Research Article |
Corresponding author: Marco O. O. Pellegrini ( marcooctavio.pellegrini@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Peter Boyce
© 2020 Marco O. O. Pellegrini, Ellen J. Hickman, Jorge E. Guttiérrez, Rhian J. Smith, Stephen D. Hopper.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Pellegrini MOO, Hickman EJ, Guttiérrez JE, Smith RJ, Hopper SD (2020) Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales). PhytoKeys 169: 1-59. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996
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Based on extensive herbarium, field, botanical illustration, and molecular phylogenetic research, five genera and eight species are recognised for the Neotropical Haemodoraceae. New taxa include Cubanicula Hopper et al., Xiphidium pontederiiflorum M.Pell. et al. and Schiekia timida M.Pell. et al. Two new combinations are made, Cubanicula xanthorrhizos (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. and Schiekia silvestris (Maas & Stoel) Hopper et al. We also correct the author citation for Xiphidium, provide the necessary typifications for several names and present an updated identification key, comments, and photo plates for all species. Finally, we provide high-quality illustrations for most of the recognised species and their diagnostic characters.
Cubanicula, Lachnanthes, Philydraceae, Pontederiaceae, Pyrrorhiza, Schiekia, Xiphidium
Haemodoraceae is a small monocot family of 14 genera and ca. 120 species currently recognised (
Haemodoraceae is clearly a monophyletic family, characterised by vascular bundles enveloped by a fibrous layer and a peculiar inferior ovary. They are classified into twosubfamilies: Haemodoroideae and Conostylidoideae (
The Neotropical Region was the focus of a comprehensive floristic study on Haemodoraceae 27 years ago (
The species’ descriptions and phenology were based on data from herbaria, spirit collections, fresh material, and literature. Specimens from the following herbaria were also analysed: AD, ALCB, B, BA, BHCB, BHZB, BM, BOTU, BRIT, C, CAL, CANB, CBG, CEN, CEPEC, CESJ, CGE, CGMS, CNMT, COL, COR, CORD, CVRD, DR, EAC, ESA, F, FCAB, FCQ, FLOR, FURB, GUA, HAMAB, HAS, HB, HBR, HDCF, HRB, HRCB, HSTM, HUCS, HUEFS, HUFSJ, HURB, IAC, IAN, ICN, INPA, JOI, K, L, MBM, MBML, MEL, MG, MO, MY, NBG, NSW, NY, P, PACA, PERTH, PMSP, R, RB, RFA, RFFP, SCP, SP, SPF, SPSF, U, UEC, UFRN, UPCB, US, USF, W, WAG, and WU (herbaria acronyms according to Thiers, continually updated). All species of Neotropical Haemodoraceae, except for Pyrrorhiza neblinae Maguire & Wurdack, were observed in the field by the authors through the course of several field trips across Central and South America, Cuba and the eastern USA, from 1990–2016. Indumentum and shape terminology follow
The present study recognises five genera and eight species of Neotropical Haemodoraceae. This number differs from the previous study by
1 | Inflorescences and flowers lanate; flowers resupinate (medial stamen superior axis), outer tepals ½ times shorter than the inner, anthers coiling at post-anthesis, ovary inferior, septal nectaries 3, interlocular; fruits lacking thickened septal ridges; seeds minutely scabrid, winged, cleft towards the embryotega |
Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy (Figs |
– | Inflorescences and flowers sparsely tomentose, glandular-pubescent or glabrous; flowers non-resupinate (medial stamen inferior), outer and inner tepals more or less equal to each other in length, anthers straight at post-anthesis, ovary superior, when present septal nectaries 2, infralocular; fruits with thickened septal ridges; seeds obviously ornate, not winged, not cleft towards the embryotega | 2 |
2 | Roots lacking a rhizosheath, not sand-binding; perianth with a long tube, basally aperturate, tepals lacking an apical black mucron, 2 staminode-like filiform projections adnate to the lateral outer perianth lobes, lateral anthers with an apical connective appendage, anthers 3 to 4 times shorter than the filaments, stigma capitate; seeds deltoid | 3 |
– | Roots with a rhizosheath, sand-binding; perianth with a short or lacking a tube, without basal apertures, tepals with an apical black mucron, staminode-like projections absent, lateral anthers lacking connective appendages, anthers as long as to ca. ½ times shorter than the filaments, stigma crateriform; seeds lenticellate or cuboid | 5 |
3 | Rhizome long and trailing; stems elongate; leaves membranous, evenly distributed along the stem; thyrse corymb-like; flowers pendulous, stamens with apex recurved, medial filament terete; capsules green when immature, becoming chocolate brown when mature; seed testa reticulate and with sparse and short coarse trichomes |
Schiekia silvestris (Maas & Stoel) Hopper et al. (Figs |
– | Rhizome short; stems inconspicuous to short; leaves fibrous, congested forming a rosette; thyrse spike-like; flowers upright to patent, stamens with apex incurved, medial filament inflated; capsules orange when immature, becoming medium to dark red when mature; seed testa evenly reticulate | 4 |
4 | Leaves with inconspicuous veins; flowers chasmogamous, clearly bilabiate, 0.7–1.3 cm diam., pedicels apically gibbous, tepals apices reflexed, apricot to cream, upper tepals with three dark orange to orange-brown nectar guides, lateral filaments clavate, staminode-like projections almost as long as their subtending tepal, thick (0.4–0.6 mm wide) and fusiform; capsules broader than long |
Schiekia orinocensis (Kunth) Meisn. (Fig. |
– | Leaves with deeply impressed to impressed veins; flowers cleistogamous, not obviously bilabiate and narrowly tubular, 0.2–0.4 cm diam., pedicels not apically gibbous, tepals apices straight, light to medium green, upper tepals lacking nectar guides, lateral filaments filiform, staminode-like projections 1/3 to 2/3 the length of their subtending tepals, thin (0.1 mm wide) and filiform; capsules slightly longer than broad or as broad as long |
Schiekia timida M. Pell. et al. (Figs |
5 | Stems elongate; anthers introrsely rimose, but functionally poricidal; capsules subglobose to globose, indehiscent, somewhat fleshy at maturity; seeds cuboid, testa tuberculate | 6 |
– | Stems contracted; anthers extrorsely rimose; capsules trigonous, 3-valved, dry at maturity; seeds lenticellate, testa covered with coarse trichomes | 7 |
6 | Flower buds white to cream-coloured, flowers 0.7–1.2 cm diam., perianth actinomorphic, inner lobes elliptic with acute apex, upper tepals only basally connate, basally green and without nectar guides; capsules 4.8–6.4 × 5.2–6.6 mm, orange to red when mature; seeds black |
Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. (Figs |
– | Flower buds apricot to light orange, flowers 1.9–2.7 cm diam., perianth zygomorphic, inner lobes obovate with obtuse to round apex, upper tepals connate in the basal third or halfway through, with three orange-yellow to orange nectar guides; capsules 6.8–8.9 × 7.2–10.1 mm, dark red to vinaceous when mature; seeds dark reddish-brown to reddish-black |
Xiphidium pontederiiflorum M. Pell. et al. (Fig. |
7 | Cormose herbs; thyrsi composed of 2–4, unbranched cincinni; flower non-enantiostylous, upper tepals lacking nectar guides, stamen 1, filament straight, anther sacs symmetric, staminodes 2, filiform; ovary glabrous, septal nectaries vestigial |
Pyrrorhiza neblinae Maguire & Wurdack (Figs |
– | Rhizomatous herbs; thyrsi composed of 9–27, 1–2-branched cincinni; flower enantiostylous, upper tepals with three orange-yellow to orange nectar guides, stamens 3, lateral filaments twisted, medial filament bent upwards, anther sacs asymmetric, staminodes absent; ovary with long hairs along the septal ridges, septal nectaries absent |
Cubanicula xanthorrhizos (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. (Figs |
Cubanicula xanthorrhizos (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. (≡ Xiphidium xanthorrhizon C. Wright ex Griseb.).
Similar to Xiphidium Loefl. in inflorescence and floral morphology, differing due to its contracted stems, leaves congested into an apical rosette, 1–2-branched cincinni, extrorsely rimose anthers, capsules trigonous, 3-valved, with thickened and tomentose septal ridges, dry at maturity, dehiscence loculicidal, lenticellate, with coarse trichomes on margins and outer testa.
Named for Cuba, in which the genus is narrowly endemic. The diminutive ‘icula’ is an allusion to the fact that this genus is second only to Pyrrorhiza in Haemodoraceae in its restricted geographical range.
The types of Xiphidium xanthorrizon were collected by the American botanist Charles H. Wright (1811–1885), who, between 1856–1867, ‘travelled all over Cuba with the exception of the highest mountains and tripled the number of the phanerogamous plant species known from this territory’ (
Ascertaining Wright’s itinerary during his three periods on Cuban expeditions has been problematic: ‘[…] his travels were confined chiefly to the two ends of the island, leaving the great central portion largely unexplored. It is unfortunate that the labels on his plants, at least in most of the collections where they are to be found, bear only the inscription “Cuba” or “in Cuba orientali”.’ (
These problems aside,
The type location and Wright’s collection number of X. xanthorrizon is cited by
Cubanicula xanthorrhizos (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. A habitat B habit C cross-section of the stem showing the bright orange colouration D female regal jumping spider (Phidippus regius, Salticidae) well camouflaged on C. xanthorrhizos E detail of the equitant leaves F, G inflorescence: F immature inflorescence G mature inflorescence H flower I detail of the androecium and gynoecium J immature capsule showing the persistent hairs along the septal ridges. All photos by R.J. Smith.
Subsequent collections filled in knowledge of the geographical distribution of X. xanthorrizon, including an early collection from the 1860s by Jose Blain first recording the species from the northern portion of Isla de Juventud (= Isla de Pinos). The specimen (in the Field Museum) was annotated as Xiphidium floribundum Sw (= X. caeruleum), yet associated notes said (
Until now, treatments of X. xanthorrizon after the original description have not challenged the generic placement of the species (
Cubanicula xanthorrhizos (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. A, B root: A root B cross-section C rhizome D leaf E branched cincinnus F flower bud G, H flower: G frontal view H side view I dissected perianth, showing nectar guides J flower with removed perianth, showing the androecium and gynoecium K hairs L–O stamens: L frontal view of a lateral stamen M dorsal view of a lateral stamen N frontal view of the medial stamen O dorsal view of the medial stamen P, Q gynoecium: P, gynoecium Q stigma R–U fruit: R immature capsule S capsule in longitudinal section T capsule in cross-section U dehisced capsule V–X seed: V dorsal view W ventral view X longitudinal section. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (A, B, J, P); 1 cm (C, E); 10.5 mm (D); 5 mm (F–I) ; 0.5 mm (K); 0.75 mm (L–O); 0.37 mm (Q); 3 mm (R–U); 0.9 mm (V–X).
Regarding generic relationships of Xiphidium,
Comparison of fruit and seed morphology of Cubanicula Hopper et al., Pyrrorhiza Maguire & Wurdack, and Xiphidium Loefl A–D C. xanthorrhizon (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al.: A immature fruit B fruit in longitudinal section C dehiscent mature fruit D seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) E–H P. neblinae Maguire & Wurdack: E immature fruit F fruit in longitudinal section G dehiscent mature fruit H seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) I–L X. caeruleum Aubl.: I immature fruit J fruit in longitudinal section K non-dehiscent mature fruit L seed (ventral view, dorsal view, and longitudinal section). Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–C, E–G, I–K); 1 mm (D, H, L).
Distribution of Cubanicula xanthorrhizos (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. Beige – Temperate Coniferous Forests and Boreal Forests; Light Green – Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red – Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Maroon – Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green – Moist Broadleaf Forests.
Cubanicula is recovered with strong bootstrap support in a clade with Xiphidium s.str. and Pyrrorhiza Maguire & Wurdack, sister to the latter genus, not Xiphidium, in which the species of Cubanicula was initially placed (Hopper et al., in prep). This clade can be morphologically supported by the presence of sand-binding roots, campanulate and pollen rewarding flowers, tepals with an apical black mucron, anthers as long as to ca. ½ times shorter than the filaments, vestigial or completely lacking septal nectaries, crateriform stigmas, and enlarged placental attachments subtending the ovules (
Morphological differences between Cubanicula Hopper et al. and Xiphidium Loefl.
Character | Cubanicula | Xiphidium s.str. |
---|---|---|
Stems | Contracted | Elongated |
Leaves | Congested at the apex of the stems forming a rosette | Evenly distributed along the stems |
Cincinni | 1–2-branched | Unbranched |
Flowers | Large, bicoloured | Small, uniformly coloured, rarely bicoloured |
Stamens | Dimorphic, anthers extrorsely rimose, anther sacs asymmetric | Monomorphic, anthers introrsely rimose, but functionally poricidal, anther sacs symmetric |
Enlarged placental attachment | Capitate, vertically compressed, red | Cylindrical, truncate, green |
Capsules | Trigonous, loculicidal 3-valved, dry at maturity, septal ridges tomentose at maturity | Subglobose to globose, indehiscent, somewhat fleshy at maturity, septal ridges glabrous at maturity |
Seeds | Lenticellate | Cuboid |
Testa | Coarse trichomes on margins and outer surface, glabrous on hilar surface | Tuberculate |
Xiphidium xanthorrhizon
C.Wright ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 1: 252. 1866. Lectotype (designated by
Herbs ca. 50–180 cm tall, perennial, rhizomatous with a definite base, terrestrial in white sand. Roots slightly tuberous, densely tomentose with long light brown to grey hairs forming a rhizosheath, sand-binding. Rhizomes underground, short, external surface light to medium brown, internal surface yellow to orange. Stems inconspicuous, fibrous, unbranched. Leaves distichously-alternate, equitant, congested at the apex of the stems forming a rosette, sessile, the apical ones gradually smaller than the basal ones; sheaths 8.6–15.2 cm long, glabrous; blades (5–)15.7–60.3–(85) × 0.3–3.4 cm, coriaceous, unifacial, medium green, drying yellowish-green to olive-green, linear-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, slightly ensiform, glabrous, base sheathing, margins green, glabrous to sparsely ciliate, apex acuminate; midvein inconspicuous, secondary veins inconspicuous to slightly impressed, becoming prominent when dry. Inflorescences terminal or apparently so, consisting of a pedunculate many-branched thyrse, sometimes with one to several co-florescences; peduncles 43.7–75.2 cm, densely tomentose, hairs pilate, light brown; basal bract 5.1–7.8 × 0.5–1.5 cm, leaf-like, linear-elliptic, slightly ensiform to ensiform, glabrous or sparsely tomentose at base, hairs pilate, white, base truncate to slightly sheathing, margin ciliate at apex, apex acuminate, secondary veins inconspicuous; cincinnus bract 0.8–6 × 0.1–0.4 cm, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, green, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, hairs pilate, white, base truncate, margin ciliate, apex acuminate; cincinni 9–27 per thyrse, 1–2-branched, alternate, 3–19-flowered, peduncle 0.2–3.4 cm long, green, sparsely tomentose to densely tomentose, hairs pilate, white; bracteoles 2.8–6.3 × 1.3–2 mm, elliptic to ovate, green, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, hairs pilate, white, base truncate, margin glabrous, apex acute. Flowers 1.3–2.6 cm diam., bisexual, chasmogamous, enantiostylic, campanulate, asymmetric due to the position of the style; floral buds 3.2–8.2 × 1.5–3.5 mm, narrowly ovoid, white to apricot; pedicels 1.4–5.6 mm long, green, tomentose to densely tomentose, hairs pilate, white, upright and slightly elongate in fruit; perianth zygomorphic, lobes free, except for the upper 3 lobes which are connate on the basal third to mid-length, nectar guide yellow with reddish-orange spots, on the basal third of the connate lobes, with an apical black mucron, outer lobes 7.3–13.2 × 2.5–5.6 mm, subequal, the upper slightly shorter, elliptic to narrowly obovate, external surface white to apricot, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, hairs pilate, white, internal surface white, glabrous, base cuneate, margins glabrous, apex acute- to obtuse-mucronate, mucron dark brown to black, inner lobes 9.5–14.5 × 4.8–8.6 mm, subequal, the upper two slightly shorter and deflexed, obovate to broadly oblong, external surface white to apricot, rarely light orange, glabrous, internal surface white, glabrous, base cuneate, margins glabrous, apex obtuse- to round-mucronate, greenish-yellow to apricot, mucron dark brown to black; stamens 3, lateral stamens with filaments 1.5–3.5 mm long, slightly twisted, basally cream to apricot, apically white, glabrous, anthers 1.8–2.8 × 0.6–1 mm, dorsifixed, rimose, oblongoid, thecae unequal, light yellow, medial stamen with filament 4.2–5.6 mm long, bent upwards, basally cream to apricot, apically white, glabrous, anthers 0.9–2.2 × 0.3–0.7 mm, dorsifixed, rimose, broadly oblongoid, white; ovary 0.8–1 × 0.6–0.7 mm, broadly ellipsoid, 3-loculate, reddish-orange green, smooth, densely tomentose along the septal ridges, style 5.8–7.3 mm, bent upwards, basally cream to apricot, apically white, glabrous, stigma crateriform, white, papillose. Capsules 6–8.1 × 6.4–9.8 mm, subglobose to depressed ovoid, trigonous, medium green when immature, dark brown when mature, glabrous, 3-valved. Seeds 1.9–3 × 1.7–3.2 mm, lenticellate, testa dark brown to black, covered with finger-like hairs on the dorsal surface, hairs concentrated to the margins on the ventral side, sparser in the centre, orange to red; embryotega dorsal, relatively inconspicuous, without a prominent apicule; hilum punctate.
Cuba. Isla de la Juventud: near Managua, fl., 11 Jul 1900, W. Palmer & J.H. Riley 1101 (US); near km 7 of the road between Nueva Genova and Santa Fé, fl., fr., 27 Oct 1920, E.L. Ekman 11940 (NY, US); east of Los Indios, fl., 17 May 1910, O.E. Jennings 315 (BM, GB, NY, US, USF); fl., 17 May 1910, O.E. Jennings 668 (NY, US); vicinity of San Pedro, fl., 15–17 Feb 1916, N.L. Britton et al. 14341 (F, GH, MO, NY, US); Santa Bárbara, fl., fr., 9 Feb 1953, E.P. Killip 42656 (US); along road from Nueva Gerona to Santa Bárbara, fl., fr., 19 Nov 1955, E.P. Killip 45173 (US); Reserva Natural Los Indios Norte, arenas brancas com pinar, fl., fr., 27 Feb 2002, W. Greuter et al. 25923 (NY); Siguanea region, fl., 19 Apr 1954, E.P. Killip 44041 (P, US); fl., 20 Nov 1955, E.P. Killip & H.S. Cunniff 45185 (US); in white sands near San Pedro, fl., fr., 8 Feb 1956, C.V. Morton 10028 (US). Pinar del Río: Arroyo del Sumidero, fr., 7–9 Aug 1912, J.A. Shafer & B. Léon 13576 (BM, F, NY, US); Guane, Los Ocujes, 1.6 km along track leading north from the road to Mantua at the W extent of Guane, fr., 17 Apr 2010, R.J. Smith et al. RJS290 (HAJB, K); Laguna Santa Maria, fl., fr., 8 Sep 1910, N.L. Britton et al. 7119 (NY); mountains near El Guama, fr., 25 Mar 1900, W. Palmer & J.H. Riley 423 (US); Ovas, El Punto, fl., fr., 29 Apr 1989 A. Urquiola 5392 (NY); Pinar del Río, pinelands 12 km off the highway to Coloma, fl., 28 Oct 1923, E.L. Ekman 17802 (K, S); Sandino, 4 km NE of Sandino adjacent to old Air Base of San Julian, 100 m S of main road, fl., fr., 19 Apr 2010, R.J. Smith et al. RJS292 (HAJB, K).
Cubanicula xanthorrhizos is endemic to western Cuba and restricted to the Province of Pinar del Río and the Special Municipality of Isla de la Juventud (known until 1978 as Isla de Pinos) (Fig.
Cubanicula habitats surveyed as part of the collection of specimens by some of the authors in 2010 included pine woodland edge, open anthropogenic savannah with scattered trees, open lakeside vegetation, and a seasonally-dry lake basin with open vegetation. In the pineland habitat, Cubanicula was found at the woodland edge, bordering a road cutting, occurring under a canopy of Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae), Tabebuia lepidophylla (A.Rich.) Greenm. (Bignoniaceae) and Acoelorraphe wrightii (Griseb. & H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. ex Becc. (Arecaceae), at the edge of Pinus caribaea Morelet (Pinaceae) woodland. Other components of the vegetation included Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A.Rich. and Roigella correifolia (Griseb.) Borhidi (Rubiaceae), Brya microphylla Bisse (Fabaceae), Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth (Malpighiaceae), Casearia spinescens (Sw.) Griseb. (Salicaceae), Cassytha filiformis L. (Lauraceae), Cecropia peltata L. (Urticaceae), Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng. (Bixaceae), Croton cerinus Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), Davilla rugosa Poir. and Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl. (Dilleniaceae), Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch. (Araliaceae), Lantana involucrata L. (Verbenaceae), Ouratea nitida (Sw.) Engl. (Ochnaceae) and Pachyanthus mantuensis Britton & P.Wilson (Melastomataceae).
In the open anthropogenic savannah habitat (a degraded pineland with adjacent Eucalyptus spp. plantation and scattered Pinus caribaea and Eucalyptus trees), Cubanicula was found in full sun in a grassy sward with Angelonia pilosella J.Kickx f. and Bacopa longipes (Pennell) Standl. (Plantaginaceae), Cassytha filiformis, Chamaecrista diphylla (L.) Greene and Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae), Diodia sp. (Rubiaceae), Eriocaulaceae, Hypericum styphelioides A.Rich. (Hypericaceae), Melochia savannarum Britton and Waltheria indica L. (Malvaceae), Paspalum notatum Flüggé (Poaceae), Phyllanthus sp. (Phyllanthaceae), Scirpus sp. (Cyperaceae), Stachytarpheta sp. (Verbenaceae), Tetramicra eulophiae Rchb.f. ex Griseb. (Orchidaceae), Tetrazygia discolor (L.) DC. (Melastomataceae) and Xyris spp. (Xyridaceae).
In the lakeside vegetation, Cubanicula was found in a range of microhabitats from sparse grass/sedgeland to the shallow slopes of wet seeps, with abundant Drosera spp. (Droseraceae). The main associated grassland species were Blechnum serrulatum Rich. (Blechnaceae), Cassytha filiformis, Chamaecrista sp. and Desmodium sp. (Fabaceae), Drosera intermedia Hayne, Hypericum styphelioides, Lycopodiella sp. and Lycopodium sp. (Lycopodiaceae), Polygala squamifolia C.Wright ex Griseb. (Polygalaceae), Rhexia sp. (Melastomataceae), Scirpus sp., Spiranthes sp. (Orchidaceae), and Xyris sp., with occasional shrubs, including Byrsonima crassifolia, Pachyanthus sp., and Tetrazygia discolor.
Finally, in the lake basin habitat, Cubanicula was found on sandy soils with a higher organic matter content at the surface than in the other habitats. The population was scattered through dense tussock sedges and growing through dense leaf litter in association with Telmatoblechnum serrulatum (Rich.) Perrie et al. (Blechnaceae), Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Apiaceae), Chamaecrista diphylla and Rhynchospora sp. (Cyperaceae), with occasional Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae).
The altitudinal range of these sites ranged from 3 m a.s.l. in the lake basin to 54 m a.s.l. in the pinelands.
Flowering and fruiting between October and April.
Cubanicula xanthorrhizos possesses a narrow EOO (10,132 km2) and AOO (ca. 96 km2), being endemic to western Cuba. Thus, following
Camderia Dumort., Anal. Fam. Pl.: 80. 1829, nom. illeg. Type species. Heritiera tinctorum Walter ex J.F.Gmel. [= Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy].
Heritiera J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 2(1): 113. 1791, nom. illeg., non Heritiera Aiton, nec Heritiera Retz. Type species. Heritiera tinctorum Walter ex J.F.Gmel. [= Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy].
Gyrotheca Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 327. 1812, nom. nud.
Lachnanthes tinctoria (Walter ex J.F.Gmel.) Elliott [= Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy].
Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy A swampy environment B detail of the red roots C habit of an adult flowering specimen D inflorescence showing external surface lanate and internal surface glabrous and yellow perianth E detail of a flower being visited by a bee F fruiting inflorescence, with the detail of a fruit in longitudinal section. A by U. Lorimer, B by J. Fowler, C, F by S. Zona and D, E by B. Peterson, fruit detail by J. Bradford.
Lachnanthes is morphologically and phylogenetically related to Dilatris P.J.Bergius s.str., a yet undescribed African genus and Haemodorum, due to their red to orange roots, branched cincinni, upright tepals, three fertile stamens, inferior ovary and lenticellate and winged seeds (
Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy A, B root: A portion of the root B cross-section C rhizome in longitudinal section D cincinnus E flower F hair G–I perianth: G outer tepal (frontal and dorsal view) H dorsal view of a inner tepal I side view of the inner tepal with epipetalous stamen J anther (frontal and dorsal view) K–M gynoecium: K cross-section L longitudinal section M stigma N–S fruit: N immature capsule O cross-section P longitudinal section Q placenta with ovules in side view R placenta with ovules in dorsal view S dehisced capsule T–V seed: T dorsal view U ventral view V longitudinal section. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 0.8 mm (A, B); 1 cm (C, D, T–V); 2 mm (E, G–J, N–S); 0.4 mm (F); 1.25 mm (K, L); 0.62 mm (M).
Dilatris caroliniana Lam., Tabl. encycl. 1: 127. 1791, as “Caroliana”. Holotype. United States. North Carolina: s.loc., fl., fr., s.dat., Fraser s.n. (P-LA barcode P00382893!).
Heritiera tinctorium Walter ex J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 113. 1791, nom. superfl.
Heritiera gmelinii Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 21, pl. 4. 1803, as “Gmelini”, nom. superfl.
Dilatris heritiera Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 54. 1805, nom. superfl.
Gyrotheca tinctoria Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 327. 1812; Gyrotheca tinctoria W.Stone, Pl. S. New Jersey 1: 354. 1911[1912], isonym.
Dilatris tinctoria Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 30–31. 1813[1814].
Lachnanthes tinctoria Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1(1): 47. 1816.
Lachnanthes tinctoria var. major
C.Wright ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub.: 252. 1866. Lectotype (designated by
Anonymos tinctoria Walter, Fl. Carol.: 68. 1788, nom. rej.
Lachnanthes caroliniana is known to occur from Nova Scotia (Canada) to Florida (USA), reaching Cuba (Fig.
Distribution of Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy. Beige – Temperate Coniferous Forests and Boreal Forests; Yellow – Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Pink – Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests; Light Green – Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red – Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange – Tropical/Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon – Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green – Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac – Montane Grasslands and Shrublands.
Flowers and fruits from April to November.
Lachnanthes caroliniana possesses a wide EOO (1,886,962 km2) but a narrow AOO (ca. 616 km2). Nonetheless, although generally abundant within its native range, L. caroliniana is listed as Endangered in four USA States (i.e., Connecticut, Maryland, New York, and Tennessee), as Threatened in Rhode Island and of Special Concern in Massachusetts (USDA-NRCS 2013) and as Threatened in Canada (
Lachnanthes caroliniana is morphologically variable regarding stature and colouration, with much of this variation being related to environmental conditions. The roots and underground organs can range from yellowish-orange to dark red, the leaves, peduncles, bracts, and the outside of the tepals can range from light to dark green to bluish-green, and the tepals can be internal surface light green to yellowish-green to bright yellow. Aside from that, plants can range from 10 cm to over 100 cm tall.
Lachnanthes caroliniana is commonly considered a widespread weed in blueberry and cranberry crops (
Pyrrorhiza neblinae Maguire & Wurdack.
Pyrrorhiza was initially considered as being closely related to Schiekia Meisn. (
Pyrrorhiza neblinae Maguire & Wurdack A Cerro de la Neblina B detail of the vegetation at the top of the Cerro de la Neblina with Bonnetia maguireorum in flower C habit D flowering habit E inflorescence showing the spathaceous bracteoles and floral buds F inflorescence bearing immature capsules. A by B. Means, B by C. Brewer-Carias, C–F by A. Weitzman.
Holotype. Venezuela. Amazonas: Río Yatua, Cerro de la Neblina, locally frequent in open savannah, 5 km SW of cumbre camp, alt. 1900 m, fl., fr., 6 January 1954, B. Maguire et al. 37108 (NY barcode 00247967!; isolectotypes: COL barcode COL000000167!, F barcode V0045883F!, GH barcode GH00030234!, IAN barcode IAN091102!, K barcode K000574291!, MICH barcode MICH1192344!, MO barcode MO-202079!, NY barcode 00247968, P barcode P00753469, S accession no. S-R-5402!, U barcode U0002447!, UC barcode UC1035482!, US barcode US00092054!, VEN barcode VEN39086!, W n.v.).
Pyrrorhiza neblinae Maguire & Wurdack A whole plant B, C cincinnus: B young cincinnus with flower buds C older cincinnus with fruits, pre-anthesis flowers and flower buds D hairs E flower bud with bracteole F flower at pre-anthesis G dissected perianth, showing the lack of nectar guides H filiform staminode I–J stamen: I frontal view J dorsal view K flower with the perianth removed, showing the androecium and gynoecium L stigma M–O fruit: M immature capsule N capsule in longitudinal section O dehiscent capsule P–R seed: P dorsal view Q ventral view R longitudinal section. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 2 cm (A, G, M–O); 0.5 cm (B, C, H); 0.25 mm (D); 1.5 mm (E, F); 1 mm (I, J, P–R); 0.75 mm (K); 0.1 mm (L).
Pyrrorhiza neblinae is at present only known to occur at the Venezuelan side of the Cerro de la Neblina (Fig.
Distribution of Pyrrorhiza neblinae Maguire & Wurdack. Light Green– Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red – Deserts, Xeric Shrublands, and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange – Tropical/Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon – Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green – Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac – Montane Grasslands and Shrublands.
It was found in bloom and fruit from November to February.
As aforementioned, Pyrrorhiza neblinae is only known from a single Amazonian mountain. It possesses very narrow EOO (20 km2) and AOO (ca. 13 km2) and, thus, following
Pyrrorhiza neblinae is still poorly known, with only a handful of collections. Nonetheless, it is known that P. neblinae is restricted to swampy and rocky montane savannah (i.e., tepuis). The peculiar cormose underground system of P. neblinae is only comparable to those of Barberetta Harv., Wachendorfia Burm. (both Haemodoroideae) and Tribonanthes Endl. (Conostylidoideae) (
Troschelia Klotzsch & M.R.Schomb. in Reisen, Br.-Guiana: 1066. 1849, nom. nud.
Wachendorfia orinocensis Kunth. [≡ Schiekia orinocensis (Kunth) Meisn.].
Schiekia is indisputably closely related to Wachendorfia (
Wachendorfia orinocensis Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 1(3): 319. 1816. Lectotype (designated here). Venezuela. Isla de Pararuma, in humidis, in ripa Orinoco propter confluentem Sinaruci et in insula Pararuma, fl., fr., May, F.W.H.A. Humboldt & A.J.A. Bonpland 843 (P barcode P00669614!; isolectotype: P barcode P00669615!).
Xiphidium angustifolium Willd. ex Link, Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 73. 1820, nom. superfl., Syn nov.
Troschelia orinocensis (Kunth) Klotzsch & M.R.Schomb., Reis. Br.-Guiana 1066, 1120. 1849.
Schiekia flavescens Maury, J. Bot. (Morot) 3: 269. 1889. Lectotype (designated here). Venezuela. Upper Río Orinoco, Atures, Salvajito, fl., 3 Apr 1887, M. Gaillard 52 (P barcode P06891121!, pro parte, the two specimens on the sides).
Schiekia congesta Maury, J. Bot. (Morot) 3: 269, f. 12. 1889, nom. nud.
Schiekia orinocensis subsp. savannarum Maguire & Wurdack, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 9(3): 320. 1957. Holotype. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Yapacana, Río Orinoco, in savannah no. 1, northwest base of the mountain, fl., fr., 31 Dec 1950, B. Maguire et al. 30496 (NY barcode 00214486!; isotypes: F barcode V0045884F!, K barcode K000574294!).
When describing Wachendorfia orinocensis,
Schiekia orinocensis (Kunth) Meisn A habitat B habit, showing an inflorescence from this flowering season and an old one from the previous year bearing dehisced capsules C root D leaf blade E inflorescence F, G flower: F side view of a flower showing the nectar drop (arrow) in the perianth aperture G frontal view of a flower H–L perianth segments: H upper perianth tepals showing their connate bases and the nectar guides I lower lateral tepal J side view of the lower lateral tepal showing the glandular pubescence K staminode-like projection L lower medial tepal M flower with perianth removed, showing the androecium and gynoecium. N, dehisced capsules. All photos by E.J. Hickman.
When describing Schiekia flavescens,
Schiekia orinocensis, in its current circumscription, is a far more geographically-restricted taxon than traditionally accepted. It is known to occur in Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela, and Brazil (States of Amazonas, Pará, and Roraima) (Fig.
Distribution of Schiekia orinocensis (Kunth) Meisn. Beige – Temperate Coniferous Forests and Boreal Forests; Yellow – Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Pink – Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests; Light Green – Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red – Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange – Tropical/Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon – Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green – Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac – Montane Grasslands and Shrublands.
It was found in flower and fruit from June to October, during the dry season.
Schiekia orinocensis possesses a wide EOO (1,193,173 km2) but a relatively narrow AOO (ca. 224 km2). This narrow AOO might be related to the relatively reduced number of collections, especially when compared to S. timida. The relatively small number of specimens might be due to the difficulty of reaching and collecting in tepuis and other mountainous formations in the Amazon Region. Nonetheless, field observations by one of us (EJH) indicate that S. orinocensis forms considerably smaller and more restricted subpopulations than S. timida, which might indicate it is ecologically more specific in its requirements. Thus, following
Schiekia has consistently been treated as a monospecific genus until the present study, given that S. flavescens has been considered a synonym of S. orinocensis since very early days. Nonetheless, previous studies, such as
Schiekia orinocensis subsp. silvestris Maas & Stoel in Maas PJM and Maas-van de Kamer H, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 61: 21. 1993. Holotype. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Rio Negro, road from Camanaus to Vaupés airport, fl., 30 Oct 1971, G.T. Prance et al. 15864 (INPA barcode INPA34082!; isotypes: F, K barcode K000574292!, MG n.v., MO n.v., NY barcode NY00247969!, S barcode S06-6076!, U barcode U0002448!, US barcode US00592174!).
Brazil (States of Amazonas, Pará, and Roraima), Colombia, French Guiana, Surinam, and Venezuela (Fig.
It was found in flower and fruit from January to November, but peaking during the dry season.
Schiekia silvestris possesses a wide EOO (1,634,289 km2) but a relatively narrow AOO (ca. 392 km2). This narrow AOO might, once again, be related to the difficulty for collection in the Amazon Region. Nonetheless, the number of known collections is relatively large, which leads us to believe this species might be much more common than
Schiekia silvestris (Maas & Stoel) Hopper et al. A habit of two flowering specimens B habit of a fruiting specimen C, D inflorescence: C inflorescence with flowers at anthesis D inflorescence with flowers at post-anthesis E, F flower: E side view of a flower showing the nectar drop (arrow) in the perianth aperture F frontal view of a flower G inflorescence bearing last few flowers and several capsules H detail of the cincinnus showing immature capsules. All photos by H. Galliffet, except for G by S. Sant.
Schiekia silvestris is by far the easiest species to differentiate from the three accepted by us in the present study. It is the only species to exclusively inhabit understorey and other mesic habitats and has a growth form similar to that of Xiphidium caeruleum, with its long and trailing rhizomes and leaves evenly distributed along the stem. Aside from that, the leaves are considerably more delicate and broader, and herbarium specimens of S. silvestris are commonly misidentified as X. caeruleum in Brazilian herbaria. Furthermore, the inflorescences of S. silvestris generally possess a corymb-like appearance, added to the diminutive and strongly bilabiate, pendulous, apricot to orange-yellow flowers, with tepals recurved in the upper half and non-inflated medial filament. The capsules of S. silvestris also tend to be much broader than those of S. orinocensis and S. timida, ranging from green when immature to chocolate brown when mature. Finally, it is the only species of Schiekia to present seeds with short and coarse trichomes scattered across the reticulate testa (Fig.
Schiekia silvestris (Maas & Stoel) Hopper et al. A, B rhizome: A rhizome, showing persistent leaf bases B longitudinal section C cincinnus D flower bud E flower in frontal view F hairs G–I perianth: G upper perianth lobes, showing the nectar guides H lateral outer perianth lobe with adnate staminode-like structure I medial inner perianth lobe J staminode-like structure K flower with the perianth removed, showing the androecium and gynoecium L, M stamens: L lateral stamen (frontal and dorsal view) M medial stamen (frontal and dorsal view) N, O gynoecium: N style O stigma P–T fruit: P immature capsule Q capsule in longitudinal section R capsule in cross-section S placenta with ovules T dehisced capsule U–W seed: U dorsal view V ventral view W longitudinal section. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B, G–I, K); 1.5 mm (C–E, P–R, T); 0.3 mm (F); 0.75 mm (J, L–N, S, U–W); 0.15 mm (O);
Distribution of Schiekia silvestris (Maas & Stoel) Hopper et al. Light Green – Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red – Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange – Tropical/Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon – Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green – Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac – Montane Grasslands and Shrublands.
Similar to Schiekia orinocensis (Kunth) Meisn. in rhizome morphology, leaf arrangement and consistency, inflorescence architecture, floral orientation, and filiform staminode-like projections, but differs due to its leaves with impressed veins, narrowly tubular and cleistogamous flowers, tepals with apex straight and light to medium green, upper tepals lacking nectar guides, medial filament inflated, staminode-like projection 1/3 the length of its subtending tepal and capsules slightly longer than broad or as broad as long.
Schiekia timida M. Pell. et al. A habitat B flowering habit C detail of the leaves D, E inflorescence: D inflorescence with many-flowered cincinni E inflorescence with 1-flowered cincnni F inflorescence bearing young capsules G–I flower: G upper view of a flower showing both perianth apertures and their respective nectar drops (arrows) H side view of a flower I frontal view of a flower J mature capsules before opening K seeds. A by G. Antar, B by G. Davidse, C, F by M.E. Engels, D by C. Castro, E by V.A.O. Dittrich, G–I by P.L. Viana and J, K by S.E. Martins.
Brazil. Tocantins: Natividade, Serra da Natividade, fl., fr., 6 Mar 2015, R.C. Forzza et al. 8562 (RB!; isotypes: CEPEC!, HTO!, UPCB!).
Herbs ca. 40–100 cm tall, perennial, rhizomatous with a definite base, terrestrial to paludal in boggy areas. Roots thick, fibrous, orange to red, sand-binding, emerging from the rhizome. Rhizomes underground, short, new shoots external surface reddish-orange to red, older shoots external surface brown to reddish-brown, internal surface orange to reddish-orange to red. Stems inconspicuous to short, ascending to erect, fibrous, unbranched; internodes inconspicuous when sterile, 2.5–7.9 cm long when fertile, green to orange to reddish-orange, glabrous to tomentose, hairs pilate, light to medium brown. Leaves distichously-alternate, equitant, congested at the apex of the stem when sterile, some evenly distributed along the elongated stem when fertile, sessile, the apical ones gradually smaller than the basal ones; sheaths 2.2–14.8 cm long, light green, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, margin glabrous to ciliate, hairs pilate, light to medium brown; blades 1.7–29.2 × 0.4–1 cm, fibrous to coriaceous, unifacial, yellowish-green to medium green to bluish-green, drying olive-green to brown, linear to linear-elliptic, slightly ensiform to ensiform, glabrous to tomentose, hairs pilate, light to medium brown, base sheathing, margins green, glabrous to ciliate, apex acuminate; midvein inconspicuous, secondary veins 4–6, impressed to deeply impressed, becoming more prominent when dry. Inflorescences terminal, solitary, consisting of a pedunculate many-branched thyrse; peduncles 7.7–38.8 cm, tomentose to densely tomentose, with a mixture of pilate glandular hairs, light to medium brown; basal bract 1.8–7.3 × 0.1–0.4 cm, leaf-like, linear to linear-elliptic, straight to slightly ensiform, glabrous to tomentose, with a mixture of pilate glandular hairs, light brown, base truncate to slightly sheathing, margin ciliate, apex acuminate, secondary veins inconspicuous; cincinnus bract absent; cincinni 6–28 per thyrse, alternate, 1–6-flowered, sessile, bright orange to reddish-orange, glandular-tomentose to densely glandular-tomentose, hairs light brown; bracteoles 4.6–8.8 × 1.4–3.1 mm, lanceolate to elliptic to broadly elliptic, bright orange to reddish-orange, apex sometimes green to yellowish-green, glandular-tomentose, hairs light brown, base cuneate, margin glabrous, hyaline, apex acute. Flowers 0.2–0.4 cm diam., bisexual, cleistogamous, enantiostylic, campanulate, asymmetric due to the position of the style; floral buds 4.2–8.2 × 2–2.9 mm, ovoid, orange to reddish-orange, base generally white to cream, apex light green; pedicels 2.3–7.2 mm long, not gibbous at apex, orange to reddish-orange, densely tomentose with a mixture of pilate and glandular hairs, white to light brown, upright to patent and elongate in fruit; perianth zygomorphic, upper lobes connate to 2/3 of their length, upper and lower lateral lobes basally connate forming two lateral perianth pouches, nectar guide absent, outer lobes 8.3–10.1 × 1.8–2.3 mm, subequal, the upper slightly broader and longer, the lateral ones asymmetric, elliptic to spathulate or lanceolate, external surface white to cream, base apricot to bright orange to reddish-orange, apex medium to light green, rarely completely apricot to bright orange to reddish-orange, glandular-tomentose to densely glandular-tomentose, hairs white to light brown, internal surface white to cream, base light orange to apricot, apex medium to light green, rarely completely light orange to apricot, glabrous, base truncate or cuneate, symmetric in the upper, asymmetric in the lateral ones, margins glabrous, apex obtuse, inner lobes 7.2–10.2 × 4.8–7.3 mm, subequal, the lower slightly broader, the upper ones asymmetric, elliptic to spathulate, external surface white to cream, base apricot to bright orange to reddish-orange, apex medium to light green, rarely completely apricot to bright orange to reddish-orange, glabrous, tomentose along the midvein, white to light brown, internal surface white to cream, base light orange to apricot, apex medium to light green, rarely completely light orange to apricot, glabrous, base cuneate, the upper ones asymmetric, the lower one symmetric, margins glabrous, apex obtuse to slightly emarginate; staminode-like projections 2, 3.5–3.7 × 0.1–0.2 mm, adnate to the base of the lateral outer perianth lobes, thin, filiform, white; stamens 3, lateral stamens with filaments 4.4–5.1 mm long, slender, slightly sigmoid, apex filiform, incurved, cream, basally apricot, apically white, glabrous, anthers 0.5–0.6 × 0.4–0.6 mm, basifixed, deciduous, extrorsely rimose, broadly oblongoid to broadly ellipsoid, with an apical connective appendage, cream, medial stamen with filament 5.1–5.8 mm long, sigmoid, slightly spirally coiled either to the left or to the right, apex incurved, cream, basally apricot, apically white, glabrous, anthers 1.1–1.4 × 0.6–0.8 mm, dorsifixed, extrorsely rimose, broadly oblongoid to broadly ovoid, cream; ovary 1.4–1.7 × 1.5–1.8 mm, broadly ovoid to subglobose, slightly trigonous, 3-loculate, apricot to bright orange, smooth, glabrous, style 3.4–3.8 mm, slightly sigmoid, apex incurved, white, basally cream to apricot to light orange, glabrous, stigma capitate, white, papillose. Capsules 6.4–7.1 × 4.6–5.7 mm, broadly ellipsoid in outline, trigonous, dry, thick-walled, orange when immature, becoming medium to dark red when mature, loculicidal, 3-valved. Seeds 1.6–2.2 × 1.3–1.7 mm, deltoid, each face sunken, testa medium to dark brown, evenly reticulate; embryotega dorsal, relatively inconspicuous, without a prominent apicule; hilum punctate.
Schiekia timida M. Pell. et al. A whole plant B cincinnus C flower bud D hairs E, F flower: E side view F frontal view G–I perianth: G upper perianth lobes, showing the lack of nectar guides H medial inner perianth lobe I lateral outer perianth lobe with adnate staminode-like structure J flower with the perianth removed, showing the androecium and gynoecium K, L stamens: K lateral stamen L medial stamen M–N gynoecium: M ovary N stigma O–S fruit: O immature capsule covered by the persistent perianth P immature capsule with perianth removed Q capsule in longitudinal section R capsule in cross-section S dehisced capsule T–V seed: T dorsal view U ventral view V longitudinal section. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 1.5 cm (A,) ; 0.35 mm (B); 2 mm (C, E, F); 0.25 mm (D); 1.75 mm (G–I); 1.25 mm (J, O–Q, S); 1 mm (K–M, R); 0.5 mm (N); 0.75 mm (T–V)
(paratypes). Brazil. Amazonas: Rio Negro, across Comunidade Aparecida, 1 km up from Rio Taurí, fl., fr., 7 Nov 1987, D.W. Stevenson et al. 890 (K, NY). Goiás: Salinas, fl., Mar–Jul 1844, M.A. Weddell 2087 (P); Caiapônia, 46 km N de Caiapônia, fl., fr., 23 Feb 1982, P.I. Oliveira & W.R. Anderson 425 (MBM, MICH, MO, NY). Maranhão: Carolina, Cachoeira do Garrote, margem esquerda do Rio Garrote, ca. 4.3 km W da estrada, fl., 24 Feb 2005, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 9624 (CEN); Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, Gleba II, fl., fr., 9 Apr 2016, A.C. Sevilha et al. 5742 (CEN); perto de Carolina, fl., 26 May 1950, J.M. Pires & G.A. Black 2262 (IAN); BR-010, Transamazônica, Pedra Caída, fr., 13 Apr 1983, M.F.F. Silva et al. 1084 (IAN, INPA, MG, MO, NY); Vereda do Seu Zico, ca. 3.5 km do asfalto, fl., fr., 27 Feb 2005, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 9702 (CEN); estrada Carolina/Babaçulândia, km 8.2, margem direita do Rio Tocantins, kms marcados da Igreja São Francisco, Bairro Brejinho, fr., 22 May 2010, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 15292 (CEN); Riachão, estrada Riachão/Vila Nova de Carli, Proceder III, ca. 30 km S de Riachão, fl., 21 Mar 2000, B.M. Walter et al. 4426 (CEN); rodovia Vila Gerais das Balsas/Riachão, km 153, fl., 24 Mar 1999, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 4140 (CEN). Mato Grosso: Canabrava do Norte, Serra do Roncador, ca. 60 km N of Xavantina, fr., 25 May 1966, H.S. Irwin et al. 16002 (K, MO, NY, RB, U, UB, US); Cataqui-imaúi, Campos dos Urupós, Cab. do Cantário, fl., Dec 1918, J.G. Kuhlmann 1647 (RB); Rio Turvo, ca. 210 km N of Nova Xavantina, fr., 29 May 1966, H.S. Irwin et al. 16283 (K, NY, RB, UB, US); Nova Canaã do Norte, resgate de flora da UHE Colider, estrada de acesso à UHE, fl., fr., 26 Feb 2015, M.E. Engels & M. Lautert 2839 (CNMT, HERBAM, MBM, RB, TANG); fr., 27 Apr 2016, H.R.W. Zanin 373 (CNMT, HERBAM, RB); Nova Xavantina, km 85 from Nova Xavantina-Cachimbo road, fr., 31 May 1966, D.R. Hunt & J.F. Ramos 5695 (K, NY, UB); Serra do Roncador, ca. 84 km N of Nova Xavantina, fr., 6 Jun 1966, H.S. Irwin et al. 16454 (MO, NY, RB, UB, UMO, US); 60 km from Nova Xavantina, fl., fr., 6 Jun 1966, D.R. Hunt & J.F. Ramos 5835 (K, NY, UB); 20 km NE of Base Camp of the Expedition, fl., fr., 4 Mar 1968, D.R. Gifford 2657 (K, NY, UB); Km 57 N from Nova Xavantina-Cachimbo road, fl., 16 Jan 1968, D. Philcox & A. Ferreira 4080 (K, UB); km 241 from Nova Xavantina-Cachimbo road, fl., fr., 16 Mar 1968, D. Philcox & A. Ferreira 4563 (K); ca. 1 km E from km 242 from Nova Xavantina-Cachimbo road, fl., fr., 18 Mar 1968, D. Philcox & A. Ferreira 4567 (K, MO, NY, P, RB, S, UB); ca. 15 km S of Base Camp of the Expedition, Lagoa do Sucuri, close to the Nova Xavantina-São Felix road, fr., 13 Jun 1968, R.R. Santos et al. 1767 (IAN, K, NY, P, UB); 270 km N of Nova Xavantina, Lagoa do Leo, 8 km SW of Base Camp of the Expedition, fl., fr., 8 May 1968, J.A. Ritter et al. 1362 (K, NY, UB); Santa Cruz do Xingu, Parque Estadual do Xingu, limite norte do parque, fl., fr., 4 Mar 2011, D.C. Zappi et al. 3091 (K, RB, UNEMAT); Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, topo da Cachoeira do Jatobá, fl., fr., 17 May 2013, J.E.Q. Faria et al. 3508 (CEN, RB, SP, UB). Pará: Belém do Pará, Ariramba, igarapé Quebra-Dente, fl., 30 May 1957, G.A. Black et al. 57-19801 (IAN); Itaituba, arredores da base Aérea do Cachimbo, próximo ao destacamento km 6 da estrada para o Aeroporto, km 794, fr., 25 Apr 1983, M.N. Silva et al. 73 (INPA, K, RB). Roraima: Boa Vista, estrada do Cantá, fl., 31 Jul 1986, J.A. Silva et al. 539 (MO, NY, UB); estrada para Serra Grande, fl., 4 Aug 1986, E.L. Sette-Silva et al. 665 (K, MIRR, MO, NY); Ilha de Maracá, sandy savannah at Santa Rosa, at the E side of the island, fl., fr., 8 Oct 1987, J. Pruski et al. 3417 (INPA, K, MG, MO, NY); Caracaraí, estrada Perimetral Norte [BR-210], 9 km do entroncamento com as estrada Manaus/Caracaraí [BR-174], próximo a Novo Paraíso, fl., fr., 28 Aug 1987, C.A. Cid Ferreira et al. 9210 (INPA, NY, U). Tocantins: [Goyaz] between Natividade and Conceição, fl., Feb 1866, G. Gardner 4014 (BM, G, K, NY, P); Almas, RPPN Fazenda Minnehaha, campo úmido limpo bordeado pelo Cerrado que desce a barra do Rio Lapa com o Rio Laurentino, fr., 21 Apr 2004, J.M. Felfili et al. 522 (RB); Barra do Ouro, margem direita do Rio Tauá, ca. 12 km de Barra do Ouro, ponte suspensa, fl., 15 Jan 2010, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 14926 (CEN); Centenário, Bacia do Tocantins, Sub-bacia do Rio Manuel Alves Pequeno, fl., fr., 27 Mar 2010, M.L. Fonseca et al. 6494 (IBGE, RB); Goiatins, Área Indígena Krahô, Aldeia Nova, fr., 8 Mar 2000, E. Rodrigues 695 (PMSP); estrada Aldeia Indígena Krahô Santa Cruz/Itacajá, km 10, margem direita do Riozinho, próximo a Kapey, fr., 27 Apr 2009, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 14314 (CEN); estrada Goiatins/Itacajá, margem esquerda do Ribeirão Cartucho, fr., 4 May 2009, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 14391 (CEN); Reserva Indígena Krahô, Aldeia Pedra Branca, fl., fr., 6 May 2000, A.A. Santos et al. 659 (CEN); Guaraí, margem esquerda da Ferrovia Norte Sul, estrada vicinal Guaraí/Itupiratins, fl., fr., 24 Apr 2009, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 14217 (CEN); Gurupi, rodovia Belém/Brasilia, 5 km S de Gurupi, fl., fr., 24 Mar 1976, G. Hatschbach & R. Kummrow 38313 (MBM, MO, NY); Itapiratins, Bacia do Tocantins, Sub-bacia do Rio Tocantins, fl., fr., 24 Mar 2010, F.C.A. Oliveira et al. 1834 (IBGE, RB); Kraolandia, próximo a cidade de Peritoró, fl., 20 Mar 1974, J.S. Assis 26 (RB); Lagoa da Confusão, Bacia do Araguaia, Sub-bacia Rio Formoso, fr., 22 Mar 2010, F.C.A. Oliveira et al. 1666 (IBGE, RB); Mateiros, fr., 3 May 2001, R. Farias et al. 363 (CEN, UB); entorno do Parque Estadual do Jalapão, estrada Mateiros/Ponte Alta, ca. 2 km do Rio Novo, fr., 15 Jun 2002, T.B. Cavalcanti et al. 2831 (CEN); margem esquerda do Rio Novo, fl., fr., 8 May 2001, C.E.B. Proença et al. 2523 (UB); estrada Mumbuca/Boa Esperança, Vereda do Bebedouro, fl., fr., 8 Mar 2006, G.H. Rua et al. 787 (CEN); Parque Estadual do Jalapão, Vereda do Porco Podre, fl., fr., 15 Feb 2005, J.M. Rezende et al. 1019 (CEN); Pindorama do Tocantins [Pindorama de Goiás], fl., fr., 21 Apr 1978, R.P. Orlandi 78 (RB). Bolivia. Santa Cruz: Velasco, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, Campamento Huanchaca II, fl., 8 Mar 1997, S. Jiménez et al. 1254 (MO, U); Campamento Las Torres, margen del Río Iténez [Guaporé], frontera con Mato Grosso, lado noreste del Serrania Huanchaca, 24 km S Flor de Oro, fr., 24 May 1991, M. Peña & R. Foster 222 (U); Lago Caimán, fl., 15 Jan 1997, T. Killeen et al. 8151 (U, USZ). Colombia. Guainia: Casuarito, immediately S of Casuarito, lajas along the Río Orinoco, fl., 22 Jun 1984, G. Davidse & J.S. Miller 26411 (MO, U). Guajira: Barrancas, Río Quatiquia, fl., 16 Jul 1897, Lehmann 8841a (K); llanos on Río Meta and Río Quatiquia, fl., fr., 16 Jul 1897, Lehmann 8841b (K). Guyana. Rupununi: Manari, fl., 24 Jul 1995, M.J. Jansen-Jacobs et al. 4621 (K, P, U). Venezuela. Amazonas: Atures, alrededores de Puerto Ayacucho, ca. 4 km SE, sabana de los alrededores del vivero de MARNR, alto Caño Carinagua, fl., 17 Jun 1977, O. Huber 841 (MO, U, VEN); Carretera Coromoto, along Río Coromoto, Tobogán de la Selva, 35 km SE of Puerto Ayacucho, fl., 14 May 1980, J.A. Steyermark et al. 122561 (F, U, VEN); Oripopos, 7 km N of Puerto Ayacucho on the road to El Burro, fl., 22 Jun 1984, J.S. Miller 1608 (MO, U); San Juan de Manapiare, sobanas sobre los cerros de arenisca al Norte del Cerro Movocoy, arriba del sitio llanado “Pazo de la Carlina” a unos 12 km al Oeste de San Juan de Manapiare, fl., fr., 16 Oct 1977, O. Huber 1205 (MO, U).
The epithet means “shy” and makes reference to the cleistogamous flowers, which open only a few millimetres. This is the first record of cleistogamy in Neotropical Haemodoraceae, which was previously recorded only for the Paleotropical genus Haemodorum.
Schiekia timida is currently known for Bolivia, Brazil (States of Amazonas, Pará, Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão, Goiás, and Mato Grosso), Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela (Fig.
Distribution of Schiekia timida M.Pell. et al. Light Green– Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red – Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange – Tropical/Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon – Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green – Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac – Montane Grasslands and Shrublands.
It was found in flower and fruit from November to June, rarely during July and August, but peaking during the rainy season.
Schiekia timida possesses wide EOO (5,598,459 km2) and AOO (ca. 580 km2). Thus, following
According to specimen labels, S. timida is called “ahtu” in the language spoken by the native Brazilian Krahô tribe. It seems to be used in some religious ceremonies, mixed in a drink with some confirmed psychoactive plants.
Schiekia timida is morphologically similar to S. orinocensis due to its rhizome morphology, leaf arrangement and consistency, inflorescence architecture, floral orientation, and inflated medial filament. Nonetheless, it differs due to its conspicuously veined leaves, narrowly tubular and cleistogamous flowers, pedicels not apically gibbous, tepals with apex straight and light to medium green, upper tepals lacking nectar guides, staminode-like projections filiform and 1/3 the length of its subtending tepals and capsules slightly longer than broad or as broad as long. Until the present work, both species were treated under a broad concept of S. orinocensis subsp. orinocensis, as proposed by
Tonduzia Boeckeler ex Tonduz, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 464. 1895, nom. nud.
Durandia Boeckeler, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 2: 160, 173. 1896, Syn. nov. Type species. Durandia macrophylla Boeckeler (= Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl.).
Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl.
It has been widely accepted that the original place of publication of the generic name Xiphidium is “Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise” by
Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. A specimen growing in a flooded forest B habit C inflorescence D cincinnus E, F flower: E flower with subequal, narrow, and pale apricot perianth lobes F flower with equal, broad, and white perianth lobes G flower with perianth removed showing androecium and gynoecium with ovary pubescent long the septal ridges H cincinnus with immature berries I mature berries. A, F by R. Aguilar, B by H. Medeiros, C–D, G, I by M.O.O. Pellegrini, E by A. Yakovlev, and H by R. Cumming.
The first species name to be validly published in Xiphidium was only proposed almost 20 years later, by
Xiphidium has traditionally been considered an ill-circumscribed genus, lacking any obvious synapomorphy (
Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. A roots in cross-section B–D rhizome: B naked rhizome C longitudinal section D lateral branch E cincinnus F flower bud G hairs H, I flower: H frontal view I side view J flower with the perianth removed, showing the androecium and gynoecium K lateral stamen (frontal and dorsal view) L stigma M–P fruit: M immature berry N berry in cross-section O berry in longitudinal section P indehiscent and old berry Q–T seed: Q dorsal view R lateral view S ventral view T longitudinal section. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 0.8 mm (A); 1.5 cm (B–D); 0.75 mm (E); 2 mm (F, H, I, M–P); 0.4 mm (G);1.75 mm (J); 1 mm (K); 0.5 mm (L, Q–T).
Xiphidium floribundum var. caeruleum
(Aubl.) Hook., Bot. Mag. 84: t. 5055. 1858. Lectotype (designated by
Xiphidium floribundum Sw., Prodr.: 17. 1788.
Xiphidium albidum Lam., in Lamarck & Poiret Tabl. Encycl. 1: 131. 1791, nom. superfl.
Xiphidium album Willd., Sp. Pl. Editio quarta 1(1): 248. 1798.
Xiphidium floribundum var. albiflorum Hook., Bot. Mag. 84: t. 5055. 1858, nom. superfl. (≡ X. floribundum var. floribundum).
Xiphidium caeruleum var. albidum (Lam.) Backer, Handb. Fl. Java 3: 80. 1924.
Xiphidium loeflingii Mutis, Diario 2: 51. 1958, nom. nud.
Eccremis scabra Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 316. 1898. Holotype. destroyed (B†). Lectotype (designated here). BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chapare, Río Juntas, fr., 13–21 Apr 1892, C.E.O. Kuntze 461 (NY barcode 00841967!), Syn. nov.
Xiphidium giganteum Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 32: page prior to t. 67. 1846. Type. (K?, not found).
Xiphidium fockeanum
Miq., Linnaea 17: 63. 1843. Lectotype (designated by
Xiphidium rubrum D. Don, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 13: 235. 1832. Lectotype (designated here). PERU. s.loc., fl., s.dat., J.A. Pavón 358 (BM barcode BM000923989!; isolectotype: MA barcode MA810534!).
Ornithogalum rubrum Ruiz & Pavón ex D.Don, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 13: 235. 1832, nom. not validly published, pro. syn.
Durandia macrophylla Boeckeler, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 2: 173. 1896. Holotype. COSTA RICA. s.loc., fl., Nov 1893, A. Tonduz 8402 (B barcode BR0000006885779!), Syn. nov.
Tonduzia macrophylla Boeckeler ex Tonduz, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 464. 1895, nom. nud.
The taxonomic circumscription of X. caeruleum is greatly impaired by the lack of knowledge of the current whereabouts of the type material of several of its associated synonyms. Types for the names X. caeruleum and X. fockeanum were successfully located and designated by
As explained by
When describing X. rubrum,
Xiphidium caeruleum is widely distributed in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico, reaching the Antilles, to northern South America (Fig.
Distribution of Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. Beige – Temperate Coniferous Forests and Boreal Forests; Yellow – Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Pink – Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests; Light Green – Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red – Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange – Tropical/Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon – Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green – Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac – Montane Grasslands and Shrublands.
It was found in bloom and fruit throughout the year.
As currently circumscribed, Xiphidium caeruleum is widely distributed, with equally wide EOO (14,922,959 km2) and AOO (ca. 3,056 km2). Thus, following
Xiphidium caeruleum is a widely-distributed species and still a variable taxon even in our present circumscription. Despite our best efforts, we have been unable to correlate any of the observed morphological variability to any of the previously proposed names in Xiphidium. After careful study of protologues, we concluded that X. loeflingii Mutis, X. caeruleum var. albidum (Lam.) Backer, X. floribundum var. albiflorum Hook., X. album Willd., X. albidum Lam.. and X. floribundum Sw. actually represent homotypic synonyms and are unambiguously conspecific with the type of X. caeruleum. Alternatively, Durandia macrophylla Boeckeler, Eccremis scabra Kuntze, X. fockeanum Miq. and X. rubrum D.Don represent heterotypic synonyms. Xiphidium giganteum Lindl. is tentatively kept here as a heterotypic synonym of X. caeruleum until further information on its type specimen is acquired.
All diagnostic characters provided by the original authors in their respective protologues can be easily observed in the typical morph of X. caeruleum. Some peculiar specimens of X. caeruleum are recorded for French Guiana (in which the specimens seem to present peculiarly large, red, crustose, and trigonous fruits), Costa Rica (where some specimens possess flowers with three inconspicuous green nectar guides at the base of the upper tepals) and Mexico (where specimens present inner tepals much longer than the outer tepals and perianth generally with apricot to pinkish hue). Furthermore, it is also known for berries of X. caeruleum to range from yellowish-orange to orange with reddish-orange spots, to completely red. We were unable to find any obvious correlation between the different colours of berries, geographical distribution, and the observed genetic diversity. Nonetheless, due to limited access to such morphs and also due to herbarium specimens in Xiphidium being generally poorly preserved, we consider it premature to recognise or propose any taxonomic status for these morphs. Thus, we propose that studies focusing on population genetics and reproductive biology, associated with a morphometric study and intense field studies, are necessary to properly deal with the issue.
Similar to Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. in habit and inflorescence morphology, differing due to its leaves marginally ciliate at apex, apricot to light orange flower buds, larger and zygomorphic flowers, inner lobes obovate with obtuse to round apex, upper tepals connate in the basal third or halfway through with three orange-yellow to orange nectar guides, dark red to vinaceous mature capsules and dark reddish-brown to reddish-black seeds.
Ecuador. Esmeraldas: Lita, Río Lita and tributaries, 120 km NW of Ibarra, 14 km of Lita, fl., fr., 7 May 1987, D.C. Daly & P. Acevedo-Rodríguez 5142 (US!; isotype: NY!).
Herbs ca. 35–185 cm tall, perennial, rhizomatous with a definite base, terrestrial to paludal in boggy areas. Roots thin, fibrous, brown, sand-binding, emerging from the rhizome. Rhizomes underground, long, trailing, external surface brown to reddish-brown, internal surface reddish-orange to red. Stems ascending to erect, fibrous, unbranched; internodes 4.3–7 cm long, green, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, hairs pilate, white. Leaves distichously-alternate, equitant, evenly distributed along the stems, sessile, the apical ones gradually smaller than the basal ones; sheaths 0.6–2.2 cm long, light green, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, margin ciliate, hairs pilate, white; blades 18.7–47.3 × (0.9–1.6–)2.4–5 cm, fibrous, succulent, unifacial, medium green, drying olive-green to brown, linear-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, slightly ensiform to ensiform, glabrous, base sheathing, margins green, glabrous to ciliate at the apex, apex acuminate; midvein inconspicuous, secondary veins 5–8, slightly impressed to impressed, becoming more prominent when dry. Inflorescences terminal, solitary, consisting of a pedunculate many-branched thyrse; peduncles (1.5–)2.4–7.8 cm, sparsely tomentose to densely tomentose, hairs pilate, white; basal bract 5–5.7 × 0.4–0.5 cm, leaf-like, linear-elliptic, slightly ensiform to ensiform, glabrous or sparsely tomentose at base, hairs pilate, white, base truncate to slightly sheathing, margin ciliate at apex, apex acuminate, secondary veins inconspicuous; cincinnus bract 2.8–4.4 × 1.2–4 mm, broadly triangular to narrowly triangular, green, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, hairs pilate, white, base truncate, margin ciliate, apex acuminate; cincinni (9–)12–41 per thyrse, alternate, 3–18-flowered, peduncle 0.3–1.7 cm long, green, sparsely tomentose to densely tomentose, hairs pilate, white; bracteoles 0.8–1.3 × 0.6–1 mm, broadly triangular to broadly depressed ovate, green, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, hairs pilate, white, base amplexicaulous, non-perfoliate, margin glabrous, apex acute. Flowers 1.9–2.7 cm diam., bisexual, chasmogamous, enantiostylic, campanulate, asymmetric due to the position of the style; floral buds 4.8–6 × 2.2–3 mm, ovoid, apricot to light orange; pedicels (2–)5.1–7.3 mm long, upright and slightly elongate in fruit, green, tomentose to densely tomentose, hairs pilate, white; perianth zygomorphic, lobes free, except for the upper 3 lobes which are connate on the basal third to mid-length, nectar guide orange-yellow to orange on the basal third of the connate lobes, with an apical black mucron, outer lobes 8.5–13.1 × 3.5–4.7 mm, subequal, the upper slightly shorter, narrowly obovate to obovate, external surface apricot to light orange, rarely white, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, hairs pilate, white, internal surface white, glabrous, base cuneate, margins glabrous, apex acute- to obtuse-mucronate, mucron dark brown to black, inner lobes 9.7–13.2 × 4.8–7.3 mm, subequal, the lower slightly narrower and cucullate, obovate to broadly obovate to broadly obtrullate, external surface white to apricot, rarely light orange, glabrous, internal surface white, glabrous, base cuneate, margins glabrous, apex obtuse- to round-mucronate, greenish-yellow to apricot, mucron dark brown to black; stamens 3, lateral stamens with filaments 1.6–1.8 mm long, straight, basally cream to apricot, apically white, glabrous, anthers 1.4–1.7 × 0.6–0.9 mm, dorsifixed, introrsely rimose but functionally poricidal, broadly oblongoid to sagittate, yellow, medial stamen with filament 3.7–4.3 mm long, bent upwards, basally cream to apricot, apically white, glabrous, anthers 2–2.4 × 0.7–1.1 mm, dorsifixed, introrsely rimose but functionally poricidal, broadly oblongoid to sagittate, yellow; ovary 1.8–2.2 × 1.7–2 mm, broadly ellipsoid to globose, 3-loculate, green to red to vinaceous, smooth, densely tomentose between the locules, style 5.6–8.3 mm, bent upwards, basally cream to apricot to light orange, apically white, glabrous, stigma crateriform, white, papillose. Capsules 5.2–7.4 × 5.8–8 mm, subglobose to globose, somewhat fleshy, medium green to dark red when immature, dark red to vinaceous when mature, glabrous, indehiscent. Seeds 0.78–0.84 × 0.65–0.67 mm, cuboid to polygonal, each face sunken, testa dark reddish-brown to reddish-black, tuberculate; embryotega dorsal, relatively inconspicuous, without a prominent apicule; hilum punctate.
Xiphidium pontederiiflorum M. Pell. et al. A–C habit: A vegetative habit B flowering habit with a young inflorescence C viviparous inflorescence with three axillary propagules D inflorescence with open flowers and apricot floral buds E floral buds and flowers at pre-anthesis F, G flower: F white flower with green ovary G pale apricot flower with vinaceous ovary H detail of the androecium and gynoecium, showing the ovary pubescence along the septal ridges I inflorescence with open flowers and mature berries J mature berry. C, E, J by A.R. Jonker, remaining photos by A. Kay.
(paratypes). Colombia. Antioquia: Frontino, km 23 of road Nutibara/La Blanquita, region of Murrí, fl., fr., 4 Nov 1988, J.L. Zarucchi et al. 7140 (MO, US). Guarira: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, entre Riohacha y Pueblo Viejo, fr., 7 Feb 1959, H.G. Barclay & P. Juajibioy 6838 (US). Putamayo: road from Sibundoy to Mocoa, fl., fr., 15 Mar 1953, R.E. Schultes & I. Cabrera 18823 (GH, U, US); Intendencia of Putamayo, steep roadside slopes along road from Mocoa towards Sibundoy, fl., fr., 27 Jan 1976, J.L. Luteyn et al. 5062 (F, NY, US). Valle del Cauca: km 100, on Cali/Buena-Ventura highway, fl., fr., 5 Dec 1946, O. Haught 5324 (US). Vaupés: Puerto Hevea, confluence of Macaya and Ajaju rivers, fl., Jul 1943, R.E. Schultes 5654 (GH, US). Ecuador. El Oro: 11 km West of Pinas, on the new road to Santa Rosa, fl., fr., 8 Oct 1979, C.H. Dodson et al. 9012 (SEL, US); Pichincha: virgin forest along Río Toachi near Santo Domingo, fr., 3 Aug 1962, C. Jativa & C. Epling 322 (US). Panama. Colón: Canal Zone, Las Cascadas Plantation, near Summit, fr., 2 Dec 1923, P.C. Standley 25671 (US); hills north of Frijoles Station, fr., 19 Dec 1923, P.C. Standley 27414 (US); Gamboa, fr., 26 Dec 1923, P.C. Standley 28397 (US); near Fort Randolph, fr., 28 Dec 1923, P.C. Standley 28734 (US). Darien: Cerro Pirre, fr., 9–10 Aug 1967, J.A. Duke & T.S. Elias 13747 (GH, US); Río Chico, from Yaviza at junction with Río Chucunaque to ca. 1 hour by outboard from junction, fr., 19 Dec 1966, D. Burch et al. 1096 (GH, K, NY, UC, US). Panamá: Río La Maestra, fr., 4 Dec 1936, P.H. Allen 67 (MO, US). Panamá Oeste: Capira, about 50 km southwest of Panama City, fl., fr., Sep 1932, B. Paul 141 (US).
The epithet refers to the similarity between our new species’ floral morphology and some species of Pontederia s.lat. (
Xiphidium pontederiiflorum is known to occur in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama (Fig.
Distribution of Xiphidium pontederiiflorum M.Pell. et al. Light Green – Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red – Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange – Tropical/Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon – Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green – Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac – Montane Grasslands and Shrublands.
Blooms and fruits from March to August.
Xiphidium pontederiiflorum possesses a relatively narrow EOO (849,856 km2) and AOO (ca. 132 km2). Thus, following
Xiphidium pontederiiflorum is morphologically similar to X. caeruleum in overall habit and inflorescence morphology. However, X. pontederiiflorum can be differentiated by its leaves marginally ciliate at apex (vs. glabrous in X. caeruleum), apricot to light orange flower buds (vs. white to cream, rarely apricot in Mexican populations), larger and zygomorphic flowers (vs. smaller and actinomorphic flowers), inner lobes obovate with obtuse to round apex (vs. elliptic with acute apex), upper tepals connate in the basal third or halfway through with three orange-yellow to orange nectar guides (vs. only basally connate and lacking nectar guides, rarely with green nectar guides in some Costa Rican populations), capsules dark red to vinaceous when mature (vs. orange to medium red) and dark reddish-brown to reddish-black seeds (vs. black). Added to that, X. pontederiiflorum is generally a more robust plant, growing erect up to 2 m tall, while X. caeruleum reaches up to 1 m tall, and its stems tend to lean due to the plant’s weight, especially when in bloom or fruit.
Xiphidium pontederiiflorum was first collected in 1923 in Panama by the pioneering Neotropical botanist P.C. Standley (1884–1963) from the United States (
The Neotropical species of Haemodoraceae represent morphological outliers in the family that have remained poorly studied for far too long, despite previous comprehensive studies dealing with macro- and micromorphology and the systematics of the Haemodoraceae (
All Neotropical Haemodoraceae are placed in subfamily Haemodoroideae and, except for Lachnanthes, are also placed in a well-supported clade by both molecular (
Finally, the present study takes the first vital step towards standardising the morphological terminology used in Haemodoraceae. As part of the first authors’ systematics studies in Commelinales (
The authors would like to thank Reinaldo Aguilar, Guilherme Antar, John Bradford, Charles Brewer-Carias, Cristian Castro, Russell Cumming, Gerrit Davidse, Vinícius A. O. Dittrich, Jim Fowler, Hervé Galliffet, Anneke R. Jonker, Andreas Kay (in memoriam), Ulrich Lorimer, Suzana E. Martins, Bruce Means, Herison Medeiros, Bob Peterson, Sébastien Sant, Anna Weitzman, Pedro L. Viana, Alexey Yakovlev and Scott Zona for the field images of Neotropical Haemodoraceae; Mathias E. Engels for all his support with field collections, spirits samples and photographs of Haemodoraceae from Central-Western Brazil; Angela Leiva Sanchez, Rosa Rankin and Cristina Panfet of Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba and Johannes Bisse Herbario and Katiuska Izquierdo Medero, Pedro & Felicita Morejori, Lazaro Hernandez and Armando Pimentel Chirinos for assistance in Cuba; Mike Hopkins at Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (