The subspecies Phippsia algida ssp. algidiformis (H. Sm.) Löve and Löve was found during the phytogeographical work in North Greenland (Bay 1992). It is distributed in high arctic Greenland from Scoresbysund (70°N) in East Greenland through North Greenland to the Thule district in Northwest Greenland (Bay 1992).

The viviparous form of Poa hartzii Gandoger forma prolifera (Simm.) Boivin has been found three times in Greenland. The localities are close to each other in the easternmost part of North Greenland. Two collections are from Kap København (82°23–24'N) in Peary Land and one from Prinsesse Margrethe Ø southeast of Peary Land. The form is described from material collected at Ellesmere Island and the only other collection outside

Greenland is from a small island near Devon Island (Scoggan 1978–1979). The distribution of Poa hartzii s.l. is Amphi-Atlantic high arctic.

Eriophorum callitrix Cham.

First record is from Qaanaaq (77°28'N) in West Greenland collected by C. Bay in 1988.

Potamogeton praelongus Wulf.

First record in West Greenland at Kangerdlugssuak (66°32'N) by Bennike and Anderson (1998). The species is otherwise only known from Rypefjord (71°02) in central East Greenland.

Saxifraga hieracifolia W. and K.

This species was found in Inglefield Land (78°35'N) by F. Feilberg in 1999.

Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh.

Until 1993 the species was only known from a few localities in southernmost Greenland (Feilberg 1984). A. Elvebakk found the species in Jameson Land (71°10'N) on the east coast in 1993 and C. Bay found the species further to the north at Tyroler Fjord (74°28'N) in 2015 – an extension of the distribution area of c. 350 kilometers. Fruits from the species are presumably transported to East Greenland by migrating geese from Iceland.

Carex rostrata Stokes

This species was found at one locality in Skjoldungen district (63°21'N) by C. Bay. It is the first record of Carex rostrata in East Greenland (Fredskild and Bay 1993).

Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub.

During fieldwork in 2014 C. Bay found one specimen of the species at Mudderbugten, Milne Land (70°35'N) in central East Greenland.

Dryopteris assimilis Walker

This species was collected at Fridtjof Nansens Halvø (64°20'N) by K. Gormsen in 1968. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott

This boreal species was found at three sites in Skjoldungen district (63°13'–21'N) during Greenland Botanical Surveys fieldwork in Southeast Greenland in 1992.

Dupontia fisheri R. Br.

The species was collected by B. Fredskild at Zackenberg (74°28'N) for the first time in East Greenland in 1992.

Isoëtes echinospora Dur. ssp. muricata (Dur.) Löve and Löve

The species was found by C. Bay at one locality (63°21'N) in Skjoldungen district.

Juncus filiformis L.

The species was found at three localities in Skjoldungen district between 63°16' and 63°21'N by Bay in 1992.

Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv.

The species was found at two localities in Skjoldungen district by C. Bay. The northernmost at 63°16'N

Menyanthes trifoliata L.

This species has been found for the first time on the west coast of Jameson Land (71°17'N) during the biological fieldwork prior to an oil exploration (Fredskild, Bay and Holt 1982). Totally, it was found in three lakes.

Potamogeton pusillus ssp. groenlandicus (Hagstr.) Böch.

This species was recorded once in Skjoldungen district (63°21'N) by C. Bay in 1992.

Vaccinium myrtillus L.

This species was found at Kap Niels Juel (63°12'N) by C. Bay and it is only the second record in Greenland. Hitherto it had only been found on the island Alangorssuaq in South Greenland.

Cardamine pratensis L.

During fieldwork in eastern Peary Land (82°30'N) in 1987 and in Nansen Land (82°58'N) in 1991 collected the first records of the species in North Greenland (Bay 1992).

Carex atrofusca Schkuhr.

Finds by C. Bay in 1985 and 1991 in central North Greenland are the first records from North Greenland (Bay 1992). The species has a disjunct distribution in Greenland: In West Greenland it is recorded between Disko (69°16’ N and 71°30'N), in Northwest Greenland between Dundas (76°34'N) and Siorapaluk (77°48'N), plus the isolated records from Warming Land and Brainard Sund in North Greenland. In East Greenland it is distributed between Jameson Land (70°38’ N) and Lambert Land (79°10’ N).

Carex glacialis Mack.

The species was collected at 82°10'N in Wulff Land in 1985 by C. Bay.

Carex marina Dew. ssp. pseudolagopina (Th. Sør.) Böch.

Found at Brainard Sund (82°58'N) in Nansen Land which is the first record from North Greenland (Bay 1992). The only other find from North Greenland is from Mylius Erichsen Land (80°20'N) collected by Daniëls in 1995.

Dryas octopetala L. ssp. punctata (Juz.) Hult.

This species was collected in Amdrup Land (80°49'N) during the NEWland project in 1993 by C. Bay and B. Fredskild.

Eriophorum callitrix Cham.

C. Bay collected the species in Qaanaaq (77°28'N) in 1988 and in Nansen Land (82°58'N) in central North Greenland in 1991, which are the first records from West Greenland and a new north distribution limit in North Greenland.

Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. hermaphroditum

Empetrum was not known from North Greenland until F. Daniëls visited Mylius Erichsen Land (80°20'N) in 1995 and found a small population at Amdrup Højland. This is the first find in North Greenland, the previous northernmost record was Danmarkshavn (76°46'N) c. 500 km to the south.

Ranunculus nivalis L.

Collected by C. Bay at Kap København in eastern Peary Land (82°30'N), which is the first record from the flora province North Greenland (Bay 1992).

Tofieldia coccinea Richards.

F. Daniëls extended the known northern distribution limit in 1995 by finding the species for the first time in North Greenland at Mylius Erichsen Land at 80°30'N

North range extensions in West Greenland

Antennaria canescens (Lge. Malte)

Found in 1979 at Tugtuligssuaq, Melville Bugt (75°20'N) in northwest Greenland (Fredskild et al. 1979), which is an extension of 300 kilometers from Prøven (72°22'N) and in East Greenland the north range was extended to Kuhn Ø (75°38'N) by G. Halliday.

Carex glacialis Mack.

The flora states that it is recorded northward to 73°25'N in West Greenland and has an isolated record at Dundas (76°34'N). It is in addition recorded at six localities in North Greenland, the northern record at 82°10'N in Wulff Land.

Carex lachenalii Schkuhr.

According to Böcher et al. (1978) Upernavik (72°48'N) is the northernmost record in West Greenland. However the species is collected at four localities north of Upernavik: Tugtuligssuaq (75°25'N), Dunads (76°34'N), Qeqertat (77°30'N) and Etah, Inglefield Land; the new northern distribution limit at (78°18'N).

Carex microglochin Wbg.

The species was found at Svartenhuk (72°15'N) (Fredskild 1996).

Carex supina Wbg. ssp. spaniocarpa

Böcher et al. (1978) mentions Upernavik (72°47'N) as the northern limit, but it has been recorded four times northwards to Siorapaluk (77°48'N) (Bay 1992).

Comarum palustris L.

New north limit in Sydostbugten in West Greenland (68°40'N) (Fredskild 1996).

Deschampsia alpina (L.) R. and S.

New north limit in Sydostbugten in West Greenland at 68°37'N (Fredskild 1996).

Diapensia lapponica L. ssp. lapponica

North range extension from Upernavik (72°47'N) to Tugtuligssuaq (75°25'N) in 1979 (Fredskild et al. 1979) and further c. 200 kilometers to Qaanaaq (77°28'N) in 1988 (Bay 1992).

Eriophorum angustifolium Honk. ssp. subarcticum (V. Vassil.) Hult.

During GBS´ work in Northwest Greenland in 1979–1988 the species was found in several localities and the northern distribution limit was extended from 74°22'N to Qaanaaq (77°28'N).

Eriophorum callitrix Cham.

New to West and North Greenland (Bay 1992). It has isolated occurrences in Thule district and Nansen Land collected by C. Bay in 1988 and 1991, respectively.

Juncus trifidus L.

New north limits in West Greenland at 72°40'N (Fredskild 1996).

Ledum palustre L. ssp. decumbens (Ait.) Hult.

The species was known from West Greenland between 62°54'N and 72°51'N before it was found at McCormic Ford in Thule district (77°41'N), which extended the northern distribution limit by c. 500 km.

Pedicularis flammea L.

Bay found it during fieldwork at Moriusaq (76°45'N), West Greenland in 1988 (Bay 1992) and Rune (pers. com.) found it further to the north at Qaanaaq 77°28'N in 2017.

Pyrola minor L.

New northern distribution limit at Disko island (70°44'N) in West Greenland.

Puccinellia vaginata (Lange) Fernald and Weath.

New north limit at 75°58'N in West Greenland (Fredskild et al. 1982).

Sagina caespitosa (J. Vahl) Lge.

North range extension in West Greenland from Upernavik (72°47'N) to Tugtuligssuaq (75°25'N) in 1979 and further to Qaanaaq (77°28'N) in 1988 (Bay 1992).

Salix glauca L. coll.

Found in 1979 at Tugtuligssuaq, Melville Bugt (75°25'N) (Fredskild et al. 1979). Previous northernmost record was at 74°30'N.

Woodsia alpina (Bolt.) S. F. Grey.

This species was found at Tugtuligssuaq (75°25'N) in 1979, which is a new north limit for West Greenland (Bay 1992).

Arabis arenicola (Richards) Gel.

Found further to the north at 74°38'N at Lindeman Fjord by G. Halliday in 1980, an extension of c. 200 kilometers to the north (Halliday 2019b).

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swe.

O. Gilg collected this species in 2005 on Gaus Halvø (73°18'N), which is a new north limit in East Greenland (Gilg 2005). Halliday (2019a) mentions Shaws collection in 2007 from Ella Ø as the northernmost locality in East Greenland (72°47'N).

Carex macloviana D´Urv.

Recorded at Adolf S. Jensen Land (75°25'N) in East Greenland by Corner in 2008 as new north limit. The species was hitherto only known from one locality north of Mestersvig (72°14'N) in East Greenland at Myggbukta (73°31'N) collected by Corner in 2001.

Carex norvegica Retz.

New north limit in East Greenland at Femdalen, Ostenfeldts Land (75°18'N).

Carex parallela (Læst.) Sommerf.

Corner collected the species at Adolf S. Jensen Land (76°16'N) in 2006, c 100 kilometers north of the known northern distribution limit.

Carex scirpoidea Michx.

The species was found at Kuhn Ø (74°46'N) in East Greenland by R. Corner and G. Halliday in 1990.

Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Britton

New north limit in East Greenland at Lindemann Fjord (74°38'N) collected by G. Halliday (2019b).

Deschampsia pumila Ostenf.

Found at Norske Øer (79°03'N) during the biological mapping project in 1989–1990, which is a new north limit in East Greenland (Bay 1992).

Draba fladnizensis Wulf.

In 1990 it was found at Lambert Land extending the northern distribution limit to 79°08'N (Bay 1992).

Dryopteris assimilis Walker

New north limit in Skjoldungen district (64°20'N).

Elymus hyperarcticus (PoluN) Tzvel.

During the environmental survey prior to an oil exploration in Jameson 1982–1985 the species was found as far south as (70°44'N), which is a new south distribution limit.

Galium triflorum Michx.

New north limit in East Greenland at 63°28'N (Fredskild et al. 1992).

Gentiana detonsa Rottb.

R. and S. David collected the species at Tyroler Fjord (74°30'N). This is the northernmost collection in Greenland.

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman

Fredskild found Gymnocarpium dryopteris at a hot spring in Liverpool Land (71°08'N) in central East Greenland (Fredskild et al. 1987). This is an extension of the northern distribution limit by more than 200 km.

Juncus ranarius Perr. and Song.

The collection from 1985 by Fredskild from Liverpool Land (71°08'N) in central east Greenland is a new northern record. Hitherto the species is not found north 69°22 ´N Juncus trifidus L.

New north limit in East Greenland at Kuhn Ø (74°44'N) collected by G. Halliday (2019b).

Luzula wahlenbergii Rupr.

The species was only known from Zackenberg (74°28'N) until the intensive botanical investigations took place in East Greenland in 1989–1990 (Fredskild and Bay 1990, 1991). The species was found at another ten localities (74°28'–75°55'N) extending the northern distribution limit to Bessel Fj. (75°55'N) (Bay 1992). Corner and Shaw found it further to the north at 76°17'N in 2006.

Mertensia maritima (L.) S. F. Gray

The species is mainly distributed in the Disko-Nugssuaq (68°–72°30'N) in West Greenland and known from Thule district on the west coast. It was found at Zackenberg research station (74°28'N) in East Greenland in 2005 and disappeared few years later. It was presumably brought from West Greenland by a researcher who had worked in central West Greenland before appearing in East Greenland. In East Greenland it is only known from Tasiilaq (66°N) and Skjoldungen (63°N) in addition to Zackenberg.

Minuartia biflora (L.) Sch. and Th.

Found at all localities explored in 1979 and 1988 in Northwest Greenland (Fredskild and Bay 1990) and East Greenland in 1989–1990 (Fredskild and Bay 1991, Bay 1992). The known distribution limit is now at 77°48'N in Northwest Greenland and 79°08'N in Northeast Greenland (Bay 1992).

Minuartia stricta (Sw.) Hiern

The distribution is extended both in West and East Greenland. The species is distributed between 66°20'N and Dundas (76°31'N) in West Greenland (Fredskild 1996) and from Tasiilaq district (66°35') (Halliday 2019a) to Skærfjorden (77°35'N) in East Greenland (Bay 1992).

Montia fontana L. ssp. fontana

R. and S. David collected Montia fontana at Forsblads Fjord (72°25'N) in 1993, 700 kilometers north of the hitherto northernmost record in East Greenland at 66°04'N Pedicularis flammea L.

C. Bay collected the species at Nordre Mellemland (80°38'N) in 1990, which is a new northern distribution limit (Bay 1992).

Phleum commutatum Gaud.

New north limit at Jameson Land (70°58'N) recorded by C. Bay in 1983 (Fredskild 1984).

Pyrola minor L.

New northern distribution limit at Milne Land (70°04'N) by C. Bay in 2014.

Poa alpina L.

New north limit at 75°49'N (Halliday 2019b)

Potamogeton filiformis Pers.

Until 1989, when it was found at Droning Louise Land (76°52'N) during the biological mapping of East Greenland, the species was recorded northwards in East Greenland to Clavering Ø (74°20'N).

Potentilla stipularis L.

New north limit at Kuhn Ø (74°47'N) (Bay 1992).

Primula stricta Horn

Found on Kuhn Ø during the British North-east Expedition 1990 (Halliday and Corner 1991); an extension of the north limit of c. 100 kilometers.

Pyrola grandiflora Rad.

New north limit at 74°40'N collected by Cartwright in 2002.

Pyrola minor L.

New northern distribution limit at 70°44'N in Sødal, where the species was found by Corner in 1986.

Ranunculus auricomus L. coll.

New north limit at 74°19'N in East Greenland (Halliday 2019a).

Ranunculus glacialis L.

The species was found at Nørre Mellemland (78°33'N) in Northeast Greenland in 1989, which is a new northern distribution limit (Bay 1992).

Ranunculus pygmaeus Wbg.

New north limit at Lambert Land (78°08'N) collected by C. Bay and Fredskild in 1990 (Bay 1992).

Sagina procumbens L.

Found at a hot spring at Nørrefjord, Liverpool Land (71°08'N) during fieldwork of Greenland Botanical Survey in 1985; hitherto not found north of Knighton Bugt (69°22'N) on the east coast.

Sagina saginoides (L.) Karst.

Found in Jameson Land (70°47'N) by Corner in 1986. Previous northernmost record is at Rømer Fjord (69°43'N).

Saxifraga hirculus L.

It was found during the biological mapping of Northeast Greenland in 1990 at Søndre Mellemland (78°05'N) (Bay 1992).

Sibbaldia procumbens L.

The northern limit was extended by c. 200 kilometers to Kuhn Ø (74°44'N) during the British North-east Expedition in 1990 (Halliday and Corner 1991).

Triglochin palustre L.

C. Bay found this species at Tyroler Fjord (74°30'N) in 2015, which is the northernmost record in East Greenland. Woodsia alpina (Bolt.) S. F. Grey.

Halliday (2019a) mentions it from Lyell land (72°40'N), which is a new record for East Greenland.

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br.

Böcher et al. (1978) states that the species is not recorded north of 71°N in East Greenland. However, a specimen from Hold with Hope (73°33'N) by Hartz from 1891 is the northernmost collection from East Greenland.

Arenaria pseudofrigida (Ostf. and Dahl) Juz.

Found at Brainard Sund, Nansen Land (82°58'N) in North Greenland, which is a new north limit (Bay 1992).

Arnica angustifolia M. Vahl

This species has been found four times in central north Greenland; northernmost find at 83°04'N collected by C. Bay in 1985 (Bay 1992).

Carex glacialis Mack.

The species was collected at 82°10'N in Wulff Land in 1985 by C. Bay.

Carex rupestris All.

New north limit at Brainard Sund (82°58'N) in North Greenland collected by Bay (1992).

Epilobium arcticum Sam.

F. Schwartzenbach collected the species at Frigg Fj. (83°15'N), this is only the third find in the flora province North Greenland. Previously, it has been collected at Centrum Sø (80°10'N).

Juncus castaneus Sm.

New north limit at Brainard Sund, Nansen Land (82°58'N), which is only the sixth record from North Greenland (Bay 1992).

Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wbg.) Mack.

New to western North Greenland. Hitherto only known from four localities in North Greenland (Bay 1992). It was collected at two localities in Warming Land in central North Greenland in 1985 (Aastrup et al. 1986).

Saxifraga aizoides L.

New northern distribution limit at 81°13'N in Mylius Erichsen Land.

Antennaria angustata Greene

The species was found at Isua (65°12'N) in West Greenland by Bay and Simonsen (2013).

Braya thorild-wulffii Ostf.

The species was found on the east coast of Disko Island 69°54'N (Fredskild 1996).

Carex holostoma Drej.

Found by C. Bay during fieldwork in 2009 and 2013 south of the southern distribution limit. The southernmost find is at 65°32'N.

Carex misandra R. Br.

The new south record at Isua in West Greenland (65°12'N) was recorded in 2012 (Bay and Simonsen 2013).

Carex rupestris All.

This northern species has extended the southern distribution limit to 63°59'N in West Greenland.

Draba cana Rydberg

Found at Narsaq (61°N) by Simonsen in 2014. This is an extension of the south distribution limit by 400 kilometers.

X Ledodendron vanhoeffeni (Abromeit) Dalgaard and Fredskild.

The species was only known from one locality in central West Greenland (Böcher et al. 1978), but the knowledge of the distribution has been extended by eight finds in central West Greenland southward to 66°30'N (Dalgaard and Fredskild 1993).

Luzula arctica Blytt

This northern distributed species was found at a new southern distribution limit in West Greenland during fieldwork in the mining area Isua in West Greenland (Bay and Simonsen 2013).

Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br.

The species was found at six localities during a Greenland Botanical Surveys expedition to Skjoldungen district in 1992. The southernmost record was at 63°21'N and it is an extension of the distribution area of c. 700 km to the south.

Draba fladnizensis Wulf.

The find of Draba fladnizensis in Skjoldungen district (63°28'N) was an extension of the species east Greenland distribution to the south; hitherto known from East Greenland between Jameson Land (70°N) and Lambert Land (79°10'N).

Elymus hyperarcticus (PoluN) Tzvel.

The species was collected in Jameson Land (70°44'N) by B. Fredskild and C. Bay in 1982. The hitherto southernmost record was at Botanikerbugt, Ymer Ø (73°10'N).

Galium brandegei A. Gray.

Found in Southeast Greenland (63°21'N) by C. Bay in 1992. This is the first find on the east coast between South Greenland and Tasiilaq.

Melandrium affine J Vahl

New south limit at Mt. Forel (66°39'N) in East Greenland (Halliday 2019b).

Poa abbreviata R.Br.

Found at Kangerlussuaq in East Greenland (68°49'N), which is a new south limit (Halliday 2019b).

Poa pratensis L. ssp. colpodea (Th. Fr.) Tzvelev

New south limit at Constable Pynt (70°44'N).

Ranunculus sabinei R. Br.

New south limit at 74°51'N found by Hauge Andersson in 1988.

Sagina caespitosa (J. Vahl) Lge.

K. Westergaard found the species at Kangerlugssuaq (68°09'N) in East Greenland in 2019.

Saxifraga foliolosa R. Br.

New south limit at Tasiilaq (65°35'N) in Southeast Greenland collected by M. Strandberg.

Taraxacum pumilum Dahlst.

New south limit at Shannon at 75°11'N (Bay 1992).

Corrections to the Flora of Greenland (Böcher et al. 1978)

During the study of the vascular plant flora of East Greenland a few corrections to the flora of Greenland (Böcher et al. 1978) showed up.

Callitriche anceps Fern

No collections from Skjoldungen district have been found in herb. C, BM, LANC or O as stated in the flora of Greenland. Consequently, the species is strictly distributed at the west coast of Greenland.

Callitriche palustris L.

Northernmost record is from 71°17'N in East Greenland and not as stated in the Flora of Greenland at 72°40'N.

Hippuris vulgaris L.

Recent studies show that Hippuris lanceolata Retz. is the most common species in the Western Arctic (Elven et al. 2012). It is the only species documented from Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago; its two relatives (Hippuris tetraphylla L. f. and H. vulgaris L.) occur together with H. lanceolata on the American mainland, but not in Greenland.

Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.

The northernmost locality is Siorapaluk (77°48'N) in West Greenland (Fredskild and Bay 1988) and Mørkefjord (77°55'N) in East Greenland. No specimens of Honckenya peploides has been found in Inglefield Land, which is the northern limit according to Böcher et al. (1978).

Subularia aquatica L.

No evidence has been found of Subularia aquatica L. occurring at 69°43'N in East Greenland. Consequently, the northernmost find in East Greenland is at 65°39'N

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br.

Böcher et al. (1978) states that the species is not recorded north of 71°N in East Greenland. However, a specimen from Hold with Hope (73°33'N) by Hartz from 1891 is the northernmost collection from East Greenland.

The latest update of the number of vascular species of the flora of Greenland, which is 25 years old (Bay 1993) summarized the total number to 513. During the latest 25 years the total number of vascular plants has been increased by twenty species giving a total of 532 species. Holt et al. (2019) recently presented a photo flora on the internet totaling 625 species of vascular plants including introduced species and planted tree species.