Research Article |
Corresponding author: Beata Paszko ( b.paszko@botany.pl ) Academic editor: Marcin Nobis
© 2020 Bing Liu, Beata Paszko.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Liu B, Paszko B (2020) Calamagrostis hongii (Poaceae, Agrostidinae), a new species from southwestern China. PhytoKeys 166: 41-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.166.53010
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Calamagrostis hongii, a new species of Calamagrostis (Poaceae) from southwestern China (S Chongqing, W Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan), is here described and illustrated. It is similar to C. arundinacea and C. effusiflora in spikelet traits, but can be distinguished by its moderately or densely scabrous upper leaf surface with ribs covered by short, stiff, prickle hairs, and glabrous leaf sheaths, blades and collars. Nomenclature Deyeuxia zhongdianensis lacks Latin description or diagnosis and is an unavailable nomen nudum (naked name).
Asia, Deyeuxia, distribution, endemism, Flora of China, Sino-Himalayan region, taxonomy
Six species of Calamagrostis Adans. and thirty four species of Deyeuxia Beauv. were reported in the published taxonomic treatments for the “Flora of China” (
At present, a taxonomic revision of Calamagrostis (including Asian species of Deyeuxia) for China is being prepared by the second author (
In addition, several major range extensions to China and beyond turn up. Two new records for China (C. filiformis Hooker f., C. garhwalensis Hubbard & Bor) have been reported (
Calamagrostis has its highest species diversity in SW China, particularly in Sichuan, SE Xizang and Yunnan, where the species number of Calamagrostis has increased recently. Several species have much wider distribution in China than previously thought. To date, 14 new provincial records have been reported from this region including seven from Yunnan (C. debilis Hook. f., C. extremiorientalis (Tzvelev) Prob., C. filiformis Griseb., C. gaoligongensis (Paszko) Paszko, C. himalaica (Liou ex W.L.Chen emend. Paszko) Paszko, C. nyingchiensis (Kuo & Lu) Paszko, C. yanyuanensis Yang), four from Xizang (C. abnormis (Hook. f.) Shukla, C. gaoligongensis (Paszko) Paszko, C. sichuanensis Yang, C. sorengii (Paszko & W.L.Chen) Paszko) and three from Sichuan (C. abnormis, C. garhwalensis C.E.Hubb. & Bor, C. extremiorientalis (Tzvelev) Prob.) (
In the course of the review of specimens of Deyeuxia in three Chinese Herbaria (CDBI, KUN, PE), numerous specimens formerly undetermined or identified as Deyeuxia pyramidalis (Host) Veldk. caught the second author’s attention. Most of these specimens were collected in Yunnan, Sichuan and SE Xizang, with a few in adjacent Chinese provinces. For comparison, Calamagrostis effusiflora and Eurasian C. arundinacea (L.) Roth (in the “Flora of China” as Deyeuxia pyramidalis (Host) Veldk.) that show similarity in habit and spikelet traits, were also examined. We concluded that these plants represent an undescribed species new to science and we describe it here as Calamagrostis hongii Paszko & Bing Liu.
We employed standard techniques for morphological studies of herbarium specimens from the CDBI, KUN, PE, US and W (acronyms follow
Deyeuxia zhongdianensis
L. Liou (
Calamagrostis hongii is similar in habit and spikelet morphology to C. arundinacea and C. effusiflora, but differs in color and hairiness of the upper (adaxial) leaf blade surface. The upper leaf surface of Calamagrostis hongii is characterized by the grey color (vs. green or grey-green in C. arundinacea and C. effusiflora), the presence of moderately impressed veins forming ribs (vs. leaf surface flat or veins only slightly impressed in C. arundinacea or veins moderately or distinctly impressed, forming ribs in C. effusiflora), the presence of numerous prickle hairs covering the ribs (vs. lack of prickle hairs on veins or ribs of C. arundinacea and C. effusiflora) and the absence of hairs (vs.moderately or densely hairy in C. effusiflora and slightly or not hairy in C. arundinacea). Calamagrostis hongii is characterized by glabrous leaf sheaths, blades and collars.
China • Yunnan: Shilin Co., Guishan, Haiyi village to Yumeidu village; alt. 2095 m; 24.647N, 103.542E; 18 August 2006; Y.M. Shui et al. 64471 (Holotype PE! [herb. no. 2308966], Isotypes PE! [herb. no. 2058824, 2070270].
Perennial grass , cespitose, without rhizomes. Culms 55–140 cm tall, erect, unbranched above, 3–4.5 mm in diameter near the base, nodes 3–5, glabrous below the panicle. Leaf sheaths glabrous; collar glabrous; ligules 1.9–10 mm long, acute; blades 5–55 cm long, 4.3–9.5 mm wide, flat, slightly ribbed with glabrous furrows and scabrous ribs, upper (adaxial) surface scabrous owing to the presence of short stiff prickles on ribs, gray or gray–green, lower surface slightly scabrous, green, scabrous along margins. Panicles 13–25 cm long, erect, open, or loosely contracted at maturity; proximal internode 0.6–3.7(–4.5) cm long; rachis with 3–7 branches per node; branches 4–10 cm, slightly scabrous, spikelet-bearing only beyond mid-length. Spikelets 3.8–6.6 mm long, 1-flowered, with one fertile floret with rachilla extension, laterally compressed, disarticulation above the glumes; glumes subequal or equal, glabrous, very weakly scabrid on keel, apex acuminate; lower glumes 3.8–6.6 mm long and 0.9–1.4 mm wide, 1-veined; upper glumes 3.5–5.9 mm long and 1.1–1.6 mm wide, 3-veined, 0.8–1.1 times as long as the lower glume; callus hairs 1.0–2.9 mm long, 0.3–0.6 times as long as the lemmas; lemmas 3.5–4.8 mm long, 5-veined, 0.7–1.0 times as long as the lower glumes, apex 4-toothed; lemmatal awn 5.3–7.8 mm long, arising from near base (0.06–0.15 way up the back) of the lemmas, exserted, slender and easily distinguished from the callus hairs, geniculate, with twisted column; paleas 2.8–4.5 mm long, subequal or equal to the lemma, 0.8–1.0 times as long as the lemmas; rachilla extensions 1.0–2.8 mm long, densely bearded with hairs 2.4–4.2 mm; stamens 3, anthers 1.3–2.6 mm long. Fl. Jul–Aug. Fr. Aug–Sep.
Although Calamagrostis and Deyeuxia were revised for China only fourteen years ago in the “Flora of China” (
Diagnostic morphological characters of Calamagrostis hongii, C. arundinacea, and C. effusiflora.
character | C. hongii | C. arundinacea | C. effusiflora |
Panicle length (cm) | 12–25 | 12–28 | 13–43 |
Rachilla length (mm) | 1.0–2.75 | 0.75–1.75 | 0.25–2.0 |
Rachilla length with hairs (mm) | 2.4–4.4 | 1.55–4.25 | 1.5–4.0 |
Anther length (mm) | 1.35–2.6 | 2.15–3.3 | 1.2–2.75 |
Leaf ligule length (mm) at the 2nd leaf from the top | 1.9–10.3 | 0.9–5.5 | 0.8–18.0 |
Ratio: palea to lemma length | 0.8–1.0 | 0.7–1.1 | 0.8–1.0 |
Colour of upper (adaxial) leaf blade surface | grey | green | grey-green, rarely green |
Leaf veins on the upper (adaxial) leaf blade surface (in the middle of a leaf) | moderately impressed, forming ribs | only slightly impressed, leaf surface flat or almost flat | slightly to distinctly impressed, forming ribs |
Upper (adaxial) leaf blade surface | moderately to densely scabrous, glabrous | smooth or covered with scattered macro hairs | slightly to densely hairy, macro hairs absent or present |
Lower (abaxial) leaf blade surface | slightly scabrous | slightly scabrous | slightly scabrous |
Presence of prickle hairs on leaf edges | present | present | present |
Leaf collar (the junction of the leaf sheath and blade) | always glabrous | usually hairy, very rarely glabrous | usually glabrous, rarely hairy, the collar may also be found with a hairy margin |
Altitude (m) | 1800–3350 | 0–2300 | 600–2900(?) |
Leaf (2nd leaf from the top) characteristics of Calamagrostis hongii Paszko & Bing Liu A glabrous leaf collar B leaf ligule C upper (adaxial) leaf surface D lower (abaxial) leaf surface. A–D China, Yunnan: Shilin Co., Y.M. Shui et al. 64471 (PE, herb. no. 2308966). Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.5 mm (C, D). Photographs by B. Paszko.
The designation Deyeuxia zhongdianensis L. Liou (
Leaf (2nd leaf from the top) characteristics of Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth. A hairy leaf collar B leaf ligule C upper (adaxial) surface D lower (abaxial) surface. A–D Slovakia, V. Mikoláš 8501 (W) E, F France, G. Gautier 63 (W). Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.5 mm (C, D). Photographs by B. Paszko.
洪氏野青茅(Chinese), Hong’s Bent-grass (English).
The specific epithet honors Professor De-Yuan Hong, the Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China) for his outstanding achievements in systematics, morphology, cytology, ecology and molecular evolution. The second author thanks Professor De-Yuan Hong for his continuous support during her multiple research visits to the Chinese herbaria as part of an exchange program between the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in order to study the herbarium collections of Calamagrostis and Deyeuxia for the “Flora of Pan-Himalaya”.
Leaf (2nd leaf from the top) characteristics of Calamagrostis effusiflora (Rendle) J.L.Yang A leaf collar B leaf ligule C upper (adaxial) surface D lower (abaxial) surface. A–D China, Sichuan, Wenchuan Co., Wolong Nature Reserve, 1500 m, 1 September 1982, K.Y. Lang et al. 1424 (PE01727049). Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.5 mm (C, D). Photographs by B. Paszko.
China (S Chongqing, W Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan).
Calamagrostis hongii is endemic to south-western China. It is centered on the northern part of Yunnan and southern part of Sichuan and adjacent regions in south-western and central China, such as southern Chongqing, western Guizhou, central Sichuan and south-eastern Xizang. Its distribution covers the Southern Hengduan Mts and western and northern part of Yungui Plateau. A dot map provided here (Fig.
Calamagrostis hongii flowers from July to August and is in fruit from August to November.
China – Chongqing • Nanchuan Distr.; [29.168N, 107.105E]; 31 Oct. 1960; Nanshuibeidiao Exped. Team 4852 leg.; KUN (KUN0079536). – Guizhou • [Panzhou City (Panxian Co., Pan Co.)]; Mt. Bada; mountain top, bushy and sunny place; alt. 2620 m; [25.975N, 104.839E]; 22 Aug. 1959; Anshun Exped. Team 1119 leg.; KUN (KUN0081068), PE. – Sichuan • Dechang Co.; [27.405N, 102.173E]; 1 Sept. 1959; S.F. Zhu 20177 leg.; PE (PE01726895); • Kangding City, Guzan; alt. 2200 m; [30.12N, 102.177E]; 6 Aug. 1961; Nanshuibeidiao Exped. Team 9903 leg.; PE (PE01726896) • Kangding City, [Xinduqiao Township], (Thibet Orient.) Tongolo [东俄洛, Dong’eluo] (Principauté de Kiala); [30.079N, 101.48E]; Jun.–Jul. 1892; R.P. Soulié s.n. leg.; P (P02650457, P02650453), PE (PE00449806) • Meigu Co.; mixed forest; alt. 2220 m; [28.325N, 103.127E]; 3 Aug. 1959; Z.T. Guan 7448 leg.; PE (PE00449784) • Muli Co., Zhongmi; alt. 2700 m; [27.925N, 101.263E]; 18 Jul. 1978; K.H. Mou, Y.B. Yang 7390 leg.; CDBI (CDBI0154069) • Muli Co., alt. 2800–3350 m, [27.934N, 101.28E], 15 Sept. 1959, S.K. Wu 3261 leg.; KUN (KUN0081354), PE (PE00449779) • Puge Co., Tuomugou; forest, slope; alt. 1800 m; [27.381N, 102.54E]; 28 Aug. 1959; s.c. 5589 leg.; KUN (KUN0079385), PE (PE00449783) • Puge Co., Li’an; sunny slope; [27.312N, 102.508E]; 18 Aug. 1959; s.c. 5427 leg.; KUN (KUN0079386), PE (PE01726900) • Puge Co., Qiaowo Farm; alt. 1600 m; [27.489N, 102.483E]; 7 Aug. 1976; s.c. 14197 leg.; CDBI (CDBI0154083); PE (PE01727010) • Yuexi Co., Bao’an; alt. 2000 m; [28.79N, 102.561E]; 12 Jul. 1959; s.c. 3863 leg.; CDBI (CDBI0154071), PE (PE01726894) • unknown locality; alt. 2700 m; 30 Oct. 1965; Xizang Exped. Team s.n. leg.; PE (PE01727001). – Xizang: • Zayü Co. [formerly known as Tsarung], Tsawarung, Nar-jou; Pinus yunnanensis forest; alt. 3300 m; [28.675N, 97.476E]; Sept. 1935; C.W. Wang 66441 leg.; KUN (KUN0081350) • Zayü Co., Xiachayu; alt. 2400–2600 m; [28.499N, 97.02E]; 30 Aug. 1983; B.S. Li et al. 7165 leg.; PE (PE01726905) • Zayü Co., Zhuwagen; alt. 2500 m; [28.64N, 97.425E]; 8 Aug. 1973; s.c. 652 leg.; PE • Zayü Co., Shangchayu; alt. 2000 m; [28.718N, 96.777E]; 20 Aug. 1979; T.P. Yi 79153 leg.; KUN • Zayü Co., Shangchayu; alt. 2200 m; [28.718N, 96.777E]; 24 Jul. 1980; Z.C. Ni et al. 0724 leg.; PE (PE00449813, PE00449814) • Zayü Co.; Hougou; alt. 2300–2600 m; 26 Aug. 1983; B.S. Li et al. 6827 leg.; PE (PE01727016)). – Yunnan: • Anning City, Mt. Bijia, bushes, limestone, alt. 2200 m, [24.993N, 102.459E]; 2 Sept. 1977; B.Y. Qiu 77844 leg.; CDBI (CDBI0154080), KUN (KUN0097423) • Anning City, Wenquan Town; pine forest; alt. 1880 m; [24.962N, 102.45E]; 14 Aug. 2006; E.D. Liu 1807 leg.; KUN (KUN0397297) • Anning City, Anfengying; [24.966N, 102.289E]; 22 Jul. 2007; Y.C. Liu, J. Xu 119 leg.; KUN (KUN1221260) • Dali City, Ta-li Hsien; pine forest; alt. 2400 m; [25.589N, 100.226E]; 28 Jul. 1933; H.T. Tsai 53898 leg.; KUN (KUN0081049), PE(PE00449810) • Dali City, Mt. Cangshan; grassland; [25.589N, 100.226E]; 3 Aug. 1963; Zhongdian Exped. Team 63-3845 leg.; KUN (KUN0081048) • Dali City, Mt. Cangshan; alt. 3000 m; [25.589N, 100.226E]; 1 Oct. 2002; H.Y. Ma 153 leg.; KUN (KUN0081035) • Dali City, Mt. Cangshan; [25.467N, 100.56E]; 20 Jul. 1906; F. Ducloux 4223 leg.; PE • Dali City, Mt. Cangshan, Zhonghe Temple; [25.68N, 100.132E]; 30 Nov. 1948; T.N. Liou 17405 leg.; PE (PE00449804) • Dali City; without precise locality; Sept. 1941; H.C. Wang 1386 leg.; PE (PE00449803) • Dongchuan Distr., Kunming, Fazhecun, Damufang; [26.023N, 103.021E]; 16 Aug. 1964; Diandongbei Exped. Team 811 leg.; KUN (KUN0081296) • Eryuan Co.; alt. 2600 m; [26.113N, 99.949E]; 31 Sept. 1963; W Yunnan-Jinsha River Exped. Team 63-6292 leg.; KUN • Eryuan Co., without precise locality; alt. 2600 m; [26.113N, 99.949E]; W Yunnan-Jinsha River Exp. Team 63-6292 leg.; KUN (KUN0081353), PE (PE01726887, PE01726893) • Fugong Co., Famufang, forest; alt. 2700 m; [26.901N, 98.88E]; 23 Jun. 1978; Bijiang Exped. Team 715 leg.; KUN (KUN0097433) • Gongshan Co., Suroula; alt. 3000 m; [27.748N, 98.662E]; Sept. 1935; C.W. Wang 66586 leg.; PE (PE00449807) • Guandu Distr., Kunming, Shuanglong; grassland; alt. 1900 m; [25.119N, 102.862E]; 1 Sept. 1977; B.Y. Qiu 77700 leg.; CDBI (CDBI0154079), KUN (KUN0079418, KUN0079425) • Heqing Co., Huangping, Junle, Shangdapingzi; alt. 2500 m; [26.559N, 100.179E]; 16 Aug. 1963; Jinshajiang Exped. Team 6555 leg.; KUN (KUN0081171), PE (PE01726857, PE01726891) • Heqing Co., Les paturages au col de Koua-la-po, pres Hokin; alt. 3000 m; 1883–1885; M. Delavay 2465 leg.; P (P02650445), PE (PE01938085, PE01663486), W (1916-38022) • Huize Co., Liangwang Shan, ca. 15 km E of Dongchuan ca. 120 km NNE of Kunming, on new rd. to Zhoatong via Zhehai; shallow grassy valley in low, red clay hills, with limestone substrate surrounded by 2nd growth Pinus yunnanensis, Alnus nepalensis, Quercus variabilis and Q. glaucoides forest, Capillipedium abundant; alt. 2280 m; 26.167N, 103.25E; 14 Sept. 1997; R.J. Soreng et al. 5309 leg.; KUN (KUN0079581), PE (PE00487541), US (US00895217) • Huize Co., Liangwang Shan, ca. 20 km E of Dongchuan, ca. 110 km NNE of Kunming, on new rd. to Zhoatong via Zhehai; low, erroded, red clay hills, with limestone substrat, scrubby Pinus yunnanensis/Alnus nepalensis forest, shrubs and grasses, around corn and tobacco fields, among trees; 26N, 103.25E; 14 Sept. 1997; R.J. Soreng et al. 5293 leg.; KUN (KUN0079580), US (US00844386) • Jiangchuan Distr., Yuxi City, Cuifeng, Yongsheng; limestone; [24.355N, 102.533E]; 9 Aug. 1975; B.Y. Qiu 60633 leg.; KUN (KUN0081051) • Lanping Co., Yingpan, Luomuping; alt. 2300 m; [26.464N, 99.149E]; 21 Jun. 1981; PE Mt. Hengduan Exped. Team 683 leg.; PE (PE01663487) • Lushui City, Pianma Town; grassland of forest edge; alt. 2100 m; [26.012N, 98.63E]; 30 Jul. 1978; Bijiang Exped. Team 1542 leg.; KUN (KUN0081066) • Panlong Distr., Kunming, Heilongtan; [25.141N, 102.751E]; 1945; K.M. Feng 10636 leg.; KUN (KUN0081054) • Panlong Distr., Kunming, Heilongtan; shady slope among high herbs; [25.141N, 102.751E]; 26 Jul. 1941; F.T. Wang 2286 leg.; KUN (KUN0081089) • Weishan Co., Huangshucun; alt. 2370 m; 22 May 1965; CAS Integrated Exped. Team for SW China 449 leg.; PE • Weixi Co., Wei-si Hsien, Yeh-Chih [Yezhizhiang]; ravine; alt. 2400 m; [27.699N, 99.044E]; Jul. 1935; C.W. Wang 67940 leg.; KUN (KUN0081351) • Wuhua Distr., Kunming, Xiaoshao; 25.186N, 102.735E; 18 Jul. 2007; H. Peng et al. 68 leg.; KUN (KUN1221262) • Zhongdian Co. [now Shangri-La City], Mt. Wuzhujun; forest; alt. 2700 m; [27.817N, 99.707E]; 12 November 1939; Feng 3326 leg.; PE (PE02108400, PE02108399, PE01854125) • Zhongdian Co. [now Shangri-La City], Xiaozhongdian, East Mt.; alt. 3250 m; [27.55N, 99.835E]; 13 Aug. 1981; s.c. W16 leg.; PE (PE01726860) • Zhongdian Co. [now Shangri-La City]; alt. 2900 m; 9 Jul. 1962; Zhongdian Exped. Team 2106 leg.; PE (PE01726889) • Xishan Distr., Kunming, Hsi-Shan [Xishan], near San-Ching-Ke; grassland; alt. 2100 m; [24.97N, 102.627E]; 11 Aug. 1945; T.N. Liou 14085 leg.; PE (PE00449812) • Xishan Distr., Kunming, Western Hills; [24.974N, 102.628E]; 1941; T.N. Liou 19823 leg.; PE (PE00449802) • Yao’an Co., Daxingshan; alt. 2180 m; [25.514N, 101.242E]; 11 Jul. 1965; CAS Southwest Exped. Team 484 leg.; PE • Yi-liang Co., way to Yangzonghai; alt. 1800 m; [24.911N, 103.142E]; 6 Sept. 1977; B.Y. Qiu 771257 leg.; CDBI (CDBI0154088) • Yulong Co., Yangtze Watershed, Prefectural District of Lijiang, eastern slopes of Lijiang Snow Range; [26.877N, 100.234E]; May–Oct. 1922; J.F. Rock 5911 leg.; PE • same collection data as for preceding; J.F. Rock 5908 leg.; P (P02650461), W • Yulong Co., Lijiang (Likiang), Mt. Yulong-schan; Jun–Sept. 1914–1916; Handel-Mazzetti s.n. leg., Inter Sinense 1914–1918 no. 3790; W • Yongsheng Co., Boluo; edge of Pinus yunnanensis forest; alt. 2600 m; 16 Jul. 1960; Sino-Russia Exped. Team 6205 leg.; PE (PE01726892).
Beata Paszko’s research visits to the herbaria at Beijing (PE), Chengdu (CDBI) and Kunming (KUN) were supported by the exchange program between the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We acknowledge the partial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 31110103911, 31500165), Science and Technology Basic Work of China (Grant no. 2013FY112100) and CAS International Research and Education Development Program (SAJC201613) supported by Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The research visits by Beata Paszko to P and W herbaria were supported by the SYNTHESYS and SYNTHESYS+ Projects (FR-TAF-6137, FR-TAF-2788, AT-TAF-6826), financed by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 ‘Capacities’ Program. Special thanks go to Dr. Colin Pendry (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh), Dr. Livia Echternacht (Universidade Federal de Ouro Pret) and Dr. Jeffery Saarela (Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa) for helpful remarks and suggestions on this manuscript. This study was also financed in part from the statutory fund of the W. Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences.