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Corresponding author: Pablo H. Demaio ( pdemaio@imbiv.unc.edu.ar ) Academic editor: Sandy Knapp
© 2015 Jorge O. Chiapella, Pablo H. Demaio.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Chiapella JO, Demaio PH (2015) Plant endemism in the Sierras of Córdoba and San Luis (Argentina): understanding links between phylogeny and regional biogeographical patterns. PhytoKeys 47: 59-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.47.8347
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We compiled a checklist with all known endemic plants occurring in the Sierras of Córdoba and San Luis, an isolated mountainous range located in central Argentina. In order to obtain a better understanding of the evolutionary history, relationships and age of the regional flora, we gathered basic information on the biogeographical and floristic affinities of the endemics, and documented the inclusion of each taxon in molecular phylogenies. We listed 89 taxa (including 69 species and 20 infraspecific taxa) belonging to 53 genera and 29 families. The endemics are not distributed evenly, being more abundant in the lower than in the middle and upper vegetation belts. Thirty-two genera (60.3%) have been included in phylogenetic analyses, but only ten (18.8%) included local endemic taxa. A total of 28 endemic taxa of the Sierras CSL have a clear relationship with a widespread species of the same genus, or with one found close to the area. Available phylogenies for some taxa show divergence times between 7.0 – 1.8 Ma; all endemic taxa are most probably neoendemics sensu Stebbins and Major. Our analysis was specifically aimed at a particular geographic area, but the approach of analyzing phylogenetic patterns together with floristic or biogeographical relationships of the endemic taxa of an area, delimited by clear geomorphological features, could reveal evolutionary trends shaping the area.
Se presenta una lista comentada de todas las especies endémicas conocidas de las Sierras de Córdoba y San Luis, una región montañosa aislada del centro de Argentina. A fin de obtener una mejor comprensión de la historia evolutiva, relaciones y edad de la flora regional, recopilamos información básica sobre afinidades florísiticas y biogeográficas de las endémicas, y relevamos su inclusión en estudios filogenéticos moleculares. El listado incluye 89 taxones (69 species y 20 taxones infraespecíficos), pertenecientes a 53 géneros y 29 familias. La distribución altitudinal de los endemismos no es uniforme, ya que el piso de vegetación inferior tiene más taxones endémicos que los pisos intermedio y superior. Treinta y dos géneros (60.3%) han sido incluidos en algún análisis filogenético, pero sólo 10 de ellos (18.8%) incluyeron taxones locales. Un total de 28 taxones endémicos de las Sierras CSL tienen una clara relación con una especie de amplia distribución del mismo género, o con una de distribución cercana al área. Las filogenias disponibles para algunos taxones muestran tiempos de divergencia entre 7.0 – 1.8 Ma; todos los endemismos del área son probablemente neoendemismos sensu Stebbins y Major. Aunque nuestro análisis estaba dirigido específicamente a un área geográfica particular, el enfoque de analizar patrones filogenéticos junto con relaciones florísticas y biogeográficas de los endemismos de un área delimitada por características geomorfológicas, podría revelar las tendencias evolutivas que modelaron el área.
Argentina, Sierras of Córdoba and San Luis, endemics, phylogenies
Argentina, Sierras de Córdoba y San Luis, endemismos, filogenias
‘The study and precise interpretation of the endemism of a territory constitute the supreme criterion, indispensable for arriving at any conclusions regarding the origin and age of its plant population. It enables us better to understand the past and the transformations that have taken place. It also provides us with a means of evaluating the extent of these transformations, the approximate epoch when they occurred, and the effects which they produced on the development of the flora and the vegetation’ (
The first aspect, perhaps the most traditional, has to do with biogeography and evolution of plants. The work of
These two concepts, paleo and neoendemic (
The concepts of floristic affinities and fossil record availability have still more or less the same meaning as in the 1960’s, but today genetic data often provides a phylogenetic or phylogeographic context; these disciplines have matured into essential tools to understand evolutionary processes.
Biogeography counts the study of endemics and its distribution as one of its main subjects, since the existence of endemic taxa is related to geographic areas (
How should policy makers set priorities for conservation? Narrow endemic taxa often have priority in setting conservation policies (
Among all biotas, mountainous regions are especially rich in plant endemic species with restricted distribution, since those areas represent discontinuities in soil conditions and topography that promote differentiation in plant populations (
Biogeographically, the flora of the Sierras CSL belongs to the Chaco Province of the Chacoan subregion (
The implementation of conservation strategies needs in the first case basic information on the taxa object of potential conservation. Since previous works hinted at many endemic taxa present in the Sierras CSL (
We compiled a list using online resources, in particular
Of the relevant elements for studying endemism recognized by
List of endemic species and infraspecific taxa of the Sierras of Córdoba and San Luis. Distribution by ProvinceD: Córdoba: 1; San Luis: 2; Santiago del Estero: 3. Life FormLF: A-annual herb; P-perennial herb; S-shrub; SL-shrublet; V-perennial vine; SU-succulent, E-epiphytic.
Family | Species | D | Elevation | LF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alliaceae | Nothoscordum achalense Ravenna | 1 | 1000–1800 | P |
2 | Amaranthaceae | Alternanthera pumila O Stützer | 1 | 1000–2000 | P |
3 | Amaranthaceae | Gomphrena colosacana var. andersonii Subils & Hunz. | 2 | 500–1000 | SL |
4 | Amaranthaceae | Gomphrena pulchella subsp rosea (Griseb.) Pedersen | 1,2 | 500–1000 | P |
5 | Amaranthaceae | Gomphrena pulchella var. bonariensis (Moq.) Pedersen | 2 | 0 - 500 | P |
6 | Amaryllidaceae | Habranthus sanavirone Roitman, A. Castillo, G. Tourn. & Uria | 1 | 700–900 | P |
7 | Amaryllidaceae | Zephyranthes longistyla Pax | 1, 2, 3 | 1000–1500 | P |
8 | Apiaceae | Eryngium agavifolium Griseb. | 1, 2, 3 | 500–1000 | P |
9 | Asteraceae | Grindelia cabrerae var alatocarpa Ariza | 1 | 0–500 | SL |
10 | Asteraceae | Grindelia globularifolia Griseb. | 1 | 2000–2200 | SL |
11 | Asteraceae | Helenium argentinum Ariza | 1, 2, 3 | 200–1000 | P |
12 | Asteraceae | Hieracium achalense Sleumer | 1, 2 | 1000–2200 | P |
13 | Asteraceae | Hieracium cordobense Sleumer | 1, 2 | 1000–2000 | P |
14 | Asteraceae | Hieracium criniceps Sleumer | 1 | 1500–3000 | P |
15 | Asteraceae | Hypochaeris caespitosa Cabrera | 1, 2 | 1000–2500 | P |
16 | Asteraceae | Hysterionica dianthifolia var dianthifolia | 1 | 2000–3000 | SL |
17 | Asteraceae | Hysterionica dianthifolia var pulvinata (Cabrera) Ariza | 1 | 2000–2500 | SL |
18 | Asteraceae | Isostigma cordobense Cabrera | 1 | 500–1000 | SL |
19 | Asteraceae | Mutisia castellanosii var comechingoana Ariza | 1 | 0–500 | V |
20 | Asteraceae | Senecio achalensis Cabrera | 1 | 1700–2800 | SL |
21 | Asteraceae | Senecio fragantissimus Tortosa & A.Bartoli | 2 | 800 | S |
22 | Asteraceae | Senecio retanensis Cabrera | 1, 2 | 2200–2800 | SL |
23 | Asteraceae | Soliva triniifolia Griseb. | 1 | A | |
24 | Asteraceae | Trichocline plicata Hook. & Arn. | 1, 2 | 1000–3000 | P |
25 | Berberidaceae | Berberis hieronymi C.K.Schneid | 1 | 1000–2000 | S |
26 | Brassicaceae | Mostacillastrum carolinense (Scappini, C.A.Bianco & Prina) Al-Shehbaz | 2 | 1500–1700 | SL |
27 | Bromeliaceae | Tillandsia xiphioides var. minor L.Hrom. | 1, 2 | 1000–1500 | E |
28 | Cactaceae | Acanthocalycium spiniflorum (K Schum) Backeb. | 1, 2 | 1000–1500 | SU |
29 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium achirasense H.Till & Schatzl ex H.Till | 1, 2 | 500–1000 | SU |
30 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium andreae (Boed) Backeb | 1 | 1500–2500 | SU |
31 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium bruchii (Speg) Hosseus | 1, 2 | 1000–2000 | SU |
32 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium calochlorum (Boed) Y.Itô | 1 | 500–1500 | SU |
33 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium capillense (Schick) Hosseus | 1 | 500–1500 | SU |
34 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium carolinense (Neuhuber) Neuhuber | 2 | 1500–2000 | SU |
35 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium castellanosii subsp. ferocius (H.Till & Amerhauser) Charles | 1 | 500–700 | SU |
36 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium erinaceum J.G.Lamb. | 1 | 500–1500 | SU |
37 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium gibbosum subsp. borthii (Koop ex H.Till) Charles | 2 | 500–800 | SU |
38 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium horridispinum Frank ex H.Till | 1 | 500–700 | SU |
39 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium monvillei (Lem) Britton & Rose | 1, 2 | 500–2000 | SU |
40 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium mostii subsp. mostii | 1 | 500–1000 | SU |
41 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium mostii subsp. valnicekianum (Jajó) Meregalli & Charles | 1 | 500–1000 | SU |
42 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium neuhuberi H.Till & W.Till | 2 | 500–1500 | SU |
43 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium quehlianum (F Haage ex Quehl) Vaupel ex Hosseus | 1 | 500–1000 | SU |
44 | Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium robustum R Kiesling, O.Ferrari & Metzing | 1 | 0–500 | SU |
45 | Campanulaceae | Siphocampylus foliosus var. glabratus E.Wimm | 1 | 1000–1500 | SL |
46 | Campanulaceae | Siphocampylus foliosus var. minor Zahlbr. | 1 | 500–1500 | SL |
47 | Campanulaceae | Siphocampylus lorentzii E.Wimm. | 1 | 500–1500 | SL |
48 | Caryophyllaceae | Cerastium argentinum (Pax) F.N.Williams | 1 | P | |
49 | Cyperaceae | Carex monodynama (Griseb.) G.A.Wheeler | 1 | 2600–2900 | P |
50 | Escalloniaceae | Escallonia cordobensis (Kuntze) Hosseus | 1, 2 | 1000–2500 | S |
51 | Fabaceae | Adesmia cordobensis var appendiculata Ulibarri & Burkart | 2 | 900–1100 | SL |
52 | Fabaceae | Apurimacia dolichocarpa (Griseb.) Burkart | 1 | 1800–3000 | S |
53 | Fabaceae | Astragalus parodii I.M.Johnst. | 1 | 1000–2500 | P |
54 | Fabaceae | Mimosa cordobensis Ariza | 1 | 0–500 | S |
55 | Fabaceae | Prosopis campestris Griseb. | 1, 2 | 500–2000 | S |
56 | Fabaceae | Sophora linearifolia Griseb. | 1, 2 | 1000–1500 | SL |
57 | Gencianaceae | Gentianella parviflora (Griseb) T.N.Ho | 1 | 1500–2500 | A |
58 | Geraniaceae | Geranium parodii I.M.Johnst. | 1, 2 | 1800–2600 | P |
59 | Iridaceae | Calydorea undulata Ravenna | 1 | 800–1000 | P |
60 | Loasaceae | Blumenbachia hieronymi Urb. | 1, 2 | 1900–2500 | A |
61 | Malvaceae | Sphaeralcea cordobensis Krapov. | 1, 2, 3 | 500–1000 | SL |
62 | Orchidaceae | Aa achalensis Schltr. | 1, 2 | 1500–2500 | P |
63 | Plantaginaceae | Plantago densa (Pilg.) Rahn | 1, 2 | 100–1800 | P |
64 | Poaceae | Aristida minutiflora var. glabriflora Caro | 1, 2 | 500–1000 | P |
65 | Poaceae | Aristida multiramea Hack. | 1, 2 | 0–1000 | P |
66 | Poaceae | Aristida sayapensis Caro | 2 | 500–1000 | P |
67 | Poaceae | Cenchrus rigidus (Griseb.) Morrone | 1, 2 | 100–800 | P |
68 | Poacaeae | Danthonia melanathera (Hack.) Bernardello | 1, 2 | 1200 | P |
69 | Poacaeae | Melica decipiens Caro | 1, 2 | 1500–200 | P |
70 | Poaceae | Nassella hunzikeri (Caro) Barkworth | 1, 2 | 900–1500 | P |
71 | Poaceae | Nassella nidulans (Mez.) Barkworth | 1, 2 | 500–1500 | P |
72 | Poaceae | Nassella stuckertii (Hack.) Barkworth | 1 | 500–1500 | P |
73 | Poaceae | Poa hubbardiana Parodi | 1, 2 | 1400–2100 | P |
74 | Poaceae | Poa stuckertii (Hack.) Parodi | 1, 2 | 500–1500 | P |
75 | Poaceae | Trichloris pluriflora f. macra Hack. | 1 | 500–1100 | P |
76 | Poaceae | Tridens nicorae Anton | 1, 2 | 1500 | P |
77 | Portulacaceae | Portulaca confertifolia var. cordobensis D.Legrand | 1, 2 | 500–1000 | P |
78 | Portulacaceae | Portulaca obtusifolia var. obtusifolia | 1 | 0–500 | P |
79 | Portulacaceae | Portulaca ragonesei D.Legrand | 1 | 200–400 | P |
80 | Rosaceae | Geum brevicarpellatum F.Bolle | 1 | 500–1500 | P |
81 | Rubiaceae | Borreria eryngioides var. ostenii (Standl.) E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo | 1, 2 | 500–1000 | P-SL |
82 | Rubiaceae | Richardia coldenioides Rusby | 1 | 2700 | P |
83 | Solanaceae | Solanum concarense Hunz. | 2 | 500–1000 | P |
84 | Solanaceae | Solanum ratum C.V.Morton | 1 | 0–1000 | P |
85 | Solanaceae | Solanum restrictum C.V.Morton | 1 | 500–1500 | P |
86 | Valerianaceae | Valeriana ferax (Griseb) Höck | 1 | 2100–2300 | P |
87 | Valerianaceae | Valeriana stuckertii Briq. | 1, 2 | 1000–2500 | P |
88 | Verbenaceae | Junellia bisulcata var. campestris (Griseb.) Botta | 1, 3 | 1000–2000 | S |
89 | Verbenaceae | Parodianthus capillaris Tronc. | 1 | 0–500 | S |
All vouchers listed are from Argentina. Province (Córdoba, San Luis or Santiago de Estero) and Departamento (Depto.) are detailed for each where data are available.
ALLIACEAE
Nothoscordum achalense Ravenna, Onira 3: 1. 1990.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 12919, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Alberto, Sierra Grande, Pampa de Achala, en las inmediaciones de Monolito, 31°41'29"S, 65°6'5"W, (CORD)
AMARANTHACEAE
Alternanthera pumila O. Stützer, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 88: 45. 1935.
Syn.: Alternanthera pumila var. coarctata O. Stützer.
Voucher: Cantero, J. J. 6315, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Río Cuarto, Achiras (Monte Guazú), 33°2'36"S, 64°59'25"W, (CORD)
Gomphrena colosacana Hunz. & Subils var. andersonii Subils & Hunz., Hickenia 1: 71, fig. 1A, B. 1977.
Voucher: Chiapella, J. 1486, Prov. San Luis, Depto. Belgrano, camino de acceso al Parque Nacional Sierra de Las Quijadas, a 3 km de la Ruta n° 147, antes de Hualtarán, 32°29'S, 67°0'60"W, (CORD)
Gomphrena pulchella Mart var. bonariensis (Moq.) Pedersen, Darwiniana 20 (1–2): 292. 1976.
Voucher: Vignati, M. A. 143, Prov.San Luis, Depto. La Capital, (LP)
Gomphrena pulchella Mart subsp. rosea (Griseb.) Pedersen, Darwiniana 20 (1–2): 292. 1976.
Syn.: Gomphrena perennis var. rosea Griseb.; Gomphrena rosea Griseb.
Voucher: Nicora, E. G. 1858, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Colón, (SI)
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Habranthus sanavirone Roitman, J. A. Castillo, G. M. Tourn & Uria, Novon 17(3): 393, fig. 1. 2007.
Voucher: Roitman, G. s.n, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Cruz del Eje, San Marcos Sierras, (BAA)
Zephyranthes longistyla Pax, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 11: 323. 1891.
Voucher: Romanutti, A. 198, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Quebrada del Condorito, en el sendero hacia la Quebrada, 31°37'34"S, 64°42'22"W, (CORD)
APIACEAE
Eryngium agavifolium Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 19: 155. 1874.
Voucher: Ariza Espinar, L. 3222, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, camino a las Altas Cumbres, yendo hacia El Cóndor, unos 6 km después de Puesto Pedernera, (CORD)
ASTERACEAE
Grindelia cabrerae Ariza var. alatocarpa Ariza, Kurtziana 20: 170. 1989.
Voucher: Chiarini, F. 1049, Córdoba, Depto., San Justo, 30°56'22"S, 62°53'1"W, (CORD)
Grindelia globularifolia Griseb., Symb. Fl. Argent. 178. 1879.
Voucher: Cerana, M. M. 1806, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Los Gigantes, 31°11'55"S, 64°35'1"W, (CORD)
Helenium argentinum Ariza, Phytochemistry 31(5): 1626. 1992.
Voucher: Cantero, J. J. 5618, Córdoba, Depto. Río Cuarto, El Cóndor, 31°7'55"S, 64°46'47"W, (CORD)
Hieracium achalense Sleumer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 77(1): 121. 1956.
Voucher: Cerana, M. M. 1660, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Cerro Uritorco, 31°11'55"S, 64° 35'1"W, (CORD)
Hieracium cordobense Sleumer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 77(1): 120. 1956.
Syn.: Hieracium cordobense var. mollisetum Sleumer.
Voucher: Cerana, M. M.1662, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Cerro Uritorco, Cima, 31°11'55"S, 64°35'1"W, (CORD)
Hieracium criniceps Sleumer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 77(1): 116. 1956.
Syn.: Hieracium petrophyes Sleumer.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 11446, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Sierra Grande (falda este), cuesta de Copina, entre Copina y Pampa de Achala, 31°34'31"S, 64°39'45"W, (CORD)
Hypochaeris caespitosa Cabrera, Darwiniana 9: 376. 1951.
Voucher: Cantero, J. J. 5596, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Río Cuarto, El Pantano (mármoles), 31°12'4"S, 64°48'20"W, (CORD)
Hysterionica dianthifolia (Griseb.) Cabrera var. dianthifolia, Notas Mus. La Plata, Bot. 11(53): 352. 1946.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 9649, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Calamuchita, Sierra de Comechingones (falda este), Cumbre de Cerro Champaquí, 31°59'15"S, 64°56'14"W, (CORD)
Hysterionica dianthifolia (Griseb.) Cabrera var. pulvinata (Cabrera) Ariza, Darwiniana 22(4): 540. 1980.
Syn.: Hysterionica pulvinata Cabrera; Neja pulvinata (Cabrera) G.L.Nesom.
Voucher: Ariza Espinar, L. 3461, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Alberto, Pampa de Achala, entre camino Altas Cumbres y el Colegio del Padre Liqueno, (CORD)
Isostigma cordobense Cabrera, Notas Mus. La Plata, Bot. 19(22): 202, f. 5. 1959.
Syn.: Isostigma crithmifolium var. nanum Sherff.
Voucher: Cantero, J. J. 5488, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Río Cuarto, Árbol Seco (serpentitas), 32°12'26"S, 64°41'40"W, (CORD)
Mutisia castellanosii Cabrera var. comechingoniana Ariza, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 35: 173. 2000.
Voucher: Ariza Espinar, L. 3217, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Sierra Chica (falda oeste), Los Terrones, 31°11'55"S, 64°35'01"W, (CORD)
Senecio achalensis Cabrera, Notas Mus. La Plata, Bot. 1(4): 92. 1935.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 18048, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Sierra Chica, Cerro Uritorco, falda occidental, 30°50'45"S, 64°28'12"W, (CORD)
Senecio fragantissimus Tortosa & A.Bartoli, Novon 15(4): 646. 2005.
Voucher: Covas, G. 1337, Prov. San Luis, (LP)
Senecio retanensis Cabrera, Notas Mus. La Plata, Bot. 4(21): 100. 1939.
Syn.: Senecio sectilis var. radiatus Griseb.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 9641, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Calamuchita, Sierra de Comechingones (Falda este): En la falda oriental del Cerro Champaquí, 32°11'4"S, 64°37'1"W, (CORD)
Soliva triniifolia Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 202. 1879.
Voucher: Cabido, M. 6865, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Alberto, Sierra Grande, Pampa de Achala, en la Estancia San Alejo, (CORD)
Trichocline plicata D. Don ex Hook. & Arn., Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 103. 1835.
Voucher: Cantero, J. J. 5903, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Colón, Candonga, 31°4'30"S, 64°20'16"W, (CORD)
BERBERIDACEAE
Berberis hieronymi C.K.Schneid., Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 394. 1905.
Syn.: Berberis ruscifolia var. subintegrifolia Kurtz.
Voucher: Romanutti, A. 212, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Quebrada del Condorito, en el sendero hacia la Quebrada, 31°37'34"S, 64°42'22"W, (CORD)
BRASSICACEAE
Mostacillastrum carolinense (Scappini, C.A.Bianco & Prina) Al-Shehbaz, Darwiniana 44(2): 346. 2006.
Syn.: Sysimbrium carolinense Scappini, C.A. Bianco & Prina.
Voucher: Scappini, E. G. 5316, Prov. San Luis, (RIOC)
BROMELIACEAE
Tillandsia xiphioides Ker Gawl. var. minor L.Hrom., Die Bromelie 3:61–65. 1989.
Voucher: Zavala-Gallo, L. s.n. (SI 96882), Prov. San Luis, Depto. Belgrano, Sierra de Las Quijadas, 32°45'9"S, 66°44'49"W, (SI)
CACTACEAE
Acanthocalycium spiniflorum (K.Schum.) Backeb., Kaktus-ABC [Backeb. & Knuth] 226. 1936.
Syn.: Echinopsis spiniflora K.Schum., Lobivia spiniflora (K.Schum) Britton & Rose
Voucher: Schlumpberger, B. O. 323, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Minas, Agua de Ramón, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium achirasense H.Till & Schatzl ex H.Till, Kakteen Sukk. 38(8): 191. 1987.
Syn.: G. monvillei subsp. achirasense (H.Till & Schatzl ex H.Till) H.Till; G. horridispinum Frank ex H.Till var. achirasense (H.Till & Schatzl ex H. Till) Lodé; G. horridispinum subsp. achirasense (H.Till & Schatzl ex H.Till) Charles
Voucher: Demaio, P. 489, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Río Cuarto, Alpa Corral (CORD)
Gymnocalycium andreae (Boed.) Backeb. Kaktus-ABC [Backeb. & Knuth]: 285. 1935.
Syn.: G. andreae f. svecianum Pazout ex H.Till; G. andreae subsp. maznetteri Rausch; G. andreae var. fechseri H.Till.
Voucher: Demaio, P. 480, Prov. San Luis, Depto. Junín, cuesta de Merlo, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium bruchii (Speg.) Hosseus, Revista Centro Estud. Farm. Córdoba 2(6): 22. 1926.,
Syn.: G. lafaldense Vaupel; G. albispinum Backeb.; G. andreae var. grandiflorum Krainz & Andreae; G. bruchii var. brigittae Piltz; G. bruchii var. niveum Rausch.
Voucher: Demaio, P. 111, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Colón, Ruta Provincial E-66 (Camino del Pungo), 30°56'36"S, 64°23'16"W, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium calochlorum (Boed.) Y.Itô, Cacti 1952: 90. 1952.
Syn.: G. proliferum (Backeb.) Backeb.; G. amoenum (H.Till) Lambert.
Voucher: Kiesling, R. 9069, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Alberto, Mina Clavero, (SI)
Gymnocalycium capillaense (Schick) Hosseus, Revista Centro Estud. Farm. Córdoba 2(6): 16. 1926.
Syn.: G. sigelianum (Schick) Hosseus; G. sutterianum (Schick) Hosseus; G. deeszianum Dölz; G. poeschlii Neuhuber; G. fischeri Halda, Kupcák, Lukasik & Sladkovsky; G. miltii Halda, Kupcák, Lukasik & Sladkovsky; G. fischerii subsp. suyuquense Berger; G. nataliae Neuhuber.
Voucher: Leuenberger, B. E.4389, Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, 2 Km N of Capilla del Monte towards Charbonier, 30°51'S, 64°32'W, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium carolinense (Neuhuber) Neuhuber, Gymnocalycium 18(4): 639–640. 2005.
Voucher: Demaio, P. 475, Prov. San Luis, Depto. Coronel Pringles, La Carolina, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium castellanosii Backeb. subsp. ferocius (H.Till & Amerhauser) Charles, Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 20: 18. 2005.
Syn.: G. mostii subsp. ferocior H.Till & Amerhauser.
Voucher: Borth, H. s.n., Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Minas, Agua de Ramón, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium erinaceum Lambert, Succulenta 64: 64–66. 1985.
Syn.: G. amerhauseri H.Till; G. lukasikii Halda & Kupcak; G. papschii H.Till; G. gaponii Neuhuber; G. walteri H.Till.
Voucher: Demaio, P. 108, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Colón, Ruta Provincial E-66 (Camino del Pungo), pasando Tres Cascadas, 30°56'58"S, 64°19'57"W, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium gibbosum (Haw.) Pfeiff. ex Mittler subsp. borthii (Koop ex H.Till) Charles, Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 20: 18. 2005.
Syn.: G. berchtii Neuhuber; G. borthii Koop ex H.Till subsp. nogolense Neuhuber.
Voucher: Demaio, P. H. 479, Prov. San Luis, Junín, Los Chañares, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium horridispinum Frank ex H.Till, Kakteen And. Sukk. 38(8): 191. 1987.
Syn.: G. monvillei subsp. horridispinum (Frank ex H.Till) H.Till.
Voucher: Fechser, H. s.n., Prov. Córdoba, SW Salsacate, (WU)
Gymnocalycium monvillei (Lem.) Britton & Rose, Cactaceae [Britton & Rose] 3: 161. 1922.
Syn.: G. multiflorum (Hook.) Britton & Rose; G. brachyanthum (Gürke) Britton & Rose; G. grandiflorum Backeb.; G. schuetzianum H.Till & Schatzl.
Voucher: Demaio, P. 112, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Colón, Ruta Provincial E-66 (Camino del Pungo), 30°56'34"S, 64°23'53"W, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium mostii (Gürke) Britton & Rose subsp. mostii, Addisonia 3: 5. 1918.
Syn.: G. kurtzianum (Gürke) Britton & Rose.
Voucher: Leuenberger, B. E. 4490, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Colón, 15–16 km W of Ascochinga on road to La Cumbre, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium mostii (Gürke) Britton & Rose subsp. valnicekianum (Jajó) Meregalli & Charles, Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 24. 2008.
Syn.: G. inmemoratum A. Castellanos & Lelong; G. tobuschianum Schick.; G. prochazkianum Sorma
Voucher: Kiesling, R. 9069, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Capilla del Monte, (SI)
Gymnocalycium neuhuberi H.Till & W.Till, Gymnocalycium 5(1):59–60. 1992.
Voucher: Demaio, P. H. 470, Prov. San Luis, Depto. Belgrano, Suyuque, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium quehlianum (F.Haage ex Quehl) Vaupel ex Hosseus, Revista Centro Estud. Farm. Córdoba 2(6): 22. 1926.
Syn.: G. quehlianum var. rolfianum Schick.; G. quehlianum var. zantnerianum Schick.; G. stellatum Speg.; G. stellatum var. flavispinum Bozsing ex H.Till & W.Till; G. stellatum var. kleinianum Rausch ex H.Till & W.Till.
Voucher: Schlumpberger, B. O. 320, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Capilla del Monte, El Cajón, (CORD)
Gymnocalycium robustum R.Kiesling, O.Ferrari & Metzing, Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 74(1): 4–8. 2002.
Syn.: G. kuehhasii Neuhuber & Sperling
Voucher: Kiesling, R. 9883, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Ischilín, Quilino, 30°22'18"S, 64°39'31"W, (SI)
CAMPANULACEAE
Siphocampylus foliosus Griseb. var. glabratus E.Wimm., Revista Sudamer. Bot. 2: 93. 1935.
Voucher: Stuckert, T. J. V. 10536, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Alberto, Mina Clavero, 31°41'29"S, 65°6'5"W, (CORD)
Siphocampylus foliosus Griseb. var. minor Zahlbr., Revis. Gen. Pl. 3[3]: 189. 1898.
Voucher: Stuckert, T. J. V. 10816, Prov. Córdoba, (G)
Siphocampylus lorentzii E.Wimm., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 85. 1931.
Voucher: Lorentz, P. G. 697, Prov. Córdoba, (B)
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Cerastium argentinum (Pax) F.N.Williams, J. Bot. 36: 387. 1898.
Syn.: Cerastium nutans var. argentinum Pax
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 6412, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Alberto, Sierra Grande, Pampa de Achala, al costado del monolito (Ruta Prov. 14), 31°40'42"S, 64°50'11"W, (CORD)
CYPERACEAE
Carex monodynama (Griseb.) G.A.Wheeler, Syst. Bot. 15: 656. 1990.
Syn.: Carex atropicta var. monodynama Griseb.; Carex atropicta var. pallescens Kurtz ex Kük.; Carex atropicta f. monodynama (Griseb.) Kük.; Carex atropicta f. pallescens (Kurtz ex Kük.) Kük.
Voucher: Kurtz, F. 3080h, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Calamuchita, (CORD)
ESCALLONIACEAE
Escallonia cordobensis (Kuntze) Hosseus, Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. 26: 120–121, f. 18. 1921.
Syn.: Escallonia rubra var. cordobensis Kuntze; Escallonia montana auct. non Phil.
Voucher: Ariza Espinar, L. 3494, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Copina, 31°11'55"S, 64°35'1"W, (CORD)
FABACEAE
Adesmia cordobensis Burkart var. appendiculata Ulibarri & Burkart, Darwiniana 38(1–2): 84. 2000.
Voucher: Anderson, D. L. 1921, Prov. San Luis, Depto. Pedernera, Cerro El Morro, Ea. La Guardia, (SI)
Apurimacia dolichocarpa (Griseb.) Burkart, Physis (Buenos Aires) 20(58): 286. 1951.
Syn.: Tephrosia dolichocarpa Griseb.
Voucher: Cabrera, A. L. 29655, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Pocho, Subida de Taninga, 31°21'30"S, 64°58'W, (SI)
Astragalus parodii I.M.Johnst., J. Arnold Arbor. 28: 371. 1947.
Voucher: Hieronymus, G. H. E. W. s.n., Prov. Córdoba, Sierra de Achala, Cuesta del Gaucho, (CORD)
Mimosa cordobensis Ariza, Lorentzia 6: 7–10, f. 1. 1986.
Voucher: Ariza Espinar, L. 3014, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Totoral, El Sauce, 30°40'51"S, 63°55'25"W, (CORD)
Prosopis campestris Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 19: 132–133. 1874.
Voucher: Lorentz, P. G. 2, Prov. Córdoba, “Umgebung von Chañar, wenige Leguas nach Süd und Nord verschwindend”, (CORD)
Sophora linearifolia Griseb., Symb. Fl. Argent. 110. 1879.
Voucher: Hieronymus, G. H. E. W. 135, Prov. Córdoba, orillas del río cerca del Molino de Ducas, (CORD)
GENTIANACEAE
Gentianella parviflora (Griseb) T.N.Ho, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 23(2): 63. 1993.
Voucher: Ariza Espinar, L. 1390, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Alberto, Pampa de Achala: Cerca de La Posta, 31°41'29"S, 65°6'5"W, (CORD)
GERANIACEAE
Geranium parodii I.M.Johnst., Contr. Gray Herb. 81: 92. 1928.
Voucher: Stuckert, T. 26029, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Cruz del Eje, Sierra de Achala, entre Tanti y Pampa de San Luis, 31°19'S, 64°35'W, (CORD)
IRIDACEAE
Calydorea undulata Ravenna, Onira 6(1): 14. 2001.
Voucher: Maldonado-Bruzzone, R. 1037, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Río Seco, Cerro Colorado, (LP)
MALVACEAE
Sphaeralcea cordobensis Krapov., Lilloa 17: 214. 1949.
Voucher: Cantero, J. J. 5388, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Calamuchita, Cañada de Alvarez, 32°22'1"S, 64°32'4"W, (CORD)
LOASACEAE
Blumenbachia hieronymi Urb., Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3: 249. 1884.
Voucher: Hieronymus, G. H. E. W. 790, Prov. Córdoba, Sierra de Achala, al pie del Cerro Champaquí, (CORD)
ORCHIDACEAE
Aa achalensis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 358. 1920.
Voucher: Ariza Espinar, L. 428, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, entre Cosquín y Parque Siquiman 31°11'55"S, 64°35'1"W, (CORD)
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago densa (Pilg.) Rahn, Nord. J. Bot. 3(3): 336. 1983.
Voucher: Hieronymus, G. H. E. W. 603, Prov. Córdoba, (CORD, F)
POACEAE
Aristida minutiflora Caro var. glabriflora Caro, Kurtziana 1: 154. 1961.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 22472, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Pocho, Sierra de Pocho: entre Arroyo Piedras Rosadas y Arroyo de las Águilas, 31°25'57"S, 65° 25'38"W, (CORD)
Aristida multiramea Hack., Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 21: 67. 1911.
Syn.: Aristida adscensionis var. laevis Hack.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 14026, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Pocho, Sierra de Pocho (falda oeste): Ruta 20, cerca de los Túneles, 31°25'57"S, 65°25'38'W, (CORD)
Aristida sayapensis Caro, Kurtziana 1: 159. 1961.
Voucher: Anderson, D. L. 2202, Prov. San Luis, Depto. General Pedernera, Ruta 148, 13 km al norte de Villa Mercedes, 34°1'20"S, 65°34'39'W, (CORD)
Cenchrus rigidus (Griseb.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 106: 129. 2010.
Syn.: Pennisetum rigidum (Griseb.) Hack., Gymnotrix rigida Griseb.
Voucher: Stuckert, T. J. V. 18737, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Río Primero, Estancia San Teodoro, 31°1'24"S, 63°27'21"W, (CORD)
Danthonia melanathera (Hack.) Bernardello, Kurtziana 10: 249. 1977.
Syn.: Danthonia cirrata Hack. & Arechav. var. melanathera Hack.
Voucher: Krapovickas, A. 7414, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, entre Copina y la Pampa de Achala, 31°11'55"S, 64°35'1"W, (CORD)
Melica decipiens Caro, Kurtziana 5: 288, fig. 5. 1969.
Syn.: Melica violacea var. glabrior Papp; Melica violacea f. mucronata Papp.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 9687, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Javier, Sierra Grande, bajando del cerro Champaquí, 32°5'3"S, 65°6'5"W, (CORD)
Nassella hunzikeri (Caro) Barkworth, Taxon 39(4): 610. 1990.
Syn.: Stipa hunzikeri Caro
Voucher: Cantero, J. J. 5539, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Río Cuarto, Iguazú, 31°3'51"S, 64° 47'39"W, (CORD)
Nassella nidulans (Mez.) Barkworth, Taxon 39(4): 611. 1990.
Syn.: Stipa nidulans Mez.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 18052, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Sierra Chica, Falda Oeste del Cerro Uritorco, 31°11'55"S, 64°35'1"W, (CORD)
Nassella stuckertii (Hack.) Barkworth, Taxon 39(4): 612. 1990.
Syn.: Stipa stuckertii Hack.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 8646, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, camino a Los Gigantes, El Vallecito, 31°11'55"S, 64°35'1"W, (CORD)
Poa hubbardiana Parodi, Notas Mus. La Plata, Bot. 2: 10–13, f.4. 1937.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 8682, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, Sierra Grande, Cerro de La Cruz, al este de Los Gigantes, 31°11'55"S, 64°35'1"W, (CORD)
Poa stuckertii (Hack.) Parodi, Physis (Buenos Aires) 11: 137. 1932.
Syn.: Poa lanigera var. stuckertii Hack.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 9657, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Calamuchita, Sierra Grande, Cumbre del Cerro Champaquí, 32°11'4"S, 64° 37'1"W, (CORD)
Trichloris pluriflora E. Fourn. f. macra Hack., Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires ser. 3, 4: 116. 1904.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 14868, Prov.San Luis, Depto. Junín, Sierra de San Luis, Quebrada del Tigre, entre Santa Rosa y Bañado de Cautana, 32°18'45"S, 65°16'39"W, (CORD)
Tridens nicorae Anton, Kurtziana 10: 51, fig. 1977.
Syn.: Antonella nicorae (Anton) Caro.
Voucher: Anderson, D. L. 1686, Prov. San Luis, Depto. La Capital, Cerro El Lince, faldeo oriental, 33°43'47"S, 66°30'47"W, (CORD)
PORTULACACEAE
Portulaca confertifolia Hauman var. cordobensis D. Legrand, Lilloa 17: 360, fig. 19. 1949.
Voucher: Soriano, A. 791, Prov. Córdoba, Salinas Grandes, km 907, (SI)
Portulaca obtusifolia D. Legrand var. obtusifolia, Comun. Bot. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 3(32): [1], tab. 1. 1959.
Voucher: Sayago, M. 2311, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Río Seco, en el centro de Saladillo, Villa Candelaria, 29°58'45"S, 63°15'49"W, (CORD)
Portulaca ragonesei D. Legrand, Lilloa 17: 333, tab. 2. 1949.
Voucher: Ragonese, A. E. s.n., Prov. Córdoba, (BAB)
ROSACEAE
Geum brevicarpellatum F.Bolle, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 72: 54. 1933.
Voucher: Hieronymus, G. H. E. W. 35, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Alberto, Sierra Achala, Quebrada del Chorro, al Este de Los Gigantes, (CORD)
RUBIACEAE
Borreria eryngioides Cham. & Schltdl. var. ostenii (Standl.) E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo, Opera Bot. Belg. 7: 317. 1996.
Syn.: Borreria ostenii Standl.
Voucher: Ariza Espinar, L. 1260, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Capital, Barrio San Martín, 31°23'27"S, 64°11'27"W, (CORD)
Richardia coldenioides Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4: 208. 1895.
Syn.: Richardsonia coldenioides (Rusby) Buchtien
Voucher: Burkart, A. 10443, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Calamuchita, Río Tercero, 32°11'4"S, 64° 37'1"W, (SI)
SOLANACEAE
Solanum concarense Hunz., Kurtziana 20: 190, fig. 2. 1989.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 14547, Prov. San Luis, Depto. Chacabuco, cerca de Concarán, Santa Rosa, 32°42'38"S, 65°12'6"W, (CORD)
Solanum ratum C.V.Morton, Revis. Argentine Sp. Solanum 130 (-132), figs. 121-L, 15. 1976.
Voucher: Chiarini, F. 818, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, entre Cerro Blanco y La Ollada, El Durazno, 31°11'55"S, 64°35'1"W, (CORD)
Solanum restrictum C.V.Morton, Revis. Argentine Sp. Solanum 128 (-130), figs. 12E-N, 14. 1976.
Voucher: Chiarini, F. 794, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Punilla, La Cumbre, alrededores de la Estancia El Rosario, 31°59'2"S, 64°28'13"W, (CORD
VALERIANACEAE
Valeriana ferax (Griseb.) Höck, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 3(1): 55. 1882.
Syn.: Phyllactis ferax Griseb.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 9683, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. San Javier, Sierra Grande, Cerro Champaquí, 32°5'3"S, 65°6'5"W, (CORD)
Valeriana stuckertii Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 442. 1919.
Voucher: Stuckert, T. J. V. 12063, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Santa María, Sierra Chica, 31°38'59"S, 64°15'28"W, (CORD)
VERBENACEAE
Junellia bisulcata (Hayek) Moldenke var. campestris (Griseb.) Botta, Hickenia 2: 127. 1995.
Syn.: Junellia juniperina var. campestris (Griseb.) Moldenke; Verbena juniperina var. campestris Griseb.
Voucher: Krapovickas, A. 7751, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Pocho, Taninga, 31°25'57"S, 65°25'38"W, (SI)
Parodianthus capillaris Tronc., Darwiniana 18: 21. 1973.
Voucher: Hunziker, A. T. 24987, Prov. Córdoba, Depto. Sobremonte, Sierra del Norte, 6 km al oeste de San Francisco del Chañar, hacia Lucio V. Mansilla, 29°44'12"S, 64°7'57"W, (CORD)
The altitudinal distribution of the endemic taxa in the Sierras CSL is shown in Table
Summary of altitudinal distribution of endemic taxa in the Sierras CSL. Taxa identification numbers as in Table
Vegetation belt or combination | lower | middle | upper | lower/middle | middle/upper | lower/middle/upper |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
taxa | 35 | 2 | 11 | 17 | 7 | 17 |
percentage | 39.32 | 2.29 | 12.35 | 19.54 | 8.04 | 19.54 |
taxa ID | 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 17, 18, 20, 28, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 49, 52, 57, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89 | 25, 76 | 9, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 47, 50, 56, 60, 86 | 6, 10, 26, 27, 31, 32, 35, 43, 44, 45, 54, 70, 71, 72, 74, 80, 85 | 13, 29, 33, 55, 62, 69, 73 | 1, 2, 11, 12, 14, 23, 24, 30, 38, 48, 51, 53, 58, 59, 63, 87, 88 |
The inclusion of the endemic taxa of the Sierras CSL in phylogenetic studies has been minimal; from a total of 53 genera with endemic taxa present in the area, 32 (60.3%) have been included in at least one molecular phylogenetic analysis, but only 10 studies (18.8%) have a species endemic to the Sierras CSL: Acanthocalycium, Blumenbachia, Eryngium, Escallonia, Grindelia, Gymnocalycium, Portulaca, Prosopis, Sphaeralcea and Tillandsia (Table
Family | Genus | Phylogeny of the genus including endemic species of CSL Sierras |
---|---|---|
Amaranthaceae | Gomphrena |
|
Apiaceae | Eryngium |
|
Bromeliaceae | Tillandsia |
|
Cactaceae | Acanthocalycium |
|
Cactaceae | Gymnocalycium |
|
Escalloniaceae | Escallonia |
|
Fabaceae | Prosopis | Catalano et al. 2007 |
Loasaceae | Blumenbachia |
|
Malvaceae | Sphaeralcea |
|
Portulacaceae | Portulaca | Ocampo and Columbus 2012 |
Aa. South American genus with around 25 species, mostly in the Central and Northern Andes, and 5 species in Argentina (
Acanthocalycium. Endemic genus of the mountain ranges of Central Argentina, with 5 species (
Adesmia. This genus has ca. 240 species in South America, most of which are found in the Andes (
Alternanthera. Cosmopolitan genus with ca. 100 species, mostly in tropical and warm regions of America. There are 36 species in Argentina (
Apurimacia. South American genus with 5 species. The endemic of the Sierras CSL A. dolichocarpa is the only species in Argentina. A molecular phylogeny of the tribe Millettieae (
Aristida. Widespread genus with ca. 300 spp. of tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres (
Astragalus. Cosmopolitan genus with ca. 2500 species inhabiting Mediterranean arid and semiarid environments, with 61 species in Argentina (
Berberis. Estimates of species numbers in the cosmopolitan genus Berberis vary between 20 (Landrum 1990) and ca. 450 (Kim et al. 2004). Thirty four species are found in Argentina (
Blumenbachia. South American genus with ca. 12 species, 6 of them in Argentina (
Borreria. Sometimes included in Spermacoce L. (150 spp.), this genus comprises 18 species in Argentina. Besides the different type of fruit of Borreria and Spermacoce, the study by Groeninck et al. (2009) shows clearly that Borreria should be maintained as a separate genus. The Sierras CSL endemic Borreria eryngioides var. ostenii has never been included in a molecular phylogeny.
Calydorea. This South American genus comprises ca. 10 species from temperate regions. There are 5 spp. in Argentina, including the Sierras CSL endemic C. undulata. This taxon was described by
Carex. This cosmopolitan genus comprises 1500–2000 species in both Northern and Southern hemispheres (
Cenchrus. Grass genus with ca. 100 species of tropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres; 14 species are found in Argentina (
Cerastium. The nearly cosmopolitan genus Cerastium comprises ca. 100 species with a diversity center in Eurasia and has preference for cold-temperate regions (
Danthonia. 30 species mainly from mountainous regions of the Southern Hemisphere; 7 species in Argentina (
Eryngium. The largest genus in the Apiaceae, with about 250 species of temperate regions of all continents; 29 species are found in Argentina (
Escallonia. The South American genus Escallonia comprises ca. 40 species of shrubs, especially in the Andes. In Argentina there are 16 species (
Gentianella. This mostly alpine-arctic genus occurs in South America in the Andes, where is represented by ca. 150 species (
Geranium. Genus with ca. 400 species of temperate areas and tropical mountains throughout most of the world, and 18 species in Argentina (
Geum. This mostly Northern Hemisphere (
Gomphrena. This genus includes ca. 120 spp. of tropical regions, with 38 species in Argentina (
Grindelia. A New World temperate genus with 73 species in western North America and southern South America (
Gymnocalycium. South American genus of ca. 50 species, mostly in mountain ranges of Argentina; with 16 endemic species and subspecies in the Sierras CSL, is the genus with largest number of endemic species in the region (
Habranthus. American genus of ca. 30 species, mostly South American but with five species in North America, probably introduced (
Helenium. American genus of ca. 40 species, mostly southern USA and Mexico (
Hieracium. Nearly cosmopolitan genus with ca. 1000 species (
Hypochaeris. This genus with ca. 60 species occurs in Europe, Asia and North Africa, and South America, while the greatest number of species is found in the latter (
Hysterionica. South American genus with 12 species in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina; 9 species are found in Argentina (
Isostigma. Small South American genus with 11 species from subtropical areas; 5 species are found in Argentina (
Junellia. South American genus with 36 species distributed in Perú, Bolivia, Chile and the most in Argentina. The molecular phylogeny of
Melica. Grass genus with 80 species from temperate regions of both hemispheres; 17 species in Argentina (
Mimosa. This genus comprises ca. 480 spp. of tropical and warm zones of the American continent; in Argentina there are 55 species (Zuloaga and Morrone 2012). The genus is rich in narrow endemics (
Mostacillastrum. This South American genus comprises 17 species distributed from southern Peru and Bolivia to northern Patagonia (
Mutisia. Excepting for a few species growing in southern Brazil and adjacent regions of Paraguay and Uruguay, most of the 59 species of this genus are found in the Andes (
Nassella. Grass genus with ca. 80 species distributed in the American continent, especially in the Andes (
Nothoscordum. This mostly South American genus comprises more than 70 species, with 39 in Argentina and a single species, N. gracile, distributed through the Americas (
Parodianthus. Small genus with only two known species, restricted to central Argentina. Pardianthus capillaris grows only in the northern extreme of the Sierras CSL.
Plantago. The ca. 260 species of Plantago are distributed worldwide (
Poa. The largest genus of the Poaceae, with a number varying between 500–575 species distributed in all temperate-cold regions of the world (
Portulaca. Distributed worldwide, this genus comprises ca. 100 species, mainly in the tropics and subtropics, with centers of diversity in South America and Africa. There are 29 taxa in Argentina, including the Sierras CSL endemic P. confertifolia var. cordobensis (
Prosopis. This genus comprises 45 species of warmer regions of America, Southeast Asia and Africa. There are 28 spp. in Argentina (
Senecio. One of the most species-rich genera of the Asteraceae, Senecio has ca. 3000 species distributed all over the world. In Argentina there are 423 species (
Siphocampylus. South American genus with ca. 220 species, 16 growing in mountainous regions of Argentina. Neither endemic variety of S. foliosus endemic to the Sierras CSL has been included in any phylogenetic study.
Solanum. Sub-cosmopolitan genus with around 1400 species of warm regions of the world. In Argentina there are 115 species and three hybrids (
Soliva. Small and mostly South American genus, it also has widespread species that occur in both Australia and North America. 5 species grow in Argentina (
Sophora. Cosmopolitan genus with ca. 45 species; 2 species in Argentina. Sophora linearifolia is endemic to the Sierras CSL, but has not been included in the phylogeny by
Sphaeralcea. This genus has ca. 40 herbaceous and shrubby species occurring in temperate parts of the Americas (
Tillandsia. Pan-American genus with ca. 550 species (
Trichloris. Grass genus with 2 disjunct species distributed in north-central Argentina and Bolivia and Mexico and southern USA (
Trichocline. Genus of 22 species, most of them in South America from southern Peru to central Argentina and Chile (
Tridens. Grass genus with 14 species distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the Americas; 3 species in Argentina (
Valeriana. This genus comprises ca. 350 species usually found in mountainous regions (
Zephyranthes. This genus comprises about 65 Neotropical species. The molecular phylogeny of American Amaryllidaceae by
A total of 28 taxa of the endemics of the Sierras CSL is sympatric with a widespread congener, or with one found close to the area (Table
Sympartry/parapatry of endemic taxa of Sierra CSL and widespread congeners.
Endemic taxa Sierra CSL | Widespread related taxa | Source |
---|---|---|
Adesmia cordobensis var. appendiculata | A. cordobensis Burkart |
|
Alternanthera pumila | A. pungens Kunth |
|
Aristida minutiflora var. glabriflora | A. minutiflora Caro |
|
Blumenbachia hieronymi | B. insignis Schrad. |
|
Borreria eryngioides var. ostenii | B. eryngioides Cham. & Schltdl. |
|
Calydorea undulata | C. pallens Briseb. |
|
Eryngium agavifolium | E. elegans Cham. & Schltdl. |
|
Escallonia cordobensis | E. petrophila Rambo & Sleumer, E. ledifolia Sleumer, E. farinacea A. St.-Hil., E. bifida Link & Otto, E. laevis (Vell.) Sleumer, E. hypoglauca Herzog and E. tucumanensis Hosseus |
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Geranium parodii | G. sessiliflorum Cav. |
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Gomphrena pulchella subsp. rosea | G. pulchella Mart. | Borsch 2008 |
Grindelia cabrerae var. alatocarpa | G. cabrerae Ariza |
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Grindelia globularifolia | G. pulchella Mart. |
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Habranthus sanavironae | H. robustus Herb. ex Sweet |
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Junellia bisulcata var. campestris | J. bisulcata (Hayek) Moldenke |
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Mutisia castellanosii var. comechingoana | M. castellanosii Cabrera |
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Nassella stuckertii | N. tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth |
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Parodianthus capillaris | P. illicifolium (Moldenke) Tronc. |
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Portulaca confertifolia | P. eruca Hauman, P. perennis R.E. Fr., P. mucronulata D. Legrand, P. obtusa Poelln. and P. gilliesii Hook. |
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Prosopis campestris | P. chilensis (Molina) Stuntz emend. Burkart |
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Siphocampylus foliosous var. glabratus; S. foliosus var. minor | S. foliosus Griseb. |
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Solanum concarense, S. ratum, S. restrictum | S. salicifolium Phil. | Knapp 2013 |
Soliva triniifolia | S. anthemifolia (Juss.) Sweet |
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Sphaeralcea cordobensis | S. crispa Baker f. |
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Tillandsia xiphioides var. minor | T. xiphioides Ker Gawl. |
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Trichloris pluriflora fo. macra | T. pluriflora E. Fourn. |
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Trichocline plicata | T. reptans (Wedd.) Hieron. |
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Two main sources of evidence suggest that 46 taxa (ca 40.4%) of the endemics of the Sierras CSL are neoendemic taxa sensu
The second source of supporting evidence is the existence of pairs of taxa with the endemic species of Sierras CSL occurring in sympatry or parapatry with a widespread congeneric species.
These aspects of the endemics of the Sierras (inclusion in clades and sympatry with a widespread congeneric taxon) are congruent with the geological and biological history of the region. The Sierras CSL system is the result of a ca. 520 Ma (Paleozoic) orogenic process that around 399 Ma was subject to an intrusion of magmatic batholiths (
The distribution of endemic taxa varied among the altitudinal belts. In a chorological study on 20 selected sites of the Sierras CSL,
Our data suggests that many endemic taxa of the Sierras de Córdoba and San Luis have developed as consequence of differentiation processes occurred during the last approximately 7 Ma. Likewise, the whole flora of the Sierras has been only partially isolated from surrounding Chaco vegetation. The overall lower presence of endemic taxa of the Sierras in phylogenetic studies emphasizes the need for their inclusion in such studies as a mean to achieve a better understanding of the evolutionary and biogeographical history of this area. Lastly, the present work also suggests that, although extracting information on speciation from phylogenies is not straightforward (
We want to thank Dr. Root Gorelick (Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada) for the critical reading of the manuscript and improving the English. JC thanks CONICET (Argentina) for financial support.
Dedicated to Dr. Luis Ariza Espinar, Emeritus Curator of the Museo Botánico de Córdoba (CORD), connoisseur and expert on the flora of Central Argentina.