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Research Article
Drymaria veliziae (Caryophyllaceae), a new species from the Andes of Cajamarca (North Peru)
expand article infoDaniel B. Montesinos-Tubée§|, Carolina Tovar, Gustavo Iberico-Vela#, Juan Montoya-Quino#, Isidoro Sanchez-Vega#
‡ Instituto Científico Michael Owen Dillon, Arequipa, Peru
§ Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru
| Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
¶ Royal Botanic Gardens, Surrey, United Kingdom
# Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
† Deceased author
Open Access

Abstract

A new species from the Northern Peruvian Andes (Cajamarca department), Drymaria veliziae sp. nov., is proposed in the present paper. It grows in the high-elevation montane grasslands and it is morphologically similar to D. auriculipetala from which it differs in having elliptic-ovate leaves, blade margin bases glandular, large number of stipules arranged in a pedicel form at the leaf axis and by the short and glandular pedicels. A detailed description, original photographs and a location map are provided, as well as an updated diagnostic key of Drymaria Ser. Frutescens. The IUCN status of the new species is assessed as Endangered (EN).

Keywords

Andes, Cajamarca, new species, Caryophyllaceae

Introduction

The genus Drymaria Willd. ex Schult. (Caryophyllaceae Juss.) contains 48 species mainly distributed in subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere (see the most recent revision of the genus by Duke 1961), whereas one species (Drymaria cordata Willd. ex Schult.) is widespread, occurring in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Madagascar (Villarreal and Estrada 2008). Duke (1961) recognised 17 Series but they were not validly published because Latin diagnoses were not given (nomina nuda; see Art. 38.2 Ex. 1 of ICN, Turland et al. 2018) (see Hartman 2005 and Villarreal and Estrada 2008). After Duke (l.c.), no studies have been made on Peruvian Drymaria taxa.

Concerning the molecular data, those available for Drymaria are included in the large phylogenetic study of Caryophillaceae by Greenberg and Donoghue (2011), but here no Andean species of Drymaria were involved.

On the basis of some authors (Macbride 1937; Brako and Zarucchi 1993) and our ongoing studies (Montesinos-Tubée in prep.), 24 Drymaria species (including 18 infraspecific taxa) are expected to occur in the Peruvian Andes.

As part of the ongoing floristic and taxonomic studies on Peruvian Flora (Montesinos-Tubée 2013; Montesinos-Tubée and Kool 2015; Montesinos-Tubée et al. 2018), we found an interesting population belonging to the genus Drymaria which, however, cannot be identified with any of the currently known species. We, therefore, decided to propose a new species for Science.

Material and methods

Specimens of Drymaria, housed in many South American and other herbaria (B, CUZ, F, HSP, HUT, HUSA, K, L, LP, LPB, MOL, P, SI, SGO, USM, WAG; acronyms according to Thiers 2019+), were studied by the first author (DBM-T). Additionally, field surveys were carried out. Specimen information (including digital images) were searched using online sources such as GBIF (2019), JSTOR Global Plants (2019), Tropicos (2019) and herbarium databases of several herbaria.

Morphological characters were studied using a NSZ-405 1X-4.5X stereomicroscope and an AmScope M100CLED 40×-1000× compound microscope. Conservation assessments were undertaken using the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN 2019). The monograph by Duke (1961) was used as the basic reference to describe the new species.

Results and discussion

Drymaria veliziae Montesinos, sp. nov.

Figs 2, 3

Type

Peru. Cajamarca: Cajamarca: Encañada: Chanta baja, on sandy clay loam soils amongst shrub species and tussock grasslands, close to agricultural lands, 3295 m elev., slope of 60% and rock cover of 35%, 6°49’56’’S, 78°30’20’’W (DMS). 06 June 2009, C. Tovar 1058 (holotype CPUN–22705!).

Diagnosis

Drymaria veliziae is similar to D. auriculipetala Mattf. from which it differs in having glands covering the stems and pedicels, leaves with elliptic-ovate form, shorter in size (4–5.5 mm vs. 5–15 mm in D. auriculipetala), by the leaves arranged in fascicules (vs. simple opposite leaves), stipules in numbers of 14–20 per axis (vs. 2–4 in D. auriculipetala), pedicel size (1–2 mm long vs. 5–40 mm) and by the capsule size being smaller (1.4–1.6 mm vs. 3–4 mm).

Figure 1. 

Location map of the type and paratype collection localities. Background: LANDSAT 5TM satellite image (June 2007) where light brown-pink areas represent Jalca grasslands, light green areas are agricultural fields and purple represents mining areas.

Description

Perennial herb, the taproot woody, stems originating from the root brow spreading or ascending, rarely decumbent, of 20–35(–50) cm long. Stems rigid, greenish-lilac, densely glandular, of about 0.05–0.3 mm long, persistent on mature stems and having scattered plicate trichomes of 1–3 mm long on young stems. Internodes 0.2–5.5 cm long. Leaves opposite, usually forming short fascicules; petioles 0.3–0.9 mm long, partially glaucous, scarcely covered with glands in the margins; blades elliptic to ovate, 4–5.5 mm long × 1.2–2 mm width, coriaceous, the bases cuneate, decurrent to the petiole, the apex aristate, 1–1.5 mm long, narrowly bearing short glands along the margin, midrib nearly inconspicuous; leaf margins lustrous, revolute and glabrous except at the base; stipules aciculate to linear-lanceolate, aristate, 1.5–3 mm long × 0.1–0.4 wide, shorter or equalling the length of the leaves, with glabrous margins and usually verticillate, in numbers of 14–20 per axis, persistent, white translucid to brownish with age, rarely bifid or trifid; bracts opposite, 2.5–3 mm long × 2 mm width, involute, cupuliform, irregularly ovate, margins covered with scattered glands, surface white coloured with lilac blotches. Flowers except the first formed, axilar and solitary at the end of the branches, base protected by the bracts (in pairs 1 or 2). Pedicels 1–2 mm long, densely glandular and covered with carinate plicate trichomes, rarely aereal, of about 0.2–0.4 mm. Calyx cylindrical-campanulate; sepals 5, equal, 5–6 mm long × 2–2.2 mm width, glabrous, elliptic-ovate, apex apiculate and aristate, basally truncate, 3–5 nerved; petals 5, 5–7 mm long × 1.8–2.2 mm width, bifid about half their length, elliptic, apex rounded, 1–1.2 mm width, 8–10 nerved, constricted at the junction of the lobes; stamens 5, 2–2.2 mm long, anthers oblong, 0.2–0.3 mm long; ovary roundish, 1–1.4 mm long, slightly exceeded by the anthers; style 1–1.2 mm long, trifid about half its length, stigmatic branches twisted or coiled. Capsule ovoid, 1.4–1.6 mm long, 5–8 seeded. Seeds roundish, reniform, 0.6–0.9 mm long × 0.6–0.8 mm wide, granulate, ventral surface with roundish-acute tubercles, black to dark brown in colour.

Figure 2. 

Holotype of Drymaria veliziae (CPUN-22705!).

Figure 3. 

A. Internode and leaf arrangements B glandular stems C crown of stipules at the leaf axis D leaves (adaxial side) E leaves (abaxial side) F axis of leaves G bracts at the leaf axis H mature and immature flowers I flower detail J sepals (adaxial side) K sepals (abaxial side) L single petal with bifid apex portion M flower with ovary, stamens (indicated with dark lines) and style N ovary detail with a trifurcated style O seeds.

Etymology

The epithet “veliziae” honours Claudia Véliz Rosas (1978–2019), a passionate biologist who devoted her research efforts to the study Peruvian biodiversity. Her deep love of nature, people and travelling inspired her to work throughout Peru, studying freshwater, marine and mountain ecosystems. Her research contributed to the establishment of protected areas and the development of management plans. Claudia dedicated many years to study taricaya turtles in the Amazon, helping local human communities to improve taricayas’ management and conservation. She was an excellent and supportive friend, a talented amateur painter and dancer and a keen cyclist.

Paratype: Peru: Cajamarca: Hualgayoc: Hualgayoc, less than 1 km from the Goldfield mine, surrounded by agricultural fields downslope, found on sandy clay loam soils, 3715 m elev., 6°46’43’’S (DMS) and 78°37’5’’W (DMS), 100% slope and 5% rock cover. 01 June 2009, C. Tovar 909 (CPUN–22858!).

Ecology and distribution: Drymaria veliziae grows on steep mountain cliffs (slope 60–100%) on sandy clay loam soils at an elevation of 3295–3715 m on the eastern slopes of the Jalca, on the headwaters of the Llaucano River, tributary of the Marañon River. Climatic characteristics for the localities of the type and paratype, extracted from the CHELSA climatology (Karger et al. 2017), show mean annual temperatures in these areas are 8.5–11.5°C, with minimum temperatures estimated between 1.8 and 5°C. Total annual precipitation ranges from 900 to 1200 mm with driest months receiving 16–28 mm. Other species found in the two localities were Hieracium peruanum Fr. (Asteraceae), Hypochaeris taraxacoides (Meyen & Walp.) Ball (Asteraceae) and Calamagrostis spp. (Poaceae). In the type locality of Drymaria veliziae (Fig. 4), it has been observed that it grows associated with shrubs (e.g. Coreopsis senaria S.F. Blake & Sherff (Asteraceae), Achyrocline celosioides (Kunth) DC. (Asteraceae), Ageratina cutervensis (Hieron.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae)), tussock grasses (Calamagrostis and Festuca spp. (Poaceae)) and an orchid (e.g. Masdevallia spp.), amongst others. The locality of the paratype, being at higher altitude, had less species richness and associated species with D. velizzii were Geranium peruvianum Hieron. (Geraniaceae), Calceolaria concava Molau (Calceolariaceae), Chrysactinium acaule (Kunth) Wedd. (Asteraceae), Euphorbia huanchahana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae), amongst others.

Figure 4. 

Quadrat where the new species was found. Chanta baja, Encañada District, 3295 m elev. Photo by Carolina Tovar.

Taxonomical notes

On the basis of the classification proposed by Duke (1961), Drymaria veliziae would belong to the ser. Frutescens Duke sharing the leaf shape (linear to lanceolate) glandular pedicels, the number of sepal nervadures (3–5) and petals bifid which are not tapered to the claw.

Drymaria veliziae is morphologically similar to D. auriculipetala Mattf. (1936: 438–439) but differs in having glands covering the stems and pedicels, leaves with elliptic-ovate form, shorter in size, by the leaves arranged in fascicules (vs. simple opposite leaves), stipules larger numbers per axis, shorter pedicel size and smaller capsule size.

Furthermore, Drymaria veliziae differs from D. stereophylla Mattf. (1936: 436–437) by the plant habit, the glabrous surface of the leaves (vs. presence of glands and puberulent trichomes in D. stereophylla), bifid or trifid stipules (vs. entire), shorter stamen size (2–2.2 mm vs. 4–6 mm), shorter style size (1–1.2 mm vs. 1–2.5 mm), capsule size shorter (1.4–1.6 vs. 2.5–3.5 mm) and seed size (0.6–0.9 vs. 0.9–1.3 mm in D. stereophylla).

The new species is further differentiated from D. stellarioides Willd. ex Schult. (1819: 406) by the stipule form (bifid to trifid vs. entire), shorter bract size (2.5–3 mm vs. 3–5 mm in D. stellarioides), sepals glabrous (vs. glabrous to densely glandular-puberulent) and shorter capsule size and form (1.4–1.6 mm, ovoid vs. 3–5 mm long, ellipsoid).

An updating of the diagnostic key for the ser. Frutescens, as proposed by Duke (1961: 214) follows:

1 Pedicels and sepals present and glabrous, sepals (3-)5-nerved 2
edicels and sepals present or absent, glabrous or glandular, sepals 3-nerved 3
2 Leaves imbricate, closely appressed to the stems, 2–6 mm long, 1–1.5 mm broad, basally clasping and pungently acute; the sepals mostly 5-nerved; petals tapered to the claw D. frutescens
Leaves not imbricate, 4–12 mm long, 2–6 mm broad, apically acute to aristately acuminate; the sepals 3–4-nerved; petals not tapered to the claw D. stereophylla
3 Pedicels and sepals usually glandular, leaves glabrous, apically aristate-attenuate, aristate and basally cuneate; stipules present; seeds with domical or conical tubercles 4
Pedicels and sepals glabrous to densely glandular-puberulent; leaves apically acute and marginally entire, densely glandular-puberulent; stipules entire, apparently fused or occasionally absent; seeds without domical tubercles D. stellarioides
4 Bracts absent, simple opposite leaves, pedicels 5–40 mm long, stipules copiously shorter than the leaves; glabrous pedicels and stems, short number of pedicels per axis (2–4) D. auriculipetala
Bracts present; leaves arranged in fascicules; pedicels 1–2 mm long, glands covering the stems and pedicels; leaves with elliptic-ovate form, large number of pedicels per axis (14–20) D. veliziae

Conservation status

Only the two localities referring to holotype and paratype are currently known for Drymaria veliziae (these localities are separated by about 12 km). The surrounding areas are characterised by various types of human activities, for example, agriculture, land conversion, forestry with exotic species, slash burning, natural resource extraction, amongst others (Figure 1). Land use change occurred between 1987 and 2007 with a reduction of the 25% of grasslands and an increasing of landscape fragmentation (see Tovar et al. 2013). The type specimen was collected on a Jalca patch surrounded by agricultural fields (Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae), Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae), Zea mays L. (Poaceae)), while the paratype was collected in a smaller patch less than 1 km distant from a mining area developed after 1987. A total of 110 vegetation plots were sampled across the Jalca in 2007 (Tovar et al. 2012) and the new species was found in only two of them. Using the criteria B1a and B1b of the IUCN (2019), we assessed D. veliziae as Endangered species (EN).

Acknowledgements

The first author (DBM-T) is grateful to J.S. Ingham (Oxfordshire, UK) for logistic support in the visit to CPUN herbarium (Cajamarca, Peru) which led to the encounter of the novelty while making a revision of the Caryophyllaceae specimens stored there. The second author (CT) is thankful to the Proyecto Páramo Andino, implemented by CONDESAN and the Universiteit van Amsterdam for their financial support to carry out the fieldwork that led to this collection. Thanks also to E. Cabrera (Cajamarca, Peru) and C. Aguilar (Cajamarca, Peru) for their assistance in the collection and to V. Campos (Herbario Nacional de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru) for his help in the Herbarium of Cajamarca. We are also grateful to J. Duivenvoorden (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and A. Cleef from the University of Amsterdam (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for their supervision, support and advice during the project in which the species was collected. We finally thank M. Way and A. Di Sacco (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK) for providing the magnified lens and L. Hudson (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK) and K. Zevallos (Arequipa, Peru) for their help with the editing of pictures.

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