Research Article |
Corresponding author: Paweł Wąsowicz ( pawel@ni.is ) Academic editor: Peter de Lange
© 2020 Małgorzata Wierzbicka, Maria Pielichowska, Olga Bemowska-Kałabun, Adam Rostański, Paweł Wąsowicz.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wierzbicka M, Pielichowska M, Bemowska-Kałabun O, Rostański A, Wąsowicz P (2020) A new taxon within Biscutella laevigata L. (Brassicaceae) endemic to calamine areas in southern Poland. PhytoKeys 160: 123-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.160.53937
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A new taxon Biscutella laevigata subsp. woycickii (Brassicaceae) is described from southern Poland. The taxon is similar to B. laevigata subsp. gracilis, but differs in having thin, light-green rosette leaves very densely covered by simple non-glandular trichomes, smaller seeds and the ability to tolerate and accumulate high amounts of heavy metals. This new taxon is supported by results of cultivation experiments, as well as genetic and paleobotanical evidence.
Biscutella, Biscutella laevigata subsp. woycickii, Brassicaceae, new subspecies, southern Poland, taxonomy
Heavy-metal-rich calamine soils have been attracting human attention for several thousand years. Initially, the total area occupied by these environments was limited to small, isolated outcrops of ore-bearing rocks. Usually these areas were easy to spot due to unique vegetation covering soils that naturally developed on a metal-rich rocky substrate. Mining activities carried out in Europe since the Bronze Age (ca. 3 kyr BP) (
Heavy-metal-polluted calamine soils and natural processes that resulted in the development of metal-tolerant vegetation covering such places have been at the focus of attention for many scholars since the beginning of the 20th century (
In the vicinity of Olkusz (southern Poland), there is an old mining area with lead and zinc mining activities dating back to the 12th century (
In this paper, we argue that a new taxon endemic to calamine areas close to Olkusz in southern Poland deserves formal recognition at a subspecies level within Biscutella laevigata L.
The study is based on field surveys, laboratory studies including experiments under controlled growing conditions, as well as on genetic analyses. Results of these studies have already been published in several papers dealing with ecology and physiology of B. laevigata from calamine areas. Detailed descriptions of experiments carried out by us can be found especially in papers by
Poland. Olkusz, 1922, R. Kobendza, s.n. (holotype, WA0000071422 !).
Biscutella laevigata subsp. woycickii is similar to subsp. gracilis, but differs from the latter in having thin, light-green rosette leaves very densely covered by simple non-glandular trichomes. Plants belonging to subsp. woycickii have smaller seeds and are characterised by the ability to tolerate and accumulate high quantities of heavy metals.
This subspecies is dedicated to a renowned Polish botanist Zygmunt Wóycicki (1871–1941), a pioneer of biological research on calamine areas.
Calamine areas in the vicinity of Olkusz, Powiat Olkuski (Olkusz County), Województwo Małopolskie (Lesser Poland Voivodeship/Province), southern Poland.
Flowering in April–May, fruiting in July–August.
A study carried out by
Currently, the taxon is known only from calamine areas in the vicinity of Olkusz, where it is quite abundant on calamine soils. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the taxon is 7 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 14 km2. A steady decline in population size has been observed during the last 20 years. It seems that the new taxon could be classified as Vulnerable according to the IUCN criteria (Standards IUCN 2019), but more research is needed to estimate the number of mature individuals and population dynamics.
The morphological and geographic distinctiveness of B. levigata populations from the Olkusz Ore Bearing Region have been recognised by botanists already in the 19th century (
The paleobotanical study carried out in the near vicinity clearly suggests that calamine populations in the area of Olkusz could have originated before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from local, interglacial populations. The presence of the species in the region has been determined by
A recently published study, carried out on local populations in southern Poland and focused on population genetic structure using nine nuclear micro-satellite loci (
All these findings have led us to propose a hypothesis that the calamine population of B. laevigata from Olkusz Ore Bearing Region is a descendant of an ancient relict population that, through development of a series of adaptations to heavy metal stress, colonised natural calamine areas in the vicinity of Olkusz and, subsequently (when natural calamine sites were destroyed due to mining activities), also secondary sites (