Research Article |
Corresponding author: Li-Xia Zhang ( 87050233@qq.com ) Corresponding author: Yun-Hong Tan ( tyh@xtbg.org.cn ) Academic editor: Jie Cai
© 2019 Bin Yang, Hong-Bo Ding, Kai-Cong Fu, Yi-Kai Yuan, Han-Yu Yang, Jian-Wu Li, Li-Xia Zhang, Yun-Hong Tan.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yang B, Ding H-B, Fu K-C, Yuan Y-K, Yang H-Y, Li J-W, Zhang L-X, Tan Y-H (2019) Four new species of Gesneriaceae from Yunnan, Southwest China. In: Cai J, Yu W-B, Zhang T, Li D-Z (Eds) Revealing of the plant diversity in China’s biodiversity hotspots. PhytoKeys 130: 183-203. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.130.34001
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Four new species of Gesneriaceae from Yunnan, southwest China, are described and illustrated. They are Petrocosmea rhombifolia, Petrocosmea tsaii, Didymocarpus brevipedunculatus, and Henckelia xinpingensis. Diagnostic characters between the new species and their morphologically close relatives are provided. Their distribution, ecology, phenology, and conservation status are also described.
China, Gesneriaceae, taxonomy, Petrocosmea, Didymocarpus, Henckelia
Gesneriaceae (Lamiales) consists of ca. 150 genera and around 3500 species of perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees, with the main distribution in the tropics and subtropics (
During botanical surveys from 2012 to 2018 in Yunnan, several specimens of Gesneriaceae were collected. From the vegetative forms and flower characters, they were identified as members of Petrocosmea Oliv. (
Morphological observations were carried out on living plants in the field and greenhouse, as well as dried specimens. All morphological characters were measured under a dissecting microscope and descriptions were made following the terminology presented by
Petrocosmea rhombifolia is similar to P. rosettifolia, but differs from the latter in having rhombic leaf blades (vs. broadly ovate to orbicular or broadly elliptic) and much longer petiole to 15 cm long (vs. to 4 cm long); the flowers have upper white lip (vs. purple-blue flowers throughout), corolla adaxial lip 14–15 × 9–10 mm (vs. ca. 5 mm), abaxial lip 27–28 × 12–14 mm (vs. ca. 7–8 × 6–8 mm), and flowering March-April (vs. October).
CHINA. Yunnan Province: Lancang County, Laba village, 22°36'42.52"N, 99°42'57.10"E, a.s.l. 1900 m, 1 April 2017, Y.H. Tan & H.B. Ding, T0119 (holotype: HITBC!).
Perennial herb with short rhizomatous stem and crowded fibrous roots. Leaves 14 to 25, all in basal rosette; petioles 0.5–15 cm long, densely white pubescent to sericeous; leaf blades ovate or ovate to rhombic, 1.5–5.3 × 1.3–2.8 cm, rounded or cuneate at base, with nearly entire or slightly repand margins and acute or obtuse apex, densely pubescent to sericeous on both surfaces; lateral veins abaxially conspicuous, 2–3 on each side. Inflorescences 1–flowered, 4–6 cm long; Peduncles 2.5–3.2 cm long, pedicels 1.6–2.0 cm, densely pubescent to sericeous; Bracts 2, opposite, subulate, 2–3 mm. Calyx actinomorphic, equally divided into 5 lobes from base, lobes lanceolate, 4–5 mm, sparsely pubescent inside, densely sericeous outside. Corolla light blue, sparsely pubescent to puberulous outside, sparsely puberulent or subglabrous inside; tube 5–6 mm, sometimes with 2 ovate brown spots inside below the stamens; throat light blue or whitish blue with 2 oblong deep blue blotches; adaxial lip ca. 14–15 × 9–10 mm, semi-orbicular, light blue or whitish blue, distinctly 2-lobed, lobes reflexed, with rounded apex and repand margin; abaxial lip ca. 27–28 × 12–14 mm, blue, 3-lobed to or over the middle, with sub-orbicular to obovate lobes, lobes with rounded apex and repand to slightly crenate margin. Stamens 2, about 6 mm long, adnate to the base of the corolla tube; filaments about 3 mm long, sparsely pubescent; anthers ovate, about 3 mm long, dehiscence poricidal, glabrous, dorsifixed, coherent at apex. Staminodes 3, ca. 2 mm, adnate to the corolla tube at the base, sub-glabrous. Pistil ca. 1.1 cm; ovary densely villous, oblate, ca. 3 mm; style ca. 8 mm, sparsely pubescent near base; stigma capitate. Fruit a short capsule, 8–10 mm long.
The new species is named after its rhombic leaf blades.
Chinese mandarin: ling ye shi hu die (菱叶石蝴蝶).
Flowering March-May and fruiting April-June.
Petrocosmea rhombifolia grows on moist rock faces in limestone forest, at elevation ca. 1900 m in Laba, Lancang County.
Petrocosmea rhombifolia has hitherto only been found at its type locality in Laba, Lancang County. There is very limited information about its natural distribution; a further detailed investigation of the same habitats will help to identify additional populations and individuals of this new species. The lack of sufficient data currently does not allow a risk evaluation and the species can be regarded at present as Data Deficient (DD) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (
Petrocosmea rhombifolia has ovate leaf blades with pubescence on the surfaces that are similar to P. rosettifolia, but mainly different from the leaf blade and flower characters. A comparative list of diagnostic characters of the new species and P. rosettifolia is given in Table
Morphological comparison between Petrocosmea rhombifolia sp.nov. and P. rosettifolia C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li.
Characters | P. rhombifolium | P. rosettifolia |
---|---|---|
Leaf blade | ||
Shape and size | ovate or ovate to rhombic, 1.5–5.3 × 1.3–2.8 cm | broadly ovate to orbicular or broadly elliptic, 0.5–4.0 × 0.4–3.0cm |
Margin | nearly entire or slightly repand | entire to crenulate-serrulate toward apex |
lateral veins | conspicuous, 2–3 pairs | inconspicuous |
Base | rounded or cuneate | broadly cuneate to cuneate |
Apex | acute or obtuse | broadly acute |
indumentum | densely white pubescent to siliceous | densely appressed puberulent or sericeous to tomentose |
Petiole | to 15 cm long | to 4 cm long |
Cymes | 1-flowered | 1-flowered |
Corolla | ||
Calyx | actinomorphic, equally divided into 5 lobes from base | actinomorphic, equally divided into 5 lobes from base |
colour and indumentum | light blue, upper lip white, outside sparsely pubescent to puberulous, inside sparsely puberulent or subglabrous | purple-blue throughout, outside sparsely puberulent, inside glabrous |
adaxial lip | 14–15 × 9–10 mm, distinctly 2-lobed with the two lobes reflexed | ca. 5 mm, distinctly 2-lobed |
abaxial lip | 27–28 × 12–14 mm | ca. 8 × 7 mm |
Throat | whitish light blue or somewhat light blue with 2 oblong deep blue blotches | white |
Tube | 5–6 mm | ca. 5 mm |
Stamens | ||
filaments | ca. 3 mm, sparsely pubescent | ca. 3 mm, minutely hispid |
anthers | ca. 3 mm | ca. 1 mm, beakless |
Pistil | ca. 1.1 cm | ca. 1 cm |
Ovary | oblate, densely villous | elliptic-ovoid, appressed puberulent |
Style | ca. 8 mm, sparsely pubescent near base | 5–7 mm, sparsely puberulent near base |
Flowering time | March to May | October |
Petrocosmea tsaii is similar to P. kerrii var. kerrii and P. menglianensis in having elliptic leaf blade, oblique and rounded leaf base, acute leaf apex, ellipsoid anthers with brevirostrate apex; but it can be easily distinguished from the two similar taxa by its bluish purple corolla (vs. white) and much longer inflorescences. Petrocosmea tsaii also differs from P. kerrii var. kerrii by having actinomorphic calyx (vs. zygomorphic), and differs from P. menglianensis by its leaf blade abaxially densely villous (vs. pubescent along midrib and lateral veins).
CHINA. Yunnan Province: Mengla county, Menglun, Mengxing, 21°49'N, 101°23'E, a.s.l. 1200 m, 13 Sep. 2016, Jian-Wu Li 4577 (holotype: HITBC!).
Perennial herb with short rhizomatous stem. Leaves 8–15, in basal rosette; inner leaves with petioles short or absent, ovate or suborbicular; outer leaves with long petioles, elliptic or ovate to widely ovate; 1.5–10.5 × 1.2–8.2 cm, apex acute to rounded, base rounded to subcordate, sometimes oblique, margin crenate, densely villous on abaxial surfaces, sparsely pubescent to puberulous on adaxial surface; lateral veins 4–10 on either side of midrib, adaxially impressed, abaxially conspicuous; petioles up to 10 cm long, densely white villous. Inflorescences 6.0–14.5 cm long; Peduncles 3.5–11.0 cm long, 2.0–2.5 mm in diam., densely villous and with glandular hairs; bracts 2–3, ovate to broadly ovate, or somewhat leaf like, with 4–5 lateral veins on side, ovate-elliptic, 8–19 × 6–18 mm; cymes usually 3–6(–8)-flowered, hypopodium 0.5–3.5 cm, pedicels 1.2–2.3 cm, villous and with glandular hairs; bracteoles 2, opposite, linear-lanceolate, 3.5–8.3 × 1.5–2 mm. Calyx actinomorphic, equally divided into 5 lobes from base, lobes linear-lanceolate, 6–7 × 1–1.5 mm, internally sparsely with glandular hairs, externally villous and with glandular hairs, margin with 1–3 linear teeth above middle. Corolla 10.5–12 mm long, externally sparsely puberulous to glabrous, internally glabrous; tube 4–4.5 mm; throat dark bluish purple; adaxial lip ca. 7–9 × 10–12 mm, indistinctly 2-lobed with the two lobes reflexed, lobes semi-orbicular, with rounded apex and entire margin, base white; abaxial lip ca. 16–20 × 9–11 mm, 3-lobed to the middle, lobes semi-orbicular, with rounded to obtuse apex, bluish purple. Stamens 2, 4–4.5 mm long, adnate to the base of the corolla tube; anthers adnate face to face; filaments 1.5–2 mm long, with short glandular hairs near base; anther ovoid to ellipsoid, 3–3.5 mm long, with brown capitate-glandular hairs, dorsifixed, apex brevirostrate. Staminodes 2–3, ca. 1 mm, adnate to the corolla tube at the base, linear, glabrous. Pistil 11–12 mm; ovary 3–3.5 mm long, narrowly ovoid, sparsely pubescent and with yellow glandular hairs; style 7.5–9 mm, sparsely with yellow glandular hairs at base, upper part glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruit a short capsule, 10–12 mm long.
The specific epithet commemorates the late Prof. Cai Xitao (Tsai Hse-Tao), who was the founder of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) and devoted all his life to the study of Chinese plants.
Chinese mandarin: Cai Shi Shi Hu Die (蔡氏石蝴蝶)
Flowering September-October and fruiting October-November.
The species grows on moist rock faces in limestone forests, Mengla County, Yunnan, China.
Due to insufficient field surveys so far, very few details about its natural distribution and population status are currently known. The lack of sufficient data does not allow a risk evaluation and the species can be regarded at present as Data Deficient (DD) according to the IUCN Red List Categories (
A comparison of the diagnostic characters of the new species and P. kerrii var. kerrii, P. menglianensis is given in Table
Morphological comparison among Petrocosmea tsaii sp. nov., Petrocosmea kerrii var. kerrii and Petrocosmea menglianensis H. W. Li.
Characters | P. tsaii | P. kerrii var. kerrii | P. menglianensis |
---|---|---|---|
Leaf blade | |||
shape and size | elliptic or ovate to widely ovate; 1.5–10.5 × 1.2–8.2 cm | elliptic to rhombic-elliptic or ovate, 1.8–13.5 × 1.2–8.5 cm | elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 7.5–8.5 × 5–6 cm |
margin | crenate | dentate | irregularly dentate |
Base | sometimes oblique, rounded to subcordate, | usually oblique, broadly cuneate to rounded | oblique, rounded to cuneate |
Apex | acute to rounded | broadly acute to obtuse, rarely rounded | broadly acute to obtuse |
indumentums | adaxially sparsely pubescent to puberulous, abaxially densely villous | adaxially and abaxially densely hirsute to densely puberulent | adaxially rust-brown pubescent, abaxially rust-brown pubescent along midrib and lateral veins |
Bracts | ovate to broadly ovate, or somewhat leaf like, 8–19 × 6–18 mm | lanceolate, ca. 2.0 × 0.5 mm | subulate to lanceolate, 3–4 × 1.0–1.5 mm |
Calyx | аctinomorphic | zygomorphic | actinomorphic |
Corolla colour | bluish purple | white | white |
Throat of corolla | dark bluish purple | white with yellow blotches | blackish |
Filaments | 1.5–2.0 mm, with short glandular hairs near base | ca. 1.2 mm, puberulent | ca. 1 mm, puberulent |
Anthers | ovoid to ellipsoid, 3.0–3.5 mm long, apex brevirostrate | ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm, apex brevirostrate | broadly ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm, apex brevirostrate |
Ovary | sparsely pubescent and with yellow glandular hairs | sparsely puberulent | minutely villous |
Style | sparsely with yellow glandular hairs at base | sparsely puberulent near base | glabrous |
Flowering | September to October | April to May | August to October |
Didymocarpus brevipedunculatus is similar to D. purpureobracteatus in bracts ovate to orbicular and calyx tubular, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by its leaf base extremely obliquely cordate (vs. leaf base sometimes oblique, cuneate to cordate), inflorescence gracile, pendulous (vs. erect), inflorescence much shorter than leaf (vs. inflorescence much longer than leaf), peduncles (4.0–5.5 cm vs 4.0–10 cm long), flowers white with purplish to deep red longitudinal stripes (vs. purple to pinkish purple with darker stripes), and peduncles villous with eglandular, multicelluar hairs (vs. glabrous).
CHINA. Yunnan: Ximeng, Mengsuo, grows on rock surfaces along a seasonal waterfall or moist and shade places in evergreen forest, 22°38'04.83"N, 99°35'34.17"E, a.s.l. 1200 m, 8 September 2012, Yun-Hong Tan 6930 (holotype: HITBC! Isotype: HITBC!).
Deciduous, perennial, epilithic herb, 30–40 cm tall, stem 4–6 mm in diameter. Dry season juvenile leaves distinct, blades symmetrically ovate, c. 1.5 × 1 cm, with much denser indumentum than when mature. Rainy season stems succulent, erect, green, densely and finely villous with multicellular eglandular hairs; pigment glands absent. Leaves 4–6 arranged in opposite, decussate, anisophyllous pairs; blades asymmetrically ovate, thin, papery when dry, upper surface dull dark green and drying medium brown, densely villous with eglandular, multicellular hairs, lower side pale light green and drying light brown, densely villous with eglandular, multicellular hairs along veins, 10–25 cm long, 6.5–15.5 cm wide, apex attenuate to acuminate, base extremely obliquely cordate, margins serrate, often irregularly so, or doubly serrate, midrib with 9–11 arching secondary veins on each side, distinct on both surfaces, finer venation reticulate; petioles 4.5–12.0 cm long, with indumentum as on the stems. Inflorescence solitary per axil, cymose, gracile, pendulous, 7–12 cm long, villous with eglandular, multicellular hairs, laxly cymose, axes succulent, light green to green; Peduncles 4.0–5.5 cm long, densely villous with eglandular, multicellular hairs; Hypopodium 1.0–2.0 cm long, glabrous or sparsely villous; Pedicels 3–5 mm long, glabrous or sparsely villous. Bracts paired; green to light green, sparsely villous with eglandular, multicellular hairs, orbicular to ovate, 5.5–6.0 mm long and wide. Bracteoles paired, whitish to light green, glabrous or sparsely villous, orbicular to ovate, 4.0–5.5 mm long and wide. Flowers numerous. Calyx campanulate, glabrous, often light green on both side, sometimes purplish outside; tube c. 6 mm long; lobes ovate, subequal to equal, 5(6) lobed, apices obtuse to rounded; 0.5–1.0 mm long. Corolla funnelform, 4.0–4.5 cm long, glabrous, white, inside with 9 purplish to deep red longitudinal stripes, 3 per lobe in the lower lip; tube 3.2–3.5 cm long, gradually widening from the base to the throat, 0.8–1.0 cm wide at base, 1.8–2.0 cm at throat; lobes ovate to suborbicular, broadly rounded; anterior (lower or abaxial) lip 3-lobed, 6–7 mm long, 7–8 mm wide apices rounded, posterior (upper or adaxial) lip 2-lobed 5–6 mm long, 7–8 mm wide, apices rounded. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at c. 2 cm above the base of the corolla; filaments 0.9–1.0 cm long, glabrous; anther locules oblong, c. 2 × 1 mm, tips and bases rounded, white-bearded, cream; Staminodes 3, inserted slightly below the stamens, lateral ones 5 mm long, the other one 3 mm long, glabrous. Disc ring-like, thickened, glabrous, margin entire or slightly lobed, 2–3 mm high, persistent in fruit. Ovary cylindric, slightly stipitate, glabrous, light green, c. 2.5–3.0 cm long, 1 mm wide; style continuous with the top of the ovary, c. 5 mm long, glabrous, whitish or light green; stigma discoid, concave medially, whitish, 1 mm diameter. Capsules cylindric, slightly stipitate, erect, straight, light green, when maturing light brown, 4.5–5 cm long and 2.5 mm wide. Seeds, numerous, elliptic, appendage absent, cell ornamentation straight, cell faces finely verrucate.
The new species is named after its axillary relatively short peduncles.
Chinese mandarin: Duan Xu Chang Shuo Ju Tai (短序长蒴苣苔)
Flowering August-September and fruiting September-October.
The new species was found in south Yunnan, Ximeng and Cangyuan Counties. It grows on rock surfaces along a seasonal waterfall or in moist and shady places in evergreen forests, altitude 1000–1200 m.
The localities of this new species, in Ximeng and Cangyuan, are both part of protected areas, and a total of more than one hundred individuals were found in the wild; a further inventory is needed to clarify the habitats and populations. At present, the species is therefore assigned a preliminary status of Endangered (EN D) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (
A comparative list of diagnostic characters of the new species and D. purpureobracteatus is given in Table
Morphological comparison of Didymocarpus brevipedunculatus and its closely related species.
Characters | D. brevipedunculatus | D. purpureobracteatus |
---|---|---|
Shape of leaf Blade | asymmetrically ovate, base extremely obliquely cordate, apex attenuate to acuminate | symmetrically ovate to elliptic or obovate, base oblique, cuneate, to cordate, apex acute to acuminate |
Leaf indumentum | upper surface densely villous with eglandular, multicellular hairs, lower side densely villous with eglandular, multicellular hairs along veins | adaxially sparsely appressed puberulent to nearly glabrous along veins, sparsely glandular |
Petiole | 4.5–12.0 cm long, densely villous with eglandular, multicellular hairs | 0.3–11.0 cm long, puberulent, sparsely glandular |
Bracts | orbicular to ovate, green to slightly green, sparely villous with eglandular, multicellular hairs | ovate to elliptic-ovate, sometimes connate at the base, galeate, covering calyx when flowering, glabrous |
Calyx | 6–7mm long, tubular campanulate, glabrous, lobe ovate to semiorbicular | 10–12 mm long, tubular campanulate, glabrous, lobes semiorbicular |
Inflorescence | gracile, pendulous, much shorter than leave | erect, much longer than leave |
Peduncle | 4.0–5.5 cm long | 4.0–10.0 cm long |
Corolla | white, inside with purplish to deep red longitudinal stripes | purple to pinkish purple with darker stripes, glabrous, corolla tube funnelform |
Filaments | 0.9–1 cm long, glabrous | ca. 1 cm, glabrous |
Staminode | three, 1.0–3.0 mm long | two, 1.5–3.0 mm long |
Henckelia xinpingensis is similar to H. pumila in having elliptic leaf blades sometimes with purple spots abaxially, appearing brown-green adaxially, and funnel form corolla, but differs in having intensive yellow (vs. white to purple) corollas, stigma undivided or slightly 2-lobed (vs. conspicuous 2-lobed), calyx from base to below the middle (vs. 5-lobed from below to above middle); leaf blade symmetrical, base rounded to cordate (vs. asymmetrical, base oblique) and producing slender stolons.
CHINA. Yunnan Province: Xinping county, Yubaiding, 24°09.32'N, 102°07.71'E, a.s.l. 1500 m, 17 Aug. 2018, Y.H. Tan, B. Yang, H.B. Ding & X.D. Zeng Y0130 (holotype: HITBC!).
Annual herbs, usually producing slender stolons from stem base, leaf axils or occasionally bract axils, stolons 10–25 cm, pubescent. Stems erect, 5–25 cm, pubescent to sparsely pilose. Leaves 4–6, opposite, widely spaced nodes; petiole 0.5–3.5 cm; blade symmetrical, ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 2–15 × 1.2–8.0 cm, herbaceous, puberulous to sparsely pilose, eglandular, abaxially sometimes with purple spots, adaxially appearing brown-green, base rounded to cordate, margin repand to entire, apex acute or obtuse; lateral veins 5–9 on each side of midrib, conspicuous. Cymes 1–4-flowered; Peduncle 0.5–3.5 cm, sparsely pilose; Bracts 2, free, linear to lanceolate, 3–6 mm long. Pedicel 2.5–5.0 cm, sparsely pilose. Calyx 1.2–1.7 cm, narrowly bell-shaped, divided into 5 lobes from base to below the middle; tube 3.5–4 mm; lobes subequal, lanceolate, 12–14 × 2–3 mm, outside sparsely pilose, inside glabrous, margin entire, apex subulate-attenuate. Corolla intensive yellow with two yellow-orange stripes on the abaxial lip, 3.7–4.2 cm long, outside sparsely glandular pilose, inside glabrous; tube narrowly funnelform, 3.4–3.8 × 0.9–1.2 cm; adaxial lip 1.9–2.3 × 0.8–1.0 cm, 2-lobed, abaxial lip 2.5–3.0 × 0.9–1.2 cm, 3-lobed, all lobes semi-orbicular, with rounded apex. Stamens 2, 1.3–1.5 cm long, adnate to the corolla tube below middle; filaments 1.1–1.3 cm long, sparsely puberulent to glabrous, bending in the middle, with knee; anthers fused by entire adaxial surfaces, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous, dediscence; Staminodes 3, 2.5–6.0 mm. Pistil 2.5–2.8 cm, sparsely puberulent to puberulous, with short glandular hairs near apex; ovary 2.2–2.5cm; style 3–6 mm long, sparsely glandular puberulent. Stigma flabellate, 2–3 mm, undivided or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule sub-erect, 5–10 cm, loculicidal dehiscence .
The new species is named after its type locality Xinping County.
Chinese mandarin: Xin Ping Chun Zhu Ju Tai (新平唇柱苣苔).
Flowering in August and fruiting from August to September.
This species is only known from Xinping county, but is relatively common there growing in moist areas near stream sides and roadsides under the subtropical broad leaf forests.
(paratypes). CHINA. Yunnan Province: Xinping, Dapingzhang, 102°04.435'E, 24°04.672'N, a.s.l. 580 m, 16 Aug. 2018, Y.H. Tan, B. Yang Y0115 (HITBC!); Ibid., 16 Aug. 2018, Y.H. Tan & B. Yang Y0118 (HITBC!).
According to our field observations, more than ten populations have been observed around an area of 20 hectares and each population of the new species has more than 100 individuals. The species is therefore assigned a preliminary status of Least Concern (LC) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (
Henckelia xinpingensis has elliptic leaf blades with a pilose indumentum similar to H. pumila. A comparative list of diagnostic characters of the new species and H. pumila is given in Table
Morphological comparison of Henckelia xinpingensis and its closely related species.
Characters | H. xinpingensis | H. pumila |
---|---|---|
Habit | producing slender stolons | not stolons |
Leaf blade | symmetrical, base rounded to cordate, ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 2–15 × 1.2–8.0 cm | asymmetrical, base oblique, lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, 2–17 × 1.2–5.5(–8.0) cm |
Leaf margin | repand to entire | denticulate to serrulate |
Cymes | 1–4-flowered | (1 or) 2–7 -flowered |
Peduncle | 0.5–3.5 cm | 2.8–10.0 cm |
Bracts | 2, free, linear to lanceolate, 3–6 × 1–3 mm | 2, free, ovate to lanceolate or obovate, 5–18 × 1–4 mm |
Pedicel | 2.5–5.0 cm | 0.3–2.0 cm |
Calyx | 1.2–1.7 cm, 5-lobed nearly to base or below the middle; tube 0.5–4.0 mm | 0.9–1.8 cm, 5-lobed to middle or slightly below; tube 4–10 mm |
Calyx lobes | subequal, lanceolate, 12–14 × 2–3 mm, apex subulate-attenuate | slightly unequal, narrowly triangular to ovate, 4–10 × ca. 2 mm, apex subulate-acuminate, hornlike, spreading |
Corolla | intensive yellow, outside glandular pilose | white to purple, outside puberulent to pilose, |
Pistil | 2.5–2.8 cm long, with short glandular hairs near apex | 2.5–3.8 cm long, glabrous to puberulent |
Stigma | labellate, 2–3 mm, undivided or slightly 2-lobed | flabellate, ca. 3 mm, conspicuous 2-lobed |
Capsule | 5–10 cm | 6–12 cm |
The authors are grateful to Prof. Richard T. Corlett for his constructive suggestions and comments. We are also grateful to Mr. Xiaodong Zeng, Mr. Kaichun Xiong and Yingcai Ni for their help with the fieldwork. We thank Mr. Zhengmeng Yang, Mr. Yunxi Zhu for the illustration, Dr. Xin Hong for providing useful literature, Dr. Mingxu Zhao and Mr. Hailei Zhen for providing the photos. This work was financially supported by Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC) Special Fund (Biodiversity Monitoring and Network Construction along Lancang-Mekong River Basin project) and the CAS 135 program (No. 2017XTBG-F03), and the project of the Southeast Asia biodiversity research institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y4ZK111B01) and the Specific funds for Fourth National Survey on Chinese Materia Medica Resources (GZY-KJS-2018-004) and Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China Special Fund (Biodiversity conservation 2016HB2096001006) and Major increase or decrease expenditure projects of the central government (2060302) .