A checklist of the grasses of India is presented, as compiled from survey of all available literature. Of the twelve subfamilies of grasses, ten are represented in India. Most subfamilies have been examined by taxonomic experts for up-to-date nomenclature. The list includes 1506 species plus infraspecific taxa and presents information on types, synonyms, distribution within India, and habit. Twelve new combinations are made, viz. Arctopoa tibetica (Munro ex Stapf) Prob. var. aristulata (Stapf) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.; Chimonocalamus nagalandianus (H.B. Naithani) L.G. Clark, comb. nov.; Chionachne digitata (L.f.) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.; Chionachne wallichiana (Nees) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.; Dinebra polystachyos (R. Br.) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.; Moorochloa eruciformis (Sm.) Veldkamp var. divaricata (Basappa & Muniv.) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.; Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro var. puberula (Miq.) Kailash, comb. & stat. nov.; Tzveleviochloa schmidii (Hook. f.) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.; Urochloa lata (Schumach.) C.E. Hubb. var. pubescens (C.E. Hubb.) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.; Urochloa ramosa (L.) T.Q. Nguyen var. pubescens (Basappa & Muniy.) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.; Urochloa semiundulata (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Ashalatha & V.J. Nair var. intermedia (Basappa & Muniy.) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.

Poaceae, taxonomy, biodiversity, biogeography, south Asia

The following is a checklist of the grasses of India, produced as part of the Plants of India project. The grass family has been the subject of two major new classifications, Kellogg (2015b) and Soreng et al. (2015, 2017), based on phylogenetic data. Even before these appeared, molecular phylogenies had resolved circumscription of the subfamilies and there has been general agreement for at least the last 15 years on the monophyly of the major subfamilies. Nearly all known genera have been firmly assigned to subfamily and a large majority to tribe. Division into subtribes remains an item of discussion in some groups.

The two current classifications are quite similar, which is not surprising since they are based on the same underlying data and phylogenies. Many of the differences reflect simply different preferences for classification. Kellogg (2015b) generally avoids monogeneric tribes or subtribes on the grounds that they convey no phylogenetic information and are unnecessary. This means that, while all genera are assigned to subfamily, the smaller subfamilies (e.g. Pharoideae) are not divided into tribes. In contrast, Soreng et al. (2015, 2017) prefer consistency in the use of ranks throughout the classification, meaning that all subfamilies include tribes, even if or when the tribes are unnecessary from the point of view of identification or phylogeny. The same arguments apply to subtribes. The Soreng et al. (2015, 2017) classification is thus more split than Kellogg (2015b). In addition, there are a few differences in generic circumscription. Because Kellogg (2015b) appeared in book form, it really represents the state of data a couple of years earlier, whereas Soreng et al. (2017) includes more recent information.

All grass subfamilies are represented in India except for Anomochlooideae, which is found only in the New World, and Puelioideae, which is restricted to Africa. We follow Kellogg (2015b) in using italics in the taxonomic descriptions to indicate putative synapomorphies (shared derived characters) indicating monophyly of the described group. Numbers of tribes and genera are listed in Table 1. This list includes 266 genera, representing about a third of the 711 (Kellogg 2015b) to 768 (Soreng et al. 2017) genera currently recognized in the family.

Many of the tribes and subfamilies have been checked by taxonomic experts and those experts are acknowledged in the appropriate section. Because of in some cases considerable time elapsed between the review of the list and the current publication, recent taxonomic changes may have been missed. Most nomenclatural information is consistent with that in the Tropicos database (http://www.tropicos.org), but the synonymy is not fully consistent with that in GrassBase (Clayton et al. 2006 onwards)

The compilation presented here is meant to be a starting point for future work, which requires detailed mapping and verification with herbarium material. Distributions within India are compiled from a broad range of sources only some of which included specimen citations to support their claims of geographical distribution. All distribution records should thus be considered provisional. Of particular note is the work of Naithani (1990), which added many new distribution records but largely without documentation. When Naithani (1990) is the only source for a record, this is noted in the text. We have avoided use of the term “endemic” since endemism is hard to verify in the absence of extensive herbarium material. Synonyms are ones that have been used in the Indian literature in the past. Some of these are New World names and are included here as a way to be able to follow up older Indian literature.

India is the most poorly studied of all subcontinents for grasses. The country has been largely inaccessible to foreign botanists for the last several decades and the revolution in molecular systematics has largely missed Indian grasses because of the near-impossibility of obtaining material. We present this list in hopes of showing the richness of the grass flora and the discoveries to be made.

The objective of the overall project is to produce an authenticated and authoritative digital list of vascular plants of India, both native and naturalized. This list is to include all taxa of seed plants with their accepted names, synonyms, author names, publication details, habit, and distribution ranges. It has been a major task to coalesce the available taxonomic information into a unified list of names representing India’s plant diversity. Doing so required a significant amount of effort and time to compile the information in source materials and produce a functional list. Despite its tentative nature, this list contains the best information available for many groups, and is likely to find diverse uses and applications.

The current checklist has resulted from collaboration between the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), the Missouri Botanical Garden (MBG), and Harvard University Herbaria (HUH). In mid-1990s, prior to the present collaboration, Dr. K.N. Ganeshaiah of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore and Dr. Sebastian Padayatty of Shaman Scientific, Bangalore, along with Kanchi N. Gandhi of the HUH, were independently compiling data on plant names for a checklist of vascular plants of India. Dr. Peter H. Raven (MBG) and Dr. Kamal Bawa (ATREE) organized a meeting of relevant staff from the two teams at the Missouri Botanical Garden in 2002. At this meeting, it was agreed that a team would compile the available data at ATREE, the nomenclature would be verified at the Harvard University Herbaria, and taxonomic revision would be carried out by specialists under the guidance of Dr. Raven. The Sehgal Family Foundation, a previous donor to both ATREE and MBG, provided the initial funds for preparing a comprehensive list of India’s plants.

National and international botanical journals, floras, manuals, monographs, and revisionary works were reviewed, with the data compiled by a team of energetic staff members under the supervision of the late Dr. S. N. I. Yoganarasimhan (1944–2017). At the HUH, Gandhi received a copy of the data that had been compiled at ATREE and verified the nomenclature over a period almost 6 years (2007–2013). Initially, two assistants, Mr. Uttam B. Shrestha (a Ph.D. student of Dr. Bawa) and Mr. B. R. Kailash (ATREE staff) worked under the supervision of Gandhi; later Uttam’s wife Sujata Shrestha also joined the crew for a few months.

Regardless of the status of a name (accepted or synonym), an effort was made to check each protologue to verify its validity, authorship, bibliography, and legitimacy. The investigation was helpful in correcting errors that had found their way into earlier botanical works. A number of recent monographs and journals were consulted to add new taxa reported for India and to revise taxonomy and ranges of taxa. In the course of this work, type information was added when feasible.

Type. Poa L.

Ancestrally rhizomatous perennials but diversified into caespitose or scarcely branched forms; annual habit derived multiple times. Culms herbaceous but woody culms derived more than once. Height varying from a few mm to several m. Leaf blades broad, pseudopetioles synapomorphic for the family but repeatedly lost. Ligule membranous or a fringe of hairs. Inflorescences branched or unbranched. Stamens ancestrally 6, but reduced to 3 in many species. Style branches and stigmas ancestrally 3, but reduced to 2 in many species. Pollen monoporate, lacking scrobiculi in the exine. Ovule 1. Embryo lateral, highly differentiated with clear root and shoot meristems, each enclosed by a sheath, and with several well-developed leaves and a lateral haustorial organ (scutellum). Fruit indehiscent with a single seed, the seed coat tightly appressed or fused to the inner wall of the pericarp. Leaf mesophyll with fusoid cells and with cells with invaginated cell walls, midrib complex; these characters lost during evolution of the family. Epidermis with multicellular microhairs, with alternating long and short cells, the short cells developing silica bodies. Photosynthetic pathway ancestrally C3.

Poaceae is a monophyletic family as documented by decades of phylogenetic studies (e.g., (Campbell and Kellogg 1987; Clark et al. 1995; Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001; Grass Phylogeny Working Group II 2012; Linder 1987)). Morphological characters that are unique to the family (synapomorphic) include the highly differentiated embryo, the unique fruit structure, and the unique leaf morphology. In all grasses except Anomochlooideae (i.e., in all Indian species), the branches terminate in units known as spikelets, with each spikelet subtended by two bracts (glumes) and bearing one or more flowers. Also in this slightly more restricted group the inner perianth is modified to form tiny hyaline structures known as lodicules that function in flower opening and then wither after anthesis.

Plants herbaceous, rhizomatous. Leaf blades with a pseudopetiole, resupinate, with lateral veins running obliquely from midvein to margins. Inflorescence branched, with hooked hairs on the branches and spikelets. Spikelets unisexual, with staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in pairs. Lemma margins fused such that lemmas are tubular and often inflated. Lodicules lacking, or present only in staminate flowers. Inner bundle sheath of veins with multiple layers of cells. Intercostal epidermis with files of long fibers alternating with normal files of intercostal long cells.

Subfamily Pharoideae includes only about 12 species, which grow in shade in tropical forests. The subfamily is monophyletic, with obvious morphological and molecular synapomorphies. The spikelets are unisexual and paired, with a large pistillate spikelet associated with a much smaller staminate spikelet. The leaf anatomy is also distinctive in that the inner bundle sheath of the veins has multiple layers of cells (Judziewicz and Clark 2007). The intercostal epidermis has files of long fibers alternating with normal files of intercostal long cells (Soderstrom et al. 1987). It is unclear whether this subfamily actually occurs in India, although Leptaspis urceolata has been reported, as noted below.

Leptaspis R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 211. 1810

Type. Leptaspis banksii R. Br.

1. Leptaspis urceolata (Roxb.) R. Br., Pl. Jav. Rar. (Bennett) 23. t. 6. 1838

Pharus urceolatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3: 611. 1832. Type: Malaysia: A native of Pulo Pinaug

Leptaspis manillensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 8. 1853. Type: Thailand: Manila; Cuming Herb. no. 1739

Leptaspis zeylanica Nees, Syn. Pl. Glumac. (Steudel) 1: 8. 1853. Type: Sri Lanka.

Distribution. Kerala [Sri Lanka].

Habit. Rhizomatous perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

Woody or herbaceous perennials. Leaves pseudopetiolate, the culm leaves generally morphologically distinct from those on the lateral branches. Ligule membranous, with or without a fringe of hairs. Inflorescences branched or unbranched, bearing conventional spikelets or pseudospikelets. Glumes 0 or 1 to several. Lodicules 3. Stamens 3 or 6. First seedling leaf lacking a lamina.

Bambusoideae includes both woody and herbaceous bamboos. The lack of a lamina on the first seedling leaf may be synapomorphic (Soderstrom and Ellis 1987). In addition, the leaf anatomy is distinctive. The leaf mesophyll is marked by fusoid cells, which appear large and seemingly empty in cross section; this cell type is actually symplesiomorphic in the family (Clark et al. 1995; Kellogg 2015b; Leandro et al. 2018). Adaxial and abaxial to the fusoid cells are mesophyll cells with invaginated cell walls, known as arm cells. In the bamboos, these are asymmetric, a characteristic that is synapomorphic for the subfamily. The last several years have seen considerable progress on phylogeny and classification of bamboos (Bamboo Phylogeny Group 2012; Kelchner and Bamboo Phylogeny Group 2013), but in general work on Old World species has proceeded more slowly than that in the New World. Of the three tribes, only two occur in India.

Much of the data presented here relies on the authoritative World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans (Vorontsova et al. 2016).

Taxonomic Editor: Lynn G. Clark, Iowa State University

Plants woody, with rhizomes leptomorph (running) and the plants forming more or less diffuse stands, or pachymorph (clumping), these taxa sometimes with elongated necks. Branches developing from the top to the bottom of the plant (basipetal). Foliage leaves with an outer ligule. Spikelets laterally compressed. Midrib with complex vasculature.

All members of this tribe are woody and temperate and are tetraploid (2n = 48) (Bamboo Phylogeny Group 2012; Kelchner and Bamboo Phylogeny Group 2013). Generic limits are not well defined in most cases and hybridization has been documented repeatedly (Triplett et al. 2010, 2014; Wong and Low 2011).

Ampelocalamus S.L. Chen, T.H. Wen & G.Y. Sheng, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 332. 1981

Type. Ampelocalamus actinotrichus (Merrill & Chun) S.L. Chen, T.H. Wen & G.Y. Sheng

2. Ampelocalamus patellaris (Gamble) Stapleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51(3): 321. 1994

Dendrocalamus patellaris Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 86–87. t. 75. 1896. Type: Sikkim, Jungat, alt. 4000 ft.; November, 1881; Gamble 10045 (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 321. 1994.

Patellocalamus patellaris (Gamble) W.T. Lin, J. S. China Agric. Univ. 10(2): 46. 1989

Sinocalamus patellaris (Gamble) T.Q. Nguyen, Bot. Žur. (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1662. 1989

Chimonobambusa jainiana C.R. Das & D.C. Pal, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4(3): 1023. 1983. Type: India: West Bengal, Kalimpong; CNH 12178 (CAL).

Drepanostachyum jainianum (C.R. Das & D.C. Pal) R.B. Majumdar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 235. 1985 (“1983”) (as “jainiana”)

Sinarundinaria jainiana (C.R. Das & D.C. Pal) H.B. Naithani, Indian Forester 116(12): 990. 1990

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Chimonobambusa Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 153. 1914

Lectotype. Chimonobambusa marmorea (Mitford) Makino (Bambusa marmorea Mitford). LT designated by McClure in Taxon 6(7): 201–202. 1957.

3. Chimonobambusa armata (Gamble) J. R. Xue & T. P. Yi, J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 38. 1983

Arundinaria armata Gamble Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 130, pl. 119. 1896. Type: Burma: “Hills of Upper Burma. Bernardmyo”; Mr. J.W. Oliver 1894 (K).

Oreocalamus armatus (Gamble) T. H. Wen, J. Bamboo Res. 5(2): 22. 1986

Chimonocalamus armatus (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 275. 1989

Distribution. India, cultivated only [China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

4. Chimonobambusa arunachalensis T. P. Sharma & Borthakur, Pleione 2(1): 1. 2008

Type. India: Arunachal Pradesh, Ziro, Lower Subansiri district, 8 May 2006, TP0140A.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh.

Habit. Woody perennial.

5. Chimonobambusa callosa (Munro) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6(3): 151. 1925

Arundinaria callosa Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 30. 1868. Lectotype: India: Meghalaya, Myrung; July 6, 1850; J.D. Hooker & Thompson 1504 (K). LT designated by C.S. Chao & Renvoize in Kew Bull. 44(2): 366. 1989.

Chimonocalamus callosus (Munro) J. R. Xue & T. P. Yi, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 84. 1979

Sinobambusa callosa (Munro) T.H. Wen, J. Bamboo Res. 1(1): 35. 1982

Arundinaria phar E.G. Camus, Bambusées: 37. 1913

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland [Bhutan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

6. Chimonobambusa jainii T. P. Sharma & Borthakur, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 32(4): 783–785, f. 1. 2008

Type. India: Arunachal Pradesh, Ziro, Lower Subansiri district, 6 May 2006, TP0140.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh.

Habit. Woody perennial.

7. Chimonobambusa quadrangularis (Franceschi) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 153. 1914

Bambusa quadrangularis Franceschi, Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 5: 401. 1880 Type unknown.

Arundinaria quadrangularis (Franceschi) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 9: 71. 1895

Phyllostachys quadrangularis (Fraceschi) Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 443. 1904

Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis (Franceschi) Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 9: 90. 1933

Distribution. Meghalaya, cultivated? [China, Japan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Chimonocalamus J. R. Xue & T. P. Yi, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 76. 1979

Type. Chimonocalamus delicatus J. R. Xue & T. P. Yi.

8. Chimonocalamus griffithianus (Munro) J. R. Xue & T. P. Yi, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 83–84. 1979

Arundinaria griffithiana Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 20. 1888. Syntypes: India: Assam, Khasia Mountain, Mofong; Griffith Assam Dept. 39 (K). J.D. Hooker s.n. (K).

Chimonobambusa griffithiana (Munro) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6(3): 151. 1925

Sinarundinaria griffithiana (Munro) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 353. 1989

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal [China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

9. Chimonocalamus longiusculus Hsueh & T. P. Yi, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1(2): 80–81, pl. 6. 1979.

Type. China: Yunnan: Xichou, evergreen broad-leaved forests, 1600–1700 m, 31 May 1977; S.W. Xian 6979?

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh.

Habit. Woody perennial.

10. Chimonocalamus lushaiensis Ohrnb., Bamboos World Introd. 3: 14. 1996.

Sinarundinaria longispiculata C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 43: 411. 1988. Type: India: Assam, Sangao, Lushai Hills, 1300 m; Mar 1953; Thakur Rup Chand 6889 (K) [Replaced synonym]

Chimonocalamus longispiculatus R. B. Majumdar. Fl. Ind. Enum. Monocot 276. 1989. Type: ?

Chimonocalamus longispiculatus (C.S. Chao & Renvoize) D.Z. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 16: 41. 1994. Nom. illegit.

Sinarundinaria arunachalensis H.B. Naithani, Indian Forester 117(1): 78. 1991

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam.

Habit. Woody perennial.

11. Chimonocalamus nagalandianus (H.B. Naithani) L.G. Clark, comb. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77212051-1

Sinarundinaria nagalandiana H.B. Naithani, Indian Forester 120(12): 1120. 1994. Type: India: Nagaland, Niriyo Peak, alt. 3840 ft., Wokha; November, 1986; H.B. Naithani 1477 (DD).

Distribution. Nagaland.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Seethalakshmi and Kumar (1998) indicate that this species is allied to Chimonocalamus griffithianus (as Sinarundinaria griffithianus) so a new combination in Chimonocalamus is here proposed. This species has the root spines characteristic of this genus, but is unknown in flower.

Drepanostachyum Keng f., Journal of Bamboo Research 2(1): 15. 1983

Type. Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f.

12. Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f., J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 16. 1983

Arundinaria falcata Nees, Linnaea 9: 478. 1835

Sinarundinaria falcata (Nees) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 357. 1989

Arundinaria gracilis (hort. ex Rivière & C. Rivière) Blanch., Rev. Hist. Nat. [Paris]. 58: 490. 1886

Bambusa gracilis hort. ex Rivière & C. Rivière, Bull. Soc. Natl. Acclim. France Ser. 3, 5(25): 682. 1878

Type. “In Nepalia legit, Royle.” Lectotype: Northwest India; Royle s.n. (K). LT designated by C.S. Chao & Renvoize in Kew Bull. 44(2): 358. 1989.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Arundinaria gracilis (hort. ex Rivière & C. Rivière) Blanch. is included in Seethalakshmi and Kumar (1998) but is the subject of taxonomic confusion. The name is based on Bambusa gracilis hort. ex Rivière & C. Rivière, but this is a synonym of Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f., according to Vorontsova et al. (2016). As noted by taxonomic editor Clark, Arundinaria gracilis Lafossse is listed as a nomen nudum in TROPICOS, apparently because the protologue fails to cite a type. This entity requires further investigation.

13. Drepanostachyum intermedium (Munro) Keng f., J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 18. 1983

Arundinaria intermedia Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 28. 1868. Type: India: Sikkim, alt. 7000–8000 ft.; 1848; J.D. Hooker s.n. (K)

Chimonobambusa intermedia (Munro) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 151. 1925

Sinarundinaria intermedia (Munro) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 357. 1989

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

14. Drepanostachyum khasianum (Munro) Keng f., Journal of Bamboo Research 2(1): 18. 1983

Arundinaria khasiana Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 28. 1868. Type: India: Khasia, Shillong, 5800 ft.; Griffith 1058 (K)

Chimonobambusa khasiana (Munro) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 151. 1925

Distribution. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Bhutan, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

15. Drepanostachyum kurzii (Gamble) Pandey ex D.N. Tewari, Monogr. Bamboo 90. 1993

Arundinaria kurzii Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 25. t. 25. 1896. Type: Burma: Southern coast; 1878; Kurz s.n. (K).

Sinarundinaria kurzii (Gamble) M. Kumar, Bamboos of India, compendium 279. 1998

Distribution. Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, West Bengal.

Habit. Woody perennial.

16. Drepanostachyum polystachyum (Kurz ex Gamble) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 277. 1989

Arundinaria polystachya Kurz ex Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 7. t. 5. 1896. Lectotype: India: Sikkim, alt. 4000–5000 ft.; 1868; Kurz & Anderson s.n. (K). LT designated by C.S. Chao & Renvoize in Kew Bull 44(2): 359. 1989

Chimonobambusa polystachya (Kurz ex Gamble) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 151. 1925

Sinarundinaria polystachya (Kurz ex Gamble) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 359. 1989

Distribution. Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal.

Habit. Woody perennial.

17. Drepanostachyum suberectum (Munro) R.B. Majumdar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 236. 1985 (“1983”)

Arundinaria suberecta Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 32. 1868. Lectotype: India: Meghalaya, Mamlo; October 27, 1835; Griffith 558 (K). LT designated by Stapleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 308. 1994.

Sinarundinaria suberecta (Munro) M. Kumar, Bamboos of India, compendium 286. 1998

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Himalayacalamus Keng f., J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 23. 1983

Type. Himalayacalamus falconeri (Hook. f. ex Munro) Keng f. (Thamnocalamus falconeri Hook. f. ex Munro)

18. Himalayacalamus falconeri (Hook. f. ex Munro) Keng f., J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 24. 1983

Thamnocalamus falconeri Hook. f. ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 34. 1868. Type: Nepal: Bagmati Zone, Kathmandu, Sheopore [Shivapuri], alt. 8000 ft.; 1821; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 5040 (K).

Distribution. Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

19. Himalayacalamus hookerianus (Munro) Stapleton, Bamboo Soc. Newsl. 17: 21. 1993

Arundinaria hookeriana Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 29. 1868. Lectotype: India: Sikkim [Neongong, 6800 ft.,] “Praong, 4000–6000 ft.”; December, 1848; J.D. Hooker s.n. (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 318. 1995.

Sinarundinaria hookeriana (Munro) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull.44(2): 358. 1989

Drepanostachyum hookerianum (Munro) Keng f., J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 17. 1983

Chimonobambusa hookeriana (Munro) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6(3): 151. 1925

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan]. Native to Bhutan and north-eastern India, but commonly cultivated in West Bengal and also in Nepal.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Kuruna Attigala, Kathriar. & L.G. Clark, Phytotaxa 174: 199–200. 2014

Type. Kuruna debilis (Thwaites) Attigala, Kathriar. & L.G. Clark.

20. Kuruna densifolia (Munro) Attigala, Kathriar. & L.G. Clark, Phytotaxa 174: 200. 2014

Arundinaria densifolia Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 32. 1868. Lectotype: Sri Lanka; Watson 25 (K). LT designated by Soderstrom & Ellis in Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 72: 12. 1988

Chimonobambusa densifolia (Munro) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 151. 1925

Sinarundinaria densifolia (Munro) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 354. 1989

Yushania densifolia (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 282. 1989

Distribution. Kerala [Sri Lanka].

Habit. Woody perennial.

21. Kuruna floribunda (Thwaites) Attigala, Kathriar. & L.G. Clark, Phytotaxa 174: 200. 2014

Arundinaria floribunda Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (Thwaites) 375. 1864. Type: Sri Lanka: Maturatte District, alt. 5000 ft.; 1863; Thwaites Ceylon Plant 2624 (PDA).

Indocalamus floribundus (Thwaites) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 148. 1925

Sinarundinaria floribunda (Thwaites) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 356. 1989

Yushania floribunda (Thwaites) Demoly, Bambou 48: 12. 2006

Distribution. Kerala [Sri Lanka].

Habit. Woody perennial.

22. Kuruna walkeriana (Munro) Attigala, Kathriar. & L.G. Clark, Phytotaxa 174: 200. 2014

Arundinaria walkeriana Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 21. 1868. Lectotype: Sri Lanka; Mrs. Walker 96 (K). LT designated by Soderstrom & Ellis in Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 72: 27. 1988

Indocalamus walkerianus (Munro) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 148. 1925

Sinarundinaria walkeriana (Munro) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 354. 1989

Yushania walkeriana (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 283. 1989

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu [Sri Lanka].

Habit. Woody perennial.

23. Kuruna wightiana (Nees) Attigala, Kathriar. & L.G. Clark, Syst. Bot. 41(1): 191, f. 13. 2016.

Arundinaria wightiana Nees, Linnaea 9: 482. 1835. Type: “Peninsula Indiae orientalis; Herb Wight.” India: Nilgiris District; Wight 1797 (K, Isotype).

Indocalamus wightianus (Nees) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 149. 1925

Sinarundinaria wightiana (Nees) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 356. 1989

Yushania wightiana (Nees) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 283. 1989

Indocalamus wightianus (Nees) Nakai var. hispida (Steud.) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 149. 1925

Arundinaria wightiana Nees var. hispida (Steud.) Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 5. 1896

Yushania wightiana (Nees) R.B. Majumdar var. hispida (Steud.) R.B. Majumdar & S. Karthikeyan in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1(Monocotyledon): 283. 1989

Arundinaria hispida Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 335. 1854. Type: India: “In sylvis prope Sispara Nilagiri”; Hohenacker 1282 (K).

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Phyllostachys Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3: 745. 1843, nom. cons.

Type. Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc.

24. Phyllostachys aurea Carrière ex Rivière & C. Rivière, Bull. Soc. Natl. Acclim. France ser. 3, 5: 716 f. 36, 37. 1878

Type. Tunis, Cultivated in “Jardim du Hamma”; Anonymous s.n. (P).

Distribution. Uttarakhand [China]. Cultivated; native to China and Japan, widely cultivated.

Habit. Woody perennial.

25. Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3(3): 746. pl. 5. f. 3. 1843

Type. Japan; P.F. von Siebold s.n. (L).

Distribution. Assam, Himachal Pradesh [China]. Cultivated; native to China and Japan, widely cultivated.

Habit. Woody perennial.

26. Phyllostachys mannii Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 28. t. 28. 1896

Phyllostachys assamica Gamble ex Brandis, Indian Trees 667. 1906. Type: India: Mishmi Hills, Namdang, Lakhimpur District, Sadiya; Griffith s.n.

Phyllostachys bambusoides sensu Gamble, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 386. 1896, non Siebold & Zucc., 1843

Type. India: Shillong, Kashia Hills and said to have come from the Naga Hills; 1889; G. Mann s.n.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland [China, Myanmar]. Native, but also cultivated.

Habit. Woody perennial.

27. Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 38, 123. 1868

Bambusa nigra Lodd. ex Lindl., Penny Cyclop. 3: 357. 1835

Phyllostachys puberula var. nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 14: 64. 1900

Phyllostachys puberula var. nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) J. Houz., Act. Congr. Int. Bot. (Brux.) 2: 223. 1912, isonym.

Sinoarundinaria nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Ohwi ex Mayeb., Fl. Austro-Higo. 86. 1931

Distribution. India. Cultivated only; native to S Hunan, China.

Habit. Woody perennial.

28. Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro var. puberula (Miq.) Kailash, comb. & stat. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77212052-1

Phyllostachys puberula var. puberula in Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 14: 64. 1900

Phyllostachys henonis Mitford, Garden (London 1871–1927) 47: 3. 1895

Bambusa puberula Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 285. 1866. Type: Japan: Osakka; Siebold, Buerger & Textor s.n.

Phyllostachys puberula (Miq.) Munro, Gard. Chron., n. s. 6: 773, 774. 1876

Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro var. henonis (Mitford) Stapf ex Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36(254): 442–443. 1904

Distribution. India. Cultivated; native to S Hunan, China.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Pleioblastus Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6(3): 145. 1925

Lectotype. Pleioblastus communis (Makino) Nakai (Arundinaria communis Makino). LT designated by McClure in Taxon 6: 207. 1957.

29. Pleioblastus simonii (Carrière) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6(3): 147. 1925

Bambusa simonii Carrière, Rev. Hort. [Paris]. 37: 380. 1866. Type: China?; 1862; E. Simon s.n. (P).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh. Possibly cultivated in India; probably native to Japan.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes, “Although the type is supposedly from China, I know of no valid records from that country.”

Pseudosasa Makino ex Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6(1): 150. 1925

Lectotype. Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Nakai (Arundinaria japonica Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.). LT designated by LT designated by McClure in Taxon 6(7): 207. 1957.

30. Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino. ex Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 150. 1925

Arundinaria japonica Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 334. 1854. Type: “Java” Japan: Metake; P. F. von Siebold s.n. (L).

Distribution. Meghalaya, West Bengal [China]. Cultivated only; native to Japan.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Sarocalamus Stapleton, Novon 14(3): 346. 2004

Type. Sarocalamus racemosus (Munro) Stapleton.

31. Sarocalamus racemosus (Munro) Stapleton, Novon 14(3): 347. 2004

Arundinaria racemosa Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 17. 1868 Lectotype: India: North East Himalaya [Sikkim & Darjeeling District], Birch Hill, alt. 6000 ft.; August, 1857; Thomson s.n. (K). LT selected by Gamble, 1912 (fide Stapleton et al. 2004).

Fargesia racemosa (Munro) T. P. Yi, J. Bamboo Res. 2: 39. 1983

Yushania racemosa (Munro) R. B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan, Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 283. 1989

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Semiarundinaria Makino ex Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 150. 1925

Lectotype. Semiarundinaria fastuosa (Mitford) Nakai (Bambusa fastuosa Mitford). LT designated by A. Rehder in Bibliogr. Cult. Trees Shrubs 638. 1949

32. Semiarundinaria densiflora (Rendle) T.H. Wen, J. Bamboo Res. 8(1): 24. 1989

Arundinaria densiflora Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 434. 1904. Syntypes: Kiangsu: Kiangsu Hills; Faber 19 (K). Chekiang: Hills near Huchan, Taiboo Lake; Charles 227(K).

Fargesia densiflora (Rendle) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 152. 1925

Brachystachyum densiflorum (Rendle) Keng, Sunyatsenia 4 (3–4): 153. 1940

Distribution. Kerala [China]. Cultivated in India.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Thamnocalamus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 33, 157. 1868

Lectotype. Thamnocalamus spathiflorus (Trin.) Munro (Arundinaria spathiflora Trin.). LT designated by A. Rehder in Bibliogr. Cult. Trees 639. 1949.

33. Thamnocalamus aristatus (Gamble) E.G. Camus, Bambusees (Camus) 54. 1913

Arundinaria aristata Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 18, t. 17. 1896. Lectotype: India: Sikkim, Phalut, alt. 10000 ft.; Gammie s.n. (K). LT designated by C.S. Chao & Renvoize in Kew Bull. 44(2): 363. 1989.

Thamnocalamus spathiflorus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 34. 1868, p.p., non Trin. 1935

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

34. Thamnocalamus occidentalis (Stapleton) Stapleton, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(1): 140. 2007

Thamnocalamus spathiflorus Munro ssp. occidentalis Stapleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51(2): 283. 1994. Type: India: Uttar Pradesh, Kedarkanda, 9000 ft.; June, 1893; Gamble 24341 (K).

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.

Habit. Woody perennial.

35. Thamnocalamus spathiflorus (Trin.) Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 34. 1868

Arundinaria spathiflora Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 3: 617. 1835. Lectotype: Nepal: North West of Himalaya, alt. 7000 ft.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 5041 (K). LT designated by C.S. Chao & Renvoize in Kew Bull. 44(2): 363. 1989

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Yushania Keng f., Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 6(4): 355–356. 1957

Type. Yushania niitakaymensis (Hayata) P. C. Keng (Arundinaria niitakaymensis Hayata)

36. Yushania anceps (Mitf.) W.C. Lin, Bull. Taiwan Forest Res. Inst. 248: 9. 1974

Arundinaria anceps Mitf., Bamb. Gard. 181. 1896. Type: Asia.

Sinarundinaria anceps (Mitf.) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 359. 1989

Arundinaria jaunsarensis Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 23. t. 22. 1896. Type: India: Uttar Pradesh, Jaunsar Hills, Mundali, alt. 7500 ft.; May, 1891; Gamble 23134 (K).

Chimonobambusa jaunsarensis (Gamble) K.N. Bahadur & H.B. Naithani, Indian J. Forest. 1(1): 41. 1978

Yushania jaunsarensis (Gamble) T.P. Yi, J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 39. 1983

Fargesia elegans (Kurz) J. Campbell ssp. jaunsarensis (Gamble) J. Campbell, Gen. Himal. Bamb. 38. 1985

Distribution. Uttar Pradesh. Cultivated in Europe and the U.S.A.

Habit. Woody perennial.

37. Yushania elegans (Kurz) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 282. 1989

Arundinaria elegans Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 249. 1873. Type: Burma: Martaban, Nattaung Hills, alt. 5000–7000 ft.; Kurz 144 (K).

Sinobambusa elegans (Kurz) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 152. 1925

Fargesia elegans (Kurz) J. Campbell, Gen. Himal. Bamb. 37. 1985

Sinarundinaria elegans (Kurz) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 357. 1989

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

38. Yushania hirsuta (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 282. 1989

Arundinaria hirsuta Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 30. 1868. Lectotype: India: Khasi Hills, among rocks, 5600 ft.; November, 1835; Griffith 6726 (K). LT designated by C.S. Chao & Renvoize in Kew Bull. 44(2): 355. 1989.

Sinarundinaria hirsuta (Munro) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 355. 1989

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

39. Yushania maling (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 283. 1989

Arundinaria maling Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 139. 1912. Lectotype: India: Darjeeling District, Tonglo [Tanglu], alt. 9000 ft.; May 23, 1904; Osmaston s.n. (K). LT designated by C.S. Chao & Renvoize in Kew Bull. 44(2): 356. 1989.

Fargesia maling (Gamble) J. Campbell, Gen. Himal. Bamb. 40. 1985

Sinarundinaria maling (Gamble) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 356. 1988

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal (all Naithani). [Bhutan, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

40. Yushania microphylla (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 283. 1989

Arundinaria microphylla Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 32. 1868. Syntypes: Bhutan: Tashigang District, Sanah, alt. 7000 ft.; Griffiths 623 (K). Bhutan: Sanah, alt. 6000–10000 ft.; Griffiths s.n. (K).

Bambusa microphylla Griff., J. Trav. 1: 242, 259. 1847, nom. nud.

Sinarundinaria microphylla (Munro) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 354. 1989

Distribution. Assam, Kerala, Sikkim, Meghalaya [Bhutan, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

41. Yushania pantlingii (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 283. 1989

Arundinaria pantlingii Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 129 (‘Pantlingi’). t. 118. 1896. Type: India: Darjeeling District, Sikkim border “Hills of British Bhutan,” Rechi La, 11000 ft.; September, 1895; Pantling’s collectors s.n. (K).

Fargesia pantlingii (Gamble) J. Campbell, Gen. Himal. Bamb. 41. 1985

Semiarundinaria pantlingii (Gamble) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 151. 1925

Sinarundinaria pantlingii (Gamble) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 359. 1989

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

42. Yushania rolloana (Gamble) T.P. Yi, J. Bamboo Res. 2(1): 39. 1983

Arundinaria rolloana Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 24. t. 23. 1896. Type: India: Assam, Naga Hills, Zullah Valley, alt. 5000–7000 ft.;1889; “Gopal Banerjee”; J. Rollo s.n. (K).

Sinarundinaria rolloana (Gamble) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Kew Bull. 44(2): 355. 1989

Distribution. Assam, Nagaland.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Taxonomic editor Clark suggests that it is doubtful that the following species of Arundinarieae occur in India:

Himalayacalamus gyirongensis (T.P. Yi) Stapleton, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(1): 141. 2007 [doubtful species; also, this is considered a synonym of Himalayacalamus falconeri in the Flora of China.]

Himalayacalamus planatus Stapleton, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(1): 137. 2007 [known from Nepal]

Himalayacalamus porcatus Stapleton, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(1): 141. 2007 [doubtful species]

Thamnocalamus chigar (Stapleton) Stapleton, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(1): 140. 2007 [doubtful species]

Thamnocalamus nepalensis (Stapleton) Stapleton, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(1): 140. 2007 [doubtful species]

Woody bamboos, often tree-like. Rhizomes pachymorph and the plants clumping, but necks sometimes elongated; one New World genus sometimes with amphimorph rhizomes.Branches developing either from the bottom to the top of the plant (acropetal) or bidirectional. Outer ligule generally present. Spikelets laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes. Midrib mostly with complex vasculature.

Members of this tribe are tropical and either tetraploid or hexaploid, mostly with 2n = 48 or 72, although some aneuploid numbers have been reported (Bamboo Phylogeny Group 2012). Pseudospikelets, in which the spikelet themselves form branched structures, are common but not universal in this group (Bamboo Phylogeny Group 2012). The Old World species of Bambuseae form a clade separate from the New World species (Kelchner and Bamboo Phylogeny Group 2013; Triplett et al. 2014).

Bambusa Schreb., Gen. Pl., ed. 8[a] 236. 1789, nom. cons.

Type. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. (Bambos arundinacea Retz.).

43. Bambusa affinis Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 93. 1868

Type. “Hab. in Ind. or. Burmah, Yoongalum (Teesheincolis); Brandis 18.”

Distribution. Tripura [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

44. Bambusa alamii Stapleton, J. Edinb. J. Bot. 51(1): 10, f. 3. 1994.

Type. Nepal; 9 Jan 1991; Stapleton 907 (E).

Distribution. Assam [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

45. Bambusa alemtemshii H.B. Naithani, Indian Forester 133(11): 1575. 2007

Type. India: Nagaland, Longsa village, Mokokchung District; December 5, 2004; H.B. Naithani 4338 (DD).

Distribution. Assam, Nagaland.

Habit. Woody perennial.

46. Bambusa balcooa Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2: 196. 1832

Dendrocalamus balcooa (Roxb.) Voigt, Hort. SubLurb. Calcutt. 718. 1845

Type. “A native of India: Bengal.” Lectotype: Roxb. Icones 1402 (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburgh J. Bot. 51(1): 12. 1994.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [Bangladesh, China]. Widely cultivated in northern India and Bangladesh, thought to originate from this region but known only in cultivation.

Habit. Woody perennial.

47. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss, Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 1189. 1895 var. bambos

Arundo bambos L., Sp. Pl. 1: 81. 1753. Type: “Habitat in India utraque.” Lectotype = “Ily” in Rheede, Hort. Malab. 1: 25. t. 16. 1678. LT designated by Judziewicz in Görts-van Rijn (ed.), Fl. Guianas, ser. A, 8: 50. 1990.

Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 245. 1799

Bambos arundinacea Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5: 24. 1788 (“1789”). Lectotype: India orientalis: Herbarium Retzii s.n. right-hand side only (No. 2), H554/90 (LD). LT designated by Xia & Stapleton in Kew Bull. 52(3): 697. 1997.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal [Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka]. Cultivated and naturalized in India.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that there are more synonyms in the literature; see Ohrnberger (1999) and Vorontsova et al. (2016).

48. Bambusa burmanica Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 35–36. t. 33. 1896

Type. Burma: Katha District, dry slopes; J.W. Oliver s.n.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

49. Bambusa cacharensis R.B. Majumdar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 237. f. 1. 1985 (“1983”)

Type. India: Cachar, Lakhimpur, Mar Bastee; Majumdar 74265A (CAL).

Distribution. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura [Bangladesh].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that Devi and Bhattacharyya (2013) reported the range listed here. Record for Assam fide Naithani (1990).

50. Bambusa copelandii Gamble ex Brandis, Indian Trees 671. 1906 (as “copelandi”)

Sinocalamus copelandii (Gamble ex Brandis) Raizada, Indian Forester 74(1): 10. 1948 (as “copelandi”)

Dendrocalamus copelandii (Gamble ex Brandis) N.H.Xia & Stapleton, Kew Bull. 52: 484. 1997

Lectotype. India: Dehra Dun, cultivated, alt. 2200 ft.; September, 1898; Gamble 27166 (K). LT designated by Xia & Stapleton in Kew Bull. 52: 484. 1997.

Distribution. Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [China].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark wrote, “This species is indicated as occurring in these two states in Seethalakshmi & Kumar (1998).” She also notes that it is cultivated in the Botanical Garden at the Calcutta & Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, as well as in the Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute, Kerala.

51. Bambusa griffithiana Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 99. 1868

Type. “Hab. in Ind. or. Burmah, Mogoung; Griffith s.n.”

Distribution. Manipur [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Record for Manipur fide Naithani (1990).

52. Bambusa jaintiana R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 274. 1989

Type. India: Shillong; G.K. Deka 31765 (CAL).

Distribution. Assam, Meghalaya [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

53. Bambusa khasiana Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 97. 1868

Syntypes. India: Khasia, alt. 2000–4000 ft., Churra; Hooker no. 1097. Jasper Hill, Mahadeb; Hooker 496

Distribution. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

54. Bambusa kingiana Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 46. t. 42 1896

Type. Burma: Katha District, Petsut; J.W. Oliver s.n.

Distribution. Manipur [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Record for Manipur fide Naithani (1990).

55. Bambusa longispiculata Gamble ex Brandis, Indian Trees 668. 1906

Type. Bangladesh: Chittagong Hill tracts, Ruby mine District, alt. 3500 ft.; Griffith s.n.

Distribution. Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [Bangladesh, China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Records for Meghalaya and Mizoram fide Naithani (1990).

56. Bambusa majumdari P. Kumari & P. Singh, Kew Bull. 64: 565. 2009

Type. India: Meghalaya: Garo Hills, near Tura, 14 Sept. 2005, Kumari & Singh 34696 (CAL).

Distribution. Meghalaya.

Habit. Woody perennial.

57. Bambusa mohanramii P. Kumari & P. Singh, Kew Bull. 64: 567. 2009

Type. India: Meghalaya: Jaintia hills, Khleiriaht, 9 April 2004, Kumari 34608 (CAL).

Distribution. Meghalaya.

Habit. Woody perennial.

58. Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult. & Schult.f., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1350. 1830

Arundo multiplex Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 58. 1790. Type: “Habitat loca culta in provinciis Borialibus Cochinchinae, ex eaque Plantantur fepes ad divifionem hortorum.”

Bambusa nana Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2: 199. 1832. Type: “Keu-fa, of the Chinese; a native of their country, and now plentiful in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta…”

Ludolfia glaucescens Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 2: 320. 1808. Type: “Die von Michaux beschriebene Art soll ein hoher Baum werden und in einer Rispe bluhen. Ich nenne sie.”

Bambusa glaucescens Siebold ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 89. 1868, nom. invalid, pro. syn.

Distribution. Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya [Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Sri Lanka]. Probably naturalized in addition to being cultivated; probably native to Indo-China and southern China, but now known only in cultivation

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark wrote, “Introduced into the Indian Botanical Garden in 1794.”

59. Bambusa nagalandiana H.B. Naithani, Indian Forester 133(9): 1267–1269. 2007 (as “nagalandeana”)

Type. India: Nagaland, Mon District, Wanching village; December 9, 2004; H.R. Naithani 4344 (DD).

Distribution. Nagaland.

Habit. Woody perennial.

60. Bambusa nairiana P. Kumari & P. Singh, Bull. Surv. India 50: 13. 2009 (“2008”)

Type. India: Meghalaya: Garo hills, near Nokrek, 14 Sept. 2005, Kumari & Singh 34698 (CAL).

Distribution. Meghalaya.

Habit. Woody perennial.

61. Bambusa nutans Wall ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 92. 1868

Bambusa falconeri Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 95. 1868

Lectotype. Nepal: Kathmandu, Naga-Arjun [Nagarjun, 27°44'N, 85°71'E]; 1821; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 5031(K-W). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 17 1994.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Bangladesh].

Habit. Woody perennial.

62. Bambusa oliveriana Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 130. t. 116. 1896

Syntypes. Burma: 30 miles north from Mandalay, alt. 1000–2000 ft.; 1893–94; J.W. Oliver s.n. Ruby Mines Hills; C.S. Rogers s.n.

Distribution. Mizoram, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Myanmar]. Cultivated; native to Myanmar.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Record for Mizoram fide Naithani (1990).

63. Bambusa pallida Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 97. 1868

Bambusa critica Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 255. 1873. Type: Burma.

Dendrocalamus criticus (Kurz) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. B: 94. 1875

Bambusa pseudopallida R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 275. 1989. Type: India: Umtaph on Dawki-Jarain Road; N.P. Balakrishnan 42700 (CAL).

Syntypes. India: Bengalia, Pundua & Silhet (cult.), Cachar, Khasia, Joowye, alt. 3500 ft. Hooker & Thomson 602, 607 (K).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, North Bengal, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

64. Bambusa polymorpha Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 98. 1868

Syntypes. Burma: Martaban, Pegu, (“Kijathounwa”); Brandis no. 1. Rangoon; McClelland s.n.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal [Bangladesh, China, Myanmar]. Cultivated in northwestern parts of India, introduced in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu; probably native to northeastern India, Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Records for Assam, Madhya Pradesh, and Tripura fide Naithani (1990).

65. Bambusa teres Buch.-Ham. ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 95. 1868

Syntypes. India: Bengal, Gongachora; Buchanan-Hamilton 881, Griffith s.n. Assam; Jenkins s.n.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal [Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

66. Bambusa tulda Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2: 193. 1832 var. tulda

Type. “The common bamboo of India: Bengal, where it grows in the greatest abundance every where.” Lectotype: Roxb. Icones 1403 (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburg J. Bot. 51(1): 19. 1994.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, North Bengal, Odisha, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes “Kumari & Singh (2014) indicate that this variety is cultivated in Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, North Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.”

67. Bambusa tulda Roxb. var. gamblei P. Kumari & P. Singh, Bamboo of Meghalaya 58. 2014

Type. India: Meghalaya: Garo hills, near Nokrek, 14 Sept. 2005, Kumari & Singh 346700 (CAL).

Distribution. Meghalaya.

Habit. Woody perennial.

68. Bambusa vulgaris J.C. Wendl., Coll. Pl. 2: 26, t. 47. 1810, nom. cons.

Bambusa surinamensis Rupr., Bambuseae 49, t. 11. f. 49. 1839. Type: Surinam; 1827–1828; Weigelt s.n.

Bambusa thouarsii Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 323, t. 73, 74. 1830. Type: “Crescit in insulis Madagascariae et Borboniae.”

Type. “Bambusa vulgaris Wend.”, India; ex herb Wendland (GOET nos. 13986–13919) (typ. cons.).

Distribution. Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, West Bengal [Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that there are many other synonyms in the literature; see Ohrnberger (1999) and Vorontsova et al. (2016).

Cephalostachyum Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 138. 1868.

Type. LT.: C. capitatum Munro (designated by McClure, Taxon 6: 201. 1957).

69. Cephalostachyum capitatum Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 139. 1868 var. capitatum

Schizostachyum capitatum (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989, non (Trin.) Rupr., 1840

Schizostachyum munroi S.Kumar & Par. Singh, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 70(1–4): 423. 1991

Syntypes. “Hab. in India or montibus, Khasia, Churra, 4000 ped. s.m.; Wallich et Griffith 1078, 1392 (in Herb. Griff.) Nunklow (“Sillee et Sullea”), no. 1813. Sikkim, 4000–6000 ft., Myong Valle (“Pyong”), Hooker & Thomson.”

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim [Bhutan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that, “According to Kumari & Singh (2014), this was lectotypified by Stapleton in 1994. This needs to be verified, as they cite Griffith hb. No. 2682 as the LT.”

70. Cephalostachyum capitatum Munro var. decompositum Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 105. 1896 (as “decomposita”)

Schizostachyum capitatum (Trin.) Rupr. var. decompositum (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989

Type. India: Sikkim; T. Anderson & Kurz s.n.

Distribution. Meghalaya, Sikkim.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that this variety was “not recognized in Kumari & Singh (2014), but also not formally synonymized.”

71. Cephalostachyum flavescens Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 252. 1873

Schizostachyum flavescens (Kurz) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989

Type. Pegu: H.B.C. culta.

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadu [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that this is also cultivated in West Bengal (Indian Botanic Gardens, Kolkata). Record for Andaman & Nicobar Islands fide Naithani (1990).

72. Cephalostachyum latifolium Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 140. 1868

Schizostachyum latifolium (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan, Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989, non Gamble, 1896     

Cephalostachyum fuchsianum Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 107, t. 94. 1896. Type: India: Sikkim, Songchonglu, alt. 6000 ft.; 1889–1892; Gammie s.n. (K).

Schizostachyum fuchsianum (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan, Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989

Cephalostachyum longwanum H.B. Naithani, Indian Forester 136: 406. 2010

Lectotype. Bhutan; W. Griffith 2682 (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 29. 1994.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

73. Cephalostachyum mannii (Gamble) Stapleton & D. Z. Li, Kew Bull. 52: 700. 1997

Arundinaria mannii Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 26. 1896. Type: India: Meghalaya, Amkasur, Jainita Hills, 3000 ft.; April 24, 1889; G. Mann 21845 (K).

Neomicrocalamus mannii (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 279. 1989

Racemobambos mannii (Gamble) M. Kumar, Bamboos of India, Compendium 230. 1998

Distribution. Meghalaya [China].

Habit. Woody perennial.

74. Cephalostachyum mishimianum H. B. Naithani, Indian Forester 140(7): 733. 2014 (as “mishmieanum”)

Type. Arunchal Pradesh: 5 km after Udayk Pass, way to Hayuling 1200 m, Lohit District, H.B. Naithani 2141 (holotype: DD).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh.

Habit. Woody perennial.

75. Cephalostachyum pallidum Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 139. 1868

Schizostachyum pallidum (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 282. 1989

Type. India: Mishmee, Birmah, Patkaye, 5000 ft.; Griffith s.n.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that “In their discussion on p. 63, Kumari and Singh (2014) evidently consider this species as a synonym of C. capitatum, but do not formally synonymize it.”

76. Cephalostachyum pergracile Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 141. 1868

Schizostachyum pergracile (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 282. 1989

Syntypes. Burma: Rangoon; J.E. McClelland s.n. Pegu; Brandis s.n.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Odisha [China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Dendrocalamus Nees, Linnaea 9: 476. 1835

Type. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees (Bambusa stricta Roxb.).

77. Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K. Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind., ed. 2, 1: 301. 1927

Bambusa aspera Schult. & Schult. f., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1352–1353. 1830. Type: “Arundarbor aspera Rumphius, Herb. Amb. 4: 11. In Amboina et Huamchela ad montium pedes.”

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands [China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that this name has other synonyms in the literature; see Ohrnberger (1999) and Vorontsova et al. (2016).

78. Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. B: 94. 1875 

Bambusa brandisii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 109–110. 1868. Type: “Hab. in Ind. or. Tenasserim, Martaban, Pegu, usque ad 4000 ped. S.M., praecipue in saxis calcareis, Brandis no. 2

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, West Bengal [Myanmar, China, Myanmar]. Naturalized and cultivated; native to Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam but its natural distribution may include Manipur and the Andaman Islands.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Record for Karnataka fide Naithani (1990).

79. Dendrocalamus calostachyus (Kurz) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. B: 94. 1875

Bambusa calostachya Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist 42: 250. 1873. Type: Burma: Ava, Bhamo, Kakhyen Hills, alt. 3500 ft.; Kurz s.n.

Distribution. Meghalaya, Nagaland [China, Myanmar]. Native to northeastern India, China and Myanmar and also cultivated more widely in India.

Habit. Woody perennial.

80. Dendrocalamus collettianus Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 93. t. 83. 1896

Type. Burma: Fort Stedman; 1892; Abdul Huk s.n.

Distribution. West Bengal [China, Myanmar]. Only cultivated in India.

Habit. Woody perennial.

81. Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 150. 1868

Type. “Cult. Calcatta” [Botanical Garden, Calcutta], Lectotype: Hb. Munro (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburg J. Bot. 51(1): 23. 1994.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [China, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka]. Probably only cultivated in India; probably native to Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand.

Habit. Woody perennial.

82. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 151. 1868

Bambusa monogynia Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 63. 1851 (non B. monogyna Blanco, 1837)

Lectotype. India: Assam, Goalpara; July 17, 1808; Buchanan-Hamilton 882 (E). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburg J. Bot. 51(1): 23. 1994

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

83. Dendrocalamus hookeri Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 151. 1868 var. hookeri

Lectotype. India: Bengal orient, Pundua; June 11, 1850; J.D. Hooker & Thomson 411 (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburg J. Bot. 51(1): 26. 1994

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, North Bengal, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

84. Dendrocalamus longispathus Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. B: 94. 1875

Type. Burma: mixed and tropical forests of Arracan, Pegu Yomah and Martaban; Metam s.n.

Distribution. Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Odisha, Tripura, West Bengal [Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand].

Habit. Woody perennial.

85. Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 149. 1868

Bambusa membranacea (Munro) Stapleton & N.H. Xia, Kew Bull. 52(1): 238. 1997

Dendrocalamus longifimbriatus Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 92. 1896

Type. Burma: Martaban, Trogla; March 12, 1827; Numer. List [Wallich] no 5029 (K). LT designated by Stapleton & N.H. Xia in Kew Bull. 52: 238. 1997.

Distribution. Kerala, West Bengal [China, Myanmar]. Apparently only cultivated in India; native to Laos, Myanmar and Thailand.

Habit. Woody perennial.

86. Dendrocalamus parishii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 149. 1868

Dendrocalamus hookeri Munro var. parishii (Munro) Blatt., Indian Forester 55(11): 594. 1929

Type. India: Punjab Himalaya; Parish s.n.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Sikkim, West Bengal [China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that “This species is not treated in Kumari and Singh (2014) and is not even included in their index. Perhaps does not occur in Meghalaya? Or more likely, given the distribution, is considered synonymous with D. hookeri. Needs further study.”

87. Dendrocalamus sahnii H.B. Naithani & Bahadur, Indian Forester 108(3): 212. f. 1. 1982

Type. India: Arunachal Pradesh, Subansiri District, Zoram, alt. 6000 ft.; April 28, 1977; H.B. Naithani ser II no. 902 (DD).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh.

Habit. Woody perennial.

88. Dendrocalamus sericeus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 148. 1868

Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees var. sericeus (Munro) Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb., ed. 2, 751. 1902

Syntypes. India: Behar [Bihar], Parasnath, alt. 4000 ft.; September, 1858; Thomson s.n., (K). India: Behar [Bihar], Parasnath; February, 1848; Hooker s.n. (K).

Distribution. Bihar.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that this was treated in Ohrnberger (1999) as a variety of D. strictus. Further study is required.

89. Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Gamble ex Oliver, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 18: t. 1770. 1888

Lectotype. India: Sikkim; July 20, 1885; Pantling s.n. (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburg J. Bot. 51(1): 26. 1994

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, North Bengal, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

90. Dendrocalamus somdevae H.B. Naithani, Indian Forester 119(6): 504. 1993 (as “somdevai”)

Type. Uttarakhand: Dehra Dun, Hardwar road between Jogiwala and Majri (Mokhampur), 11.3.1991, Som Deva 10985 (Holotype DD).

Distribution. Uttar Pradesh.

Habit. Woody perennial.

91. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees, Linnaea 9: 476–477. 1835

Bambos stricta Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 1: 58. t. 80. 1798. Type: India: undershrub in deciduous forests; Roxburgh s.n. (K).

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh [Bangladesh, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Author K. Gandhi observes, “Since Roxburgh’s collections from the Coromandel Coast were destroyed in a flood, a good comprehensive collection with the same local name from the same area should be made and designated as a neotype.” See also Stapleton (1994).

Dinochloa Buse, Gram. (Buse) 47. 1854

Type. Dinochloa tjankorreh Buse, nom. illeg. (Bambusa scandens Blume, Dinochloa scandens (Blume) Kuntze).

92. Dinochloa andamanica Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 253. 1873

Type. India: “Andamans (etiam in insula Nicobaricis)”.

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Habit. Woody perennial.

93. Dinochloa mcclellandii (Munro) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 253. 1873 (as “maclellandii”)

Bambusa mcclellandii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 114. 1868 (as “McClellandi”). Type: “Hab. in Ind. or Pegu, Rangon, Phoungee Valley; M’Clelland v.s.”

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Records for Arunachal Pradesh and Assam fide Naithani (1990).

94. Dinochloa nicobariana R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 277. 1989

Type. India: Nicobar Island, North Nicobar, Katchal Island, Coastal Forest; P. Chakravarty 1129 (CAL).

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Habit. Woody perennial.

95. Dinochloa scandens (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 773. 1891

Bambusa scandens Blume, Flora 7: 291. 1824. Type: Java: Megamendung; Blume s.n. (L).

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Cultivated; native to Indonesia.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Gigantochloa Kurz ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 123. 1868

Lectotype. Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz ex Munro (Bambusa vulgaris var. atter Hassk.). LT designated by Holttum in Taxon 5: 28–30. 1956.

96. Gigantochloa albociliata (Munro) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. A: cxxxvi; App. B: 93. 1875 (as “albo-ciliata”) 

Oxytenanthera albociliata Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 129. 1868 (as “albo-ciliata”). Type: “Hab. in India or.” [Burma]: Pegu; Brandis 19 (“Wapyoogle” incolis). India: Moulmein; Falconer 27

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, West Bengal [China, Myanmar]. Cultivated, perhaps also naturalized; native to Myanmar.

Habit. Woody perennial.

97. Gigantochloa andamanica (Kurz) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. For. Veg. Pegu, App. A. cxxxvi; App. B. 93 in clavi. 1875

Bambusa andamanica Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal n.s. 39 (2): 88. 1870. Type: Andaman Islands, south Andaman; 1875; Kurz s.n.

Distribution. Andaman Islands [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that this name was treated as a synonym of Gigantochloa nigrociliata in Vorontsova et al. (2016); see also remarks under that species. The status of this taxon requires further study.

98. Gigantochloa apus (Schult. & Schult. f.) Kurz ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 126. 1868

Bambusa apus Schult. & Schult.f., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1353. 1830. Type: Indonesia: “Java ad montem Salaki”; Blume s.n. (check author).

Gigantochloa kurzii Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 65. 1896

Distribution. Meghalaya [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

99. Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja, Reinwardtia 10(3): 323. 1987

Type. Indonesia: Java, Wonosari, Nagasari; February, 1983; Ramlanto s.n. (BO).

Distribution. West Bengal. Known only from cultivation; also in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Habit. Woody perennial.

100. Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 125. 1868

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. var. atter Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Hasskarl) 19. 1844

Bambusa thouarsii Kunth var. atter Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar. 41. 1848

Syntypes. Indonesia: Java; Horsfield s.n. Java: Buitenzorg; Kurz s.n.

Distribution. West Bengal. Cultivated only. [Indonesia and Malaysia].

Habit. Woody perennial.

101. Gigantochloa auriculata (Kurz) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. A: cxxxvii; App. B: 94. 1875 

Bambusa auriculata Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist 39: 86. 1870. Type: Burma: Southern Pegu; Kurz 20 (CAL).

Distribution. Assam [Bangladesh, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that Seethalakshmi and Kumar (1998) treat this as a member of the genus Bambusa, but Widjaja, quoted in Ohrnberger (1999), discussed it as a species of Gigantochloa. The placement here follows Widjaja, but on the basis of the available information, she does not regard the generic placement as settled. Both Wu et al. (2006) and Vorontsova et al. (2016) treat this name as a synonym of Bambusa vulgaris.

102. Gigantochloa hasskarliana (Kurz) Backer ex K. Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind., ed. 2 1: 299. 1927

Schizostachyum hasskarlianum Kurz, Indian Forester 1: 352. 1876. Syntypes: Indonesia: Java, alt. 2000–3000 ft. Sumatra: Padang

Distribution. Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, cultivated [also in Indonesia, where it is native].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Record for Madhya Pradesh fide Naithani (1990).

103. Gigantochloa macrostachya Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 251. 1873.

Type. Martaban, Tenasserim

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram [Bangladesh, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

104. Gigantochloa nigrociliata (Buse) Kurz, Indian Forester 1(4): 345, 1876 var. nigrociliata

Bambusa nigrociliata Buse, Pl. Jungh. 389. 1854 (as “Nigro-ciliata”). Type: “Habitat insulam Javae Prope Tjiberem”; Junghuhn s.n.

Oxytenanthera nigrociliata (Buse) Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 228. 1868 (as “nigro-ciliata”)

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala, cultivated [Myanmar]. Native to Indonesia.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that Seethalakshmi and Kumar (1998) consider this to be a synonym of Gigantochloa rostrata, but other treatments maintain it as a species. Ohrnberger (1999) indicates that it occurs in the “eastern, central, and north-eastern parts” of India in addition to the Andamans. Dransfield and Widjaja (1995) list G. nigrociliata as doubtful for India, suggesting that the Indian records refer to other species. The status of the species and the following variety both need reevaluation in India and generally.

105. Gigantochloa nigrociliata (Buse) Kurz var. hohenackeri (Fischer) H. B. Naithani, Fl. Pl. India, Nepal & Bhutan 514. 1990

Oxytenanthera nigrociliata (Buse) Munro var. hohenackeri Fischer, Kew Bull. 1935:96. 1935

Distribution. Karnataka. Overall occurrence not understood well.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Record for Karnataka fide Naithani (1990).

106. Gigantochloa parvifolia (Brandis ex Gamble) T.Q. Nguyen, Bot. Zhurn. 75(2): 224. 1990

Pseudoxytenanthera parvifolia (Brandis ex Gamble) T.Q. Nyugen, Bot. Zurn. (Moscow and Leningrad) 76(7): 993. 1991

Oxytenanthera parvifolia Brandis ex Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 72. t. 63. 1896. Type: Burma: Yonzalin Valley; March, 1880; D. Brandis s.n.

Distribution. Assam, Mizoram [Myanmar]. Cultivated.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Records for Assam and Mizoram fide Naithani (1990).

107. Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjaja, Reinwardtia 10(3): 305. 1987

Bambusa pseudoarundinacea Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 330. 1854. Type: Indonesia: Java; H. Zollinger 3479 (L).

Bambusa verticillata Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 245. 1799

Gigantochloa verticillata (Willd.) Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 124. 1868

Nastus verticillatus (Willd.) Sm., Cycl. (Rees) 24: n. 3. 1819

Distribution. West Bengal [Myanmar]. Known only in cultivation.

Habit. Woody perennial.

108. Gigantochloa rostrata K.M. Wong, Malaysian Forester 45(3): 349. 1982

Type. Malaya; October 15, 1980; K.M. Wong KEP FRI 28981 (L).

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Tripura [Bangladesh]. Known only in cultivation.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that “Kumari and Singh (2014) synonymize G. nigrociliata under this species, and in the discussion mention the G. nigrociliata of Widjaja. This needs to be addressed, as noted under G. nigrociliata.”

109. Gigantochloa tekserah E.G. Camus, Bamb. 141. 1913

Type. Garo Hills; 1889; G. Mann s.n. (?).

Distribution. Meghalaya.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that this species is not mentioned by Kumari and Singh (2014), and furthermore, that this name is treated as a synonym of Gigantochloa macrostachya by Vorontsova et al. (2016).

Melocalamus Benth. in Benth. & J.D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3, 2: 1095, 1212. 1883

Type. Melocalamus compactiflorus (Kurz) Benth. (Pseudostachyum compactiflorum Kurz).

110. Melocalamus compactiflorus (Kurz) Benth., Gen. Pl. (Bentham & Hooker f.) 3: 1212. 1883

Pseudostachyum compactiflorum Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 252. 1873. Type: ?

Dinochloa compactiflora (Kurz) McClure, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1936: 253. 1936

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura [Bangladesh, China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

111. Melocalamus indicus R.B. Majumdar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 236. 1985 (“1983”)

Dinochloa indica (R.B. Majumdar) Bennet, Van Vigyan 27(2): 121. 1989

Type. India: Cachar, Bhuban Hills; Majumder 73083 (CAL).

Distribution. Assam, Manipur.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

112. Melocalamus mastersii (Munro) R.B. Majumdar, in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 278. 1989

Bambusa mastersii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 113. 1868. Type: India: Assam, Dibrooghur; Masters 1123

Melocalamus gracilis R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 278. 1989. Type: India: Barail Range, near Kailana, 9 km from Gumri rest house on Shillong, Cachar Road near P.W.D. Shed; R.B. Majumdar 1138 (CAL).

Dinochloa gracilis (R.B. Majumdar) Bennet & Jain ex D.N. Tewari, Monogr. Bamboo 82. 1992.

Distribution. Assam.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Melocanna Trin. in K.P.J. Sprengel, Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 2: 43. 1820 (sero) (“1821”)

Type. Melocanna bambusoides Trin., nom. illeg. (Bambusa baccifera Roxb.; Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz).

113. Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu App. B: 94. 1875, nom. cons.

Bambusa baccifera Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3: 37, t. 243. 1795. Lectotype: Roxburgh, Icones 1401 (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 27. 1994.

Distribution. Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal [Bangladesh, China, Pakistan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

114. Melocanna clarkei (Gamble ex Brandis) P. Kumari & P. Singh, Nelumbo 51: 234. 2009

Arundinaria clarkei Gamble ex Brandis, Indian Trees 666. 1906 (Note: considered to be an invalid name fide Stapleton, 1994).

Neomicrocalamus clarkei (Gamble ex Brandis) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 279. 1989

Racemobambos clarkei (Gamble ex Brandis) M. Kumar, Bamboos of India, Compendium 230. 1998

Schizostachyum mannii R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon) 281. 1989. Type: India: Jowai, Khasia & Jaintia Hills; G. Mann 31982 (CAL).

Bambusa khasiana sensu Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 39. t. 37. 1896, non Munro, 1868.

Distribution. Assam, Meghalaya Manipur, Sikkim.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Record for Manipur fide Naithani (1990). Taxonomic editor Clark notes that S. mannii has been synonymized with M. clarkei by Kumari and Singh (2014).

115. Melocanna humilis Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42(4): 251. 1873, non Roep. ex Trin., 1822

Melocanna arundina C.E. Parkinson, Indian Forester 61: 326. 1935

Distribution. Assam, West Bengal [China, Myanmar, Thailand].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Record for Assam fide Naithani (1990). Taxonomic editor Clark notes that “Kumari and Singh (2014) indicate that there are two species of Melocanna, M. baccifera and M. clarkei, and that both occur in Meghalaya, but they do not make any reference to M. humilis.”

Neohouzeaua A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Nat. Paris 28: 100. 1922

Type. LT.: Neohouzeaua mekongensis A. Camus (vide McClure, Taxon 6: 206. 1957).

116. Neohouzeaua dullooa (Gamble) A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 28: 101. 1922

Teinostachyum dullooa Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 101. 1896 (as “dulloa”). Type: Burma: Katha District, Hawyaw Monastery Garden; February, 1892; Oliver s.n. (K).

Schizostachyum dullooa (Gamble) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989

Distribution. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

117. Neohouzeaua helferi (Munro) Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 91. 1923

Bambusa helferi Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 114. 1868. Type: Burma: Tenasserim; Helfer 411

Pseudostachyum helferi (Munro) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 253. 1872

Teinostachyum helferi (Munro) Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 102. t. 90. 1896

Schizostachyum helferi (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan, Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Neololeba Widjaja, Reinwardtia 11(2): 112–113. 1997

Type. Neololeba atra (Lindl.) Widjaja (Bambusa atra Lindl.).

118. Neololeba atra (Lindl.) Widjaja, Reinwardtia 11(2): 114. 1997.

Bambusa atra Lindl., Penny, Cyclop. 3: 357. 1835. Type: found in Amboyna

Bambusa lineata Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 118. 1868. Type: “Hab. in Ins. Ternate et Celebe. In Amboina exotica, Rumph.”

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Cultivated and perhaps also naturalized; native to New Guinea, the Moluccas and Sangihe Island and possibly also the Philippines.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that this name has many other synonyms in the literature; see Ohrnberger (1999) and Vorontsova et al. (2016).

Neomicrocalamus P.C. Keng, J. Bamboo Res. 2(2): 10. 1983

Type. Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) Keng f. (Microcalamus prainii Gamble). Substitute name for Microcalamus J.S. Gamble 1890, non A.R. Franchet 1889.

119. Neomicrocalamus andropogonifolius (Griff.) Stapleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51(3): 325. 1994

Bambusa andropogonifolia Griff., Itin. Pl. Khasyah Mts. 124. 1848. Type: Bhutan, Tashigang District, Diri Chhu, [27°10'N, 91°26'E], alt. 3600 ft.; Griffith Itin 417 (K).

Distribution. Nagaland [Bhutan].

Habit. Woody perennial.

120. Neomicrocalamus prainii (Gamble) Keng f., J. Bamboo Res. 2(2): 10. 1983

Microcalamus prainii Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 59(2): 207. pl. 7. 1890. Type: India: Assam, Naga Hills, 8300 ft.; April 23, 1886; Prain s.n. (K).

Arundinaria prainii (Gamble) Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 21. t. 19. 1896

Racemobambos prainii (Gamble) Keng f. & T.H. Wen, J. Bamboo Res. 5(2): 13. 1986

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland [China].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Ochlandra Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (Thwaites). 376. 1864

Type. Ochlandra stridula Thwaites.

121. Ochlandra beddomei Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 124. t. 110. 1896

Type. India: Wynaad; Beddome s.n.

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Woody perennial.

122. Ochlandra ebracteata Raizada & Chatterjee, Indian Forester 89(5): 362. 1963

Type. India: Kerala, Parithipally range, Kottur reserve, Trivandrum division; June 28, 1961; Managing Agents, Punalur Paper Mills s.n. (DD).

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Kerala fide Naithani (1990).

123. Ochlandra keralensis M. Kumar, Remesh & Sequiera, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25(1): 49–51. f. 1(A–N). 2001

Type. India: Kerala, Pathanamthitta District, Pachakkanam, 3200 ft.; December 9, 1998; Remesh; Stephen 20730 (KFRI).

Distribution. Kerala.

Habit. Woody perennial.

124. Ochlandra scriptoria (Dennst.) C.E.C. Fisch., Fl. Madras 3(10): 1863. 1934 

Bambusa scriptoria Dennst., Schlussel Hort. Malab. 31. 1818. Type: Rheede, Hortus. Malab. 3. t. 60 as “Beesha”

Beesha rheedii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 434. 1833. Type: Rheede, Hortus. Malab. 5. 119. t. 60 as “Beesha”

Ochlandra rheedii (Kunth) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 121. t. 107. 1896

Distribution. Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Woody perennial.

125. Ochlandra setigera Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 128. t. 115. 1896

Type. India: western slopes of Nilgiri Hills, Gudalur, alt. 3000 ft.; H. Trimen s.n.

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Woody perennial.

126. Ochlandra sivagiriana (Gamble) E.G. Camus, Bambusees (Camus) 181. t. 99. f. c. 1913

Ochlandra rheedii Benth. ex Gamble var. sivagiriana Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 122. t. 108. 1896. Syntypes: India: Sivagiri Hills, 4000–4500 ft.; Gamble s.n. (K). Pulney Hills, alt. 1300–1400 ft.; 1873; Beddome s.n.

Ochlandra scriptoria (Dennst.) Fisch. var. sivagiriana (Gamble) C.E.C. Fisch., Fl. Madras 3: 1863. 1934

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Woody perennial.

127. Ochlandra soderstromiana M. Kumar & Sequiera, Rheedea 9(1): 33. f. 2. 1999

Type. India: Kerala, Idukki District, Kallar, Kallar Valley Estate, alt. 3200 ft.; June 15, 1998; Stephen Sequiera 008883 (KFRI).

Distribution. Kerala.

Habit. Woody perennial.

128. Ochlandra spirostylis M. Kumar, K.K. Seethal. & Sequiera, Rheedea 9(1): 31–33. 1999

Type. India: Kerala, Idukki District, Adimali, Chattuparakudy, 3000 ft.; May 30, 1998; Stephen Sequiera 008884 (KFRI).

Distribution. Kerala.

Habit. Woody perennial.

129. Ochlandra talbotii Brandis, Indian Trees 684. 1906 (as “talboti”)

Type. India: North Kanara; Brandis s.n.

Distribution. Karnataka.

Habit. Woody perennial.

130. Ochlandra travancorica (Bedd.) Benth. ex Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 125. t. 111. 1896 var. travancorica

Beesha travancorica Bedd., Forester’s Man. Bot. 234. 1873. Type: India: Mountains of Tinnevelly and Travancore, alt. 3000–5000 ft., Madras; Beddome s.n.

Distribution. Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu [Sri Lanka].

Habit. Woody perennial.

131. Ochlandra travancorica (Bedd.) Benth. ex Gamble var. hirsuta Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 126. t. 112. 1896

Type. India: Travancore Hills; Beddome s.n.

Distribution. Kerala.

Habit. Woody perennial.

132. Ochlandra wightii (Munro) C.E.C. Fisch., Fl. Madras 3(10): 1864. 1934

Bambusa wightii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 111. 1868. Syntypes: India: Courtallum; Wight 1009. Malabar; Wight 117, Wight 1346.

Ochlandra brandisii Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 126. t. 113. 1896. Type: India: Tinnevelly Ghats, Courtallum, alt. 3000 ft.; 1835; Wight 1009

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Ochlandra kadambaranii. Taxonomic editor Clark suggests that the name Ochlandra kadambaranii, for which UmaShaanker et al. (2004) provide a distribution map, is probably a nomen nudum, but this needs to be checked.

Oxytenanthera Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 126. 1868

Lectotype. Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro (Bambusa abyssinica A. Rich.). LT designated by McClure in Taxon 6: 206. 1957.

133. Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 127. 1868

Bambusa abyssinica A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 439. 1850–1851. Syntypes: Ethiopia: near Djeladjeranne [Tchelatchekanne]; December 15, 1839; G.H.W. Schimper s.n. [501] (P). Ethiopia: Banks of R. Tacazze; Quartin Dillon & Petit s.n. (P). Ethiopia: Aderbati; Quartin Dillon & Petit s.n. (P).

Distribution. Uttarakhand. Cultivated; native to tropical Africa.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Pseudobambusa Nguyen, Bot. Zurn. 76(7): 992. 1991

Type. Pseudobambusa kurzii (Munro) Ohrnb.

134. Pseudobambusa kurzii (Munro) Ohrnb., Bamb. World Introd. Ed. 4: 19. 1997

Melocanna kurzii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 134. 1868. Type: India: Andaman Island; Kurz s.n.

Bambusa kurzii (Munro) N.P. Balakr., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22(1–4): 176. 1982 (“1980”)

Schizostachyum kurzii (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan, Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989

Bambusa schizostachyoides Kurz in Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 48, t. 44. 1896, nom. superfl. & illeg.

Teinostachyum schizostachyoides Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 39: 89. 1870, nom. superfl. & illeg.

Cephalostachyum schizostachyoides Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu Append. App. B. 94., in clavi, A. A., 137, 1875, nom. superfl. & illeg.

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Manipur [Myanmar, Vietnam].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark observes that Manipur seems unlikely to be part of the native range, since this species is native to the southern part of Myanmar and also the southern part of Vietnam, as well the Andamans.

Pseudostachyum Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 141. 1868

Type. Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro.

135. Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 142. t. 4. 1868

Schizostachyum polymorphum (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 282. 1989

Lectotype. India: Assam, Nigrigam; January 18, 1836; Griffith 6735 (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 30. 1994.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Pseudoxytenanthera Soderstr. & R.P. Ellis, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 72: 52. 1988

Type. Pseudoxytenanthera monadelpha (Thwaites) Soderstr. & R.P. Ellis (Dendrocalamus monadelphus Thwaites).

136. Pseudoxytenanthera bourdillonii (Gamble) H.B. Naithani, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87: 440. 1991 (“1990”)

Oxytenanthera bourdillonii Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 76. 1896 (as “ bourdilloni”). Type: “Western Ghats of Travancore, grows only on steep precipitous places and wet rocks at elevations of 3000–4000 ft.”; J.F. Bourdillon s.n.

Distribution. Kerala.

Habit. Woody perennial.

137. Pseudoxytenanthera monadelpha (Thwaites) Soderstr. & R.P. Ellis, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 72: 52. 1988

Dendrocalamus monadelphus Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5: 376. 1864. Lectotype: Sri Lanka: Ambagamuwa; December, 1854; Thwaites C.P. 3359 (PDA). LT designated by Soderstrom and Ellis in Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 72: 52. 1988.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu [Sri Lanka].

Habit. Woody perennial.

138. Pseudoxytenanthera ritcheyi (Munro) H.B. Naithani, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87(3): 440. 1991 (“1990”)

Bambusa ritcheyi Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 113. 1868. Type: India: Bombay, Kala Nuddi; Ritchie 820

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Woody perennial.

139. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii (Munro) H.B. Naithani, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87(3): 440 1991 (“1990”)

Oxytenanthera stocksii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 130. 1868. Type: India: Concan; Stocks s.n.

Dendrocalamus stocksii (Munro) M. Kumar, Remesh & Unnikr. Sida 21(1): 95. 2004

Distribution. Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra [also in Vietnam]. Cultivated, or perhaps also native.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Schizostachyum Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 535. 1829

Type. Schizostachyum blumei Nees.

140. Schizostachyum brachycladum (Kurz ex Munro) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 39(2): 89. t. 6. f. 2. 29. 1870

Melocanna zollingeri (Steud.) Kurz ex Munro var. brachyclada Kurz ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 134. 1868

Schizostachyum zollingeri Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 332. 1854. Type: Java

Distribution. West Bengal [also in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore]. Probably only cultivated in India.

Habit. Woody perennial.

141. Schizostachyum rogersii Brandis, Indian Trees 679. 1906

Type. India: Andamans; G. Rogers s.n.

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Nagaland.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that Seethalakshmi and Kumar (1998) consider this species to be endemic to the Andamans, suggesting that the mainland records refer to cultivated plants or are erroneous.

142. Schizostachyum virgatum (Munro) H.B. Naithani & Bennet, Indian Forester 117(1): 68. 1991

Melocanna virgata Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 133. 1868. Type: Hab. in India or Burmah, Keouksik ad fluv. Mogong; Griffith s.n. (K).

Cephalostachyum virgatum (Munro) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu App. A 137: 1875

Distribution. India, cultivated [China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Stapletonia P. Singh, S.S. Dash, & P. Kumari, Nelumbo 51: 241. 2009

Type. Stapletonia arunachalensis (H.B. Naithani) P. Singh, S.S. Dash & P. Kumari (Schizostachyum arunachalense H.B. Naithani).

143. Stapletonia arunachalensis (H.B. Naithani) P. Singh, S.S. Dash & P. Kumari, Nelumbo 51: 241. 2009

Schizostachyum arunachalensis H.B. Naithani, Indian Forester 118(3): 230. 1992. Type: India: Arunachal Pradesh: Subansiri District, Baja near Daporijo, 300 m; 17.3.1986; H.B. Naithani 1406 (holotype, DD).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh.

Habit. Woody perennial.

144. Stapletonia rigoensis L. B. Singha, P. Niri, & R. Devi, Phytotaxa 350(1): 82. 2018

Type. India: Arunachal Pradesh, Near Rigo village, 400 – 500 m, 001/LBS/2017 (holotype: ASSAM).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh.

Habit. Perennial

145. Stapletonia seshagiriana (R.B. Majumdar) H.B. Naithani, Indian Forester 139: 1048. 2013

Schizostachyum seshagirianum R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 282. 1989. Type: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Garsing to Eyo, Spiang, alt. 1900 ft.; R.S. Rao 1794 (CAL).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Teinostachyum Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 142. 1868

Lectotype. Teinostachyum griffithii Munro (designated by McClure, Taxon 6: 209. 1957).

146. Teinostachyum beddomei C.E.C. Fisch., Fl. Madras 3(9): 1860. 1934

Schizostachyum beddomei (C.E.C. Fisch.) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan, Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989

Bambusa wightii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 111. 1868. Syntypes: India; R.H. Beddome 117, 1009, 1346 (US-79430). Hab. in Ind. or. Courtallum; Wight 1009. India: Malabar; Wight 117. India; Wight 1346

Teinostachyum wightii (Munro) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. S. India t. 323. 1873

Type. Nilgiri and Travancore Hills, alt. 3000–5000 ft.

Distribution. Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that the nomenclature here needs to be investigated and the type material studied. The name B. wightii has several syntypes and was based on vegetative material only, so it is unclear what species name really applies to although it appears to be validly published. In addition, T. wightii may be misapplied fide Ohrnberger (1999).

147. Teinostachyum griffithii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 143, t. 3. 1868

Schizostachyum griffithii (Munro) R.B. Majumdar in S. Karthikeyan, Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 281. 1989

Type. Burma: Prope Wulloboom “in sylvis collinis”; Griffith s.n.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya [Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Thyrsostachys Gamble, Indian Forester 20: 1. 1894

Type. Thyrsostachys oliveri Gamble.

148. Thyrsostachys oliveri Gamble, Indian Forester 20: 1. 1894

Type. “The bamboo was discovered by Mr. J.W. Oliver, conservator of forests of the eastern circile of Upper Burma and the photograph from the negative of which our picture has been obtained, was taken by him.” Burma; J.W. Oliver s.n.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [China, Myanmar].

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that this species is cultivated in the Indian Botanical Garden, Calcutta and Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun.

149. Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 59–60. t. 51. 1896, nom. cons.

Bambusa regia Thomson ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 116. 1868 Lectotype: Kurz s.n. (K). LT designated by Stapleton in Taxon 47: 739. 1998.

Thyrsostachys regia (Thomson ex Munro) Bennet, Indian Forester 114(10): 711. 1988

Distribution. Uttarakhand, West Bengal [China, Myanmar]. Probably only cultivated in India.

Habit. Woody perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Clark notes that this species is cultivated in the Indian Botanical Garden, Calcutta and Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun.

Plants perennial, generally herbaceous and with or without rhizomes or stolons. Spikelets with 2 glumes, or the glumes lacking. Flowers 3, the proximal two sterile and only the distal one fertile. Lemma with or without an awn. Lodicules 2. Fusoid cells absent or present, mesophyll cells with or without invaginated cell walls, midrib simple or complex.

Within Oryzoideae, Ehrharteae and Oryzeae are clearly sisters (e.g., (Kellogg 2009; Saarela et al. 2018; Tang et al. 2010)). Members of these two tribes have characteristic “oryzoid” silica bodies in the leaves. These are narrow and elongated perpendicular to the proximo-distal axis of the leaf and form over the veins, which is an unusual position for silica bodies (Metcalfe 1960). Most species have a chromosome base number of x = 12. All Oryzeae and many Ehrharteae are plants of moist habitats, a character that may be ancestral (Kellogg 2015b).

In contrast to Ehrharteae and Oryzeae, the position of Streptogyna has long been controversial. However, recent phylogenetic work using complete plastomes places it sister to the Ehrharteae + Oryzeae clade (Saarela et al. 2018). It lacks the distinctive characters of the other two tribes having multi-flowered spikelets and lacking the distinctive silica bodies. Nuclear phylogenies place it sister to the BOP clade (Mathews et al. 2000) or to Bambusoideae (Hisamoto et al. 2008).

Taxonomic editor: G. Anthony Verboom, University of Cape Town

Ehrharteae has no obvious diagnostic character, although the simple vasculature in the midrib and lack of an epiblast in the embryo might be synapomorphic (Kellogg 2015b). The plants vary in habit, presence or absence of auricles in the leaves, and ligule morphology. Stamen number also varies, with individual species having 2, 3, 4, or 6 stamens. This character has been used in the past to segregate genera from Ehrharta but phylogenetic studies (Verboom et al. 2003) show that all species are best placed in a single genus.

Ehrharta Thunb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 40: 217. t. 8. 1779, nom. cons. [incl. Microlaena R. Br., Tetrarrhena R. Br., Zotovia Edgar & Connor]

Type. Ehrharta capensis Thunb.

150. Ehrharta abyssinica Hochst., Flora 38: 193. 1855

Ehrharta erecta Lam. var. abyssinica (Hochst.) Pilg., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9(87): 508. 1926. Type: Abyssina; Buchinger 1460

Type. Abyssina [Ethiopia]; 1853; Schimper, Hb. abyss. Buchinger 1460 (STR).

Distribution. Tamil Nadu, presumably naturalized. Native to Africa.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Verboom notes that this species may or may not be distinct from E. erecta, and might be treated better as a variety of that species.

151. Ehrharta calycina Sm., Pl. Icon. Ined. 2: t. 33. 1790

Trochera calycina (Sm.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 62. t. 12 f. 4. 1812

Ehrharta auriculata Steud., Flora 12: 491. 1829

Melica geniculata Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 21. 1794. Type: Promontorio Bonae Spei Africas. [South Africa: Cape of Good Hope]; Thunberg s.n.

Ehrharta geniculata (Thunb.) Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 192. 1800

Ehrharta ovata Nees, Linnaea 7: 336. 1832. Type: “Sandige Flache unter dem Tigerberge bei Duiker vallei.”; Ecklon s.n.

Ehrharta paniculata Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 2: 542. 1812

Ehrharta adscendens Schrad. ex Schult. & Schult. f., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1372. 1830 pro syn.

Ehrharta undulata Nees ex Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5, 3(3): 70. 1839, nom. nud., pro syn.

Melica festucoides Licht. ex Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5, 3(3): 70. 1839, pro syn. Ehrharta calycina Sm.

Ehrharta mnemateia Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 66. 1794, non L.f., 1782. Type: Africa; Thunberg s.n.

Ehrharta laxiflora sensu Schult. & Schult. f., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1373. 1830, non Schrad., 1821

Aira capensis L.f., Suppl. Pl. 108. 1782 (“1781”), non Ehrharta capensis Thunb., 1779. Type: “Habitat ad Cap. Bonae spei, Sparrmann.”

Distribution. India. Naturalized, but state localities not reported. Native to Africa, and also naturalized in Australasia, South America.

Habit. Annual or perennial.

152. Ehrharta capensis Thunb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 40: 217. t. 8. 1779

Ehrharta mnemateia L.f., Suppl. Pl. 209. 1782 (“1781”). Type: “Habitat in Africa.” D.D. Thunberg s.n.

Ehrharta nutans Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2(1): 346. 1786, nom. superfl. & illeg. for E. capensis. Type: “Cette plante croit au Cap de Bonne-Esperance, & nous a été communiquée par M. Sonnerat, ainsi que celle qui fuit.”

Type. “Herr Ehrhart vistas nu I Hannover.”

Distribution. India. Naturalized, but state localities not reported. Native to Africa.

Habit. Perennial.

153. Ehrharta erecta Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2(1): 347. 1786

Ehrharta panicea Sm., Pl. Icon. Ined. t. 9. 1789. Type: “Ex Capite Bonae Spei adtulit Sonnerat anno 1776.” Sonnerat s.n. (Herb. Thouin).

Ehrharta paniciformis Nees ex Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5, 3(3): 64. 1839. Type: not given

Panicum deflexum Guss., Fl. Napol. 5: 320. 1835, nom. later hom., non Schumach, 1827

Trochera panicea Baill., Hist. Pl. (Baillon) 12: 171, f. 313, 314. 1894, non (Sm.) Kuntze, 1891

Type. “Cette plante se trouve fans aucune etiquette dans la collection de Graminees que M. Sonnerat nous a communiquee; mais nous ne savons pas positivement si ell est du Cap, comme la precedente ou si elle est de l’Inde.”

Distribution. India. Naturalized, but state localities not reported. Native to southern Africa, and also naturalized in China.

Habit. Perennial.

154. Ehrharta longiflora Sm., Pl. Icon. Ined. 2: t. 32. 1790

Ehrharta aristata Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 66. 1794. Type: Promontoria Bonae Spei Africes; 1772–1775; Thurnberg s.n.

Ehrharta eckloniana Schrad. ex Schult. & Schult. f., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1376. 1830. Type: “In Promont. b. spei, prope muros ad urbem Cap, Ecklon s.n.”

Ehrharta longiseta Schrad., Gött. Gel. Anz. 3: 2078. 1821. Type: South Africa: Cape, Cape Good Hope; Hesse s.n.

Ehrharta urvilleana Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 9. t. 6. 1829. Type: “Legit cel Dumont d’Urville in insula S. Helenae.”

Ehrharta banksii J.F. Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis] 2: 549. 1791, nom. superfl & illeg? (cited Smith pl. ic. ined. p. 9)

Type. “Ad Prom. Bonae Spei legit Masson. Herb. Banks. Herb Lin. Ex eadem regione relata adest nescio quo lecta botanico.”

Distribution. Reported for India. Apparently naturalized, but state localities not reported. Native to Africa.

Habit. Annual.

155. Ehrharta stipoides Labill., Nov. Holl. Pl. 1: 91, t. 118. 1805

Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 210. 1810

Type. “Habitat in capite Van-Diemen.” Australia: Tasmania, Capite van-Dieman; Labillardière s.n. (FI).

Distribution. Tamil Nadu [Sri Lanka]. Apparently naturalized. Likely native to Australia.

Habit. Perennial.

Plants annual or perennial. Leaves with a membranous ligule, with or without a pseudopetiole. Spikelets with the sterile flowers reduced to lemmas or lacking entirely. Glumes reduced or absent. Midrib with two or more vascular bundles, with bundles placed ad- and abaxially, and often with air spaces.

The distinctive midrib anatomy that is here interpreted as synapomorphic for the tribe is lost in Luziola and Hygroryza (Kellogg 2015b; Tateoka 1963). All members of the tribe grow in sites that are moist or regularly flooded, and a few are truly aquatic (Kellogg 2015b).

Hygroryza Nees, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 15: 380. 1833

Type. Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees (Pharus aristatus Retz.).

156. Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 15: 380. 1833.

Pharus aristatus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5: 23. 1788 (“1789”). Type: “Habitat in Indiae aquosis.”

Leersia aristata (Retz.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 207. 1832.

Zizania aristata (Retz.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 8. 1829

Potamochloa retzii Griff., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 5: 571. t. 24. 1836, nom. illeg. superfl.?

Zizania retzii Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 136. 1824 (“1825”), nom. superfl. & illeg. for Pharus aristatus Retz.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Aquatic perennial.

Leersia Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) 1, 21. 1788, nom. cons.

Type. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (Phalaris oryzoides L.) (typ. cons.)

157. Leersia hackelii Keng, Sinensia 11: 412. 1940

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. var. japonica Hack., Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 645. 1899, non Leersia japonica Makino, 1892. Type: Coll. Matsum: Tokyo

Leersia oryzoides sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 94. 1896, non (L.) Sw., 1788

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China].

Habit. Perennial.

158. Leersia hexandra Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) 21. 1788

Asprella hexandra (Sw.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 267. 1817

Leersia australis R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 1: 210. 1810. Type: “Designat vicinitatem Coloniae apud Portum Jackson, inclusis ripis aestuarii Hunter’s River vel Coal River nuncupati”; Brown s.n. (BM). Littora Novae Hollandiae intra tropicum; R. Brown s.n.

Asprella australis (R. Br.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 267. 1817

Leersia abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 356. 1850–1851. Type: “Crescit in locis paludosis planitiei montanae Chiré, mense Octobre, Schimp. no. 1823.” Ethiopia: Locis Paludosis in Planitie Montana, Provincia Schire; October 10, 1840; W. Schimper 1823

Leersia capensis C. Muell, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 14(20): 345. 1856. Type: South Africa “Prom. bonae spei, Uitenhagen”; 1847; Alexander s.n. (K)

Leersia griffithiana C. Muell, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 14(20): 345. 1856. Type: Bengal; Griffith s.n. (B?).

Leersia luzonensis J. Presl in C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1(4–5): 207. 1830. Type: “Hab. in insula Luzonia.” Philippines: Luzonia; Haenke s.n.

Leersia mauritanica Salzm. ex Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5, 3(4): 174. 1840. Type: Egypt: Tingit; Sieber s.n. (M, Isotype).

Leersia mexicana Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 1: 195 (ed. qto.). 1816. Type: “Crescit in convsalle Mexicana inter Chalco et Xochimilco, alt. 1168 hexap.” Mexico: Chalco, Xochimilco; Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (P).

Asprella mexicana (Kunth) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 267. 1817

Leersia parviflora Desv., Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat. 61. 1831. Type: “Crescit in Aegyptia.”

Leersia triniana Siebold ex Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5: 174. 1840, nom. invalid? (vide Tropicos)

Oryza hexandra (Sw.) Döll, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 2(2): 10–11. 1871

Pharus ciliatus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5: 23. 1788 (“1789”). Type: “Ad margines stagnorum lectum dedit honor Koenig.”

Type. Jamaica; Swartz s.n. (S).

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Perennial.

159. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) 21. 1788

Phalaris oryzoides L., Sp. Pl. 1: 55. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Virginiae paludibus nemorosis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 78.10 (LINN). LT designated by Hitchcock in Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 12: 115. 1908.

Leersia hackelii sensu Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 599. 1960, non Keng., 1940

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan]. Possibly naturalized in India.

Habit. Perennial.

Oryza L., Sp. Pl. 1: 333. 1753

Type. Oryza sativa L.

160. Oryza australiensis Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 20 (Heft. 85): 333. 1915

Type. Nord Australien: Queensl.; F.M. Bailey s.n.

Distribution. India; states not reported [China]. Naturalized in both countries; native to Australia and New Zealand.

Habit. Perennial.

161. Oryza barthii A. Chev., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16(7): 405–406. 1911

Oryza breviligulata A. Chev. & Roehr., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 159: 560. 1914

Type. Chevalier 9615; Chad.

Distribution. India. Naturalized, but state localities not reported. Native to Africa.

Habit. Annual.

162. Oryza brachyantha A. Chev. & Roehr., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 159: 561. 1914

Syntypes. Chevalier s.n.; Sudan: western Sudan, Ségou; Schweinfurth s.n.; Egypt: pays des Djurs.

Distribution. India. Naturalized, but state localities not reported. Native to Africa.

Habit. Annual.

163. Oryza coarctata Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2: 206. 1832

Porteresia coarctata (Roxb.) Tateoka, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 8(3): 406. 1965

Sclerophyllum coarctatum (Roxb.) Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 8. 1851

Oryza triticoides Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 8. t. 142. f. 1. 1851

Type. India: Delta of the Gangas; 1796; Buchanan-Hamilton s.n.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha.

Habit. Perennial.

164. Oryza glaberrima Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 3. 1853

Type. Guinea; Jardin s.n. (P).

Distribution. Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh [China]. Naturalized in both countries; native to Africa.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

165. Oryza grandiglumis (Döll) Prodhl., Bot. Arch. 1: 233. 1922

Oryza sativa L. var. grandiglumis Döll, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 2(2): 8. 1871. Type: Brasilia: in valle Broco lectae; Luschnath s.n.

Type. Brasilien; Riedel 1261.

Distribution. India. Naturalized, but state localities not reported. Native to South America; also naturalized in China.

Habit. Annual.

166. Oryza indandamanica Ellis, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 27(1–4): 225. f. 1–7. 1987 (“1985”)

Type. India: Andamans Island, Rutland Island; July 26, 1986; Ellis PBL 12248A.

Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Habit. Perennial.

167. Oryza jeyporensis Govindasw. & K.H. Krishnam., Sci. & Cult. 24: 234. 1956, nom. invalid.

Distribution. Odisha.

Habit. Not reported.

Remarks. Protologue lacks Latin description.

168. Oryza latifolia Desv., J. Bot. Agric. 1: 77. 1813

Oryza sativa L. var. latifolia (Desv.) Döll, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 2(2): 7. 1871

Type. “Habitat in Carolina (error), insulaque Portorici.” Puerto Rico; Desvaux s.n. (P-Juss).

Distribution. Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Sikkim [China].

Habit. Perennial.

169. Oryza meyeriana (Zollinger & Moritzi) Baill. ssp. granulata (Nees & Arn. ex G. Watt) Tateoka, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 75: 460. 1962

Oryza granulata Nees & Arn. ex G. Watt., Dict. Econ. Prod. India 5: 500. 1891. Syntypes: Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Bengal, Malabar, Courtallum; Wight s.n., Griffith s.n., Simons s.n., Hooker s.n., Beddome s.n., Kurz s.n., Brandeis s.n.

Oryza meyeriana (Zollinger & Moritzi) Baill. var. granulata (Nees & Arn. ex Watt) Duistermaat, Blumea 32: 185. 1987

Oryza meyeriana sensu C.E.C. Fisch., Fl. Madras 3(10): 1845. 1934, non Baill., 1894

Oryza indandamanica J.L. Ellis, Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 27: 225. 1985. Type: Andaman Islands, Rutland Is., 30 m alt., 26 Jul 1986; PBL 12248 (Ellis)

Distribution. Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [China, Myanmar, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Perennial.

170. Oryza minuta J. Presl in C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1(4–5): 208. 1830

Oryza manilensis Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C. 3(4): 219. 1908. Type: Philippines: Luzon Island, Rizal Province; March, 1907; M. Ramos BS 2194 (PNH).

Oryza latifolia sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 92. 1896, non Desv., 1813

Type. Habitat in insula Luzonia.” Philippines: Luzon; Haenke s.n. (PR).

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu [China, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

171. Oryza nivara Sharma & Shashtry, Indian J. Genet. Pl. Breed. 25: 161. 1965

Oryza sativa L. var. fatua Prain, Bengal Pl. 2: 1184. 1903, p.p. Type: India: “Orissa, Sundribuns; W. Bengal, N. Bengal.”

Distribution. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Records for Gujarat and Maharashtra fide Naithani (1990).

172. Oryza officinalis Wall. ex G. Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. India 5: 501. 1891 ssp. officinalis

Oryza latifolia sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 92. 1896, non Desv.,

Oryza minuta sensu Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan 605. 1960, p.p., non J. Presl, 1830

Type. Numer. List [Wallich] no. 8685 and cited many syntypes.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Perennial.

173. Oryza malampuzhaensis Krishnasw. & Chandras., Madras Agric. J. 45: 471. 1958

Oryza officinalis Wall. ex G. Watt ssp. malampuzhaensis (Krishnasw. & Chandras.) Tateoka, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 75: 422. 1962

Type. India: Madras.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Tamil Nadu fide Naithani (1990).

174. Oryza rufipogon Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 5. t. 144. f. 2. 1851

Oryza sativa L. var. rufipogon (Giff.) G. Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. India 5: 504. 1891

Oryza fatua Trin. var. longiaristata Ridl., Fl. Malay. Penin. 5: 252. 1925 (as “longe-aristata”). Type: Malaysia: Malacca, Batu Berendam; Burkill s.n.

Oryza sativa L. fo. spontanea Roshev., Bull. App. Bot. & Pl. 27: 37. 1931

Oryza sativa L. var. coarctata G. Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. India 5: 504. 1891. Type: unknown locality; Buchanan-Hamilton s.n.

Oryza sativa L. var. bengalensis G. Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. India 5: 504. 1891. Type: India, Bengal

Oryza sativa L. var. abuensis G. Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. India 5: 504–505. 1891. Type: India: Bengal and Madras

Type. “Eastern part of Bengal, In aquis (Jheel dictis) prope Hubbegunge et Nubbeyunge; October 1, 1835.” NT: Bangladesh; Tim s.n. (CAL). NT designated by Sharma and Shastry in Indian J. Genet. Pl. Breed. 25(20): 157–167. 1965.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Perennial.

175. Oryza sativa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 333. 1753 var. sativa

Type. “Habitat forte in Aethiopia, colitur in Indiae paludosis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 460.1 (LINN). LT designated by Meikle in Fl. Cyprus 2: 1716. 1985.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Annual.

176. Oryza sativa L. var. plena Prain, Bengal Pl. 2: 1184. 1903

Oryza plena (Prain) N.P. Chowdhury, Indian Forester 75(11): 497. 1949

Type. Bangladesh: Chittagong [Cultivated double rice].

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. [Bangladesh]

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Records for Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh fide Naithani (1990).

Zizania L., Sp. Pl. 2: 991. 1753

Lectotype. Zizania aquatica L. LT designated by Nash in Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (Britton & Brown), ed. 2. 1: 168. 1913, affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 209. 1920

177. Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1909: 385. 1909

Hydropyrum latifolium Griseb., Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 4: 466. 1853. Type: “Hab. in Davuria in Lacu ad confluentiam fl. Schilka et Argun”; Turcz. as Zizania latifolia Cat. Baikal no. 1337.

Distribution. Manipur [China, Myanmar].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Manipur fide Naithani (1990).

Plants rhizomatous or caespitose. Leaf blades pseudopetiolate, with an abaxial ligule. Spikelets with several flowers, the distal ones reduced, disarticulating between the flowers. Rachilla internode developing into a hook. Style branches and stigmas 2 or 3, elongating and twisting around each other at maturity, becoming indurate.

Streptogyna P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 80. 1812

Type. Streptogyna crinita P. Beauv.

178. Streptogyna crinita P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 80, t. 16. f. 8. 1812

Streptogyna gerontogaea Hook. f., Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 301. 1900 (as “streptogyne”). Type: Sri Lanka; Thwaites s.n. Ceylon Plant 922

Type. Nigeria; 1786–1788; Beauvois s.n. (G).

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu [Sri Lanka].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Kerala fide Naithani (1990).

Plants annual or perennial, variously caespitose, rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms hollow. Leaf blades without a pseudopetiole, ancestrally lacking auricles; ligules membranous. Spikelets with 1 to many flowers, disarticulating above the glumes. Lodicules 2 not vascularized. Stigmas borne on separate style branches (i.e., style branches not fused).

Brachyelytrum is sister to all other Pooideae, with the remainder of the species having inflorescence branches initiating in a two-ranked pattern, the spikelets laterally compressed, the embryo lacking a scutellar cleft, and the embryonic leaf margins overlapping (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001; Kellogg et al. 2013; Saarela et al. 2015; Schubert et al. 2019a, 2019b). The next diverging tribe is Nardeae; all members of the large clade sister to Nardeae (i.e., the remainder of the subfamily) lack bicellular microhairs anywhere on the plant (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001). Parallel-sided subsidiary cells are synapomorphic for Brachypodium plus Bromeae, Triticeae, and Poeae (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001). A substantial increase in genome size occurred before the crown node of the clade Bromeae+ Triticeae+ Poeae, and nearly all members of the group have a chromosome base number of x=7 (Avdulov 1931; Bennetzen and Kellogg 1997; Kellogg and Bennetzen 2004).

Taxonomic editor: Robert J. Soreng, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, with additional contributions for Stipeae by Paul M. Peterson, Smithsonian Institution, for Agrostis and Calamagrostis by Beata Paszko, Polish Academy of Sciences, and for Poa sect. Stenopoa by Marina V. Olonova, Tomsk State University.

Perennial plants with leathery leaves. Lower glume absent or reduced to a narrow ridge; upper glume absent or minute. Lodicules absent; stigma one.

Lygeum Loefl. in C. Linnaeus, Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 27. 1754

Type. Lygeum spartum L.

179. Lygeum spartum L., Gen. Pl. ed. 5, addend. [p.”522”]. 1754

Type. “Habitat in Hispania.” Lectotype: Loefling 36a, Herb. Linn. No. 75.1 (LINN). LT designated by Cope in Nasir and Ali (ed.), Fl. Pakistan 143: 39. 1982.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Distribution in India fide Naithani (1990). Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that the species is native to the Mediterranean, and was cultivated historically for fiber.

Leaves with pseudopetiolate and resupinate blades, and long membranous, glabrous ligules. Spikelets 1-flowered, globose, disarticulating below the glumes. Rachilla extension absent.

Soreng et al. (2017), and taxonomic editor of subfamily Pooideae here, recognizes Phaenospermateae as distinct from Duthieeae. The two tribes are sisters in molecular phylogenies and thus would be monophyletic whether combined or kept separate. Phaenosperma is morphologically distinctive and the combined tribe has no morphological synapomorphies. In contrast, Kellogg (2015b) combined Phaenospermateae with Duthieeae, noting that they are sister taxa and that Phaenospermateae s.s. is monogeneric; thus recognition of Phaenospermateae offers no phylogenetic information. The decision whether to combine or separate the two tribes is a matter of ranking, for which there are no taxonomic rules.

Phaenosperma Munro ex Benth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 59. 1881

Type. Phaenosperma globosum Munro ex Benth. (as “globosa”).

180. Phaenosperma globosum Munro ex Benth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 59–60. 1881 (as “globosa”)

Type. “First received from the Jardin des Plantes at Paris where it had been raised from seeds brought from China by the Pere David, but it has since turned up among Shearer’s Kiu-Kaing plants.”

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim [Bhutan, China].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim fide Naithani (1990).

Leaf blades neither pseudopetiolate, nor resupinate, ligules short and sometimes ciliolate. Spikelets 1 to several flowered, disarticulating above the glumes. Rachilla extension present or absent. Lemma apex deeply 2-lobed, lobes acuminate or setaceous.

None of these morphological characters is synapomorphic.

Duthiea Hack., Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 45: 200. 1896

Type. Duthiea bromoides Hack.

181. Duthiea bromoides Hack., Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 45: 200. 1896

Type. India: Kashmir, Liddar Valley, alt. 12000 ft.; J.F. Duthie 13155, 13382.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Pseudodanthonia Bor & C.E. Hubb., Kew Bull. 1957: 425. 1958

Type. Pseudodanthonia himalaica (Hook. f.) Bor & C.E. Hubb. (Danthonia himalaica Hook. f.)

182. Pseudodanthonia himalaica (Hook. f.) Bor & Hubbard, Kew Bull.1957: 427. 1958

Danthonia himalaica Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 281. 1896. Type: India: Kunawar, Jaunsar, Lokardi Peak, alt. 8000–9000 ft.; J.F. Duthie 14467 (K).

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.

Habit. Perennial.

Sinochasea Keng, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 48(4): 115, f. 1. 1958

Type. Sinochasea trigyna Keng.

183. Sinochasea trigyna Keng, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 48(4): 115, f. 1. 1958

Trikeraia oreophila Cope, Kew Bull. 42(2): 350. 1987. Type: Bhutan: Jangothang, 13350 ft [4069 m], 28 Sept. 1979; Dunbar 18

Distribution. Sikkim [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Bhutan fide Naithani (1990).

Most species perennial. Leaf sheaths with margins fused up to the collar, the margins often joined by a hyaline membrane. Glumes usually shorter than the florets. Lemma margins papery above, the veins not converging at the apex. Lodicules thick, truncate, their margins partially or wholly fused. Style branches 2, free to the base, the branches persistent in the fruit.

Glyceria R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 179. 1810, nom. cons.

Type. Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. (Festuca fluitans L.).

184. Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 1: 179. 1810

Festuca fluitans L., Sp. Pl. 1: 75. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Europae fossis & paludibus.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 92.22 (LINN). LT designated by Kit Tan in Davis (ed.), Fl. Turkey 9: 537. 1985.

Distribution. Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu [also in Africa, Europe, North America, South America]. Naturalized; native to Europe.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Glyceria fluitans is sometimes confused with G. plicata (= G. notata Chevall (Clayton et al. 2006 onwards)) and G. distans. Cope (1982) accepts G. plicata but this is G. notata (Clayton et al. 2006 onwards), and these three are often confused. Based on the discussion and synonym in the Flora of China treatment (Tian 2006), it is likely that this record refers to G. notata, not G. fluitans.

185. Glyceria spicata Guss., Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2: 784. 1845

Poa spicata Biv. ex Guss., Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2: 784. 1845, nom. invalid. cited as synonym of Glyceria spicata, non L., 1753

Type. “In rivulis, stagnis, inundatis in Sicilia.”

Distribution. Tamil Nadu. Naturalized; native to southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa.

Habit. Perennial.

186. Glyceria tonglensis C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 15: 119. 1876

Glyceria kashmiriensis Kelso, Rhodora 37: 262. 1935. Type: India: Jammu and Kashmir, Liddar Valley above Palgam, 8000–9000 ft.; September 17, 1893; J.F. Duthie 13092 (US).

Type. India: Himalaya, between Darjeeling and Tonglo, “Mert. Koch. Proxima.”

Distribution. Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Koordersiochloa Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 12: 67. 1917

Type. Koordersiochloa javanica Merr.

187. Koordersiochloa sanjappae (Kabeer & V.J. Nair) Veldkamp, Reinwardtia 13(3): 302. 2012

Streblochaete sanjappae Kabeer & V.J. Nair, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 47(1–4): 137 (-138, fig). 2006 (“2005”). Type: India: Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri District, Ooty, Dodabetta, about 4000 ft.; March, 4, 2002; K. Althaf Ahamed Kabeer 114021 (MH).

Distribution. Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Perennial

Remarks. Koordersiochloa Merr. is the correct name for Streblochaete Hochst. ex Pilg. (Veldkamp 2012).

Melica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 66. 1753

Lectotype. Melica nutans L. LT designated by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 69. 1920.

188. Melica nutans L., Sp. Pl. 1: 66. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Europae frigidioris rupibus.” Proposed Conserved Type: Herb. Linn. No. 86.2 (LINN). Proposed type designated by Hempel in Jarvis (ed.), Taxon 41: 566. 1992.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Melica was recently revised (Hempel 2011).

189. Melica onoei Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 603. 1878

Melica scaberrima (Nees) Hook. f. var. micrantha Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 331. 1896. Type: India: Kishtwar, alt. 6000 ft.; C.B. Clarke s.n.

Type. Japan: unde sine loci indicatione e botanico japonensi ono habuit; Dr. Savatier s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

190. Melica persica Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 122. 351. t. 89. 1830

Melica cupani Hook. f. var. canescens Regel, Descr. Pl. Nov. fasc. 8: 88. 1880. Type: Turkestan: in angustiis Basmandinsk; O. Fedtschenko s.n. (vide Tropicos)

Melica canescens (Regel) Lavrenko, Fl. URSS 2: 752. 1934

Melica cupani Guss. var. vestita (Boiss.) Boiss., Fl. Orient. (Boissier) 5: 591. 1884

Melica hohenackeri Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 1(13): 54. 1854. Type: “Hab. in districtu Talusch prov. transcaucasicarum (Hochstetler).”

Melica inaequiglumis Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 1(7): 124. 1846. Type: Iran: “Hab. ad saxa prope urbem Schiraz, Kotschy no. 315.”

Melica jacquemontii Decne. in Jacquem., Voy. Inde. 4(3): 174–175. t. 175. 1844. Type: India: Kanum

Melica kotschyi Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 289. 1854. Type: Kurdistan: Persia bor.; Kotsch. Herb. alepp. no. 366

Melica lanata Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 289. 1854. Type: “In cacumine montis St. Catharinae Arab. herb. Arab. un. it 104”

Melica pannosa Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 2(13): 55. 1854. Type: “Hab. in rupibus calidis Antilibani ad Souk Wadi Barrada, legi Maio 1846.”

Melica vestita Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 1(7): 125. 1846. Type: “Hab. in rupestribus alpis Kuh-Delu Persiae australis Kotschy no. 414.”

Melica cupani auct. non Guss., 1832: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 329. 1896, p.p.

Type. “Crescit in Persia inter Kermachan et Amadan.”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

191. Melica scaberrima (Steud.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 330. 1896

Festuca scaberrima Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 316. 1854. Type: India; Wight s.n.

Glyceria scaberrima Nees, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 287. 1854. Type: India: Nees mpt. & Royle herb. no. 376

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh [China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

192. Melica secunda Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 7(2): 629. 1881

Melica gracilis Aitch. & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 192. 1882. Type: Afghanistan: Kuram District, in the Shend-Toi gorge, alt. 9000 ft.

Type. “In kokania inter Karakasuk et Schagimardan (O. Fedtschenko), in valle Afghanistaniae Kurrum (Aitchison no. 1257), in trajectu montium Alexander Karakia(A. Regel), in valle fluvii Almatinka majoris prope Wernoje (Kuschakewicz).”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

Caespitose perennials, the leaves generally stiff and slender. Spikelets one-flowered, the rachilla not extended beyond the flower. Glumes generally longer than the pubescent lemma; lemma generally wrapped around the palea, awned from the apex, the awn straight or twisted and often geniculate. Lodicules 3.

The tribe is monophyletic and the single flowered spikelet could be synapomorphic (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001; Kellogg 2015b). Generic limits are the subject of much ongoing research and extensive hybridization is likely (Romaschenko et al. 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014; Soreng et al. 2017).

Achnatherum P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 19, 146, pl. 6, f. 7. 1812

Lectotype. Agrostis calamagrostis L. Designated by Niles & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(6): 181 (1925).

193. Achnatherum brandisii (Mez) Z.L. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 154. 1996

Stipa brandisii Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 207. 1921. Type: India: [Himachal Pradesh], Kulla; D. Brandis s.n. (B?; IT: US-866139 (fragm. ex B).

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Distribution in India fide Naithani (1990).

194. Achnatherum duthiei (Hook. f.) P.C. Kuo & S.L. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(3): 322, pl. 80, f. 9–14. 1987

Stipa duthiei Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 232. 1896. Type: Western Himalaya, Garhwal, alt. 12000–13000 ft.; Duthie 273

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

195. Achnatherum jacquemontii (Jaub. & Spach) P.C. Kuo & S.L. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(3): 323. 1987

Stipa jacquemontii Jaub. & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 4: 60, t. 339. 1851. Type: “Ad rupes in excelsis Emodi Cachemyriani (altitudine circiter 9000 pedum) legit Jacquemont Augusto anni 1831 (Herb. Mus. Par.)” Kashmir: arid soils in rock crevices, 6400–14000 ft.; August 1831; Jacquemont 994 (P).

Lasiagrostis jacquemontii (Jaub. & Spach) Munro ex Aitch., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 107. 1880

Lasiagrostis jacquemontii (Jaub. & Spach) Munro ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 5: 506. 1884, nom. iso., non (Jaub. & Spach) Munro ex Aitch., 1880

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Neotrinia (Tzvelev) M. Nobis, P.D. Gudkova & A. Nowak, Turczaninowia 22(1): 40. 2019.

Type. Neotrinia splendens (Trin.) M. Nobis, P.D. Gudkova & A. Nowak.

196. Neotrinia splendens (Trin.) M. Nobis, P.D. Gudkova & A. Nowak, Turczaninowia 22(1): 40. 2019.

Stipa splendens Trin., Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 2: 54. 1821. Type: “Habitat in transbaicalensibus Sibirae.”

Stipa splendens Trin. var. gracilis Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 647. 1960. Type: Baltistan, Karakoram; C.B. Clarke 30097

Achnatherum splendens (Trin.) Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 404. 1941

Lasiagrostis splendens (Trin.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 58. 1829

Stipa altaica Trin. ex Ledeb., Fl. Altaic. 1: 80. 1829. Type: “In arenosis et sterilibus subsalsis frequens (L.M.), in montosis apricis ad fl. Ursul. (B).”

Stipa schlagintweitii Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 208. 1921. Type: China: Xizang, Balti province “Tibet”; H. von Schlagintweit 5787

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Orthoraphium Nees, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 94. 1841.

Type. Orthoraphium roylei Nees.

197. Orthoraphium roylei Nees, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 94. 1841.

Stipa roylei (Nees) Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 207. 1921

Stipa orthoraphium Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 131. 1854, nom. superf. & illegit.

Type. Not given.

Distribution. Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Piptatherum P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 17, 173. 1812

Lectotype. P. caerulescens (Desf.) P. Beauv. (Milium caerulescens Desf.) (vide Hitchcock, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 772: 156. 1920).

198. Piptatherum aequiglume (Duthie ex Hook. f.) Munro ex Roshev., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 113. 1951

Oryzopsis aequiglumis Duthie ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 234. 1896. Type: Temperate Himalaya: from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 6000–10000 ft.; Duthie s.n.  

Piptatherum aequiglume (Duthie ex Hook. f.) Munro ex Roshev. var. fasciculatum (Hack.) Freitag, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburg 33(3): 379. 1975

Oryzopsis fasciculata Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 52: 10. 1902. Lectotype: Pakistan: Kashmir, Astor District, in valle Kamri prope Kalapani, alt. 9000 ft.; August 25, 1892; Duthie 12644 (W). (vide Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburg 33(3): 379. 1975)

Piptatherum fasciculatum (Hack.) Roshev., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 114. 1951

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Sikkim [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

199. Piptatherum gracile Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 211. 1921

Oryzopsis gracilis (Mez) Pilg., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 14: 347. 1939

Oryzopsis brachyclada Pilg., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 14: 345. 1939. Type: Kashmir, Nanga-Parbat-Gebiet, Oberes Rakhiot-Tal, Moränen des Ganalo-Gletschers, nach Suden exponierte Hochgras-Matten, 12800 ft.; July 9, 1937; C. Troll 7774

Oryzopsis lateralis Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 234. 1896, p.p. excluding basionym.

Type. China: West Tibet; Thomson s.n. (B).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

200. Piptatherum hilariae Pazij, Notul. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. Uzbeckistanicae 10: 20. 1948

Oryzopsis humilis Bor, Kew Bull. 1951: 445. 1952. Type: India: Jaunsar, Rocks north of Deoban, alt. 8000 ft.; June 21, 1897; J.F. Duthie 19850a (K).

Piptatherum humile (Bor) S. Kumar & Raizada, Indian J. Forest. 9(2): 177. 1986

Oryzopsis wendelboi Bor, Nytt Mag. Bot. 1: 16. 1952. Type: Chitral, Barum Gol, Shokor Shal, alt. 11200 ft.; July 14, 1950; Per Wendelbo s.n. (K).

Type. Asia Centre Pamir Alai.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for Jammu and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh fide Naithani (1990). Taxonomic editor Soreng suggests accepting this name, which is older than any of Bor’s taxa listed here in synonymy.

201. Piptatherum laterale (Munro ex Regel) Roshev., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 117. 1951

Milium laterale Munro ex Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 7(2): 645. 1881. Type: “In Afghanistania. Piptatherum laterale Muroe.”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

202. Piptatherum munroi (Stapf) Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 212. 1921

Oryzopsis munroi Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 234. 1896. Type: Western Himalaya: Kashmir to Garhwal, alt. 7000–11000 ft.; J.D. Hooker & T. Thomson s.n.

Oryzopsis stewartiana Bor, Kew Bull. 1953: 272. 1953. Type: India: Pulga, Parbatti Valley, 6400 ft.; July 22, 1935; Mohinder Nath 988 (K).

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

203. Piptatherum vicarium (Grig.) Roshev., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 105. 1951

Oryzopsis vicaria Grig, Trudy Tadzhikistansk. Bazy 8: 574. 1938. Type: Central deciduous woodland and open vegetation, 1600 ft.-9000 ft.; Tuturin & Besedin 81 (LE).

Oryzopsis microcarpa Pilg., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 14: 346. 1939. Type: Kashmir, Nanga-Parbat-Gebiet, Astor Tal, Daschkin, im Artemisien Gesträuch zwischen Büschen und Steinen, 7500 ft.; May 30, 1937; C. Troll 7272

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

Ptilagrostis Griseb., Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 4: 447. 1852

Type. Ptilagrostis mongholica (Turcz.) Griseb. (Stipa mongholica Turcz.).

204. Ptilagrostis concinna (Hook. f.) Roshev., Fl. URSS 2: 75. 1934

Stipa concinna Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 230. 1896. Type: Sikkim Himalaya, in the Tibetan region, alt. 14000–16000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim [China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

205. Ptilagrostis dichotoma Keng ex Tzvelev, Rast. Tsentr. Azii 4: 43. 1968

Type. China: Gansu/Qinghai border; Y.C. Wu 478.

Distribution. India; states not recorded. [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

206. Ptilagrostis mongholica (Turcz. ex Trin.) Griseb., Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 4: 447. 1852

Stipa mongholica Turcz. ex Trin., Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 1: 67–68. 1836. Type: “Habitat in Sibiria baikalensi in pratis humidis ad torrentem Dschiginai in oxam influentem et ad fl. Tschikoi”; Turcz s.n.

Achnatherum mongholicum (Turcz. ex Trin.) Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 403. 1941

Lasiagrostis mongholica (Turcz. ex Trin.) Trin. & Rupr., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5: 87. 1842

Stipa tibetica Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 207. 1921. Type: China: Xizang, Lasiang, Mougholica, Iriu, 14,000 ft. “West Tibet”; J.D. Hooker & Thomson s.n.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Stipa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 78. 1753

Lectotype. Stipa pennata L. LT designated by Nash in N.L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N.U.S. ed. 2. 1: 176. 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 159. 1920.

207. Stipa arabica Trin. & Rupr., Sp. Gram. Stipac. 77. 1842

Stipa arabica Trin. & Rupr. var. szowitsiana Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5: 77. 1842. Type: “Persia borealis: in salsas arenosis inter Khoi et Seidkozi prov. Aderbeischan rarius; Junio (Szovitis). Transcaucin collibus aridis lapidosis prope Tatuni tractus Suwant (Hohenacker).”

Stipa szowitsiana (Trin.) Griseb., Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 4: 450. 1853 (as “szovitsiana”)

Type. “Inter lapides ad radices montis Sinai; 15 Majo. (Schimper Un. Itin n. 107).” Israel: Mount Sinai; G.H.W. Schimper 107

Distribution. India; states not recorded (Northwest Himalaya) [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

208. Stipa breviflora Griseb., Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. 82. 1868

Stipa aliciae Kanitz, Növényt. Gyujtesek Eredm. Grof Szechenyi Bela Keletazsiai Utjabol 61. t. 7. f. 4. 1891. Type: China: “Hab Prov. Kansu n. 62. Ku-lang-szhien; June 24, 1879.”

Type. China: Western Xizang, Tnari Khorsum.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh [China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Ladakh fide Naithani (1990).

209. Stipa bungeana Trin. ex Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 70. 1833

Type. China: “Hebei, ad radices montium Zui-wey-schan et ad vias prope Ssi-jui-ssi”; Bunge s.n.

Distribution. India; states not recorded (Eastern Himalaya) [China].

Habit. Perennial.

210. Stipa capillacea Keng, Sunyatsenia 6(2): 100–102, pl. 15. 1941

Type. China: Sichuan: open grass land in rear of Shaowusi Agricultural Station, Taining Xian; K.L. Chu 7449

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

211. Stipa capillata L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 116. 1762

Type. “Habitat in Germania, Gallia.” Lectotype: Herb. Burser I: 127 (UPS). LT designated by Freitag in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 453. 1985.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

212. Stipa caragana Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 1: 74. 1830

Lasiagrostis caragana (Trin.) Trin. & Rupr., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 7: 90. 1843

Oryzopsis pallescens Vestberg, Trudy Bot. Sada Imp. Yur’evsk. Univ. 5: 147. 1904. Type: Given in Russian language

Type. “V. ssp. e littore oriental. maris Caspici.” Russia: Caspian region; Eichwald s.n. (LE).

Distribution. India; states not recorded [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

213. Stipa caucasica Schmalh., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 293. 1892 ssp. caucasica

Stipa orientalis Trin var. grandiflora Rupr., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7 14(4): 35. 1869. Type: not given

Stipa bella Drob., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 37. 1925, nom. later hom. illeg., non Phil, 1870

Syntypes. “Caucasus septentrionalis: Kislowodsk, 24 Julio 1886 (Akinefijew). Daghestania: Czir-Jurt 11 Majo et Tem ir-Chan Schura 6 Majo 1891 (Lipski).” Russia: Caucasus, Kislowodsk; July 24, 1886; Lipsky s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Ladakh fide Naithani (1990).

214. Stipa caucasica Schmalh. ssp. glareosa (Smirnow) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Nizsh. Rast. 11: 20. 1974

Stipa glareosa Smirnow, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26: 266. 1929. Type: “Hab in deserto Gobi et in Altaj locis petrosis V. glareosis.”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [also in Mongolia].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

215. Stipa chitralensis Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 500. 1954

Type. India Orientalis, Chitral, Guger, alt. 3000; May 18, 1895; Surgeon Lt. Harris 16800 (K).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

216. Stipa consanguinea Trin. & Rupr., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5: 78. 1842

Stipa koelzii R.R. Stewart, Brittonia 5(4): 441. 1945. Type: India: Kashmir, Ladakh, Gya; August 13–14, 1933; W. Koelz 6432 (US-1607603).

Type. “Habitus totus Stipae orientalis, sed pubes adpressa aristarum Stipae holosericeae.” Russia: Siberi, Altai, near Tschuga river; 1832; Bunge s.n.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Sikkim [Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and Sikkim fide Naithani (1990).

217. Stipa himalaica Roshev., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 5(1): 11. 1924

Stipa pennata sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 230. 1896, non L., 1753

Type. China: Tibet Province Ladakh; July 1–15, 1856; Herbarium Schlagintweit 3 gen No Catalogue 1337.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

218. Stipa orientalis Trin. ex Ledeb., Fl. Altaic. 1: 83. 1829

Type. “In rupium fissures ad flum. Tscharysch (L.B.) et n montibus Kurtschum et Arkaul.”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh [China].

Habit. Perennial.

219. Stipa pennata L. ssp. kirghisorum (Smirnow) Freitag, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 438. f. 19. 1985

Stipa kirghisorum Smirnow, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 232. 1925. Type: “Habitat in montosis et stepposis Turkestaniae et in Mongolia occidentali.”

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

220. Stipa purpurea Griseb., Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. 82. 1868

Ptilagrostis purpurea (Griseb.) Roshev., Fl. URSS 2: 76. 1934

Lasiagrostis tremula Rupr., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 14(4): 35. 1869. Type: Not given

Stipa semenowii Krassn., Bot. Zap. 2: 22. 1889. Type: “In valle fluminis Sary-Jassy in montibus Thian-Schan non procul ab alpe Chan-tengri et in trajectu Turguen-Aksu non rara.”

Type. China: Western Xizang, Tnari Khorsum, 15300–18500 ft.; Schlagintweit 7116 (LE).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editors Soreng and Peterson note that this species should continue to be classified in Stipa, although it has copies of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) from three genera (Romaschenko et al. 2008). The dominant copy is from Stipa as is the chloroplast (Lu et al. 2016).

221. Stipa regeliana Hack., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1 89: 130. 1884

Type. Kyrgyzstan: Tien Shan, Issikul Musart pass, alt. 7000–8000 ft.; August, 1877; A. Regel s.n. (W).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

222. Stipa roborowskyi Roshev., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 1(6): 1. 1920

Stipa basi-plumosa Munro ex Hook. f. var. longe-aristata Munro ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 229. 1896. Type: China: Western Tibet; Thomson s.n.

Stipa purpurea sensu Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 645. 1960, non Griseb., 1868

Type. “In montium Kuen Lun jugo Russky, alt. 9700–12200 ft.; July 3, 1890; Roborowsky s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

223. Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 158. 1791

Avena sibirica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 79. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Sibiria.” Lectotype: Amman 27, Herb. Linn. No. 95.1 (LINN). LT designated by Scholz in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 248. 2000.

Achnatherum sibiricum (L.) Keng., ex Tzvelev, Probl. Ekol. Geobot. Bot. Geogr. Florist. 140. 1977.

Stipa confusa Litw., Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. 7: 53. 1928. Type: Russia: “In Sibiriae prov. Tobolsk, Altai, Semipalatinsk (distr. Ustkamenogorsk), Jenisej (prov. Krasnojarsk. et Minusinsk), Irkutsk, Transbajcalia, Jakutsk (distr. Jakutsk).”

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [China, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

224. Stipa subsessiliflora (Rupr.) Roshev., Izv. Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago 14(Suppl. 2): 50. 1915

Lasiagrostis subsessiliflora Rupr., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 14(4): 35. 1869. Type: Kyrgyzstan: Tian Shan, Toyandyund Sunktu-Thal, 15400–16000 ft.; July 30, 1867; F. Osten-Sacken s.n. (LE).

Stipa basi-plumosa Munro ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 229. 1896. Type: China: Western Tibet, Nubra, and the Lanak Pass, alt. 15000–17000 ft.; Thomson s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

225. Stipa turkestanica Hack., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 26: 59. 1910 ssp. turkestanica

Type. Turkestania: Schugnan, Dschidak in valle fl. Badamdara; July 27, 1904; B.A. Fedtschenko s.n.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [also in Asia].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

226. Stipa turkestanica Hack. ssp. trichoides (P.A. Smirn.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 17. 1974

Stipa trichoides P.A. Smirn., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 233. 1925. Syntypes: Turkmenistan: Ashabad Province, Mt. Ludsha, 6500 ft.; Litvinov 2222 (LE). Turcomania: Fergana, Alaicum, Langar; B. Fedtschenko s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

Stipellula Röser & H.R. Hamasha, Schlechtendalia 24: 91. 2012

227. Stipellula capensis (Thunb.) Röser & H.R. Hamasha, Schlechtendalia 24: 92. 2012

Stipa capensis Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 19. 1794. Type: South Africa; Thunberg s.n. (UPS).

Stipa tortilis Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 99. t. 31. f. 1. 1798. Type: “Habitat in arvis.”

Distribution. Punjab [Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Trikeraia Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 555. 1955

Type. Trikeraia hookeri (Stapf) Bor (Stipa hookeri Stapf).

228. Trikeraia hookeri (Stapf) Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 555. 1955 var. hookeri

Stipa hookeri Stapf, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 30: 120. 1894. Type: China: Tibet, Probably in the vicinity of Lhasa; July, September, 1891; Thorold 124 (K).

Achnatherum hookeri (Stapf) Keng, Clav. Gen. Sp. Gram. Prim. Sin. 213. 1957

Timouria aurita Hitchc., J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 134–136. 1933. Type: India: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Rupshu, Kugzil, alt. 13700; July 16, 1931; Walter Koelz 2328

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

229. Trikeraia hookeri (Stapf) Bor var. ramosa Bor, Kew Bull. 1954(4): 557. 1955

Stipa hookeri Stapf var. ramosa (Bor) S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): VI. 1989

Type. China: Tibet, Nye, Tsangpo Valley, 12500 ft.; September 2, 1935; F. Kingdon Ward 12295 (BM).

Distribution. India; states not recorded [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editors Soreng and Peterson question whether this species truly occurs in India.

Plants annual or perennial. Inflorescence unbranched, the spikelets on short pedicels. Spikelets laterally compressed, generally with more than 5 flowers. Glumes shorter than the flowers. Ovary apex pubescent.

Brachypodium P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 100, 155. 1812

Lectotype. Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. (Bromus pinnatus L.). LT designated by Niles and Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 196. 1925.

230. Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 156. 1812 (as “distachyos”)

Bromus distachyos L., Fl. Palaest. 13. 1756. Type: “Habitat in H. [= Hasselquist]…Palaestina.” Lectotype: Hasselquist, Herb. Linn. No. 93.48 (LINN). LT designated by Schippmann & Jarvis in Taxon 37: 158. f. 1. 1988.

Festuca distachyos (L.) Roth, Catal. Bot. 1: 11. 1797

Trachynia distachya (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 43. 1827

Zerna distachyos Panz. ex B.D. Jacks., Index Kew. 1(4): 1249. 1895

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Record for Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990). Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that B. distachyon has been split into three species (Catalán et al. 2012; Lopez-Alvarez et al. 2012). It is unclear which name, or if all 3, would be applicable to material from India. Also, there may be older names for the new species, but this will require checking the types of heterotypic synonyms.

231. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 156. 1812

Festuca sylvatica Huds., Fl. Angl. (Hudson) 38. 1762. Type: “Habitat in sylvis et sepibus frequens.”

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. var. khasianum Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 363. 1886. Type: India: Khasia Hills

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. var. longe-aristatum Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 363. 1886. Type: North West Himalaya: Kumaon and Dalhousie, alt. 6000–9000 ft.

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. var. pseudo-distachyon Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 363. 1886. Type: India: Kashmir and Kumaon

Brachypodium wattii C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 90. t. 40. 1889. Type: India: Kohima, alt. 7500 ft.; C.B. Clarke s.n. Jakpho, alt. 7500 ft.; C.B. Clarke s.n.

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. var. luzoniense (Hack.) H. Hara Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 228. 1938.

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. ssp. luzoniense Hack., Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl. 4): 269. 1906. Type: Philippines: Luzon Province, Benguet, Pauai to Baguio; November 9, 1905; Merrill 4698

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir (C82), Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Plants annual or perennial, caespitose or rhizomatous. Leaf sheaths with fused margins. Spikelets with 3 or more flowers, disarticulating above the glumes. Lemma entire or bidentate, if awned then the awn forming from the sinus or on the abaxial side just below the apex. Style branches on the abaxial side of the ovary, the ovary enlarged and lobed above the point of insertion of the style branches.

This tribe included Littledalea in the treatment of Kellogg (2015b), but Littledalea is now placed in its own tribe (Soreng et al. 2015) so that Bromus is the sole member of Bromeae.

Bromus L, Sp. Pl. 1: 76. 1753, nom. cons.

Synonyms. Anisantha K. Koch, Bromopsis (Dumort.) Fourr., Ceratochloa P. Beauv.

Type. Bromus secalinus L. (typ. cons.)

232. Bromus arvensis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 77. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Europa ad versuras agrorum.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 93.21 (LINN). LT designated by Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 499. 1985.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng cites Cope (1982), saying that this species is not confirmed for Pakistan. “Bor (1960) keys it out but has no distribution for it other than temperate Europe and Asia.”

233. Bromus berteroanus Colla, Herb. Pedem. 6: 68. 1836

Bromus barobalianus G. Singh, For. Fl. Srinagar 129. 1976

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir. Native to South America.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Records from India fide Naithani (1990).

234. Bromus catharticus Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 2: 22. 1791

Bromus unioloides Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 1: 151 (ed. qto.). 1816. Type: “Crescit locis alsis regni Quitensi prope Chillo, Conocoto et Sangolqui, alt. 1340 hexap.” Ecuador: Pichincha, Chillo, Conocoto & Sangolqui, alt. 1340 ft.; Humboldt & Bonpland 2286 (P).

Bromus willdenowii Kunth, Revis. Gramin. 1: 134. 1829. Type: Willdenow Herb. 2103 (B).

Ceratochloa cathartica (Vahl) Herter, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6(5–6): 144. 1940

Type. “Habitat in Lima.” Lectotype: Peru: Lima; sd; P. Commerson s.n. (P-JU, US-865523). LT designated by Pinto-Escobar, Caldasia 11(54): 9–16. 1976.

Distribution. Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal [China, Nepal]. Naturalized; native to southern South America.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Meghalaya, Sikkim, and West Bengal fide Naithani (1990).

235. Bromus confinis Nees, Syn. Pl. Glumac. (Steudel) 1: 320. 1854

Bromus inermis Leyss. var. confinis (Nees) Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 358. 1896

Type. Nepal; Royle Herb. no. 325.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh (B60), Sikkim [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

236. Bromus danthoniae Trin. ex C.A. Mey., Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. (C.A. von Meyer) 24. 1831

Triniusa danthoniae (Trin. ex C.A. Mey.) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 328. 1854 (as “danthonia”)

Bromus macrostachys Desf. var. triaristatus Hack., Flora 62: 155. 1879, in obs. Type: Teheran; Kotschy s.n. ?

Type. Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Talush; June 22, 1830; C.A. Meyer s.n. (LE). “In locis lapidosis aridis montium Talusch prope pagum Swant (alt. 670 Hexap.)”.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

237. Bromus diandrus Roth, Bot. Abh. Beobacht. 44. 1787

Bromus gussonii Parl., Pl. Nov. 66. 1842 (as “gussoni”). Type: “Habitat in collibus, ad sepes, et in sylvaticis Siciliae, insulae Capri, aliisque Italiae locis. Obtinui ex Corsica ab amico botanico Le Maire.” Sicilia; Gussone s.n. (FI).

Neotype. Gr. Bromoides, locustis maximus, lanuginosum, Italicum. Hist. Nat. 261, no. 444, (OXF (Scheuzer Herb.)). NT designated by Sales, Edinb. J. Bot. 50(1): 8–9. 1993.

Distribution. Tamil Nadu [also in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, North America, South America]. Naturalized.

Habit. Annual.

238. Bromus gracillimus Bunge, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 7: 527. 1852

Nevskiella gracillima (Bunge) Krecz. & Vved., Trudy Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ., Ser. 8b, Bot.17: 22. 1934

Bromus crinitus Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 2(13): 64. 1854. Type: “Hab. In monte Elbrus prope pagum Passgala.”

Deschampsia aralensis Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(2): 300. 1868. Type: “Steppe des Aralses im Gebiete des Syr-Darja, Ende Mai fruchttragende Exemplare; Borazozow 774.”

Type. “Hab. in der Wuste Karakum bei Kuk-Kabak Zwischen Tschi (Lasiagrostis splendes) 19 Mai 1842 (Deflor. et fr. Maturo).”

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

239. Bromus himalaicus Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 358. 1896

Zerna himalaica (Stapf) Henrard, Blumea 4(3): 499. 1941

Type. Temperate Himalaya; East Nepal, Sikkim and North Bhutan, alt. 8000–12000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Distribution. Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

240. Bromus hordeaceus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 77. 1753

Bromus mollis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 112. 1762. Type: “Habitat in Europae australioris siccis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 93.6 (LINN). LT designated by Smith in Cafferty et al. (Ed.), Taxon 49: 248. 2000.

Bromus hordeaceus L. ssp. mollis (L.) Hyl., Uppsala Univ. Arsskr. 7: 84. 1945

Serrafalcus mollis (L.) Parl., Rar. Pl. Sicilia. 2: 11. 1840

Lectotype. “Gramen Avenaceum pratense gluma breviore squamosa et villosa” in Morison, Pl. Hist. Univ., 3: 213. s. 8. t. 7. f. 18. 1699. LT designated by Smith in Cafferty et al. (Ed.), Taxon 49: 248. 2000. Epitype: Herb. Linn. No. 93.7 (LINN). Epitype designated by Smith, P.M. in Cafferty et al. (Ed.), Taxon 49: 248. 2000.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

241. Bromus inermis Leyss., Fl. Halens. 16. 1761

Schedonorus inermis (Leyss.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 177. 181

Zerna inermis (Leyss.) Lindm., Sv. Fanerogamfl. 101. 1918

Bromus inermis Leyss. var. villosus (Mert. & W.D. J. Koch) Beck., Fl. Nieder-Oesterreich. 1: 106. 1890

Festuca inermis (Leyss.) Lam. & DC. var. villosus Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, Deutschl. Fl. (Mertens & W.D.J. Koch), ed. 3, 1: 675. 1823

Bromus latifolius Kar. & Kir., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 865. 1841. Type: “Hab. in umbrosis montium Aktschavly ad fl. Karakol.”

Type. “In pratis fertilibus succulentis Pomariis in den Pulverweiden im Amstgarten ad Belberg Crollwitz et alibi frequens.”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh. Widespread in Eurasia.

Habit. Perennial.

242. Bromus japonicus Houtt., Natuurlijke Historie [tweede deel (second part)] 2(13): 315, t. 91, f. 4. Aanwyzing Pl. [2]. 1782

Bromus abolinii Drobow., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 40. 1925. Syntypes: Turkey: Semi-reczie Province, Almaata District; Abolin 909,1502, 1578, 1634, 1655, 1721, 1838, 1864, 1866, 1869

Bromus cyri Trin., Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. (C.A. von Meyer) 24. 1831. Type: [Caucasus: Azerbaijan: Kura river]; C.A. Meyer s.n. (LE).

Bromus patulus Mert. & W.D.J. Koch in Röhl., Deutschl. Fl. (Mertens & W.D.J. Koch), ed. 3, 1: 685. 1823

Bromus patulus Mert. & W.D.J. Koch var. microstachya Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 361. 1896. Type: Northwest India; Falconer s.n.

Serrafalcus patulus (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Parl., Fl. Ital. (Parlatore) 1: 394. 1848

Type. Japan; Thunburg s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand [China].

Habit. Annual.

243. Bromus lanceolatus Roth, Catalect. Bot. 1: 18. 1797

Type. Europe: Semina benignitati debeo amici aestimatiss cel. Roemeri; Roemer.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Record for Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990).

244. Bromus moeszii Penzes, Magyar Bot. Lapok 33: 24, pl. 10. 1934

Bromus sericeus Drobow, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 39. 1925, non Ten. 1811. Type: Turkey: Syrdarja Province, Taschkent District, Kaplanbek; 1921; Abolin 7496

Bromus tectorum L. ssp. lucidus F. Sales, Fl. & Veg. Mundi 9: 32. 1991, nom. nov. for Bromus sericeus Drobow, non. Ten. 1823

Type. Iran: auf Aker und Strassen Graben bei [Daulatabad] Dolitabad; Fichler 18.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

245. Bromus oxyodon Schrenk, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg. 10: 355. 1842

Bromus nototropus Rupr., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Petersbourg Ser. 7, 14(4): 73. 1869, in adnot. Type: Not given [Mittleren Tian-Schan]

Bromus lanceolatus Roth. ssp. oxyodon (Schrenk) Tzvelev, Spisok Rastenij Gerbarija Flory SSSR 18: 19. 1970

Type. China: Xinjiang: Dzhungaria, desert grasslands, 500–2600 m; Schrenk s.n. (LE).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

246. Bromus pectinatus Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 22. 1794

Bromus gedrosianus Penz., Bot. Kozlem. 33: 111. f. 39 (a-d). 48. 1936. Type: Biluchistan: Gedrosia, Killa abdulla; April 10, 1888; J.F. Duthie 8738

Bromus japonicus Thunb. var. falconeri (Stapf) R.R. Stewart, Brittonia 5(4): 413. 1945

Bromus patulus Mert. & W.D.J. Koch var. falconeri Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 361. 1896. Type: North West India; Falconer s.n.

Type. South Africa: Cape of Good Hope; Thunberg 2522 (UPS).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh [Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

247. Bromus porphyranthos Cope, Fl. Pakistan 143: 574. 1982

Bromus himalaicus Stapf var. grandis Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 359. 1896. Type: India: Kumaon, Sikkim, alt. 11000–12000 ft.; R. Strachey & J.E. Winterbottom s.n.

Bromus grandis (Stapf) Melderis in H. Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 125. 1978, non (Shear) Hitchc., 1912

Distribution. Sikkim, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

248. Bromus ramosus Huds., Fl. Angl. (Hudson) 40. 1762

Zerna ramosa (Huds.) Lindm., Sv. Fanerogamfl. 101. 1918

Bromus asper Murray, Prodr. Strip. Gott. 42. 1770. Type: “Hall. Hist. fl. Helun. 1503. Habitau proxime ad Bromum giganteum accedit, cui vero spiculae quadriflorae. Cl Willich Nordheimi inuenit ego in sylua plessensi.”

Type. “Habitat in Sylvis et sepibus frequens.”

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

249. Bromus scoparius L., Cent. Pl. I 6. 1755

Bromus confertus M. Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 71. 1808. Type: “Habitat in Iberia.” D. Steuen s.n.

Bromus ovatus Gaertn., Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. 14: 537. t. 19/1. 1770

Serrafalcus scoparius (L.) Parl., Rar. Pl. Sicilia. 2: 19. 1840

Type. “Habitat in Hispania.” Lectotype: Loefling 81, Herb. Linn. No. 93.32 (LINN). LT designated by Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 499. 1985.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China].

Habit. Annual.

250. Bromus staintonii Melderis in H. Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 125. 1978 var. staintonii

Type. Nepal: Central Nepal, Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, open grassy slopes, 10200 ft.; August 21, 1954; Stainton, Sykes & Williams 7366 (BM).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. All records for India fide Naithani (1990).

251. Bromus tectorum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 77. 1753

Schedonorus tectorum (L.) Fr., Bot. Not. 1843(9): 131. 1843

Zerna tectorum (L.) Panz. ex B.D. Jacks., Index. Kew. 1(4): 1249. 1895

Anisantha pontica C. Koch, Linnaea 21: 394. 1848. Type: Turkey: Coruh, Ispir, alt. 4000 ft.; Koch s.n.

Bromus abortiflorus St.-Amans, Fl. Agen. 44. 1821. Type: “Fl. E. I. Le. Bord. Des champs sablonneux, a St. Laurent, vis-à-vis le Port-Saint-Marie, a Villeneuve-sur-lot, C. Dans Les Landes, a La Lague, pres Xaintrailles.”

Bromus setaceus Buckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14: 98–99. 1862. Lectotype: USA: Northern Texas; Buckley s.n. (US-865474 (fragm.)). LT designated by Hitchcock in Man. Grasses U.S. 817. 1935

Type. “Habitat in Europae collibus siccis et tectis terrestribus.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 93.23 (LINN). LT designated by Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 500. 1985.

Distribution. Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Plants annual or perennial, caespitose or rhizomatous. Leaf sheaths often with prominent auricles. Inflorescence unbranched, the spikelets borne crosswise to the rachis. Spikelets 1 to 5 per node, laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes. Lodicules ciliate. Endosperm with simple starch grains.

Generic limits in this tribe are problematical (Barkworth 2007; Stebbins 1956; Stebbins and Snyder 1956; Stebbins, Jr. and Walters 1949). Extensive hybridization and polyploidy mean that the evolutionary history is not tree-like and hence cannot be converted to a hierarchical classification (Kellogg et al. 1996); therefore, all efforts to create monophyletic genera are somewhat arbitrary.

Aegilops L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1050. 1753, nom. cons.

Type. Aegilops triuncialis L. (type cons.).

252. Aegilops tauschii Coss., Notes Pl. Crit. 2: 69. 1850 (“1849”)

Patropyrum tauschii (Coss.) A. Love, Biol. Zeutralbl. 101(2): 206. 1982

Triticum aegilops sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 367. 1896, non P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., 1817

Type. “Habitat in lberia (Buxbaum. Loc. cit, Wilhems in Herb. Gay). In Tauria (Tauch, Loc. cit.). In Graminosis et aridis prope Elisabethpol Georgia Caucasicae (Hohenacker, un. it. 1834).” Lectotype: Ill., pl. 50. f. 1. in Buxbaum, Pl. minus cognit. Centuria 1. 1728. (Illustration). LT designated by van Slageren in Wegen. Agric. Univ. Pap. 94–7: 328. 1994.

Distribution. Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. See van Slageren (1994)

Elymus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 83. 1753

Lectotype. Elymus sibiricus L. LT designated by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 93. 1920.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng cites the major generic synonyms of Elymus as Elytrigia Desv., Hystrix Moench, and Roegneria K. Koch. In contrast, he notes, Anthosachne, Pseudoroegneria, Stenostachys, and Thinopyrum are generally maintained as separate genera, although Australasian members of Anthosachne and Stenostachys are not part of those genera as currently understood. See Barkworth et al. (2009).

253. Elymus borianus (Melderis) Cope in E. Nasir & S.I. Ali, Fl. Pakistan 143: 617. 1982

Agropyron borianum Melderis in Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 690. 1960. Type: Swat: Kalam, 7000 ft.; August 24, 1955; A. Rahmann 229 (K).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

254. Elymus burchan-buddae (Nevski) Tzvelev, Rast. Tsentr. Azii 4: 220. 1968

Agropyron burchan-buddae Nevski, Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk SSSR 30: 514. 1932

Distribution. India; states not recorded [China, Nepal].

Habit. Not recorded.

255. Elymus cacuminis B. Rong Lu & B. Salomon, Nordic J. Bot. 13: 355, f. 1. 1993

Roegneria cacuminis (B. Rong Lu & B. Salomon) L.B. Cai, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35(2): 160. 1997

Distribution. India; states not recorded [China, Nepal].

Habit. Not recorded.

256. Elymus caninus (L.) L., Fl. Suec. ed. 2, (Linnaeus) 39. 1755

Agropyron caninum (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 146. 1812

Triticum caninum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 86–87. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Europae sepibus.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 100.10 (LINN). LT designated by Cope & van Slageren in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 258. 2000.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir. Widespread in Eurasia.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

257. Elymus ciliaris (Trin. ex Bunge) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 9: 61. 1972

Agropyron ciliare (Trin. ex Bunge) Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Ser. 2, 7: 151. 1884

Triticum ciliare Trin. ex Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor 72. 1833. Type: “Habitat in pratensibus prope Kan-tai.”

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Arunachal Pradesh fide Naithani (1990).

258. Elymus dahuricus Turcz. ex Griseb., Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 4: 331. 1852

Clinelymus dahuricus (Trucz. ex Griseb.) Nevski, Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R 30: 645. 1932

Elymus dahuricus Turcz. ex Griseb. var. micranthus Melderis in Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 697. 1960. Type: Pakistan: Bumbrait; July 22, 1956; J.H. Norris 25184 (K).

Type. “Hab. In sibiria altaica pr. Krasnojarsk”; Turcz s.n. “inque Davuria”; Turcz s.n.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab [Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

259. Elymus dentatus (Hook. f.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 21. 1973 ssp. dentatus

Agropyron dentatum Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 370. 1896. Type: India: Kashmir, alt. 9000–12000 ft.; Jacquemont s.n., Thomson s.n. Western Tibet; Karakoram, alt. 14000 ft.; C.B. Clarke s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

260. Elymus dentatus (Hook. f.) Tzvelev ssp. elatus (Hook. f.) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 455. 1984

Agropyron dentatum Hook. f. var. elatum Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 371. 1896. Type: India: Kashmir, Dras, alt. 12000–13000 ft.; Thomson s.n.

Elymus dentatus (Hook. f.) Tzvelev var. elatus (Hook. f.) G. Singh, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 8(2): 497. 1986

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

261. Elymus dentatus (Hook. f.) Tzvelev ssp. kashmiricus (Melderis) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 455. 1984

Elymus dentatus (Hook. f.) Tzvelev var. kashmiricus (Melderis) Signh, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 8: 497. 1986

Agropyron dentatum Hook. f. var. kashmiricum Melderis in Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 690. 1960. Type: India: Kashmir; W. Munro s.n. (K).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990).

262. Elymus dentatus (Hook. f.) Tzvelev ssp. scabrus (Nevski) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 455. 1984

Agropyron dentatum Hook. f. var. scabrum Nevski, Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R 30: 626. 1932. Type: India: Kashmir, Gilgit, Multur Valley in the bed of stream, 9000–10000 ft.; August 5, 1892; J.F. Duthie 12423

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

263. Elymus duthiei (Melderis) G. Singh, Taxon 32(4): 639. 1983

Agropyron duthiei Melderis, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 662, 690. 1960. Type: Western Himalaya: near Simla, 7000–8000 ft.; August 23, 1889; J.F. Duthie 10123 (K).

Elymus longearistatus (Boiss.) Tzvelev ssp. duthiei (Melderis) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 468. 1984

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh fide Naithani (1990).

264. Elymus fedtschenkoi Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 21. 1973

Agropyron curvatum Nevski, Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R 30: 629. 1932. Type: “Habitat in Turkestania (Prov. Semipalatinsk, Semireczie, Fergana (Alaj) Kuldsha).”

Agropyron macrolepis auct. non Drobow 1925: Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 663. 1960

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990).

265. Elymus himalayanus (Nevski) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 9: 61. 1972

Roegneria himalayana Nevski, Trudy Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ., Ser. 8b, Bot. 17: 68. 1934. Type: NW Himalaya: Jihri-Garhwal, Rhudughera; August 19, 1983; J.F. Duttie 140 (LE).

Agropyron himalayanum (Nevski) Melderis, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 662. 1960

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for Jammu and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh fide Naithani (1990).

266. Elymus jacquemontii (Hook. f.) Tzvelev, Rast. Centr. Azii, Mater. Bot. Inst. Komarov 4: 221. 1968

Anthosachne jacquemontii (Hook. f.) Nevski Fl. URSS 2: 598, pl. 44, f. 20a and b 1934

Agropyron jacquemontii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 369–370. 1896. Syntypes: Western Tibet, Bekar; Jacquemont s.n. Nubra, alt. 17000 ft.; Thomson s.n. Kumaon, alt. 15500 ft.; R. Strachey & J.E. Winterbottom s.n.

Distribution. Uttarakhand [China].

Habit. Perennial.

267. Elymus longe-aristatus (Boiss.) Tzvelev ssp. canaliculatus (Nevski) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast.9: 62. 1972

Agropyron canaliculatum Nevski, Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 30: 509. 1932. Type: Tajikistan: Darvaz, Peter the Great Range southern slope, Vereshkai glacier, alt. 10500 ft.; July 29, 1899; V. Lipskii 2500 (LE).

Roegneria longe-aristata (Boiss.) Drobow var. canaliculata (Nevski) L.B. Cai, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35(2): 165. 1997

Agropyron longe-aristatum auct. non (Boiss.) Boiss., 1884: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 368. 1896

Elymus x incertus H. Hartmann, Candollea 39(2): 519. 1984. Type: Zanskar, Tungri Tal, Doda Rivers, alt. 12800 ft.; H. Hartmann 2613

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990). Anthosachne Steud. is currently a recognized genus, but restricted to Australasia. Anthosachne longe-aristatus (Boiss.) Nevski does not belong to that genus according to Mary Barkworth (pers. comm. Dec 2013).

268. Elymus mutabilis (Drobov) Tzvelev, Pl. As. Cent. 4:217. 1968

Agropyron mutabile Drobow, Trudy Botaničeskago Muzeja Imperatorskoj Akademii Nauk 16: 88, pl. 9, f. 3–4. 1916. Type: Drobov 315.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir. [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990).

269. Elymus nayarii Karthik. in S. Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. ser. 4, 1 (Monocotyledon): 213. 1984. Replacement name.

Agropyron thomsonii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 370. 1896 (as “thomsoni”). Syntypes: Western Himalaya, alt. 10000–12000 ft. from Kunawur and Piti; Jacquemont s.n., Thomson s.n. Garhwal; R. Strachey & J.E. Winterbottom s.n., Duthie s.n.

Elymus thomsonii (Hook. f.) Melderis in H. Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132. 1978, non Hook. f., 1896

Distribution. Uttarakhand.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Clayton et al. (2006 onwards) cite this as Agropyron thompsonii, endemic to India. However, Löve (1984) placed it in the synonymy of Leymus secalinus. Evidently, more study is needed.

270. Elymus nutans Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 72. 1868 var. nutans

Clinelymus nutans (Griseb.) Nevski, Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 30: 644. 1932

Elymus nutans Griseb. var. elatior Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 73. 1868. Type: Himalaya occidentalis: Garhwal, 10000–10600 ft.; Thomson s.n.

Elymus nutans Griseb. var. condensatus Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 73. 1868. Type: Himalaya occidentalis, Garhwal, 13400–17600 ft.; T. Nari Khorsum

Elymus sibiricus L. var. minor Hack. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 373. 1896. Type: Duthie no. 13745

Elymus nutans Griseb. var. albidus Melderis in Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan 697. 1960. Type: West Himalaya: Kunawur, Soognam, circa agros; V. Jacquemont 1638 (K).

Type. “West Himalaya”: Garhval, from Ghastoli North of Badrinath up the Sarsutti Valley do Deo Tal on South foot of Mana Pass; September 3–5, 1855; Schlagintweit 9158 (LE). Based on Hooker’s misapplication of E. sibiricus Hook., non L.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

271. Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Madroño 9(4): 127. 1947

Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 14. 1933

Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 102. 146, 180, pl. 20. f. 2. 1812

Triticum repens L., Sp. Pl. 1: 86. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Europae cultis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 104.7 (LINN). LT designated by Bowden in Canad. J. Bot. 43: 1431. 1965.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

272. Elymus russellii (Melderis) Cope, Fl. Pakistan 143: 618. 1982

Agropyron russellii Melderis in Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 665, 694. 1960. Type: Karakoram, Hispar Glacier, dry Bank, 12500 ft.; August 1, 1939; R. Scott Russell 1388 (BM).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan]

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that it is unclear if this species occurs in India or if it is truly endemic only to the Pakistan portion of Kashmir (Baltistan, Gilgit, Markerum).

273. Elymus schrenkianus (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Tzvelev, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 20: 428. 1960

Agropyron schrenkianum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) P. Candargy, Etude Monogr. Tribu des Hordes 1: 22, 41. 1901

Triticum schrenkianum Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 3(68): 305. 1845. Type: “In monte Tarbagtai.”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990).

274. Elymus schugnanicus (Nevski) Tzvelev, Nov. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 9: 62. 1972

Agropyron schugnanicum Nevski, Izvestiya Botanicheskogo Sada Akademii Nauk SSSR 30: 512. 1932

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Record for Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990).

275. Elymus sibiricus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 83. 1753

Clinelymus sibiricus (L.) Nevski, Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 30: 641. 1932

Elymus krascheninnikovii Roshev., Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 30: 780. 1932 (as “krascheninnikovi”). Type: Mongolia bor. Occidentalis: In valle fl. Dshargalanta (47° lat. Bor., 104–105 ° long. or.) Ad fontem fl. Uber-Dshargalanta; September 11, 1925; H. Krascheninnikov 967/169

Elymus praetervisus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 348. 1854. Type: Russia: [South] Urals Mountains, Lake Ilmen; 1832; Lessing s.n. (LE).

Type. “Habitat in Sibiria.” Proposed Conserved Type: Herb. Linn. No. 100.2 (LINN). Type designated by Bowden in Canad. J. Bot. 42: 554. 1964.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim [China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

276. Elymus sikkimensis (Melderis) Melderis, En. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 132. 1978

Agropyron sikkimense Melderis, Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (excluding Bambuseae) 694. 1960

Distribution. Sikkim [Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Sikkim fide Naithani (1990).

277. Elymus stewartii (Melderis) Cope, Fl. Pakistan 143: 627. 1982

Agropyron stewartii Melderis in Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 695. 1960. Type: Baltistan: near Kasurmik, Shyok watershed, 9000–10000 ft.; August 15, 1940; R.R. Stewart & I. D. Stewart 20704 (BM).

Pseudoroegneria stewartii (Melderis) A. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 447. 1984

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Not recorded but likely perennial.

Remarks. Record for Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990). Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Pseudoroegneria is usually separated from Elymus, but it is unclear whether P. stewartii is a good member of Pseudoroegneria.

278. Elymus tschimganicus (Drobow) Tzvelev, Rasteniia Tsentral’noi Azii 4: 221. 1968

Agropyron tschimganicum Drobow, Key Fl. Tashkent 1: 40. 1923

Distribution. Uttar Pradesh [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990). Taxonomic editor Soreng comments on the orthographic variations in the history of this name. In 1923 Drobow spelled it tschimganicum; in 1940 Drobow spelled it czimganicum; in Fl. Central Azii, 4: 221 (270 in English ed.) 1968, Tzvelev, comb. nov. the combination was spelled as Elymus czimganicus, later corrected to tschimganicus.

279. Elymus × nothus (Melderis) G. Singh, Taxon 32(4): 639. 1983

Agropyron × nothum Melderis in Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 693. 1960. Type: Karakoram, Makerum, Hispar Glacier, dry bank, 12,500 ft.; August 1, 1939; R. Scott Russell 1387 (BM).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir.

Habit. Not recorded.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng states that this is the named hybrid Elymus dentatus × E. fedtschenkoi. Cope (1982) lists it among other putative hybrids but says none have been investigated beyond original characterization.

Eremopyrum (Ledeb.) Jaub. & Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 3. 14: 360. 1851

Triticum sect. Eremopyrum Ledeb., Fl. Altaica 1: 112. 1829.

Lectotype. Eremopyrum orientale (L.) Jaub. & Spach (Secale orientale L.). LT designated by A. Love in Biol. Zentralbl. 101: 208. 1982.

280. Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 18. 1933

Triticum bonaepartis Spreng., Bot. Gart. Halle erster Nachtrag [Suppl. 1]. 40. 1801. Type: “Habitat in Aegypto, Sprengel.” Africa: Egypt, alt. 4200–7000 ft. (B-W-2335.1). (vide Tropicos)

Agropyron bonaepartis (Spreng.) T. Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. [T.A. Durand & H. Schinz] 5: 936. 1894 (as “Agropyrum buonapartis”)

Agropyron orientale (L.) Roem. & Schult. var. sublanuginosum Drobow, Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 16: 135. 1916. Type: “Prov. Syr-Darja. Circa urb. Petro-Alexandrowsk. In arenosis (Lg. A. Zaregradsky, 1914).”

Eremopyrum buonapartis (Spreng.) Nevski var. sublanuginosum (Drobow) Melderis, Ark. Bot., n.s. 2: 215, 305. 1952

Agropyron turkestanicum Gand., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60: 420. 1913. Type: Turkestan: Merw province, near Repetek; April 16, 1902; Androssow in Herb. fl. Ross 1899 (C).

Hordeum hirsutum Bertol., Misc. Bot. 1: 11. 1842. Lectotype: Chesney’s Exped. Pl. Sicc. 196, 1837, “Euphr. ex oris Euphratis” (BOLO). LT designated by Frederikden, Nordic J. Bot. 11: 279. 1991.

Eremopyrum hirsutum (Bertol.) Nevski, Fl. URSS 2: 663. 1934

Triticum squarrosum Roth, Neue Beytr. Bot. 128. 1802, nom. superfl. & illeg. for Triticum bonaepartis

Distribution. India (Northwest Himalaya) [Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Distribution in India not recorded.

281. Eremopyrum distans (K. Koch) Nevski, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 18. 1933

Agropyron distans K. Koch, Linnaea 21: 426. 1848 (as “Agropyrum”). Type: “Aus der Provinz Eriwan, c. 3000’ hoch, auf basaltisch-trachytischem Boden.” Russia: Armenia, ultra Araxen fluv. apud Amaranth; 1838; C. Koch 636 (LE)

Agropyron lasianthum Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 2(13): 68. 1854 (as “Agropyrum”). Type: “Hab. in Campis Caspiis (Fisch.) in Songaria (Turcz) sub nominee Tr. Orientalis acceptum.”

Distribution. India (Western Himalaya; states not recorded) [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

282. Eremopyrum orientale (L.) Jaub. & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 4: 26–27. t. 319. 1851

Secale orientale L., Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753. Type: “Habitat ad Archipelagum.” Neotype: Herb. Tournefort No. 4939 (P-TOURN). LT designated by Frederiksen in Nordic J. Bot. 11: 277. 1991.

Agropyrum orientale (L.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 757. 1817

Triticum orientale (L.) M. Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 86. 1808

Distribution. India (Western Himalaya; states not recorded) [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Hordeum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753

Lectotype. Hordeum vulgare L. (Designated by Nash in N.L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N.U.S. ed. 2. 1: 286. 7 Jun 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 98. 1920).

283. Hordeum aegiceras Royle ex Lindl., Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2. 1836

Critho aegiceras (Royle ex Lindl.) E. Mey., Index Seminum [Königsberg (Regimontanum)]. 5. 1848

Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. aegiceras (Royle ex Lindl.) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95(7–8): 435. 1984)

Hordeum vulgare L. var. aegiceras (Royle ex Lindl.) Aitch., Cat. Pl. Punjab Sindh 171. 1869

Type. Kashmir: cultivated at over 3000 m.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is sometimes cultivated in Eastern Europe where it is accepted as Hordeum vulgare subsp. aegiceras (Nees ex Royle) Á. Löve (PlantBase 2005). Clayton et al. (2006 onwards) accept it as a species, and Flora of China (Wu et al. 2006) as a variety, Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum (Schltdl.) Alef.

284. Hordeum bogdanii Wilensky, Trudy Glavn. Bot. Sada 40: 248. 1928 (as “bogdani”)

Critesion bogdanii (Wilensky) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 438. 1984

Hordeum secalinum sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 372. 1896, p.p., non Schreb., 1771

Type. Russia: Volga region, Lake Elton, near farm Smutnev; March 27, 1917; D. Wilensky 374a (LE).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record in India fide Naithani (1990).

285. Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link, Linnaea 17: 391–392. 1844 ssp. brevisubulatum

Hordeum secalinum Schreb. var. brevisubulatum Trin., Sp. Gram. [Trinius] 1(1): t. 4. 1823. Type: “Figura ad speciment ircutense.”

Hordeum secalinum sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 372. 1896, p.p., non Schreb., 1771

Distribution. India (Northwest Himalaya; states not recorded) [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

286. Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link ssp. nevskianum (Bowden) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 66. 1971

Hordeum nevskianum Bowden, Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 7: 396. 1965

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial

Remarks. Records from India and Nepal fide Naithani (1990).

287. Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link ssp. turkestanicum (Nevski) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 66. 1971

Hordeum turkestanicum Nevski, Trudy Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ., Ser. 8b, Bot. 17: 40. 1934. Type: “Montes meridionales: Tian-schan occidentalis. Ad declivia argilloso-saxosa montis Tschimgan Majoris”; August 10, 1926; Rajkova s.n.

Critesion brevisubulatum (Trin.) Á. Löve ssp. turkestanicum (Nevski) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 438. 1984

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Nepal].

Habit. Perennial

Remarks. Records from India and Nepal fide Naithani (1990).

288. Hordeum lagunculiforme Bakhteyer, Kungl. Lantbrukshogskolans Ann. 23: 309, pl. 1. 1957

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China].

Habit. Annual.

289. Hordeum leporinum Link, Linnaea 9: 133. 1834

Hordeum murinum L. var. leporinum (Link) K. Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 130. 1890

Hordeum murinum L. ssp. leporinum (Link) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. 805. 1882.

Critesion murinum (L.) Á. Löve ssp. leporinum (Link) Á. Löve, Taxon 29(2–3): 350. 1980

Hordeum pseudomurinum Tapp. ex W.D.J. Koch., Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 955. 1845. Type: “Ad vias in Tyroli australi, (bei Schlanders im Vintschgau, Dr. Tappeiner)”; Tappeiner s.n.

Hordeum ambiguum Döll, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 2(3): 231. 1880. Type: “Habitat ad Monte video, sello d. n. 755.” Uruguay: Montevideo; Sellow 755

Hordeum rubens Willk., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 109. 1875. Type: “Mallorea: in cultis, muris, ruderatis, hortis in oppido Soller. Die 6 Maji Jam fere defloratum.”

Type. “Frequens in Graecia.”

Distribution. India (Northwest Himalaya) [also in Europe].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Distribution in India not recorded. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species may not occur in India. It is native across the Mid-east to Pakistan including Kashmir. While Cope (1982) cites it as occurring in China, it is not listed by Wu et al. (2006).

290. Hordeum marinum Huds. ssp. gussoneanum (Parl.) Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner]. 2: 737. 1902

Hordeum gussoneanum Parl., Fl. Palerm. 1: 246. 1845, in obs. Type: Italy: Sicily; Gussone s.n.

Critesion marinum (Huds.) Á. Löve ssp. gussoneanum (Parl.) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey, Amer. J. Bot. 72(5): 772. 1985

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan]. Naturalized; native from Europe to central Asia.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Record in India fide Naithani (1990). Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that if this actually occurs in India, it is probably naturalized. Cope (1982) records it as occurring in Europe to central Asia, and cites one record from Pakistan.

291. Hordeum murinum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 85. 1753 ssp. murinum

Zeocriton murinum (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 182. 1812

Critesion murinum (L.) Á. Löve, Taxon 29(2–3): 350. 1980

Triticum murale Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 27. 1796, nom. superfl. & illeg.

Type. “Habitat in Europae locis ruderatis.” Lectotype: Herb. Clifford: 24, Hordeum 3 (BM-000557673). LT designated by Baum & Jarvis in Taxon 34: 529. f. 1. 1985.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan].

Habit. Annual.

292. Hordeum murinum L. ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 67. 1971

Hordeum glaucum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 352. 1854. Type: Saudi Arabia: Mons. Sinai; Schimper 383 (P).

Critesion glaucum (Steud.) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 440. 1984

Hordeum stebbinsii Covas, Madrono 10(1): 17–19, pl. 2. F. 8, 12[left], 13. 1949. Type: USA: California: Lake County, Middletown; May 9, 1948; G.L. Stebbins & G. Covas 3927 (UC-754601).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Eurasia].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Record from India fide Naithani (1990).

293. Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch, Linnaea 21: 430–431. 1848

Hordeum ithaburense Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. Ser. 1, 2(13): 70. 1854. Type: “Hab. In declivibus siccis montis Ithaburis in latere meridionali supra Daburieh.”

Hordeum vulgare L. var. spontaneum (C. Koch) Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner]. 2(1): 723. 1902 [cited as synonym]

Type. “Auf den steppenartigen Matten des schirwanschen Theiles des Kaukasus, 500–1000 ft.” Russia: Caucasus, 500–1000 ft.; C. Koch s.n.

Distribution. India (Northwest; states not recorded) [China].

Habit. Perennial.

294. Hordeum vulgare L., Sp. Pl. 1: 84–85. 1753

Hordeum distichon L., Sp. Pl. 1: 85. 1753. Neotype: France. “Pl. de l’Ouest de la France”; June 29, 1879; Guadeceau s.n. (BM-000576277). LT designated by Cope in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 251. 2000.

Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. agriocrithon (Åberg) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 435. 1984

Hordeum agriocrithon Åberg, Ann. Agri. Coll. Sweden 6: 159. 1938. Type: China: Xizang, Taofu (Dawo), 9600 ft. (“two specimens grown from the seed collection no. 13064”); H. Smith.

Lectotype. Herb. Linn. No. 103.1 (LINN). LT designated by Bowden in Canad. J. Bot. 37: 679. 1959.

Distribution. Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is cultivated throughout semi-arid regions of Eurasia.

Kengyilia C. Yen & J.L. Yang, Canad. J. Bot. 68: 1897. 1990

Type. Kengyilia gobicola C. Yen & J.L. Yang.

295. Kengyilia thoroldiana (Oliv.) J.L. Yang, C. Yen & B.R. Baum, Hereditas (Lund) 116(1–2): 27. 1992

Agropyron thoroldianum Oliv., Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 23(3): t. 2262. 1893

Elymus thoroldianus (Oliv.) G. Singh, Taxon 32(4): 640. 1983

Roegneria thoroldiana (Oliv.) Keng, Acta Univ. Nankin. Sci. Nat. 1963(3): 79. 1963

Distribution. Sikkim [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Leymus Hochst., Flora 31: 118. 1848

Type. Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. (Elymus arenarius L.).

296. Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvelev, 4: 209. 1968

Triticum secalinum Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich 1: 198. 1775. Type: Russia, 2600–5000m.

Elymus dasystachys Trin., Fl. Altaic. (Ledebour). 1: 120. 1829

Elymus thomsonii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 374. 1896 (as “thomsoni”). Type: China: Western Tibet, Xizang, Danskar, Piti, alt. 13000 ft.; T. Thomson s.n.

Distribution. Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

297. Leymus duthiei (Stapf ex Hook. f.), J. Syst. Evol. 47: 83. 2009

Asperella duthiei Stapf ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 375. 1896. Type: India: Western Himalaya, Tihri-Garhwal, alt. 7000–8000 ft.; J.F. Duthie 14564 (K).

Hystrix duthiei (Stapf ex Hook. f.) Bor, Indian Forester 66(9): 544. 1940

Macrohystrix duthiei (Stapf ex Hook. f.) Tzvelev & Prob., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow and Leningrad) 95: 858. 2010.

Distribution. Western Himalaya.

Habit. Perennial.

Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Á. Löve, Taxon 29: 168. 1980

Elytrigia sect. Pseudoroegneria Nevski, Trudy Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ., Ser. 8b, Bot. 17: 60. 1934

Type. Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb.) Á. Löve (Bromus strigosus M. Bieb.).

298. Pseudoroegneria cognata (Hack.) A. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 446. 1984

Agropyron cognatum Hack., Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 10: 22. 1904. Type: India: Kashmir; J.F. Duthie 11895 (W).

Elymus cognatus (Hack.) Cope, Fl. Pakistan 143: 628. 1982

Agropyron cognatum Hack. var. shingoense Melderis in Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 660, 690. 1960. Type: Baltistan: Kashmir, Shingo Valley, 10000–11000 ft.; July 7, 1893; J.F. Duthie 11895 (K).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

Secale L., Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753

Lectotype. Secale cereale L. LT designated by Designated by Hitchcock in U.S.D.A. Bull. 772: 91. 1920.

299. Secale cereale L., Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753

Triticum cereale (L.) Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 27. 1796

Type. “Habitat - - - -” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 102.1 (LINN). LT designated by Bowden in Canad. J. Bot. 40: 1704. 1962.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Native to Eurasia; widely cultivated.

300. Secale segetale (Zhuk.) Roshev., Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 143. 1947

Secale cereale L. ssp. segetale Zhuk., Trudy Prikl. Bot. 19(2): 56. 1928

Secale afghanicum (Vavilov) Roshev., Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 139. 1947

Secale cereale L. var. afghanicum Vavilov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. 16(2): 77. 1926

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

Triticum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 85. 1753

Lectotype. Triticum aestivum L. LT designated by Hitchcock in Amer. J. Bot. 10: 513. 1923.

301. Triticum aestivum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 85. 1753, nom. cons.

Triticum compositum L., Syst. Veg., ed. 13. 108. 1774. Neotype : Cultivated. “Triticum compositum L. Introdotto nella coltura del basso Egitto,” Herb. Figari (K). Neotype designated by Cope in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 258. 2000.

Triticum hybernum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 86. 1753. Type: “Habitat - - - -” Lectotype: Herb. Clifford: 24, Triticum 2 (BM-000557669). LT designated by Hanelt et al. in Taxon 32: 496, f. 2. 1983.

Triticum sativum Lam., Fl. Franc. (Lamarck). 3: 625. 1779 (“1778”), nom. superfl. & illeg. for Triticum turgidum

Triticum vulgare Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné (Villars) 2: 153. 1787. Type: “N. Froment Tourn. Tab. 293.”

Type. “Habitat - - - -” Lectotype: Herb. Clifford: 24, Triticum 3 (BM-000557670). LT designated by Bowden in Canad. J. Bot. 37: 674. 1959.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is cultivated. It sporadically germinates on roadsides and pastures and market areas due to spillage of grain, but it would not persist on its own. See van Slageren (1994).

302. Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schübl., Diss. Char. Descr. Cereal. 29. 1818

Triticum spelta L. var. dicoccum Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 389. 1789, sphalm. Type: Germany: Bavaria, Stuttgart; H.R. Kerner s.n. “ult. die vom H.R. Kerner von Stuttgart”; H.R. Kerner s.n.

Triticum spelta Host, Icon. Descr. Gram. Austriac. 3: 21, t. 30. 1805, non L., 1753

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is cultivated. It sporadically germinates on roadsides and pastures and market areas due to spillage of grain, but it would not persist on its own.

303. Triticum durum Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 114. 1798

Triticum polonicum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) A. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 497. 1984

Type. “Colitur in Barbaria.”

Distribution. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is cultivated. It sporadically germinates on roadsides and pastures and market areas due to spillage of grain, but it would not persist on its own.

304. Triticum monococcum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 86. 1753

Crithodium monococcum (L.) Á. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 490. 1984

Lectotype. Herb. Linn. No. 104.4 (LINN). LT designated by Bowden in Canad. J. Bot. 37: 664. 1959.

Distribution. India; states not recorded [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is cultivated. It sporadically germinates on roadsides and pastures and market areas due to spillage of grain, but it would not persist on its own. Editor Kellogg questions whether this is truly cultivated in India.

305. Triticum polonicum L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 127. 1762

Triticum glaucum Moench, Methodus (Moench) 174. 1794, nom. superfl. & illeg. for T. polonicum

Triticum levissimum Hall., Stirp. Ind. Helv. 209. 1768

Type. “Habitat - - - -” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 104.3 (LINN). LT designated by Bowden in Canad. J. Bot. 37: 670. 1959.

Distribution. Assam [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is cultivated. It sporadically germinates on roadsides and pastures and market areas due to spillage of grain, but it would not persist on its own. The Linnaean typification project assigns the name Gigachilon polonicum (L.) Seidl ssp. polonicum to this taxon (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/linnaean-typification/), but Soreng notes that Gigachilon is invalid.

306. Triticum spelta L., Sp. Pl. 1: 86. 1753

Triticum aestivum L. ssp. spelta (L.) Thell., Mitt. Naturwiss. Ges. Winterthur 12: 471. 1918

Triticum zea Host, Icon. Descr. Gram. Austriac. 3: 20. t. 29. 1805. Type: Seritur

Type. “Habitat - - -” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 104.1 (LINN). LT designated by Morrison in Taxon 47: 709. 1998.

Distribution. India; states not recorded [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is cultivated. It sporadically germinates on roadsides and pastures and market areas due to spillage of grain, but it would not persist on its own.

307. Triticum sphaerococcum Percival, Wheat Pl. Monogr. 321. 1921

Triticum aestivum L. ssp. sphaerococcum (Percival) Mackey, Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 48: 586. 1954

Type. India: parts of Persia; Howard s.n.

Distribution. Madhya Pradesh, Punjab.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is cultivated. It sporadically germinates on roadsides and pastures and market areas due to spillage of grain, but it would not persist on its own.

308. Triticum turgidum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 86. 1753

Triticum polonicum L. ssp. turgidum (L.) A. Löve, Feddes Repert. 95: 497. 1984

Type. “Habitat - - - -” Lectotype: Herb. A. van Royen No. 913.62–257 (L). LT designated by Morrison in Taxon 47: 707. 1998.

Distribution. Northwest India [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this species is cultivated. It sporadically germinates on roadsides and pastures and market areas due to spillage of grain, but it would not persist on its own. The Linnaean typification project assigns the name Gigachilon polonicum (L.) Seidl ssp. turgidum (L.) Á. Löve to this taxon (Cafferty et al. 2000), but Soreng notes that Gigachilon is invalid.

Plants annual or perennial, rhizomatous or caespitose, inflorescence and spikelets variable; spikelets laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes. The punctate hilum may be synapomorphic; having an endosperm with lipid may also be derived here although this character is sparsely sampled.

×Agropogon P. Fourn., Quatre Fl. France (ed. 1) 50. 1934 (parent: Agrostis L., 1753 × Polypogon Desf. 1798)

309. ×Agropogon lutosus (Poir.) P. Fourn., Quatre Fl. France (ed. 1) 50. 1934

[Agrostis stolonifera × Polypogon monspeliensis]

Agrostis lutosa Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 1: 249. 1810, nom. nov. for Agrostis littoralis With.

Agrostis subaristata Aitch. & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 192. pl. 29. 1881. Type: Afghanistan: Kuram District, on margins of fields, alt. 7000 ft.; J.E.T. Aitchison s.n. (K).

Polypogon subaristatus (Aitch. ex Hemsl.) Bhattacharya & S.K. Jain, Curr. Sci. 49(11): 444. 1980

Polypogon littoralis Sm., Comp. Fl. Brit. 13. 1816, nom. nov.

Agrostis littoralis With., Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 3. 2: 129. t. 23. 1796, non Lam., 1791. Type: England: Specimens from Wells, on the Norfolk coast

Distribution. Assam, Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan, China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial (short-lived).

Remarks. Widespread, sporadic across Eurasia, sterile.

Agrostis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 61. 1753, nom. cons.

Type. Agrostis canina L. (typ. cons.).

Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that generic boundaries among Agrostis, Calamagrostis and Deyeuxia are confusing. No molecular studies have yet resolved the problem of how to divide these genera or determined if it is even possible to divide them. See also discussion under Calamagrostis.

310. Agrostis brachiata Munro ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 256. 1896

Type. India: Bihar (“Behar”), Monghyr; Wallich (Numer. List [Wallich] no. 3769B).

Distribution. Bihar [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

311. Agrostis canina L., Sp. Pl. 1: 62. 1753, nom. cons.

Agraulus caninus (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 5, 147. t. 4. f. 7. 1812

Trichodium caninum (L.) Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 198. 1806

Agrostis wightii Nees, Syn. Pl. Glumac. (Steudel) 1: 168. 1854. Type: Wight Herb. no. 78 as Vilfa vulgaris

Type. “Habitat in Europae pascuis humidiusculis.” Conserved Type: Herb. Burser I: 3 (UPS). Type designated by Widén in Fl. Fennica 5 : 29. f. 25. 1971.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu [China].

Habit. Perennial.

312. Agrostis capillaris L., Sp. Pl. 1: 62 1753

Agrostis tenuis Sibth., Fl. Oxon. 36. 1794

Agrostis alba L. var. tenuis (Sibth.) Fiori, Nuov. Fl. Italia. 1: 97. 1923

Agrostis hispida Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1: 370. 1797. Type: “Habitat in Europae parties, pascuis et arvis.”

Agrostis vulgaris With. var. hispida (Willd.) Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 1: 191. 1828

Agrostis stolonifera L. fo. hispida (Willd.) Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 21: 351. 1920

Agrostis stolonifera L. var. vulgaris (With.) Celak., Prodr. Fl. Bohmen. 4: 710. 1881 (as “1880”)

Agrostis vulgaris With., Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 3. 2: 132. 1796. Type: England: very common but grows chiefly on poor dry and sandy soil

Decandolia vulgaris (With.) Bastard, Essai Fl. Maine-et-Loire 28. 1809

Vilfa vulgaris (With.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 146. 1821

Agrostis vulgaris With. var. mutica G. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. 269. 1824. Type: Germany

Agrostis vulgaris With. var. plena G. Mey., Fl. Kon. Hanov. 3, sig. 22. 1842

Agrostis capillaris Huds., Fl. Angl. (Hudson), ed. 2. 1: 27. 1778, non L., 1753

Agrostis alba L. var. vulgaris (With.) Plues, Brit. Grass. 151. 1867, non G. Mey., 1824

Type. ”Habitat in Europae pratis” LT: Herb. A. van Royen (L-912.356–69 (left-hand specimen); ILT: L); designated by Widen, Fl. Fenn. 5: ? (1971).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh.

Habit. Perennial.

313. Agrostis filipes Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 256. 1896

Type. Unresolved. Several syntypes: “Khasia Hills, alt. 5–6000 ft., in several places, Clarke”.

Distribution. Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

314. Agrostis gigantea Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 31–32. 1788

Agrostis stolonifera L. var. ramosa (Gray) Veldkamp, Blumea 28(1): 223–225. 1982. Type: “Not indicated and according to Philipson not preserved. The type of the next name might be appointed as lectotype.”

Vilfa alba (L.) P. Beauv. var. ramosa Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 145. 1821. Type: Marshes and Woods

Type. Europe: Germany; Roth s.n. (B). “Habitat inter arundinum et salices ad ripas Visurgi Ducatus Bremensis.”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim [Afghanistan, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

315. Agrostis griffithiana (Hook. f.) Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan 387. 1960

Calamagrostis griffithiana Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 263. 1896. Syntypes: Western Himalaya: Kumaon, alt. 5500 ft.; R. Strachey & J.E. Winterbottom s.n. Khasia Hills, alt. 5000 ft.; Griffith s.n., J.D. Hooker & Thomson s.n.

Agrostis wardii Bor, Kew Bull. 1949: 444. 1949. Type: India: Manipur State, Sirhoi Kashong, 9400 ft.; 8.10.1948; Kingdon-Ward 18145 (K).

Distribution. Assam, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. See (Paszko and Pendry 2013).

316. Agrostis hissarica Roshev., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 4: 93. 1923

Polypogon hissaricus (Roshev.) Bor, Fl. Iranica 70: 307. 1970

Agrostis stewartii Bor, Kew Bull. 1956: 255. 1956. Type: India: Swat State, Kalam, alt. 8000 ft.; August 23, 1952; R.R. Stewart 24733 (K).

Syntypes. Turkestan: Buchara, Hissar District, Sorbo. 8000 ft.; July 23, 1896; W. Lipsky 3511. Prov. Samerkand Utsch-Chada; July 20, 1915; Balabajew s.n. Minkwitz; O. Knorring s.n. Prov. Fergana, Distr. Andishan, Otusart, sub trajectu Taldy bel.; August 21, 1911; Z. Minkwitz & O. Knorring 1791.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Polypogon hissaricus (Roshev.) Bor is the accepted name in Lu and Phillips (2006) and Clayton et al. (2006 onwards). Distribution in India fide Naithani (1990).

317. Agrostis hookeriana C.B. Clarke ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 256. 1896

Type. India: Sikkim Himalaya, in meadow, alt. 9000–11000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Distribution. Sikkim [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Annual.

318. Agrostis inaequiglumis Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 80. 1868

Type. India: Sikkim, 12000–15000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, N West Bengal. [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Annual.

319. Agrostis micrantha Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 170. 1854

Agrostis myriantha Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 257. 1896. Lectotype: India: Sikkim, Lachen, 9000–10000 ft.; August 2, 1849; J.D. Hooker & Thomson, Agrostis 7 (K). LT designated by H.J. Noltie in Edinburgh J. Bot. 56(3): 390. 1999.

Agrostis myriantha Hook. f. var. khasiana Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 257. 1896. Lectotype: India: Khasia; J.D. Hooker & Thomson, Agrostis 8 (part) (K). LT designated by H.J. Noltie in Edinburgh J. Bot. 56(3): 390. 1999.

Agrostis myriantha Hook. f. var. sikkimensis Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 257. 1896 (nom. superfl. for var. myriantha by lectotypification; H.J. Noltie in Edinburgh J. Bot. 56(3): 390. 1999).

Agrostis platyphylla Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 302. 1921. Holotype: J.D. Hooker & T. Thomson, Agrostis 8 (in part); no date; India: Khasia (B (photo, K); IT: US-73398 (fragm. ex B)) B destroyed

Agrostis himalayana Bor, Kew Bull. 1953: 269. 1953. Type: Assam: Balipara Frontier Tract, Nyukmadung, 6400 ft.; F. Kingdon-Ward 11538 (BM).

Type. Nepal; Wallich (Numer. List [Wallich] no. 3776) (P).

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

320. Agrostis munroana Aitch. & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 192. 1882 ssp. munroana

Calamagrostis munroana (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Boiss., Fl. Orient. (Boissier) 5: 523. 1884

Calamagrostis munroana (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Boiss. var. stricta Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 263. 1896. Type: Common at altitudes of 11000–15000 ft.; R. Strachey & J.E. Winterbottom, Agrostis no 4

Type. Afghanistan: Kuram District, Shend-toi gorge, alt. 10000–11000 ft.; J.E.T. Aitchison s.n.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

321. Agrostis munroana Aitch. & Hemsl. ssp. indica Bhattacharya & S.K. Jain, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 205. f. 1. 1985 (“1983”)

Type. India: Himachal Pradesh, Karcham-Brue Road; August 27, 1973; Janardhanan 52862A (CAL).

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

322. Agrostis nervosa Nees ex Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6, 4(3–4): 328. 1841

Agrostis clarkei Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 257. 1896. Type: India: Sikkim, alt. 9000–11000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Agrostis sikkimensis Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 502. 1954

Agrostis divaricata Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 81. 1868, non Hoffman, 1800. Type: Himalaya orientalis: Sikkim, alt. 9000–12000; J.D. Hooker Agrostis no. 11

Type. India; Royle s.n. (LE).

Distribution. Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Hooker cited four specimens for A. clarkei, which are syntypes. A lectotype appears not to have been designated yet.

323. Agrostis peninsularis Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 255. 1896

Syntypes. India: Deccan Peninsula; Wight Cat no. 1746. Pulney Hills; Wight s.n.

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu [Afghanistan].

Habit. Annual.

324. Agrostis pilosula Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6, 4(3–4): 372. 1841 var. pilosula

Agrostis pilosula Trin. var. wallichiana (Steud.) Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 459. 1954

Agrostis pilosula Trin. f. wallichiana (Steud.) Bhattacharya & S.K. Jain, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 210. 1985 (“1983”)

Calamagrostis pilosula (Trin.) Hook. f. var. wallichiana (Steud.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 264. 1896

Agrostis wallichiana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 174. 1854. Type: Himalaya; Wallich (Numer. List [Wallich] no. 3775a)

Agrostis royleana Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6,4(3–4): 371. 1841. Type: India; Royle s.n. (LE).

Agrostis ciliata Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6, 4(3–4): 373. 1841. Type: India

Calamagrostis ciliata Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 193. 1854. Type: Nepal; Royle 67, 71 & 303

Calamagrostis hookeriana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 192. 1854. Type: Sri Lanka

Calamagrostis jacquemontii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 265. 1896. Type: India: Kashmir; moist places on the Pyr Panjal; Jacquemont no. 97

Calamagrostis neesii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 193. 1854. Type: Nepal; Royle 72

Agrostis pilosula Trin. var. alpestris (Hook. f.) Veldkamp, Blumea 28(1): 203. 1982

Calamagrostis pilosula (Trin.) Hook. f. var. alpestris Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 264. 1896. Type: Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 11000–15000 ft.

Calamagrostis pilosula (Trin.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 263. 1896

Calamagrostis pilosula (Trin.) Hook. f. var. ciliata (Trin.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 264. 1896

Lachnagrostis ciliata Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6, 4(3–4): 373. 1841, pro. syn., nom. nud. Type: “Ind. orient.”

Calamagrostis pilosula (Trin.) Hook. f. var. scabra Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 264. 1896. Type: India: in woods at about 7000–10000 ft., Kashmir to Sikkim. Hack. in Herb. Duthie n. 10,088, as Agrostis bicuspidata Hack. in Herb. Duthie 7583, as Agrostis royleana Nees in Herb. Royle s.n., as Lachnagrostis scabra.

Calamagrostis roylei Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 193. 1854. Type: Nepal

Deyeuxia royleana (Trin.) Trimen, Syst. Cat. Fl. Pl. Ceylon 108. 1885

Lachnagrostis royleana Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6, 4(3–4): 371. 1841, pro. syn., nom. nud. Type: “In Royle Herb. Ind. reg. mont. sup. no. 266”

Lachnagrostis scabra Nees ex Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6, 4(3–4): 372. 1841, pro. syn., nom. nud. Type: “Ind. orient. reg. mont. super”; Royle s.n.

Agrostis pilosula Trin. var. royleana (Trin.) Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 459. 1954, nom. illeg.

Agrostis tungnathii Bhattacharya & S.K. Jain, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 204–205, f. 1. 1985 (“1983”). Type: India: Uttar Pradesh, Chamoli, on way to Tungnath, 12800 ft.; August 29, 1978; Bhattacharya 1524A (CAL).

Type. India; Royle 72 (LE).

Distribution. Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Clayton et al. (2006 onwards) places A. tungnathii in synonymy here.

325. Agrostis pilosula Trin. var. filifolia Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 459. 1954

Agrostis pilosula Trin. f. filiifolia (Bor) Bhattacharya & S.K. Jain, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 210. 1985 (“1983”)

Syntypes. India: Madras, Silva cascade, Riverside Pulneys; June 1, 1898; A.G. Bourne 1022. Lidcot Valley, Kodaikanal, Pulney; July 10, 1898; A.G. Bourne 3143. Bear Shola Valley, Pulneys; June 21, 1901; A.G. Bourne 1486.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Annual.

326. Agrostis pleiophylla Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 301. 1921.

Lectotype. C.B. Clarke 26852; 31 Jul 1875; Sikkim: Darjeeling, 2280 m (B100448371) LT designated by B. Paszko and Soreng 2013, to supersede that by Noltie.

Distribution. Assam, Khasa Hills, Meghalaya, Sikkim.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. See Paszko and Soreng (2013) for a discussion of typification of this species. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this is not a synonym of A. zenkeri, but rather is a good taxon on its own.

327. Agrostis schmidii (Hook. f.) C.E.C. Fisch., Fl. Madras 3(10): 1810. 1934

Calamagrostis schmidii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 264. 1896. Type: India: Tamil Nadu, Nilghiri Hills, Ootacamund; Schmid s.n.

Distribution. Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Perennial.

328. Agrostis stolonifera L., Sp. Pl. 1: 62. 1753

Agrostis alba sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 254. 1896, non L., 1753

Type. “Habitat in Europa.” Lectotype: Herb. A. van Royen, sheet no. 912.356–55 (L). LT designated by Widén in Fl. Fennica 5: 77. f. 28. 1971.

Distribution. Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Meghalaya, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Perennial.

329. Agrostis tripilifera (Hook. f.) Forsan, ined.

Agrostis triaristata (Hook. f.) Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 391. 1960, nom. later hom., non Knapp, 1804

Calamagrostis tripilifera Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 262. 1896. Syntypes. India: Sikkim, in the drier interior, 10000–13000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.; Clarke s.n, King’s Collector

Deyeuxia triaristata Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 266. 1896. Type: Sikkim Himalaya: in woods, Yeumtong, alt. 12000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n. 

Deyeuxia tripilifera (Hook. f.) Keng, Sunyatsenia 6(1): 68. 1941

Distribution. Sikkim.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. This combination is accepted by Clayton et al. (2006 onwards) but appears not to be published. See also Paszko (2012b).

330. Agrostis vinealis Schreb., Spic. Fl. Lips. 47. 1771

Agrostis canina sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 255. 1896, non L.,1753

Type. Germany: “In siccioribus ad Schoenfeld templum S. Theclae.”

Distribution. Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

331. Agrostis zenkeri Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6, 4(3–4): 363. 1841

Deyeuxia zenkeri (Trin.) Veldkamp, The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 37(2): 219. 1984[1985].

Calamagrostis zenkeri (Trin.) Davidse, in M.D. Dassanayake et al. (eds.), Revised Handb. Fl. Ceylon 8: 107. 1994

Type. India: Tamil Nadu, Nilagiri; Zenker s.n. (LE-TRIN-1669.01).

Distribution. Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Perennial (perhaps annual?).

Remarks. Paszko argues that this species is properly placed in Agrostis (Paszko and Soreng 2013)

Aira L., Sp. Pl. 1: 63. 1753, nom. cons.

Type. Aira praecox L. (typ. cons.)

332. Aira caryophyllea L., Sp. Pl. 1: 66. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Angliae, Germaniae, Galliae glareosis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 85.22 (LINN). LT designated by Clayton in Milne-Redhead and Polhill (ed.), Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Gramineae 1: 84. 1970.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh [China].

Habit. Annual.

Alopecurus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 60. 1753

Lectotype. Alopecurus pratensis L. LT designated by Nash in N.L. Britton and A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 191. 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock in Bull. U.S.D.A 772: 137. 1920.

333. Alopecurus aequalis Sobol., Fl. Petrop. 16. 1799

Alopecurus caespitosus Trin., Sp. Gram. [Trinius] 3(21): t. 241. 1829. Type: “Figura ad specimen Boreali-Americanum.” NW America: Douglas; J. Lindley s.n. (LE-TRIN-1537.01).

Alopecurus diandrus Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 11. 1851. Type: India: “Assam in ripas arenosis Brahmaputra fluminis rarus March 1836. It. Ass. 45.”

Alopecurus aristulatus Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 1: 43. 1803. Type: “Hab. in Paludosis Canadae”; H. Pittier, T.A. Durand s.n.

Alopecurus fulvus Sm., Engl. Bot. 21: t. 1467. 1805. Type: England: Swainsthorpe, four miles south of Norwich; Stone s.n.

Alopecurus subaristatus Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 80. 1805, nom. superfl & illeg.

Type. “Habitat in locis uliginosis cum Alopecurus geniculatus, in lacubus natans est”; Sobolewski s.n. (LE).

Distribution. Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh [Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual or perennial.

Remarks. Records for Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, and Nagaland fide Naithani (1990).

334. Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 8: 776. 1808

Alopecurus ventricosus Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 80. 1805, non Huds. 1778. Type: “Hab. in Gallia.”

Type. “Cette plante est cultivate au Jardin des Plantes de Paris Jignore son lieu natal. (herb. Desfont.)”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

335. Alopecurus geniculatus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 60. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Europae uliginosis.” Lectotype: Herb. Burser I: 26 (UPS). LT designated by Cope in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 245. 2000.

Distribution. Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Afghanistan, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

336. Alopecurus himalaicus Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 238. 1896

Type. India: Kashmir and Dras, alt.10000–14500 ft.; Falconer s.n. (K).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan, China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

337. Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., Fl. Angl. (Hudson) 23. 1762

Alopecurus agrestis L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 89. 1762. Type: “Habitat in Europa australi.” Lectotype: Hudson 29, Herb. Linn. No. 82.2 (LINN). LT designated by Cope in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 245. 2000.

Type. “Habitat in arvis, et ad vias”; Hudson s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland [Afghanistan, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

338. Alopecurus nepalensis Trin. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 148. 1854

Alopecurus borii Tzvelev, Vasailchenko, Nov. Syst. Plant Vasc. 8: 21. 1971. Type: Turcomania, in valley fl. Amu-Darja, 15 km ad astros versus urb. Czardzhou; 8 May 1958, T. Nadezhina s.n. (LE)

Type. Nepal; Wallich (Numer. List [Wallich] no. 3780).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Doğan (1999) places A. borii in the synonymy of A. nepalensis.

Aniselytron Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C. 5: 328. 1910

Type. Aniselytron agrostoides Merr.

339. Aniselytron treutleri (Kuntze) Soják, Cas. Nar. Muz. Praze, Rada Prir. 148(3–4): 202. 1980

Milium treutleri Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 780. 1891. Type: India: Sikkim: Tanglo, beim Dorf Shimong, 10500 ft.; August 5, 1874; Von Treutler 486 (K).

Calamagrostis treutleri (Kuntze) U. Shukla, non Govaerts. Grasses N.E. India 51. 1996.

Deyeuxia treutleri (Kuntze) Stapf, non Rauschert. Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 24(4): pl. 2396. 1895.

Neoaulacolepis treutleri (Kuntze) Rauschert. Taxon 31(3): 561. 1982.

Aniselytron treutleri (Kuntze) Bennet & Raizada, Indian Forester 107(7): 434. 1981, isonym, nom. inval.

Distribution. Sikkim, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Myanmar].

Habit. Perennial.

Anthoxanthum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 28. 1753

Lectotype. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. LT designated by Nash in N.L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 171. 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A 772: 201. 1920.

340. Anthoxanthum borii S.K. Jain & D.C. Pal, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 72: 92. 1975

Type. India: Tamil Nadu, Palnis, Pambar Stream near Shenthadikanal; December 6, 1898; Bourne 1954 (CAL).

Distribution. Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record from Tamil Nadu fide Naithani (1990).

341. Anthoxanthum flexuosum (Hook. f.) Veldkamp, Blumea 30(2): 347. 1985

Hierochloe flexuosa Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 222. 1896. Type: India: Sikkim Himalaya, Bijean; King’s collector s.n. (K).

Distribution. Sikkim [Bhutan, China].

Habit. Perennial.

342. Anthoxanthum hookeri (Griseb.) Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 380. 1904

Ataxia hookeri Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 77. 1868. Type: India: Sikkim, 9000–12000 ft.; J.D. Hooker Ataxia no. 2

Hierochloe hookeri (Griseb.) Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 627. 1888

Hierochloe hookeri (Griseb.) C.B. Clarke ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 223. 1896, isonym, non (Griseb) Maxim., 1888

Distribution. Tamil Nadu, Sikkim [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

343. Anthoxanthum horsfieldii (Kunth ex Bennett) Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 291. 1921

Ataxia horsfieldii Kunth ex Bennett, Pl. Jav. Rar. (Bennett) 8, pl. 3. 1838

Hierochloe horsfieldii (Kunth ex Benn.) Maxim., Diagn. Pl. Nov. Asiat. 7: 930. 1888

Anthoxanthum formosanum Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40(474): 318. 1926

Anthoxanthum horsfieldii var. formosanum (Honda) Veldkamp, J. Jap. Bot. 68(6): 344. 1993

Anthoxanthum horsfieldii var. luzoniense (Merr.) Y. Schouten, Blumea 30(2): 337. 1985

Anthoxanthum japonicum ssp. luzoniense (Merr.) T. Koyama, Grass. Jap. Neighb. Reg. 486. 1987

Anthoxanthum luzoniense Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 178. 1906

Anthoxanthum horsfieldii var. viridescens (Honda) Veldkamp, J. Jap. Bot. 68(6): 344. 1993

Anthoxanthum viridescens Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 41: 379. 1927

Anthoxanthum clarkei (Hook. f.) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18: 8. 1947

Hierochloe clarkei Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 223. 1896. Type: India: Khasia Hills, Lailan Kote, alt. 5500; C.B. Clarke s.n.

Distribution. Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim [China].

Habit. Perennial.

344. Anthoxanthum khasiana (C.B. Clarke) Ohwi, Bulletin of the Tokyo Science Museum 18: 8. 1947

Hierochloe khasiana C.B. Clarke ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 223. 1896. Type: India: Khasia Hills, alt. 4500–6000 ft.; C.B. Clarke s.n.

Distribution. Meghalaya.

Habit. Perennial.

345. Anthoxanthum laxum (R. Br. ex Hook. f.) Veldkamp, Blumea 30(2): 348. 1985

Hierochloe laxa R. Br. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 222. 1896. Type: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, from alt. 10000–12000 ft. to Kumaon, alt. 12000–16000 ft.; R. Brown (Numer. List [Wallich] no. 3796)

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

346. Anthoxanthum odoratum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 28. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Europae pratis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 46.1 (LINN). LT designated by Cope in Jarvis et al. (ed.), Regnum Veg. 127: 19. 1993.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

347. Anthoxanthum sikkimense (Maxim.) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18: 8. 1947

Hierochloe sikkimensis Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 626. 1888. Type: India: Sikkim; J.D. Hooker & T. Thomson Ataxia 1

Anthoxanthum gracillimum (Hook. f.) Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 291. 1921

Hierochloe gracillima Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 223. 1896. Type: India: Sikkim, alt. 10000–11000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Distribution. Sikkim [China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

348. Anthoxanthum tibeticum (Bor) Veldkamp, Blumea 30(2): 350. 1985

Hierochloe tibetica Bor, Kew Bull. 1953: 271. 1953

Distribution. Sikkim. [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record in India fide Naithani (1990).

Arctopoa (Griseb.) Prob., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 49. 1974

Glyceria sect. Arctopoa Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4(13): 392 1852

Type. Glyceria glumaris (Trin.) Griseb. ==Arctopoa eminens (J. Presl) Prob.

349. Arctopoa tibetica (Munro ex Stapf) Prob., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 52 1974

Poa tibetica Munro ex Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 339. 1896 var. tibetica. Syntypes: China: Western Tibet, Piti, alt. 9000–16000 ft.; Jacquemont s.n. Ladakh; Thomson s.n. Plains of Tibet north of Kumaon, alt. 15000 ft.; R. Strachey & J.E. Winterbottom s.n.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Arctopoa has been demonstrated be of old reticulate origin (Gillespie et al. 2008), derived from an extinct parent (chloroplast donor) from an early lineage of Poa crossed with a parent from a lineage outside Poa but related to Cinna and Arctagrostis (nrDNA donor). The genus has diversified and now includes at least three well marked and stable species, although Probatova (2003) recognizes eight.

350. Arctopoa tibetica (Munro ex Stapf) Prob. var. aristulata (Stapf) E.A. Kellogg, comb. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77212054-1

Poa tibetica Munro ex Stapf var. aristulata Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 339. 1896. Type: Eastern Tibet, North of Sikkim, alt. 16000–17000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Poa pseudotibetica Noltie, Edinburgh Journal of Botany 57(2): 279–281, f. 1A–D. 2000. (Edinburgh J. Bot.). Type: Sikkim; Chholhamoo, marshy meadows, 17820 ft, 6 Aug. 1972, Pradham, Norbu & Naku 206 (HT: E00393981)

Distribution. Sikkim [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that recognizing this variety requires a new combination in Arctopoa, which we make here. It could also be recognized as a separate species but he does not feel that this is warranted.

Avena L., Sp. Pl. 1: 79. 1753

Lectotype. Avena sativa L. LT designated by Nash in N.L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 218. 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 110. 1920.

351. Avena barbata Pott ex Link in Schrader, J. Bot. (Schrader) 2: 315. 1799

Lectotype. Lusitania, ex cult. mea; July 1796; Pott s.n. (LE).

Distribution. Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh [Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

352. Avena byzantina C. Koch, Linnaea 21: 392. 1848

Type. “Ich erhielt sie auch unter den Thirkenschen aus der Umgegend von Brussa gesammelten Pflanzen.”

Distribution. Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh [Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this is a Mediterranean taxon, presumably introduced to India in cultivation. It was placed in Avena sativa by Baum (1977). This species does grow outside of cultivation as a weed in other crops and disturbed places around where it is cultivated. It is recognized as a separate species by some taxonomists (e.g. by Chiapella and Amarilla (2012)), based on its slender, non-geniculate awn on both florets. Other authors (e.g. http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html) consider it as a subspecies – Avena sativa subsp. byzantina (K. Koch) Romero Zarco (Euro+Med Plantbase on-line). The latter treatment seems preferable.

353. Avena fatua L., Sp. Pl. 1: 80. 1753

Avena fatua L. var. pilosissima Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 131. 1821. Type: Corn fields

Avena fatua L. var. glabrata Peterm., Fl. Bienitz. 13. 1841

Avena sativa L. var. sericea Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 275. 1896. Type: Bhutan; Griffith s.n.

Avena fatua L. var. pilosa Syme, Rep. Bot. Exch. Club 1871: 20. 1872. Type: Beanfield Claygate, Surrey; H.C. Watson s.n.

Avena fatua L. ssp. meridionalis Malzev, Bull. Appl. Bot. Gen. Pl. Br., Suppl. 38: 304. 1930

Avena meridionalis (Malzev) Roshev., Fl. Turkmen. 1: 105. 1932

Type. “Habitat in Europae agris inter segetes.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 95.9 (LINN). LT designated by Hubbard in Milne-Redhead and Polhill (ed.), Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Gramineae 1: 82. 1970.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Record from Jammu and Kashmir fide Naithani (1990).

354. Avena sativa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 79. 1753

Lectotype. Herb. Clifford: 25, Avena 1 (BM-000557678). LT designated by Baum in Taxon 23: 579. f. 1. 1974.

Distribution. Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,

Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. It is unclear whether this species is naturalized or only cultivated.

355. Avena sterilis L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 118. 1762 var. sterilis

Type. “Habitat in Hispania. Alströmer.” Lectotype: Alströmer 7, Herb. Linn. No. 95.12 (LINN). LT designated by Hubbard in Milne-Redhead and Polhill (ed.), Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Gramineae 1 : 84. 1970.

Distribution. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

356. Avena sterilis L. var. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne, Nouv. Fl. Franc., ed. 3, 532. 1875

Avena ludoviciana Durieu, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 20: 41. 1855. Type: “Cette espece est assez frequente dans les environs de Bordeaux, aux lieux deja cites, elle semble preferer les terrain calcaires aux siliceux, quand I’A.” France: Bordeaux; May 27, 1855; G. Lespinasse s.n. (LE). [France]: de la Garonne: Bordeaux; July 6 1855; F. Schultz 386 herbarium normale. Cent. 4. (LE).

Distribution. Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh [Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Records for Jammu and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh fide Naithani (1990).

Briza L., Sp. Pl. 1: 70. 1753

Macrobriza (Tzvelev) Tzvelev Komarovskie Čtenija (Moscow and Leningrad) 37: 32 1987

Lectotype. Briza media L. LT designated by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 45. 1920.

357. Briza maxima L., Sp. Pl. 1: 70. 1753

Macrobriza maxima (L.) Tzvelev., Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow and Leningrad) 78(10): 91 1993

Type. “Habitat in Italia, Lusitania.” Lectotype: Seguier, Herb. Linn. No. 88.6 (LINN). LT designated by Hubbard in Milne-Redhead and Polhill (ed.), Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Gramineae 1: 53. 1970.

Distribution. Karnataka, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

358. Briza media L., Sp. Pl. 1: 70. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Europae partis [sic] siccioribus.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 88.5 (LINN). LT designated by Meikle in Fl. Cyprus 2: 1720. 1985.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh [Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

359. Briza minor L., Sp. Pl. 1: 70. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Helvetia, Italia.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 88.1 (LINN). LT designated by Hubbard in Milne-Redhead and Polhill (ed.), Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Gramineae 1: 53. 1970.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. Perhaps naturalized. [China].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Possibly naturalized. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

Calamagrostis Adans., Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 31, 530. 1763

Deyeuxia Clarion ex P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 43. 1812. LT: Deyeuxia montana P. Beauv. (D. pyramidalis (Host.) Veldkamp), designated by Niles & Chase, Contr. US Natl. Herb. 24: 169. 1925.

Type. Calamagrostis lanceolata Roth (Tent. Fl. Germ. 2: 34. 1789) (Arundo calamagrostis L.).

Notes. The treatment here of Calamagrostis and Deyeuxia should be considered provisional as the generic boundaries are unclear. The two are considered distinct by Lu et al. (2006) and Kellogg (2015b). Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Calamagrostis is deeply polyphyletic (Saarela et al. 2010). See also Paszko and Chen (2013), and Paszko and Ma (2011).

360. Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 33. 1788

Agrostis arundinacea L., Sp. Pl. 1: 61. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Europae monticulis sylvosis glareosis juniperitis.” Lectotype: Amman 26, Herb. Linn. No. 84.7 (LINN). LT designated by Veldkamp in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 243. 2000.

Deyeuxia sylvatica (Schrad.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1: 77. 1829

Calamagrostis pyramidalis Host., Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriacorum 4: 28, pl. 49. 1809. (Icon. Descr. Gram. Austriac.). Type: In sylvis Pannoniae...Bruck an der Leitha...Junio, Julio, Anon. s.n. (W?)

Deyeuxia pyramidalis (Host.) Veldkamp, Blumea 37(1): 230. 1992

Deyeuxia montana P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 43. 1812.

Arundo montana Gaudin, nom. illeg. superfl. for Agrostis arundinacea L.

Arundo sylvatica Schrad., Fl. Germ. (Schrader) 1: 218. t. 4. f. 7. 1806 (as “Siluativa”), nom. superfl. & illeg.

Deyeuxia arundinacea (L.) Jansen, Acta Bot. Neerl. 1: 470. 1952, nom. illeg. hom., non P. Beauv., 1812

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Deyeuxia arundinacea P. Beauv. has no connection with any Indian species and is equal to Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) T. Durand & Schinz.

361. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 15: 157. 1812

Calamagrostis cinnoides Barton, Compend. Fl. Phila. 1:45. 1818.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Distribution in India fide Naithani (1990). However, these records are dubious. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that the only correct name for this as misapplied is Calamagrostis nuttaliana Steud., but he remains skeptical that this should be in Asia at all.

362. Calamagrostis debilis Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 262. 1896

Deyeuxia debilis (Hook. f.) Veldkamp, Gard. Bull. Singapore 37(2): 220. 1985

Agrostis debilis (Hook. f.) Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. 387. 1960, non Poir, 1810

Agrostis neodebilis Bennet & Raizada, Indian Forester 107(7): 433. 1981

Type. India: Sikkim: Chola, 9800 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n. (K).

Distribution. Sikkim [China].

Habit. Perennial.

363. Calamagrostis decora Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 260. 1896

Type. India: Kashmir, Astor Valley, alt. 9000–10000 ft.; J.F. Duthie no. 12600.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

364. Calamagrostis diffusa (Keng) Keng f., Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(3): 195–196. 1984

Deyeuxia diffusa Keng, Sunyatsenia 6(2): 94–95. 1941. Type: China: Yunnan: 1900–2750 m, E.E. Maire 6863 p.p.

Agrostis nagensis Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 497. 1954. Type: India: Assam, Naga Hills, Japvo, alt. 7500 ft.; September 28, 1935; N.L. Bor 6449 (K).

Calamagrostis nagensis (Bor) Uniyal, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 8(1): 235. 1986

Deyeuxia nagensis (Bor) Veldkamp, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 13(1): 74. 1989

Aulacolepis petelotii Hitchc., J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24(7): 291. 1934 (= Agrostis abnormis Munro ex Hook. f, Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 268. 1897[1896]; nom. inval., as syn. Deyeuxia abnormis Munro ex Hook. f.)

Agrostis petelotii (Hitchc.) Noltie, Edinburgh J. Bot. 56(3): 386–387. 1999

Calamagrostis petelotii (Hitchc.) Govaerts, World Checkl. Seed Pl. 3(1): 11. 1999

Deyeuxia petelotii (Hitchc.) S.M. Phillips & W.L. Chen, Novon 13(3): 319. 2003

Aniselytron petelotii (Hitchc.) Soják, Cas. Nar. Muz. Praze, Rada Prir. 148(3–4): 202. 1980

Neoaulacolepis petelotii (Hitchc.) Rauschert, Taxon 31(3): 561. 1982

Deyeuxia abnormis Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 268. 1896. Syntypes: Sikkim Himalaya: Lachong Valley, alt. 9000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n. 5000–5500 ft.; Griffith s.n.

Agrostis continentalis Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7(5): 1297, pl. 40, f. 2. 1936

Anisachne gracilis Keng, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 48(4): 117–118, f. 2. 1958

Deyeuxia borii Bhattacharya & S.K. Jain, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 208. 1985 (“1983”), nom. superfl. & illeg.

Distribution. Meghalaya, Nagaland [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Nagaland fide Naithani (1990). See Paszko and Ma (2011) for discussion of Deyeuxia abnormis and its synonyms.

365. Calamagrostis emodensis Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 80. 1868

Type. India: Garhwal, alt. 9000–15400 ft., Sikkim, 6000–9000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

366. Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 34. 1788

Arundo epigejos L., Sp. Pl. 1: 81. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Europae collibus aridis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 97.11 (LINN). LT designated by Hubbard in Milne-Redhead and Polhill (ed.), Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Gramineae 1: 102. 1970.

Calamagrostis macrolepis Litv., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 2: 125. 1921. Type: Turkestania, Dominium Buchara, Schugnan District, Anderob Province; S. Korschinsky s.n.

Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth ssp. macrolepis (Litv.) Tzvelev

Calamagrostis gigantea Roshev., Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 30: 294. 1932, nom. illeg. hom., non Nutt., 1835. Type: Province Semiretschensk, distr. Lepsinsk in parties ad ripam lacus Alakul prope vicum Ksyl- agatch; July 10, 1928; N. Pavlov 671, based on Calamagrostis epigeios var. gigantea Roshev.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal [China].

Remarks. Records for Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal fide Naithani (1990).

367. Calamagrostis gamblei Paszko, Polish Bot. J. 57: 327, 2012

Type. Uttarakhand prov., [Dehradun distr.], Jaunsar, Mundali, 7000 ft; Oct 1894, J.S. Gamble 25249 (K; IT: CAL).

Distribution. Uttarakhand.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. See discussion in Paszko (2012a).

368. Calamagrostis garhwalensis C.E. Hubb. & Bor, Indian Forester 68(7): 355. 1942

Type. Himalaya, Kedarnath, alt. 10000–11000 ft.; October 19, 1938; C.E. Hubbard & Bor 8945? (DD).

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records from Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Nepal fide Naithani (1990).

369. Calamagrostis holciformis Jaub. & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 4: 61. t. 340. 1851

Deyeuxia holciformis (Jaub. & Spach) Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 398. 1960

Deyeuxia compacta Munro ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 267. 1896. Type: Western Tibet; Jacquemont s.n. Nubra Valley, alt. 14000–16000 ft.; Thomson s.n. Kumaon, alt. 15000 ft.; R. Strachey& J.E. Winterbottom Deyeuxia no. 1

Calamagrostis compacta (Munro) Hack. ex Paulsen, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjobenhavn 167. 1903

Calamagrostis tianschanica Rupr., Sert. Tianschan. 34. 1869. Type: Not given.

Type. “In humidis altissimis Emodi Thibetani legit Jacquemont August auni 1830.” (P).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

370. Calamagrostis kashmiriana (Bor) Govaerts, World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1): 10. 1999

Deyeuxia kashmiriana Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 558. 1955

Deyeuxia hackelii Bor, Kew Bull. 1954: 497. 1954, nom. later hom., non (Lillo ex Stuck.) Parodi, 1953. Type: India: Kashmir, Astor Valley, above Doian, alt. 10500- 11600 ft.; August 14, 1892; J.F. Duthie 12454 (K).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir.

Habit. Perennial.

371. Calamagrostis lahulensis G. Singh, Taxon 33(1): 94. 1984

Deyeuxia pulchella Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 268. 1896. Type: Himalaya: Kumaon and Garhwal, alt. 10000–15000 ft., Sikkim, alt. 14000–16000 ft.; J.D. Hooker Deyeuxia no. 10

Calamagrostis pulchella Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 78. 1868, nom. illeg., non Saut. ex Rchb., 1830

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

372. Calamagrostis nagarum (Bor) G. Singh, Taxon 33(1): 94. 1984

Deyeuxia nagarum Bor, Indian Forest Rec., Bot. n. s. 1(3): 69. 1938. Type: India: Assam, Naga Hills, Japvo, alt. 9500 ft.; N.L. Bor s.n. (K).

Distribution. Assam, Nagaland.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record from Nagaland fide Naithani (1990).

373. Calamagrostis nivicola (Hook. f.) Hand.-Mazz., Symbolae Sinicae 7(5): 1299. 1936

Deyeuxia nivicola Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 267. 1896. Type: India: Sikkim, Momay, 15000 ft.; J.D. Hooker & Thomson Deyeuxia no. 4

Distribution. Sikkim [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

374. Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler, Descr. Gram. (Koeler) 106. 1802 var. pseudophragmites

Arundo pseudophragmites Haller f., Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1, 2: 11. 1797. Type: “ubi vicina Saxifragae mutatae habitabat.”

Arundo littorea Schrad., Fl. Germ. (Schrader) 1: 212. t. 4. f. 2. 1806 (as “litorea”). Type: [Austria]: In arenosis litoralis austriaci litoribus. Wulfen s.n. [Austria]:et similibus locis in insulis Danubialibus; Flugge s.n.

Calamagrostis littorea (Schrad.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 15: 157. 1812

Calamagrostis laxa Host, Icon. Descr. Gram. Austriac. 4: 25. t. 43. 1809. Type: “In arenosis, praecipue ad Danubii, aliorumque fluviorum ripas.”

Calamagrostis nepalensis Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 193. 1854. Type: Nepal; Royle 288

Calamagrostis onoei Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 598. 1879. Syntypes: Japan: in provincial Senano; Dr. Rein s.n. Sine loci indicatione e botanico japonensi Ono primum habuit; Dr. Savatier s.n.

Calamagrostis lanceolata sensu Aitch., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 107. 1880, non Roth, 1788

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

375. Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Hall.f.) Koeler ssp. tartarica (Hook. f.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 42. 1965

Calamagrostis littorea (Schrad.) P. Beauv. var. tartarica Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 261. 1896. Type: Western Tibet; J.D. Hooker & Thomson s.n.

Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Hall.f.) Koeler var. tartarica (Hook. f.) Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 396. 1960

Calamagrostis hedinii Pilg., S. Tibet, Bot. 6(3): 93. 1922

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [Russia].

Habit. Perennial.

376. Calamagrostis scabrescens Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 79. 1868 var. scabrescens

Deyeuxia scabrescens (Griseb.) Munro ex Duthie in Atkins., Bot. Himalayan Distr. N. W. Prov. 623. 1882

Calamagrostis filiformis Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 79. 1868. Type: India: “’H. or Sikkim 11–12000’, H.[Hooker]: D[eyeuxia] nr. 3”

Deyeuxia filiformis (Griseb.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 268. 1896. Type: India: Sikkim, Lachen Valley, alt. 10000–12000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Calamagrostis scabrescens Griseb. var. humilis Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 79. 1868. Type: India: Sikkim, Lachen Valley, alt. 10000–12000 ft.; J.D. Hooker & Thomson Deyeuxia no. 2

Deyeuxia scabrescens (Griseb.) Munro ex Duthie var. humilis (Griseb.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 268. 1896

Deyeuxia scabrescens (Griseb.) Munro ex C.B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 89, t. 39. 1889, non (Griseb.) Munro ex Duthie, 1882, isonym

Type. India: Sikkim, Lachen Valley, 10000–12000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Distribution. Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Manipur, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh [Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

377. Calamagrostis scabrescens Griseb. var. elatior Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 79. 1868

Deyeuxia elatior (Griseb.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 266. 1896

Type. India: Khasia Hills, alt. 5000–5500 ft.; J.D. Hooker Deyuxia no. 9.

Distribution. Meghalaya.

Habit. Perennial.

378. Calamagrostis simlensis (Bor) G. Singh, Taxon 33(1): 94. 1984

Deyeuxia simlensis Bor, Indian Forest Rec., Bot. n. s. 3: 149. 1941. Type: India: Simla; D.M. Strong s.n. (DD).

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Himachal Pradesh fide Naithani (1990).

379. Calamagrostis stoliczkae Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 262. 1896

Type. Western Tibet: Zanskar, on the Pensi-la, alt. 12000–15000 ft.; Stoliczka s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [China]

Habit. Perennial.

380. Calamagrostis tibetica (Bor) Tzvelev, Rast. Tsentral. Azii 4: 86. 1968

Deyeuxia tibetica Bor, Kew Bull. 1949: 66. 1949. Type: India: Sikkim, Chakalunga, alt. 16000 ft.; June 1. 1915; Rohmoo Lepcha s.n. (K).

Distribution. Sikkim [China].

Habit. Perennial.

Castellia Tineo, Pl. Rar. Sicil. 2: 17. 1846

Type. Castellia tuberculata Tineo.

381. Castellia tuberculosa (Moris) Bor, Indian Forester 74(3): 90. 1948

Catapodium tuberculosum Moris, Atti Riunione Sci. Ital. 481. 1841. Type: “Appartiene questa specie alla Sardegna occidentale, e vi fiorisce in April e in Maggio.” Italy: South Sardinia; Moris s.n.

Desmazeria tuberculosa (Moris) Batt. & Trab., Fl. Alger (Battandier & Trabut) 100. 1884

Festuca tuberculosa (Moris) Coss. & Durieu., Expl. Sci. Algerie 2: 189, t. 14. 1856

Micropyrum tuberculosum (Moris) Pilg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74(4): 567. 1949

Castellia tuberculata Tineo, Pl. Rar. Sicil. 2: 18. 1846. Type: “In arenosis vulcanicis. Linosa.”

Festuca tuberculata (Tineo) Benth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 128. 1881, isonym, non (Moris) Coss. & Durieu., 1856

Distribution. India [Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Localities within India not recorded.

Catabrosa P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 97. 1812

Lectotype. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. (Aira aquatica L.) LT. designated by Nash in N.L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 245. 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 47. 1920.

382. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 97, 149. t. 19. f. 8. 1812 var. aquatica

Aira aquatica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 64. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Europae pascuis aquosis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 85.6 (LINN). LT designated by Sherif & Siddiqi in El-Gadi (ed.), Fl. Libya 145: 84. 1988.

Colpodium aquaticum (L.) Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 1(4): 395. 1830

Glyceria aquatica (L.) J. Presl. & C. Presl., Fl. Čech. 25. 1819

Poa airoides Koeler, Descr. Gram. (Koeler) 194. 1802, nom. superfl & illeg. for Aira aquatica L.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

383. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. var. angusta Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 311. 1896

Type. Western Tibet, Lanak Pass, alt. 15000–16000 ft.; Thomson s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

384. Catabrosa sikkimensis Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 311. 1896

Type. India: alpine Sikkim, alt. 17000 ft.; Gammie s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim.

Habit. Presumed perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Dickoré (1995) treats this as a synonym of C. aquatica.

Catabrosella (Tzvelev) Tzvelev, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 50: 1320 (in obs.). 1965

Colpodium subg. Catabrosella Tzvelev, Nov. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 1964: 12, 1964.

Type. Catabrosella humilis (M. Bieb.) Tzvelev (Aira humilis M. Bieb.).

385. Catabrosella himalaica (Hook. f.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1966: 32. 1966

Phippsia himalaica Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 240. 1896. Type: Alpine Western Himalaya: Kumaon, Barji-Khang Pass, alt. 14500 ft.; R. Strachey & J.E. Winterbottom s.n. Garhwal, Duder Glacier, alt. 13000–14000 ft.; Duthie s.n.

Catabrosa himalaica (Hook. f.) Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 311. 1896

Colpodium himalaicum (Hook. f.) Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 529. 1960

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that Colpodium trollii Pilg. was placed in Catabrosella himalaica by Alexeev (1988) with some doubt. However, the species was described as 3(4)-flowered, and as no lemma vestiture was mentioned, presumably the type (if it is extant) has glabrous lemmas, so it probably is not C. himalaica. This also casts doubt on the synonymy of Catabrosa trollii (Pilg.) R.R. Stewart. Neither name is included here.

Catapodium Link, Hortus Berol. 1: 44 (“Catopodium”), 380. 1827

Type. Catapodium loliaceum (Huds.) Link (Poa loliacea Huds.).

386. Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubbard in Dony, Fl. Bedfordshire 437. 1953

Poa rigida L., Cent. Pl. I 5. 1755. Type: “Habitat in Gallia, Anglia.” Lectotype: “Gramen panicula multiplici” in Bauhin, Prodr. Theatri Bot. 6. 6. 1620. LT designated by Stace in Cafferty et al. (ed.) Taxon 49: 256. 2000.

Desmazeria rigida (L.) Tutin & Stace in Tutin et al., Fl. Eur. 5: 158. 1980.

Festuca rigida (L.) Kunth Révis. Gramin. 2: 392. 1831, non Roth, 1797

Scleropoa rigida (L.) Griseb., Sp. Fl. Rumel 2: 431. 1845

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir. Possibly naturalized; native to Europe.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

Cyathopus Stapf, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 24: sub t. 2395. 1895

Type. Cyathopus sikkimensis Stapf.

387. Cyathopus sikkimensis Stapf, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 24: t. 2395. 1895

Type. India: North Sikkim, Lachoong Valley in woods, alt. 11000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n.

Distribution. Sikkim [Bhutan, China].

Habit. Perennial.

Cynosurus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 72. 1753

Lectotype. Cynosurus cristatus L. (Designated by Nash in N.L. Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 251. 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 67. 1920).

388. Cynosurus cristatus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 72. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Europa pratis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 91.1 (LINN). LT designated by Cope in Jarvis et al. (ed.), Regnum Veg. 127: 41. 1993

Distribution. Meghalaya [China].

Habit. Perennial.

389. Cynosurus echinatus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 72. 1753

Phalona echinata (L.) Dumort., Observ. Gramin. Belg. 114. 1824 (“1823”)

Type. “Habitat in Europa australiori.” Lectotype: Herb. A. van Royen, sheet no. 913.62–79 (L). LT designated by Veldkamp in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 249. 2000.

Distribution. India [also in Africa, Europe, North America, South America]. Possibly naturalized.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Specific states in India not recorded.

Dactylis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 71. 1753

Lectotype. Dactylis glomerata L. (“glomeratus”). (Designated by Nash in N.L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed 2. 1: 251. 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 67. 1920).

390. Dactylis glomerata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 71. 1753 (as “glomeratus”)

Bromus glomeratus (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2. 1: 76. 1771

Festuca glomerata (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 252. 1785

Trachypoa vulgaris Bubani, Fl. Pyren. (Bubani) 4: 359. 1901, nom. superfl. & illeg.

Type. “Habitat in Europae cultis ruderatis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 90.3 (LINN). LT designated by Clayton in Milne-Redhead and Polhill (ed.), Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Gramineae 1: 43. 1970.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Meghalaya, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Deschampsia P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 91. 1812

Lectotype. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. (“caespitosa”) (Aira cespitosa L.). LT designated by Nash in N.L. Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2., 1: 215. 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 116. 1920.

391. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 149, 160. 1812 (as “caespitosa”)

Aira cespitosa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 64–65. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Europae partis cultis & fertilibus.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 85.8 (LINN). LT designated by Clayton in Milne-Redhead and Polhill (ed.), Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Gramineae 1: 92. 1970.

Agrostis cespitosa (L.) Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 25. 1796

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

392. Deschampsia koelerioides Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(2): 299. 1868

Type. “Eine ausgezeichnete neue Art, die in ihrer Tracht an eine Koeleria oder eine Hierochloe erinnert. Am Kok-djar im Thian-Shan bei 8000 Fuss Hohe vom H. v. Semenow auf Alpenwiesen gesammelt.” “cis- et Transsiliensibus”; 1857; P.P. Semenov-Tjan-Schansky 1197 (LE).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan, China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Festuca L., Sp. Pl. 1: 73. 1753

Lectotype. Festuca ovina L. LT designated by Nash in N.L. Britton and A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2., 1: 269. 1913; affirmed by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 28. 1920.

393. Festuca alaica Drobow, Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 16: 134, t. 17/5. 1916

Type. Turkestan: Fergana Prov., Skobelev District; Margelan s.n. “In pratis alpinis ad fl. Dugova, circa pag. Jordan, alt. 14000 ft. (Drobov 303).”

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan, China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

394. Festuca alatavica (St.-Yves) Roshev., Fl. URSS. 2: 528. 1934

Festuca rubra L. ssp. alatavica St.-Yves, Candollea 3: 393. 1928. Type: Turkestan: Chaine de l’Alatau, Kokoirak, aux sources du Kabir; Brotherus no. 784 (B). Kokbulak, aux sources du Naryn; Brotherus s.n. (B).

Festuca altaica auct. non Trin., 1829: Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 351. 1896

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

395. Festuca altaica Trin., Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour]. 1: 109. 1829

Type. USSR: Siberia “In summa alpe ad fontem fl. Acjulac rarissima”; Bunge s.n.

Distribution. India (Northwest Himalaya) [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. States within India not recorded.

396. Festuca asthenica Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 354. 1896

Type. India: Kashmir, alt. 7000–9000 ft.; C.B. Clarke s.n., Duthie s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

397. Festuca bromoides L., Sp. Pl. 1: 75. 1753

Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 124. 1821

Type. “Habitat in Anglia, Gallia.” Lectotype: Herb. A. van Royen No. 912.356–219 (L). LT designated by Stace & Jarvis in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 91: 436. 1985.

Distribution. Tamil Nadu [Bhutan, Sri Lanka].

Habit. Annual.

398. Festuca coelestis (St.-Yves) Krecz. & Bobrov, Fl. URSS 2: 514. t. 50. f. 12. 1934

Festuca ovina L. ssp. coelestis St.-Yves, Candollea 3: 376. 1928. Type: Thian-schan Mount celestes, vallee de Djoukoutchiak, alt. 6300–7200 ft.; Brocherel 392 (Herb. Deless.) and many syntypes.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

399. Festuca cumminsii Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 349. 1896

Syntypes. India: Sikkim, alt. 11000–12000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n. Bhutan; Cummins s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim [Bhutan, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

400. Festuca danthonii Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 551. 1901

Festuca ciliata Danthoine ex Lam. & DC. , 1805, Flore Française. Troisième Édition 3: 55. 1805, non. Gouan, 1762. Type. France: près Montepellier, et dans les îles sablonneuses de la Durance

Vulpia ciliata Dumort., Observ. Gramin. Belg. 100. 1824. Type: Yugoslavia: Dalmatiae arenosis, herbidis ad mare: copiosae in insula Vergada, Vaena.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Records for India fide Naithani (1990).

401. Festuca debilis (Stapf) E.B. Alexeev, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. 83(4): 109. 1978

Festuca kashmiriana Stapf var. debilis Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 351. 1896. Lectotype: India: Kashmir, Lidder Valley, above Kainmul, alt. 11000–12000 ft.; July 21, 1893; J.F. Duthie 13139 (K). LT designated by E.B. Alexeev in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. 83(4): 109. 1978.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

402. Festuca hartmannii (Markgr.-Dann.) E.B.Alexeev, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. 83(4): 121. 1978

Festuca ovina L. var. hartmannii Markgr.-Dann., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 85(3): 376. 1966. Type: Karakorum Central: Baintha, alt. 12800 ft.; July, 1962; H. Hartmann s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

403. Festuca kashmiriana Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 351. 1896

Festuca kashmiriana Stapf var. ligulata Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 351. 1896. Type: India: Kashmir, alt. 11000–13000 ft.; Duthie s.n.

Festuca rubra L. ssp. kashmiriana (Stapf) St.-Yves, Candollea 3: 395. 1928

Type. Temperate and Alpine Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 8000–14000 ft.; Royle s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

404. Festuca leptopogon Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 354. 1896

Festuca subulata Trin. var. leptopogon (Stapf) St.-Yves, Candollea 3: 450–451. 1928

Type. India: Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 8000–11000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n. Khasia Hills, alt. 5000–6000 ft.; J.D. Hooker & Thomson, C.B. Clarke s.n.

Distribution. Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

405. Festuca levingei Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 352. 1896

Type. India: Kashmir; Levinge 27394 (K).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

406. Festuca lucida Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 355. 1896

Type. India: NW Himalaya, Jaunsar, Karambar Peak, alt. 9000 ft.; May 1, 1894; J.F. Duthie 14481 (LE).

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.

Habit. Perennial.

407. Festuca maritima L., Sp. Pl. 1: 75. 1753

Nardurus maritimus (L.) Murb., Acta Univ. Lund. 4: 25. 1900

Vulpia unilateralis (L.) Stace, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 350. 1978

Agropyron unilaterale (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 102. 1812, alternative name to Brachypodium unilaterale

Brachypodium unilaterale (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 155. 1812, alternative name to Agropyron unilaterale

Nardurus unilateralis (L.) Boiss., Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 667. 1844

Triticum unilaterale L., Mant. Pl. 35. 1767. Type: “Habitat in maritimis Italiae, Galliae australis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 104.15 (LINN). LT designated by Stace & Jarvis in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 91: 442. 1985

Festuca tenuifolia Schrad., Fl. Germ. (Schrader) 1: 345. 1806, non Sibth, 1794. Type: “In iftriae herbidis.”

Type. “Habitat in Hispania.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 104.17 (LINN). LT designated by Hubbard in Proc. Linn. Soc. London 148: 110. 1936.

Distribution. India (Northwest Himalaya) [Asia: Saudi Arabia; Africa; Europe: Germany, Italy, Spain].

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. States in India not recorded.

408. Festuca megalura Nutt., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4: 24. 1848; J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia ser. 2, 1: 188. 1848

Vulpia megalura (Nutt.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909

Vulpia myuros var. megalura (Nutt.) Auquier, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 47(1–2): 123. 1977

Festuca commutata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 304. 1854. Type: “Chili, Hrbr Bertero nr. 274 et 1002 ex parte, mixta cum praecedente.”

Type. USA: California, Hab. Santa Barbara, Upper California; Wm. Gambel s.n. (PH).

Distribution. Tamil Nadu. Naturalized; native to western North and South America.

Habit. Annual.

409. Festuca modesta Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 316. 1854

Schedonorus modestus Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 316. 1854, nom. nud. pro. syn.

Type. Nepal; Royle Herb. 161.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh [China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that this taxon belongs to the broad-leaved lineage of Festuca s.l., and possibly should be transferred to Lolium.

410. Festuca muralis Kunth, Syn. Pl. (Kunth) 1: 218. 1822

Vulpia muralis (Kunth) Nees, Linnaea 19: 694. 1847

Vulpia muralis (Kunth) Henrard, Blumea 2: 319. 1937

Type. “Crescit in muris, quibus horti circumsepti sunt, prope Conocoto Quitensium, alt. 1350 hex., Humboldt & Bonpland s.n.” Ecuador; F.W.H. Humboldt & A.J.A. Bonpland s.n.(P).

Distribution. India, presumably naturalized; native to South America.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. States in India not recorded.

411. Festuca myuros L., Sp. Pl. 1: 74. 1753

Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel., Fl. Bad. 1: 8. 1805

Zerna myuros Panz. ex Jacks., Index Kew. 2: 1249. 1895, pro syn.

Avena muralis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 22. 1796, nom. superfl. & illeg.

Type. “Habitat in Anglia, Italia.” Lectotype: Herb. A. van Royen No. 912.356–218 (L). LT designated by Stace & Jarvis in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 91: 436. 1985.

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Annual.

412. Festuca nandadevica Hajra, Indian J. Forest. 6(1): 79–80. f. 1. 1983

Type. India: Uttar Pradesh, Chamoli, Nandadevi National Park, Deodi-Ramani; P.K. Hajra 73285A (CAL).

Distribution. Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Uttar Pradesh fide Naithani (1990).

413. Festuca nitidula Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 350. 1896

Syntypes. Western Tibet, Nubra, alt. 12000–14000 ft.; Thomson s.n. India: North of Kumaon, alt. 15000 ft.; R. Strachey & J.E. Winterbottom s.n.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

414. Festuca octoflora Walter, Fl. Carol. 81. 1788

Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909

Festuca tenella Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1(1): 419. 1797. Type: “Habitat in America boreali.”

Type. USA: South Carolina, Santee Valley; Walter s.n. (BM?). According to Hitchcock, this specimen is not at BM; see Lonard and Gould, Madroño 22: 221. 1974.

Distribution. Uttar Pradesh. Naturalized. Native to North America.

Habit. Annual.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

415. Festuca ovina L., Sp. Pl. 1: 73–74. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Alpibus Lapponicae, Helvetiae, Scotiae.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 92.1; Lapland Herb. No. 55 (LINN). LT designated by Kerguélen in Lejeunia, n.s. 75: 150. 1975.

Distribution. Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh [China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

416. Festuca pamirica Tzvelev, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 20: 422. 1960

Festuca rubra L. ssp. schlagintweitii St.- Yves, Candollea 3: 389. 1928, p.p.

Type. Tadzhikistania, Pamir Boreali-occidentalis, in parties lapidosis in fontibus fluminis tachta-Korum prope trajectum Tachtakorum, alt. 13000 ft.; July 30, 1958; N. Tzvelev. 1008 (LE).

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

417. Festuca parvigluma Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 305. 1854

Type. “Ex Hrbo. Mus. Lugd. Batav. Japonia.”

Distribution. Sikkim [China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for Sikkim and Nepal fide Naithani (1990).

418. Festuca polycolea Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 349. 1896 var. polycolea

Festuca ovina L. ssp. polycolea (Stapf) St.-Yves, Candollea 3: 373. 1928

Syntypes. Nepal; Wallich s.n. India: Sikkim, alt. 12000–16000 ft.; J.D. Hooker &c.

Distribution. Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Bhutan, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

419. Festuca polycolea Stapf var. brevia Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 350. 1896

Type. India: Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 11000–13000 ft.

Distribution. Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh.

Habit. Perennial.

420. Festuca rubra L., Sp. Pl. 1: 74. 1753 var. rubra

Type. “Habitat in Europae sterilibus siccis.” Lectotype: Linnaeus s.n. (GB). LT designated by Jarvis et al. in Watsonia 16: 302. pl. 2B. 1987.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh,

Uttarakhand [China].

Habit. Perennial.

421. Festuca rubra L. ssp. arctica (Hack.) Govor., Fl. Ural. 127. 1937

Festuca rubra f. arctica Hack., Monogr. Festuc. Eur.: 138. 1882. Type not cited.

Festuca richardsonii Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 250, t. 230. 1840. Type: Arctic Sea-coast. Dr. Richardson s.n., s.d.

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

422. Festuca rubra L. ssp. clarkei (Stapf) St.-Yves, Candollea 3: 398. 1928

Festuca rubra L. var. clarkei Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 353. 1896. Syntypes: India: Kangara & Dalhousie, alt. 7000–8000 ft.; C.B. Clarke s.n. Khasia Hills, alt. 4000–6000 ft.; C.B. Clarke s.n.

Festuca rubra L. var. stapfiana St.-Yves, Candollea 3: 398. 1928

Distribution. Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Meghalaya [Bhutan, China, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for Meghalaya fide Naithani (1990).

423. Festuca rubra L. var. villosa Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, Deutschl. Fl. (Roehling), ed. 3. 1: 654. 1823

Type. [Europe], Not Spenner, 1825.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh. Also in Europe.

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

424. Festuca sanjappae Chandra Sek. & S.K. Srivast., J. Jap. Bot. 80(2): 72–75. f. 1. 2005

Type. India: Himachal Pradesh, Pin Valley National Park, Chhohem, 12800–13100 ft.; K. Chandra Sekar 103271 (CAL).

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh.

Habit. Perennial.

425. Festuca simlensis (Stapf) E.B. Alexeev, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. 83(4): 110. 1978

Festuca kashmiriana Stapf var. simlensis Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 351. 1896. Lectotype: India: Simla, alt. 7000–8000 ft.; J.D. Hooker & Thomson s.n. (K). LT designated by E.B. Alexeev in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. 83(4): 110. 1978.

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

426. Festuca stapfii E.B. Alexeev, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. 83(4): 115 1978

Festuca undata Stapf var. aristata Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 351. 1896. Type: India: Sikkim, alt. 11,000 ft.; J.D. Hooker & T. Thomson s.n.

Distribution. Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

427. Festuca tibetica (Stapf) E.B. Alexeev, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. 83(4): 118. 1978

Festuca valesiaca Schlecht. ex Gaudin var. tibetica Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 349. 1896. Lectotype: Tibet Orientalis, region alpine, alt. 14000 ft.; J.D. Hooker & T. Thomson s.n. (K). LT designated by E.B. Alexeev in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. 83(4): 118. 1978

Distribution. Sikkim [Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

428. Festuca undata Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 350. 1896

Syntypes. India: Sikkim, alt. 12000 ft.; J.D. Hooker s.n., Herb. Ind. Or.; J.D. Hooker & Thomson Bromus no. 16.

Distribution. Sikkim, Tamil Nadu [China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

429. Festuca valesiaca Schlecht. ex Gaudin, Agrost. Helv. 1: 242. 1811 var. valesiaca

Festuca ovina L. var. valesiaca (Schlecht. ex Gaudin) W.D.J. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 812. 1837, isonym, non Festuca ovina L. var. valesiaca (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Link, Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 267. 1833.

Type. “Habitat in locis arenosis Valesiae. Circa Branson copiose Perennis.”

Distribution. Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China].

Habit. Perennial.

430. Festuca wallichiana E.B. Alexeev, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 83(4): 120. 1978

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh [Bhutan, China, Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Helictochloa Romero Zarco, Candollea 66(1): 96. 2011

Type. Helictochloa bromoides (Gouan) Romero Zarco (Avena bromoides Gouan).

431. Helictochloa pratensis (L.) Romero Zarco, Candollea 66(1): 103. 2011

Avena pratensis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 80. 1753. Type: “Habitat in Europae pascuis siccis apricis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 44.5 (S). LT designated by Röser in Taxon 44: 397. 1995.

Avena alpina Sm., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: 335. 1811, non Honck., 1782? Type: “Discovered in 1807, on rocks upon the summits of the highest Mountains of Clova, Angusshire.”

Heuffelia pratensis (L.) Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 762. 1866

Helictotrichon pratense (L.) Pilg., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 45: 6. 1938

Distribution. Uttarakhand [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Dr. Romero Zarco (pers. comm.) speculates that this species could have been introduced into India as a pasture grass.

Holcus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1047. 1753, nom. cons.

Type. Holcus lanatus L. (typ. cons.).

432. Holcus lanatus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1048. 1753

Avena lanata (L.) Koeler, Descr. Gram. (Koeler) 303. 1802

Notholcus lanatus (L.) Nash ex Hitchc. in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 126. 1912

Ginannia lanata (L.) F.T. Hubb., Rhodora 18: 234. 1916, nom. superfl. & illeg. for H. lanatus L.

Ginannia pubescens Bubani, Fl. Pyren. (Bubani) 4: 321. 1901, nom. superfl. & illeg. for H. lanatus L.

Aira holcus-lanatus Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné (Villars) 2: 87. 1787, nom. superfl. & illeg. for H. lanatus L.

Avena pallida Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 24. 1796, nom. superfl. & illeg. for H. lanatus L.

Type. “Habitat in Europae pascuis arenosis.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 1212.10 (LINN). LT designated by Cope in Jarvis et al. (ed.), Regnum Veg. 127: 54. 1993.

Distribution. Sikkim, West Bengal [China].

Habit. Perennial.

433. Holcus mollis L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759

Aira mollis (L.) Schreb., Spic. Fl. Lips. 51. 1771

Avena mollis (L.) Koeler, Descr. Gram. (Koeler) 300. 1802

Avena sylvatica Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 24. 1796, nom. superfl. & illegit.

Ginannia mollis (L.) Bubani, Fl. Pyren. (Bubani) 4: 322. 1901

Notholcus mollis (L.) Hitchc., Amer. J. Bot. 2(6): 304. 1915

Type. “Habitat [in Europa: in Hallandia. [sic] Osbeck.] Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 1485. 1763.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 1212.9 (LINN). LT designated by Cope in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 251. 2000.

Distribution. Meghalaya [also in Europe, North America]. Naturalized. Native to Europe.

Habit. Perennial.

Hyalopoa (Tzvelev) Tzvelev, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 50(9): 1320. 1965

Colpodium subg. Hyalopoa Tzvelev, Nov. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 1964: 6. 1964.

Type. H. pontica (Balansa) Tzvelev (Catabrosa pontica Balansa).

434. Hyalopoa nutans (Stapf) E.B. Alexeev ex Cope, Fl. Pakistan 143: 423. 1982

Catabrosa nutans Stapf, Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 312. 1896. Type: Alpine Himalaya: from Kashmir to Garhwal, alt. 10000–14000 ft.; Jacquemont s.n.

Colpodium nutans (Stapf) Bor, Fl. Iranica 70: 54. 1970

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Koeleria Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 97. 1805

Lectotype. Aira cristata L. Designated by Hitchcock, Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 107. 1920.

Notes. The generic limits of Koeleria, Trisetum and related genera have been the subject of much recent taxonomic work. See comments under Trisetum.

435. Koeleria argentea Griseb., Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 77. 1868 var. argentea

Koeleria litvinowii ssp. argentea (Griseb.) S.M. Phillips & Z.L. Wu, Fl. China 22: 331 2006

Type. India: “T. Nubra, Ladak pr. Leh, Nari Khorsum.”

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh.

Habit. Perennial.

436. Koeleria argentea Griseb. var. nepalensis Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 14(Heft. 65): 115. t. 7. f. 6. 1907

Type. “Herb. Schlaginweit from India and High Asia 1. Gen, Nro. Of Catal 4118 K. nepalensis Griseb. (Teste Grisebach) (1856).”

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh [Nepal].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Record for India fide Naithani (1990).

437. Koeleria hookeri Barberá, Quintanar, Soreng, & P.M. Peterson, Phytoneuron 2019–46: 4. 2019. Name changed to avoid confusion with Koeleria clarkeana Domin.

Avena clarkei Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(21): 278. 1896. Type: India: Kashmir, at Laka and Badrawur, alt. 10000–11000 ft. Chamba, Dalhousie, alt. 8700 ft.; C.B. Clarke s.n.

Trisetum clarkei (Hook. f.) R.R. Stewart, Brittonia 5(4): 431. 1945

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

438. Koeleria litvinowii Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 14(65): 116. 1907

Distribution. Jammu and Kashmir [Afghanistan, China].

Habit. Perennial.

439. Koeleria micans (Hook. f.) Barberá, Quintanar, Soreng, & P.M. Peterson, Phytoneuron 2019–46: 5. 2019

Avena micans Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 279. 1896. Type: Western Himalaya: Garhwal, banks of the Ganges, alt. 8000–10000 ft.; Duthie s.n.

Trisetum micans (Hook. f.) Bor, Grasses Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 448. 1960. Type: Teri Garhwal, alt. 8600- 9600 ft.; J.F. Duthie 46

Distribution. Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.

Habit. Perennial.

440. Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 84, 166, 175. 1812

Poa pyramidata Lam., Tabl. Encycl 1: 183. 1791

Koeleria cristata Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 97. 1805, nom. illeg. superfl.; [Persoon included Lamarck’s older name as a variety (K. cristata var. pyramidata (Lam.) Pers.) within his new Koeleria cristata Pers. (non. L.; often erroneously cited as K. cristata (L.) Pers.)]

Aira cristata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 63. 1753, p.p. Type: “Habitat in Angliae, Galliae, Helvetiae siccioribus.” Lectotype: Herb. A. van Royen, sheet no. 913.62–99 (L). LT designated by Humphries in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 244. 2000. Epitype: France. Jura, Bas-Bugey, Montagny de Ste Claire sur Brioguier, 400–500 m; 3 Jun 1929; Briquet 6737 (BM). Epitype designated by Humphries, C.J. in Cafferty et al. (ed.), Taxon 49: 244. 2000.

Airochloa cristata (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 127. 1827

Dactylis cristata (L.) M. Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 67. 1808

Festuca cristata (L.) Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné (Villars) 2: 93. 1787, non L. (1753)

Poa nitida Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 182. 1791. Type: France: “Ex Galliae siccis & montosis Leer S.T. 5. f. 6.”

Aira gracilis Trin., Fund. Agrost. (Trinius) 144. 1820

Airochloa gracilis Link, Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 276. 1833

Koeleria gracilis Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 97. 1805, nom. superfl. & illeg.

Koeleria cristata Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 97. 1805, nom. superfl. & illeg.

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult., Mant. 2 (Schultes) 345. 1824

Aira macrantha Ledeb., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 5: 515–516. 1812. Type: “Hab. in jugo montium jablonnoi-Chrebet.”

Koeleria cristata auct. non (L.) Pers., 1805: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India (J.D. Hooker). 7(22): 308. 1896

Distribution. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Taxonomic editor Soreng notes that according to the Linnaean typification website, the current name for Aira cristata L. is Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult., Mant. 2 (Schultes) 2: 345. 1824. Koeleria cristata might not be made on the basis of Aira cristata. Koeleria cristata is treated as a synonym of Koeleria macrantha in the Flora of Pakistan, and according to Quintanar Koeleria macrantha is a taxonomic synonym of K. pyramidata. There is no morphological discontinuity among these taxa. Thus, our distribution information and synonymy reflect the merging of these taxa, with the understanding that (as above), Koeleria cristata might not really belong here. See also comments in IPNI (2020).

441. Koeleria spicata (L.) Barberá & al. subsp. virescens (Regel) Barberá, A. Quintanar, Soreng & P.M. Peterson, Phytoneuron 2019–46: 9. 2019

Avena flavescens L. var. virescens Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(2): 299. 1868

Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. ssp. virescens (Regel) Tzvelev, Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh Rastenii 7: 65. 1971. 1970

Aira spicata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 64. 1753 [applies to ssp. spicatum] Type: “Habitat in Lapponiae alpibus.” Lectotype = “Gramen Avenaceum paniculatum Alp. humile, locustis in spicam collectis varicoloribus aristatis” in Scheuchzer, Agrostographia Helv. Prodr., 24, t. 6, 1708. LT designated by Louis-Marie in Rhodora 30: 238. 1928.

Avena virescens (Regel) Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 7: 635. 1880

Avena flavescens L. var. virescens Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(2): 299. 1868. Type: “Tschilik und Djenischke. Wasserscheide im Altau transiliensis, auf Alpenwiesen bei 8000 fuss Hohe (Semenow).”

Trisetum pubiflorum Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 52: 187. 1902. Type: India: Kashmir, Sangam Valley, in rupibus, circ. 13500 ft.; Duthie 13543

Trisetum subspicatum (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 88, 180. 1812, Basionym is nom. superfl.

Trisetum virescens (Regel) B. Fedtsch., Izv. Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago 14 (Suppl. 2): 64. 1915, non Nees ex Steud., 1854

Aira subspicata L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 873. 1759, nom. superfl. & illeg.

Avena airoides Koeler, Descr. Gram. (Koeler) 298. 1802 non Avena spicata L., 1753

Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. ssp. himalaicum Hulten, Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 53: 213. 1959, nom. inval., type not indicated (many specimens cited, none indicated as type)

Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. ssp. himalaicum Hulten ex Veldkamp, The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 36(1): 135. 1983. Holotype, as lectotype: Nepal: Chilime Kharka, 4570 m, July 1949, Polunin 1175 (S; IT: BM).

Koeleria spicata subsp. himalaica (Hultén ex Veldkamp) Barberá, A. Quintanar, Soreng & P.M. Peterson, Phytoneuron 2019–46: 8. 2019

Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand [Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan].

Habit. Perennial.

Remarks. Records for Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh fide Naithani (1990). Because Trisetum spicatum ssp. himalaicum, ssp. spicatum and ssp. virescens may be lumped together in the literature, it is not clear if all subspecies are in India and, if so, what their ranges are.

Lagurus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 81. 1753

Type. Lagurus ovatus L.

442. Lagurus ovatus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 81. 1753

Type. “Habitat in Italia, Gallia, Sicilia, Lusitania.” Lectotype: Herb. Linn. No. 96.1 (LINN). LT designated by Meikle in Fl. Cyprus 2: 1788. 1985.