---|---|---|
Leaf shape | narrowly ovate to ovate, apex obtuse, never acute | ovate-triangular to narrowly triangular, apex acute |
Leaf margin | coarsely serrate | obtusely dentate |
Rhizome | rhizome erect or obliquely erect, rather stout, 4–7 mm diam. | rhizome obliquely ascending, slender, 1–2 mm diam. |
Aerial stem | lack of aerial stem | slender, 1–1.5 mm diam., 10–25 cm tall |
Pedicel | pedicel basal, 6–10 cm long, densely pubescent | pedicel basal or axillary, 5–8 cm long, sparsely puberulous or subglabrous |
Quantitative characteristics and significant difference analysis of the species V. huizhouensis and V. guangzhouensis.
Quantitative characteristics | V. huizhouensis | V. guangzhouensis |
---|---|---|
lp (mm) | 24.4 ± 9.9 | 53.4 ± 14.9 |
l m (mm) | 22.2 ± 5.0 | 31.4 ± 7.1 |
L (mm) | 22.5 ± 5.2 | 34.8 ± 7.5 |
L/ lm | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 1.11 ± 0.04 |
N | 304.1 ± 73.9 | 92.3 ± 16.5 |
D (mm) | 4.53 ± 1.47 | 1.61 ± 0.34 |
We are deeply grateful to Mrs Yun-Xiao Liu for her excellent illustration in the manuscript. This study was supported by the project of the Research on Co-evolution of Vegetation and Geological Environment of Shenzhen Dapeng Peninsula Geopark (2020F36), the project of the Fourth Survey of Chinese Traditional Medicine Resources (2019-302-001; 2019-303-001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800175) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A0303130109).
Taxon | GenBank accessions |
---|---|
V. yunnanensis | FJ002915 |
V. diffusa | FJ002917 |
V. nanlingensis | FJ002916 |
V. lucens | FJ002913 |
V. verecunda | AY928283 |
V. triangulifolia | FJ002912 |
V. schulzeana | FJ002907 |
V. rockiana | FJ002906 |
V. biflora | AY928309 |
V. delavayi | FJ002908 |
V. orientalis | AY928271 |
V. principis | FJ002904 |
V. mucronulifera | FJ002910 |
V. moupinensis | FJ002900 |
V. kiangsiensis | FJ002901 |
V. davidii | FJ002902 |
V. grandisepala | FJ002903 |
V. prionantha | JF830901 |
V. philippica | FJ002895 |
V. monbeigii | FJ002894 |
V. pekinensis | FJ002892 |
V. dissecta | DQ787774 |
V. hancockii | FJ002890 |
V. mandshurica | AY928300 |
V. inconspicua | FJ002897 |
V. magnifica | FJ002899 |
V. chaerophylloides | AY928290 |
V. stewardiana | FJ002883 |
V. grypoceras | AY928280 |
V. acuminate | AY928273 |
V. rupestris | FJ002888 |
V. shinchikuensis | FJ002885 |
V. serrula | FJ002887 |
V. labradorica | FJ002889 |
V. collina | EU413938 |
V. atroviolacea | FJ002878 |
V. guangzhouensis 1 | FJ002918 |
V. guangzhouensis 2 | MW683480 |
V. guangzhouensis 3 | MW683479 |
V. huizhouensis 1 | MW683486 |
V. huizhouensis 2 | MW683485 |
V. huizhouensis 3 | MW683484 |
V. huizhouensis 4 | MW683483 |
V. huizhouensis 5 | MW683482 |
V. huizhouensis 6 | MW683481 |
Rinorea bengalensis | FJ002919 |
Figure S1
Data type: molecular data
Explanation note: Strict consensus tree derived from ITS sequence with Bayesian posterior probabilities in the nodes.