Research Article |
Corresponding author: Joel Calvo ( calvocasas@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Pieter Pelser
© 2020 Joel Calvo, Andrés Moreira-Muñoz.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Calvo J, Moreira-Muñoz A (2020) Senecio festucoides (Senecioneae, Compositae), a new species from northern Chile. PhytoKeys 149: 89-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.149.52297
|
Senecio festucoides is described from northern Chile. The new species is morphologically similar to the discoid caespitose Andean species and belongs to the subgroup displaying yellow corollas and yellowish anthers and style branches. It is characterized by a weak, not self-supporting stem, narrowly linear leaves, long pedunculate capitula with (17–)21 involucral bracts, and minutely papillose achenes. Among other characters, the color of the corollas, anthers, and style branches and the number of involucral bracts differentiate it from S. scorzonerifolius, which is the morphologically closest species. The new species thrives in the desertic Puna ecoregion and grows amongst tufts of Festuca chrysophylla (Poaceae). Detailed pictures of living plants are provided, as well as a distribution map and a dichotomous key to the discoid caespitose Senecio species from northern Chile.
Andes, Asteraceae, dichotomous key, taxonomy
Senecio L. (Compositae) is one of the largest genera of flowering plants harboring ca. 1250 species (
In Chile, the first comprehensive revision of the genus recognized 208 species and treated 11 taxa as dubious (
The checklist of the Chilean flora records 233 Senecio species (
Species of Senecio described from Chile after the taxonomic revision by
Species Name | Publication Year | Status |
---|---|---|
Senecio behnii Ricardi & Martic. | 1964 | accepted |
Senecio coscayanus Ricardi & Martic. | 1964 | accepted |
Senecio guatulamensis Muñoz-Schick, A.Moreira & Trenq. | 2016 | accepted |
Senecio jilesii Cabrera | 1955 | accepted |
Senecio laucanus Ricardi & Martic. | 1964 | = Senecio pygmophyllus (S.F.Blake) J.Calvo, A.Granda & V.A.Funk |
Senecio munnozii Cabrera | 1954 | accepted |
Senecio olivaceobracteatus Ricardi & Martic. | 1964 | = Senecio tacorensis Cabrera |
Senecio pappii Ricardi & Martic. | 1964 | accepted |
Senecio pfisteri Ricardi & Martic. | 1964 | = Xenophyllum esquilachense (Cuatrec.) V.A.Funk |
Senecio ricardii Martic. & Quezada | 1974 | accepted |
Senecio socompae Cabrera | 1954 | accepted |
Senecio toconaoensis J.Calvo & A.Moreira | 2019 | accepted |
Senecio zapahuirensis Martic. & Quezada | 1978 | accepted |
This contribution is the result of bibliographic review, field work in northern Chile, and the revision of specimens kept at BOLV, CONC, LPB, and SGO. Additionally, a few digital specimens from K, LP, and US were studied; herbarium acronyms follow
The new species mainly differs from its morphologically closest species S. scorzonerifolius in the yellow corollas, yellowish anthers and style branches, glabrous leaves, long peduncles with 1–3 linear bracts, and by having (17–)21 involucral bracts.
Chile. Antofagasta: San Pedro de Atacama, Machuca, 4 km antes de la entrada a los géisers del Tatio, 22°23'S, 68°1'W, 4375 m, 27 Feb 2020, fl. and fr., J. Calvo 8120 (holotype: SGO; isotypes: CONC, MA, US).
Perennial not self-supporting herb, rarely decumbent, with a thin rhizome. Stem 15–25 cm tall, 1.8–2.5 mm wide, rather terete, branched in the lower part, weak. Leaves alternate, narrowly linear (leaf width/length ratio 0.01−0.03), 41–78 mm long, 0.9–1.2 mm wide, apex acute, base sessile (uniform in width), margin entire and flat (rarely with a few distant teeth), elliptic in cross section (rather flat when dried), glabrous on both surfaces, yellowish green, with a graminoid appearance. Capitula discoid, solitary, terminal, pedunculate; peduncle 5–6 cm long, glabrous, with 1–3 linear bracts up to 6 mm long. Involucre 12–14 mm long, 8–10 mm wide (in living plants); involucral bracts (17–)21, oblong-lanceolate, 10–11 mm long, 1.2–2 mm wide, acute to attenuate at the apex, smooth, glabrous, blackish-tipped; supplementary bracts (3–) 5–8, linear, 3.9–6 mm long, 0.9–1.1 mm wide, smooth, a third as long as the involucral bracts, glabrous, blackish-tipped. Florets 85–95, hermaphrodite; corolla tubular, 7.5–8.8 mm long, 0.5–0.7 mm wide, 5-lobed, the limb usually longer than the tube, yellow. Anthers yellowish; anther appendages 2–3 times longer than wide, ca. 0.5 × 0.2 mm; anther bases auriculate; filament collar balusterform. Style branches truncate with a crown of sweeping hairs, yellowish. Achenes 4.2–5.3 mm long, 0.9–1 mm wide, 8–10 ribbed, minutely papillose, brownish; pappus 7.5–9 mm long, barbellate, whitish. Chromosome number: unknown.
Chile (Antofagasta, Tarapacá). Considering the proximity of both populations to the Bolivian territory and the presence of similar environments across the border, its presence in this latter country is likely. It thrives in exposed grassy slopes and plains of the desertic Puna ecoregion, between elevations of 4325‒4550 m (Fig.
Senecio festucoides grows amongst tufts of Festuca chrysophylla Phil. (Poaceae) [= F. orthophylla Pilg. according to
Senecio festucoides A involucral bracts and florets B supplementary bracts C, D capitula E habit F habitat (black arrow shows a capitulum amongst a tuft of Festuca chrysophylla). Pictures by Joel Calvo at the locus classicus (between Machuca and El Tatio, San Pedro de Atacama, Antofagasta, Chile).
Collected in flower from January to March.
The epithet festucoides refers to the conspicuous resemblance of the leaves to those of Festuca chrysophylla, amongst which the new species grows.
Thus far, the new species is only known from two locations and has an extent of occurrence of ca. 2000 km2. This would fit the category Endangered (EN) according to the B1a criteria (
Senecio festucoides shows morphological affinities with the sympatric species S. scorzonerifolius (Fig.
A–C Senecio festucoides (left hand; Calvo 8120) and S. scorzonerifolius (right hand; Calvo 8114) D Senecio scorzonerifolius (Calvo 8114) A capitula (white arrows show the supplementary bracts; black arrows show the peduncle bracts) B florets C habit D leaves and capitula (notice leaf dimorphism). Pictures by Joel Calvo.
The leaf shape of the new species might lead any botanist to confuse it with S. bolivarianus Cuatrec., a species endemic to Peru known from Ancash to Moquegua (
It should be noted that S. festucoides is characterized by its narrowly linear, entire leaves but we also observed a few specimens displaying both entire and distantly dentate leaves. Such leaf dimorphism is usual in other related species such as S. digitatus Phil. (
Senecio festucoides (paratypes). Chile. Antofagasta: Loa, San Pedro de Atacama, Machuca-El Tatio, ca. 6.2 km al S de El Tatio, 22°23'S, 68°1'W, 5 Mar 2019, J. Calvo 7925 (SGO); Tarapacá: Collahuasi, quebrada San Nicolás, 20°59'S, 68°39'W, 22 Jan 1994, S. Teillier 3296 (SGO).
Senecio scorzonerifolius. Bolivia. Oruro: Sabaya, parte alta del Pumire, 19°0'S, 68°25'W, 7 Feb 2019, J. Calvo 7838 (LPB); cerro Cabaray [Carabaya], faldeos, 19°9'S, 68°42'W, 23 Mar 1982, C. Villagrán & M.T.K. Arroyo 4209 (CONC); Potosí: cordillera Kari Kari, aprox. 3.3 km arriba de la laguna San Sebastián, 19°36'S, 65°41'W, 13 Feb 2019, J. Calvo & M. Zárate 7868 (BOLV); Frías, between laguna Lobato and laguna Chalvira, cordillera Kari Kari, 19°38'S, 65°42'W, 6 Mar 1999, J.R.I. Wood 14596 (K). Chile. Antofagasta: Loa, San Pedro de Atacama, Toconao, quebrada Aguas Blancas, 23°17'S, 67°42'W, 22 Feb 2001, M. Ackermann 93 (SGO); cerro Nevados de Poquis, ladera SO, 23°4'S, 67°4'W, 9 Apr 1997, M.T.K. Arroyo, L. Cavieres & A. Humaña 97367 (CONC); cerro Miñiques, 23°46'S, 67°46'W, 9 Mar 1993, G. Baumann 192 (CONC); quebrada al lado sur del volcán Lascar, 23°23'S, 67°48'W, 14 Feb 1994, G. Baumann 351 (CONC); Machuca-El Tatio, ca. 4.2 km al S de El Tatio, 22°22'S, 68°1'W, 5 Mar 2019, J. Calvo 7923 (CONC, SGO); Machuca, 4.1 km antes de la entrada a los géisers del Tatio, 22°23'S, 68°1'W, 27 Feb 2020, J. Calvo 8114 (SGO); Toconao, 57 km pass, 23°36'S, 67°51'W, 27 Jan 1971, H. Ellenberg 4230 (US); inter Aguas Calientes et Socaire, 23°46'S, 67°47'W, 1 Feb 1885, F. Philippi s.n. (LP, SGO; type material of the later heterotypic synonym Senecio armeriifolius Phil.); quebrada Tatio, 15 Feb 1943, E. Pisano & J. Venturelli 1879 (CONC, SGO); laguna de Miñique, entre los cerros Miñique y Miscanti, 23°46'S, 67°47'W, 24 Feb 1943, E. Pisano & J. Venturelli 1968 (SGO); trayecto entre Talabre y laguna Lejía, 23°25'S, 67°47'W, 2 Apr 1998, C. Villagrán, F. Hinojosa & C. Latorre 9315 (CONC); Taltal, cord. volcán Llullaillaco, 24°38'S, 68°34'W, Feb 1926, E. Werdermann 1029 (CONC); Arica-Parinacota: camino entre Putre y Pacollo, 18°11'S, 69°31'W, 17 Apr 1984, M.T.K. Arroyo 84-887 (CONC); rt. A23 from rt. 11 NW to Tacora, near intersection of rt. A23 & A125, slopes of Co. de Tarapacá, 17.6 km from rt. 11, 18°4'S, 69°32'W, 7 Mar 2014, V.A. Funk, M. Diazgranados & J.M. Bonifacino 13111 (US); camino de Putre a Chucuyo, km 8, 18°10'S, 69°30'W, 12 Feb 1964, C. Marticorena, O. Matthei & M. Quezada 179 (CONC); lagunas de Cotacotani, 18°12'S, 69°13'W, 13 Feb 1964, C. Marticorena, O. Matthei & M. Quezada 236 (CONC); cerro Guane-Guane, ladera W, 18°10'S, 69°16'W, 18 Mar 2015, A. Moreira-Muñoz & F. Luebert 2423 (SGO); portezuelo de Putre, laderas de los cerros, 18°12'S, 69°20'W, 6 May 1972, M. Ricardi, E. Weldt & M. Quezada 237 (CONC); Parinacota, 18°12'S, 69°16'W, 29 Mar 1961, M. Ricardi, C. Marticorena & O. Matthei 291 (CONC); cerros de Parinacota, 28 Feb 1948, F. Sudzuki 486 (SGO); Caquena, 18°3'S, 69°12'W, 1 Feb 1970, O. Zöllner 5321 (CONC); Tarapacá: Iquique, Collahuasi (Ujina), 20°58'S, 68°37'W, 24 Mar 1992, B.J. Ruthsatz 8429 (CONC). Peru. Moquegua: minera Quellaveco, 17°6'S, 70°36'W, 27 Jan 1971, ESCO 7240 (US).
The dwarf shrubs developing erect stems are excluded (e.g. Senecio puchei Phil., S. socompae Cabrera, S. trifurcifolius Hieron.). Senecio festucoides is not a strictly caespitose species but it is included in this informal group on the basis of the taxonomic placement of its morphologically similar species. As pointed out in
1 | Leaves sparsely tomentose to lanate | 2 |
– | Leaves glabrous | 6 |
2 | Leaves 4−8 cm long, narrowly linear (leaf width/length ratio 0.01−0.05); achenes papillose | S. scorzonerifolius |
– | Leaves 1−3 cm long, widely linear (leaf width/length ratio 0.08−0.13), elliptic, oblanceolate, or spatulate; achenes glabrous or silky-pubescent | 3 |
3 | Achenes glabrous; corollas yellow; anthers and style branches yellowish | 4 |
– | Achenes silky-pubescent; corollas white; anthers and style branches blackish | 5 |
4 | Leaves entire, indumentum densely lanate | S. evacoides |
– | Leaves pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, indumentum laxly lanate | S. helgae |
5 | Leaf laminas widely linear to slightly spatulate, base progressively narrowed, apex rather acute and usually with a callus-like tip, indumentum arachnoid | S. digitatus |
– | Leaf laminas ovate to suborbicular, base petioliform, apex obtuse and unadorned, indumentum pilose | S. pygmophyllus |
6 | Leaves 1–2-pinnatisect | S. jarae |
– | Leaves entire or distantly dentate | 7 |
7 | Leaves 4–8 cm long, narrowly linear | 8 |
– | Leaves 0.5–3.5(–5) cm long, linear-oblong, oblanceolate, or spatulate | 9 |
8 | Involucral bracts (17–)21; corollas yellow; anthers and style branches yellowish | S. festucoides |
– | Involucral bracts (9)13–15; corollas white; anthers and style branches blackish | S. scorzonerifolius |
9 | Stems hypogeous; leaf laminas spatulate, 3.6–7 mm wide; achenes long-pilose (trichomes 0.3–0.35 mm long) | S. toconaoensis |
– | Stems epigeous; leaf laminas linear-oblong to oblanceolate, 1–5 mm wide; achenes glabrous or with scattered short trichomes (0.1–0.2 mm long) | 10 |
10 | Involucre 7.5–10 mm long; involucral bracts 12–15 | S. algens |
– | Involucre 4–5 mm long; involucral bracts 8(–9) | S. humillimus |
We are grateful to the curators and staff of the herbaria mentioned in the text. The corrections and suggestions made by both the reviewers and the editor notably improved this contribution. This work was funded by FONDECYT from Chile by means of the projects Nº1180211 (AMM) and Nº3170270 (JC).