Research Article |
Corresponding author: Salvatore Tomasello ( salvatore.tomasello@uni-goettingen.de ) Academic editor: Alexander Sukhorukov
© 2020 Salvatore Tomasello, Kamil Konowalik.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Tomasello S, Konowalik K (2020) On the Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood growing in the Illyrian region. PhytoKeys 161: 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.161.53384
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Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) is a small, caespitose plant growing in high alpine environments in all the main southern European mountain ranges. However, the species status in the Balkan Peninsula (and especially in the Dinaric Alps) is not very well known. Surrounding this area, different L. alpina subspecies are found in the Eastern Alps and in the Carpathians. These subspecies differ from one another, both morphologically and in chromosome number. The present study aims to better characterise the populations of L. alpina in the Illyrian and Balkan regions by undertaking a comprehensive survey of herbarium collections for the species in this area, by applying flow cytometry for ploidy determination and by sequencing of two chloroplast markers. Results from our investigation suggest that the only population of the species in the Dinaric Alps is found in the Vranica Mts (Bosnia and Herzegovina). This population consists of diploid plants (unlike tetraploid populations from the Eastern Alps) that are slightly distinct genetically from those of the subspecies growing in the Eastern Alps and the Tatra Mts. Both the ploidy and their genetic distinction indicate that Vranica Mts most probably served as a refugium for the species during the Pleistocene glaciations. Considering its isolated geographical range and its genetic distinction, the population of L. alpina growing in the Vranica Mts should be considered as a separate subspecies.
alpine plants, Compositae, endemism, flora of Bosnia and Hercegovina, glacial refugia, Vranica Mts
Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) is a small, caespitose, scapose perennial herb that grows in high alpine environments at elevations of (1800–) 2000–3600 m (
With the present study, we aim at a better characterisation of L. alpina in the Illyrian region, by undertaking a comprehensive survey of the herbarium collections made in this area. We applied flow cytometry to freshly-collected material to estimate ploidy level and sequenced two chloroplast intergenic spacers for a more precise genetic characterisation of the Illyrian populations in comparison with other infraspecific taxa of the species.
We consulted the most important herbaria housing conspicuous specimens from the Balkan region (B, W, WU, M, GZU, BRNU, BEOU and SARA). We checked all specimens of L. alpina coming from the region, revised them in case of misidentification and databased label information for georeferencing of collection localities. We also used the JACQ virtual herbaria (https://herbarium.univie.ac.at/database/) and GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/) to search for additional herbarium vouchers and distribution data for the species in the region. An additional population was sampled in Nadkrstac Mt (Vranica Mts, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Fig.
A Map showing two locations of Leucanthemopsis alpina subsp. vranicae found in 2018. The map encompasses the central ridge of the Vranica Mts with main peaks and distinguishable topographic features. The contours are spaced at 10 m with every 100 m bolder. The elevation data comes from the ALOS DEM dataset (
Ploidy was determined by flow cytometry for the five silica-gel-dried samples collected in the Vranica Mts. Petunia × hybrida E. Vilm. ‘P × Pc6’ (2C = 2.85 pg;
Genomic DNA was extracted from ~1.5 cm2 leaf material of silica-dried samples using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The plastid intergenic spacer regions psbA-trnH and trnC-petN were used for building a haplotype network, based on the five accessions from the Vranica Mts and 16 additional populations (three samples per population) from different subspecies and areas of the species distribution range. Sequences for the latter samples have already been used in
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the primers psbAf and trnHr (
A complete list of the Leucanthemopsis alpina vouchers found in the examined herbaria is given in Table
A complete list of the Leucanthemopsis alpina vouchers from the Illyrian region found in the examined herbaria, in the GBIF and in JACQ Virtual Herbaria. Information is provided on herbaria, specimen herbarium-codes, collection locality, collector (when given/readable), date of collection, country and, as necessary, correct identification. Country codes are following the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code. Accordingly, BA is for Bosnia-Herzegovina; ME is for Montenegro; RS is for Serbia.
Herbarium | Code | Locality | Collector | Date | Country | Correct identific. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WU | WU 0043817 | Vranica | Brandis, E. s.n. | 26.07.1888 | BA | |
SARA | SARA 42315 | Maglić | Hamelka s.n. | July 1890 | BA | Anthemis cretica |
SARA | SARA 42314 | Maglić | July 1889 | BA | Anthemis cretica | |
SARA | SARA 42312 | Vranica | Brandis, E. s.n. | 26.07.1888 | BA | |
SARA | SARA 42311 | Krstac (Vranica) | August 1919 | BA | ||
SARA | SARA 43310 | Krstac (Vranica) | Reiser, O. s.n. | 13.08.1901 | BA | |
GZU | Vranica | Brandis, E. s.n. | 09.07.1901 | BA | ||
GZU | GZU 285293 | Durmitor Mts | Lanz Josefine & Rauch Cornelia s.n. | 17.06.2011 | ME | ? |
BRNU | BRNU 653502 | Midjor Mt. | Grulich et socii | 09.06.2015 | RS | Anthemis cretica |
Almost all specimens from the Vranica Mts were collected by Erich Brandis. Erich Maria Heinrich Joseph Franz von Sales “Graf zu Brandis” was a Jesuit priest, who served as a professor for almost 40 years in the Archdiocesan Seminary and Secondary School in Travnik (
Results from flow-cytometric measurements are reported in Table
Results from the flow-cytometric measurements, including fluorescence peak for the internal standard Petunia hybrida, their coefficient of variation (CV), peaks from L. alpina samples from the Vranica Mts (LPS212) and their CV, sample/standard rations and inferred ploidy. †Average value of sample/standard ratios for diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids of L. alpina along the whole species distribution range (
Sample | P. hybrida peak | CV | L. alpina peak | CV | Ratio | Ploidy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. alpina 2x † | 3.34 | 2× | ||||
L. alpina 4x † | 5.93 | 4× | ||||
L. alpina 6x † | 7.86 | 6× | ||||
LPS212-1 | 5.42 | 3.95 | 20.12 | 5.22 | 3.71 | 2× |
LPS212-2 | 5.45 | 4.97 | 20.64 | 3.61 | 3.79 | 2× |
LPS212-3 | 5.42 | 4.08 | 20.74 | 4.38 | 3.83 | 2× |
LPS212-4 | 5.43 | 4.83 | 19.83 | 6.02 | 3.65 | 2× |
LPS212-5 | 4.41 | 6.04 | 15.27 | 7.3 | 3.46 | 2× |
The haplotype network is shown in Figure
TCS haplotype network obtained from sequencing the plastid intergenic spacer regions psbA-trnH and trnC-petN for 52 individuals of L. alpina from 17 different populations. Circle dimensions are proportional to the haplotype occurrence. Small, white circles represent non-detected intermediate haplotypes. Colours refer to different subspecies and or geographic areas (for populations from the Vranica Mts and the Southern Carpathians). Circle with thick outlines refer to the haplotype registered in the L. alpina samples from the Vranica Mts.
In conclusion, Leucanthemopsis alpina is represented in the Dinaric Alps by a single population in the Vranica range. This population is composed of diploid individuals that are genetically differentiated from the closest populations of the species in the Eastern Alps (L. alpina subsp. cuneifolia) and in the Tatra Mts (L. alpina subsp. tatrae). As this population is diploid and has a distinctive haplotype, it is most probable that the Vranica Mts represented a refugial area for the species during the Pleistocene glaciations and, at the present time, the mountains might serve as a warm-stage microrefugium (
The above conclusion is congruent with previous research indicating that other refugial populations of Alpine and Carpathian taxa are found within this mountain range (e.g. Leucanthemum rotundifolium (Willd.) DC., Hieracium nigrescens Willd. (Asteraceae) and Carex curvula All. (Cyperaceae);
From a morphological point of view and according to the herbarium vouchers observed (see especially leaves incision and leaflet length/rachis width; Figure
Perennial plant, subscapose hemicryptophyte ~ 8–10 cm. Basal leaves pinnatilobate 20–30 mm long and 4–9 mm wide, spatulate with ovate lamina, moderately pilose abaxially, leaflets 5 (–7), 1.5 times longer than width of leaf rachis. Cauline bracts 3 or 4, linear, 3–5 mm long. Inflorescences scapiform, capitula solitary. Involucral bracts green with black margins, pilose over midrib, margin ciliate. Corolla of ray florets white throughout anthesis. Diploid.
Leucanthemopsis alpina subsp. vranicae differs from subsp. cuneifolia in possessing abaxially pilose leaves (Fig.
Krstac Mt and between Devetaci Mt and Nadkrstac Mt. (Vranica Mts). Bosnia and Herzegovina. Grows solitary or forms clumps on siliceous substrates (gravel and stones) in xerophytic alpine meadows above Pinus mugo shrubs. 2000–2100 m a.s.l.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Central Bosnia Canton, between municipalities of Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje and Fojnica, close to the village Prokos at the Prokoško jezero lake, Vranica Planina Mountains, Krstac Mt; 43.954833N, 17.736917E; alt. 2036 m; 7 Aug 2018; K. Konowalik 20180807-02; (holotype: WRSL [WR GN 064834]; paratypes: WU [WU0043817], SARA [SARA43310, SARA43311, SARA43312]).
Leucanthemopsis alpina subsp. vranicae is a point endemic with a very small range (less than 2.5 km2) which meets the IUCN Red List criteria for critically endangered species (CR B2a, IUCN Standards and Petition Committe 2019). Though its population size is not known, it is expected to be low (i.e. during the survey in 2018, only ca. 25 flowering plants were seen in both accessible stands). Therefore, it would also meet criterion D (very small and restricted population, IUCN Standards and Petition Committe 2019). As the subspecies is confined to an alpine habitat, which is heavily restricted in the Vranica Mts, it may face extinction in case of any stochastic event or effects of anthropogenic climate warming. Though, a long time span of collections (130 years) and certain features of those mountains (e.g. microhabitats, inaccessible slopes) may indicate that it will manage to persist there.
1 | Dwarf, caespitose and subscapose perennial; leaves palmatifid, villose-tomentose, ca. 10 mm long; leaf segments not spaced; scape short, with 0 (or 1) linear cauline bract; corolla of ray florets reddish during anthesis | subsp. tomentosa (Loisel.) Heywood |
– | Plants without a dwarf habit; leaves pinnatisect or pinnatilobate; scape usually with 1 or more cauline bracts | 2 |
2 | Leaves pinnatisect, segments > 2× as long as width of leaf rachis | 3 |
– | Leaves pinnatilobate, segments as long or < 2× as long as width of leaf | 6 |
3 | Plants sericeous-tomentose; corolla of ray florets becoming reddish during anthesis | subsp. pseudotomentosa (Fiori) Tomasello & Oberpr. |
– | Plants glabrous or moderately pilose, never sericeous-tomentose; corolla of ray florets white or reddish | 4 |
4 | Leaflets narrow, 3.0–4.5× longer than wide, 2.5–4.0× longer than width of leaf rachis; corolla of ray florets sometimes becoming reddish after anthesis | subsp. pyrenaica (Vierh.) Tomasello & Oberpr. |
– | Leaflets broader, up to 2.5× longer than width of leaf rachis; corolla of ray florets always remaining white | 5 |
5 | Plants generally minute (5–10 cm), moderately pilose; leaves 15–20(-25) mm long with 5 to 7 segments; scape with 2 to 4 cauline bracts | subsp. minima (Vill.) Holub |
– | Plants larger (8–15 cm), glabrous; leaves 20–30 mm long, usually with 7 to 9 segments; scape with 1 to 3 cauline bracts | subsp. alpina (L.) Heywood |
6 | Leaves pubescent on both surfaces; leaflets 1.0–1.5× longer than width of leaf rachis | subsp. tatrae (Vierh.) Holub |
– | Leaves glabrous or pilose abaxially; leaflets 1.5–2.0× longer than width of leaf rachis | 7 |
7 | Leaves mostly glabrous; leaflets 1.5–2.0× longer than rachis width; green midribs of involucral bracts glabrous | subsp. cuneifolia (Murr) Tomasello & Oberpr. |
– | Leaves moderately pilose abaxially; leaflets 1.5× longer than width of leaf rachis; green midribs of involucral bracts pilose | subsp. vranicae Tomasello & Konowalik |
Excursion to the Vranica Mts was supported by grant 2016/23/D/NZ8/00935 of the National Science Centre in Poland (KK). We thank the curators of the following herbaria for providing support and pictures of herbarium vouchers: W, WU, GZU, BRNU, SARA, BEOU and WRSL. The support of Dr Marc Appelhans for sequencing at the University of Göttingen is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Dr Mark Spencer and two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped improving this manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Open Access Publication Funds of the University of Göttingen.
Table S1. Table including information on the populations used for inferring the haplotype network (Fig.
Data type: species data
Explanation note: Information is given on the population code (used in the lab) collection place, collection number, mountain area, country, geographical coordinates, ploidy and subspecific membership. GenBank accessions codes are provided for the two marker regions employed and for all the samples used for the network reconstruction.