Research Article |
Corresponding author: Tseng Yen-Hsueh ( tseng2005@nchu.edu.tw ) Academic editor: Lorenzo Peruzzi
© 2019 Chao Chien-Ti, Tseng Yen-Hsueh.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Chien-Ti C, Yen-Hsueh T (2019) Taxonomic revision of Disporum Salisb. (Colchicaceae, Uvularioideae) of Taiwan. PhytoKeys 119: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.119.33516
|
A taxonomic revision of Disporum of Taiwan is presented with two species and one variety being recognised. The diagnostic characters of Disporum include the colour of tepals, stolon morphology, the trichomes of filaments and style and leaf morphology. These characters, along with karyotype and pollen morphology, are discussed and evaluated amongst different taxa. As a result, D. kawakamii and D. shimadae are treated as independent species, rather than varieties of D. cantoniense and D. sessile, respectively. Disporum nantouense is treated as a synonym of D. sessile var. intermedium stat. nov. Detailed descriptions, type information, diagnostic key, line drawings, photos and distribution maps are provided.
Disporum, Colchicaceae, plant taxonomy, Taiwan
Disporum Salisb. comprising of about twenty species, is distributed from the Himalayas through Vietnam, China, Japan, Korea and Russia. More than fourteen species have been found in China (
Taiwanese species have been studied by several authors from a morphological and karyological standpoint (
Recently, in studying Liliaceae s. l. of Taiwan, we found that the diagnostic characters of Disporum were highly variable; moreover, the taxonomy of the species occurring in Taiwan has been confused by different authors. Therefore, we deemed that a revision of Disporum of Taiwan was necessary. In this study, we revise the genus by reviewing the literature and examining type specimens in herbaria, along with comparisons of the morphology, chromosome number and pollen morphology of specimens and establishing their distribution.
The study materials were collected from the field and from herbarium specimens. Living plants were cultivated in the greenhouse of the Department of Forestry, NCHU. All voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Department Forestry, National Chung Hsing University (TCF). Specimens from the following herbaria specimens were examined: CHIA, HAST, KYO, PPI, TAI, TAIE, TAIF and TI (acronyms following Thiers, 2019, continuously updated).
Pollen was collected from fresh anthers of flowers in anthesis. Voucher specimens (Table
The distribution of each taxon was determined from the data on herbarium sheets and from our own field records. Only recognised specimens were marked on the map. The conservation rank evaluation followed the protocols of The Red List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan, 2017 (
Habit
The habit of Disporum in Taiwan includes two types, evergreen and deciduous. The evergreen type includes only D. kawakamii and the deciduous type includes two other taxa. The above-ground part of the deciduous types dies back in winter, leaving a dormant bud above the roots. The bud sprouts in the spring and grows up to form a new stem. The evergreen species produces similar buds at the same position, but the above-ground parts do not die back in winter and last into the next year.
Roots and stolons
The roots of Disporum are fleshy and glabrous without root hairs, which is a diagnostic character of the genus. Amongst the Taiwanese species, stolons are present in D. sessile var. intermedium and D. shimadae, but absent in D. kawakamii. The stolon is subterranean and creeping and the terminal bud becomes the new individual plant.
Leaves
The leaves of Disporum are simple, alternate, subsessile, glabrous and with an entire margin and stipules. The shape could be classified into two types, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate and elliptic to oblong. The former includes D. sessile var. intermedium and D. shimadae and the latter D. kawakamii. Although the leaf shape of D. kawakamii is often elliptic to oblong, narrower leaves could be found on some individuals.
Inflorescence and flowers
The inflorescences of Disporum are pseudo-terminal and umbellate, with pendulous flowers. The flower is comprised of six tepals, six stamens and a pistil. The tepals are variable in shape and have a short gibbous spur and nectary. They are variable in colour, but in Taiwan are white, yellow or variable in colour. White tepals are found in D. sessile var. intermedium, yellow in D. kawakamii and D. shimadae. The apices of the tepals of D. sessile var. intermedium often have purplish or reddish spots, respectively. Some populations of D. kawakamii have deeper colouration and these had been described as a new species, D. taiwanense, based on this character; but the colour can vary with the habitat: the more exposed location it is growing in, the more sunlight and the deeper the colour and vice versa.
Pollen morphology
The pollen grains of Disporum taxa of Taiwan are medium-sized monads, monosulcate, prolate, with the length of the equatorial and polar axes being 36.57–44.76 µm and 26.77–28.91 µm, respectively. Sculptural type varies amongst taxa: D. kawakamii and D. sessile var. intermedium are foveolate and areolate, while D. shimadae is rugulate.
D. kawakamii | D. sessile var. intermedium | D. shimadae | |
polar axis (µm) | 29.12±0.97 | 26.90±0.20 | 27.41±1.32 |
equatorial axis (µm) | 43.31±2.02 | 37.45±3.30 | 39.77±2.21 |
P/E | 0.67±0.02 | 0.78±0.08 | 0.69±0.03 |
shape | oblate | oblate | oblate |
size | medium | medium | medium |
aperture | 1-sulcate | 1-sulcate | 1-sulcate |
sculpture | foveolate | areolate | rugulate |
Chromosome number
The chromosome number of Disporum of Taiwan had been determined by
Taxon | Chromosome number | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
n | 2n | ||
D. kawakamii | 8 |
|
|
16 |
|
||
32 | |||
D. sessile var. intermedium | 16 |
|
|
D. shimadae | 14 |
|
|
16 |
Distribution
Disporum taxa are found from near sea level to about 2900 m in the mountainous regions of Taiwan, but each species has a different distribution pattern. Disporum kawakamii is found in low to medium altitude mountain areas, often grows as an understorey plant in a forest or at the edge of a forest, but sometimes even appears on an exposed roadside. Disporum sessile var. intermedium is found primarily at medium altitudes, from 1500 m to 2900 m in moist and shady areas of forest. Disporum shimadae is only found in the north-eastern part of Taiwan, from sea level to low-lying mountains or hills (Table
D. kawakamii | D. sessile var. intermedium | D. shimadae | |
---|---|---|---|
habit | evergreen | deciduous | deciduous |
stolon | absent | present | present |
leaf shape | elliptic to oblong | linear-lanceolate | linear-lanceolate |
color of tepal | pale-yellow with reddish apex | white with green base and apex | yellow |
distribution | low to medium altitude mountain area | medium altitudes ca. 1500−2900m | north-eastern part, seashore to low altitude mountains |
Evaluation of conservation rank of Disporum
According to a study by the
Disporum cantoniense is a widely distributed species, found from the Himalayas of northern India to Sikkim, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam and China.
Disporum nantouense has been treated as a form D. sessile var. shimadae f. intermedium (
Disporum shimadae was first described by
Another taxon, related to D. sessile var. intermedium, was D. taipingense M. N. Tamura & S. Kawano, nom. nud. This name had been cited in the studies of
According to the results, the following taxonomic treatments are made:
1 | Plant deciduous, with stolon; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate | 2 |
– | Plant evergreen, without stolon; leaves elliptic to oblong | 1. D. kawakamii |
2 | Tepals yellow, without spots | 3. D. shimadae |
– | Tepals white, often with purplish spots, apex green | 2. D. sessile var. intermedium |
Perennial herbs, often with short rhizome, sometimes with long creeping stolon, often glabrous, sometimes scabrous. Roots fleshy, glabrous. Stem erect, simple or branched at the upper part, with scale leaves at the lower nodes, persistent. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, simple, alternate, sessile or subsessile, linear to suborbicular, 3−several-nerved, estipule. Inflorescences pseudoterminal, solitary to umbel, bract absent. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, pendulate to spread, tepals 6, free, 2-whorled, subequal, white, green, yellow or purple, often saccate or spurred at basal part. Stamen 6, inserted at base of tepals. Filaments usually slightly flattened, glabrous of papillose. Anthers basifixed, to innate, extrorse, 2-loculed. Ovary superior, 3-loculed, ovules 2−6 per locule. Style straight, 3-lobed to 3-fid apically. Fruits berry, dark purple to black, 2−6 seeds.
About 20 species, from Himalaya region, India, Myanmar, Bhutan, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Japan to Korea.
Disporum kawakamii Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 365. 1911. Hayata, Gen. Ind. 85. 1917; Sasaki, List Pl. Form., 106. 1928; Masamune and Simada, Short Fl. Form. 269. 1936; Masamune, List Vasc. Pl. Taiwan. 132. 1954; Chao et al., Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. New Series 4(2):81; Ying, The Liliaceae of Taiwan. 25. 1969; Wang, Cytotaxonomy of Liliaceae in Taiwan (II) Polygonateae and Tricyrteae. 41. 1997; Liu & Ying, Fl. Taiwan. 5:52. 1978; Ying, Liliaceae of Taiwan. 27. 1990; Chen et al., Fl. China 22:157, 2000; Ying, Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 5:44. 2000; Boufford et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 6:111. Lectotype: Kagi, Suitoryo, 20 Mar. 1908, T. Kawakami 3493. (lectotypification: Hara, 1988) (TI!) Syntype: in monte Morrison, 13 Oct. 1906, T. Kawakami & U. Mori 1726. (TI)
Disporum cantoniense var. kawakamii (Hayata) Hara, Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo Bull. 31:187. 1988.
Disporum pullum auct. non. Salisb. ex Hook. f.: Matumura & Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. 1Imp. Univ. Tokyo 22: 443. 1906.
Disporum taiwanense S. S. Ying, J. Jap. Bot. 64(5):151. 1989. Ying, Liliaceae of Taiwan. 29. 1990; Ying, Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 5:46. 2000; Boufford et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 6:111. Type: Hualien county, Taroku to Talishih, 4 Apr. 1988, Ying s. n. (Holotype: NTUF!)
Stem erect, up to 1.3 m, branched at the upper part, lower nodes covered with persistent scale leaves. Leaves evergreen, simple, alternate, elliptic to oblong, 6−8 cm long, 3−6 cm wide, 3−5 nerved, apex acuminate, base attenuate, petiole short, 3−5 mm long, green, sometimes reddish, glabrous, estipulate. Inflorescence pseudoterminal, solitary to 3−5 flowers fascicled, peduncle short, 3−5 mm long, bract absent. Tepals 6, arranged into 2-whorls, spathulate, 1.5−2 cm long, 5−8 mm wide, light yellow to yellow, often with reddish spots near apex, papillate at the base of the inner surface and margin, 3-nerved, base with a short spur, 1−2 mm long, nectary inside. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of tepals, filaments ca. 1 cm long, expansion at the lower part, slightly papillose at proximal part, anthers 2-loculed, basifixed, ca. 3 mm long, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, ovate to orbicular, ca. 3 mm long, 3-loculed, style slender, 7−9 mm long, stigma 3-fid, pubescent. Fruits berry, globose or compress globose, 6−7 mm long, 4−6 mm in diam., purplish-black. Seeds numerous. 2n = 16.
Distributed in low to medium altitude mountains up to 2,000 m.
Chiayi county: Alishan-Fengshan, 8 Sep 1993, C. M. Wang W00265 (TNM); Yuntan Rest Station-Shuisheliao, 10 Sep 2004, C. M. Wang & Y. M. Hsu 7730 (TNM); Tatienyupupu, 28 Oct 1997, M. Y. Shen 1980 (TAIE); en route from Chiehtung “Villa” to Tienyunshan, 850 m alt., 1 Nov 1985, C. I Peng 8873 (HAST); Juili, 860 m alt., 26 Jan 1997, T. Y. A. Yang et al. 7838 (PPI); Hsinchu county: Kenliaoping, 26 Apr 1994, C. M. Wang W00733 (TNM); on the way from Shihlu to Chingchuan, 27 Jul 1994, K. Y. Wang & T. Y. Liu 75 (TNM); Niaotsui, 21 Oct 2001, C. M. Wang & C. Y. Li 5300 (TNM); Shakaro ancient trail, 1500−1700 m alt., 10 May 2016, P. H. Chen 1096 (PPI); Luoshan forest track, 1000 m alt. 20 Dec 2002, Y. Y. Huang 1309 (HAST); Hualien county: Sanchan, 7 Sep 1996, C. K. Liou et al. 539 (TNM); Yenhai-lindao, 3 Apr 1991, T. Y. Yang et al. 5506 (TNM); Mt. Paliwanshan, 28 Jul 2007, C. H. Chen et al. 8339 (TNM); Shakadang forest road 2 km, 30 Mar 2008, T. Y. A. Yang et al. 20106 (TNM); Huitouwan, 9 Dec 1983, T. C. Huang & S. F. Huang 10200 (TAI); Lanshan, 1900 m alt. 16 Aug 1967, S. C. Hsu 3539 (TAI); Yushan National Park Nanan Recreation Center to Walami, 365 m alt., 16 Apr 1995, H. Y. Shen 683 (HAST); Mukuashan, 700−1000 m alt., 16 Apr 2003, P. J. Lin et al. 159 (HAST), Taorko to Tali, 15 Jun 2007, P. F. Lu 13967 (HAST); Ilan county: Mingchih-Chilan, 15 Apr 2002, C. M. Wang 5468 (TNM); Taipingshan, 5 Apr 2005, C. H. Wu et al. 343 (TNM); Chunchien, 1500–1600 m alt., 30 Jul 1996, Y. C. Chen et al. 17 (HAST); Ssuchi forest road, 1360 m alt., 18 Jul 1999, C. I Huang 399 (HAST). Nanao, 28 Apr 2001, W. F. Ho 1215 (TNM); Mt. Tuli, 450 m alt., 31 Mar 1985, S. Y. Lu 15610 (PPI); Kaohsiung city: Tenchih, 28 Jun 2000, C. M. Wang 4321 (TNM); same loc., 21 May 2016, S. Z. Yang 77621 (PPI); Nanfengshan, 18 Dec 1961, J. M. Liao 788 (TAI); Meilan forest road 8.6 km, 1300 m alt., 10 May 1994, T. Y. Liu et al. 419 (HAST); Southern cross highway, 26 Dec 2000, S. Z. Yang 29567 (PPI); Miaoli county: Shihmen, 20 Mar 1997, M. Y. Shen 1557 (TAIE); Nanchuang shenmiku, 24 Mar 2001, J. H. Lii 428 (TAIF); Taian hot-spring, 300–400 m alt., 30 Jun 1992, J. C. Wang et al. 7707 (HAST, PPI); Tahu, 200−400 m alt., 27 Jan 2007, H. Y. hsieh 138 (PPI); Nantou county: Bihhwu, 2 Sep 1993, C. M. Wang W00160 (TNM); Kunglingshan, 1 May 1991, H. Y. Chen et al. 1118 (TNM); Chitou, 15 May 1988, S. L. Shern & H. M. Su 42 (TNM); same loc., 5 Feb 2010, C. T. Chao 1323, 1324 (TCF); Wushe to Aowanda, 20 Mar 2009, C. T. Chao 496, 497, 498 (TCF); Chioufengershan, 14 Apr 2010, C. T. Chao 607, 608, 609, 610 (TCF); Aowanda, 7 Nov 2009, C. T. Chao 1129 (TCF); Fenghuangshan, 1225 m alt., 4 Sep 1997, T. W. Hsu 8806 (TAIE); Ching Shui Kou Treet, 14 Dec 1960, T. C. Huang 1937 (TAI); Shalishien river, 1120 m alt., 15 May 1985, C. I Peng 7775 (HAST); en route from Tungpu Hot Soring to Kuankao, 1300–2600 m alt., 3 Jul 1985, C. I Peng 8070 (HAST); Patungkuan Ancient Trail, 1150 m alt., 13 Aug 2004, C. C. Wu et al. 725 (HAST); Old Chinai Village, 8 Jul 2007, P. F. Lu 14172 (HAST); Fengshan, 1200 m alt., 29 Jun 1996, T. W. Hsu 7650 (TAIE); Chuoshuihsi River valley by the Yunlong Bridge, 1100 m alt., 15 Jan 1003, M. H. Chen et al. 70 (HAST); en route from Hsini to Hoshe, ca. 950−1200 m alt., 6 Aug 1991, W. P. Leu 1073 (PPI); New Taipei City: Yunsen Falls, 26 Aug 1996, K. C. Yang & W. F. Ho 4982 (TNM); Homei, S. F. Huang 4292 (TAI); Fushan, 300–600 m alt., 3 Apr 2002, Z. W. Lee 77 (HAST); Huangdidian, 450–500 m alt., 2 Feb 2003, S. C. Liu et al. 976 (HAST); Pingtung county: Wutoushan Nature Protected Area, 21 Apr 1995, K. Y. Wang et al. 950 (TNM); Chinshuiying, 1200 m alt., 22 Jun 1999, K. F. Chung 1262 (HAST); Tahanshan, 1100−1200 m alt., 2 May 2006, J. C. Wu 55 (PPI); Shishan forest road, 1600−1650 m alt., 22 Jul 2002, G. P. Hsieh 588 (PPI); Chiupaoshan, 1000−1500 m alt., 28 May 2004, S. H. Hueng 42515 (PPI); Itingshan, 1200−1500 m alt., 23 May 2003, G. P. Hsieh 1069 (PPI); Ali, 14 Jul 1989, S. Z. Yang 24872 (PPI); Hsuehyehkenshan, 800−1200 m alt., 17 May 2014, P. H. Chen 369 (PPI); Wutai, 9 May 1986, C. E. Chang & L. C. Chang 106 (PPI); Dangmanushan, 25 Mar 1990, S. Z. Yang & C. G. Lin 23036 (PPI); Jihmushan, 27 Apr 1991, S. Z. Yang 24604 (PPI); Taichung City: Wushihkeng, 10 Oct 1998, C. M. Wang 3689 (TNM); Yuantsuishan-Shaolaishan, 8 Sep 1998, S. T. Chiu 4913 (TNM); Tzuyukuohsiao (an elementary school), 750 m alt., 6 Jun 1995, Y. H. Tseng 535 (TAIE); under Mt. Izawa, 17 Jul 1935, H. Simada SH 606 (TAI); tausaiibunaraha, H. Simada SH 1307 (TAI); Tainan city: Tatungshan, 2 Apr 1993, T. C. Huang & S. F. Huang 15989 (TAI); Kantoushan Hsienkung temple, 500–700 m alt., 12 Jan 1996, C. C. Liao et al. 1737 (HAST); Zengwen reservoir, 800−1100 m alt., 24 Jul 2008, C. C. Hsiao 17 (PPI); Taoyuan city: en route between Kaopo and Tawan, 9 May 1993, W. P. Liu 1744 (TNM); Hsiehwunao, 700–800 m alt., 10 Sep 2002, Z. W. Lee 378 (HAST); Taitung county: Kuzulun-shan, 29 Aug 1957, Kao et T. I. Chuang 1103 (TAI); Litao-Tienlung Bridge, 4 Apr 1987, S. F. Huang et al. 3642 (TAI); Lichia forest road, 1225 m alt., 16 Oct 1997, Y. C. Kao et al. 137 (HAST); Shawushan, 700−800 m alt., 2 Aug 2005, C. F. Chen 1708 (PPI); Chianaimeishan, 500−700 m alt., 20 Aug 2005, Y. J. Lin 35 (PPI); Preserve area of Juglans cathayensis, 9 Feb 1993, S. Z. Yang 30044 (PPI).
D. sessile D. Don ex Schult. var. shimadai (Hayata) Hara f. intermedium Hara in Univ. Mus., Univ. Tokyo, Bull. 31:203. 1988. TYPE: Kwarenko, between Tosato and Totokun, 11 Apr. 1940, M. Tagawa 3700 (holotype: TI!, isotype: KYO!)
Disporum nantouense S. S. Ying, Mem. Coll. Argic. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 30(2):59. 1990. Wang, Cytotaxonomy of Liliaceae in Taiwan (II) Polygonateae and Tricyrteae. 44. 1997; Chen et al., Fl. China 22:157, 2000; Ying, Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 5:46. 2000. Type: Nantou county, Jenai township, Mt. Hohuanshan, near to Meifeng, alt. 2170 m, 9 Apr. 1989, Ying s.n. (holotype: NTUF), syn. nov.
Disporum taipingense M. N. Tamura & Kawano, nom. nud.
Stem erect, 15−45 cm, lower nodes covered with scale leaf, persistent, branched at the upper part, with creeping stolon. Leaf deciduous, simple, alternate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 5−6 cm long, 2−3 cm wide, apex acuminate, base obtuse, petiole short, 3−5 mm long, green, sometimes reddish, estipule, glabrous. Inflorescences pseudoterminal, solitary to 2−3 flowers, peduncle 3−5 mm, bract absent. Pedicels 1−1.5 cm long, tepals 6, arranged into 2-whorls, spathulate, white, apex green with violet spots, 1.5−2 cm long, 6−8 mm wide, margin papillose, 3-nerved, base spurred, with nectary. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals, filaments 1−1.5 cm long, anthers 3 mm long, 2-loculed, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 3-loculed, style slender, subglabrous, 1−1.5 cm long, stigma 3-fid, pubescent. Fruits berry, globose, purplish-black when mature. Seeds numerous. 2n = 16
Distributed in medium altitudes, ca. 1,500 m to 2,900 m.
Chiayi county: Alishan, near Tziyun temple, 14 Apr 1991, T. Y. Yang et al. 5548 (TNM); Alishan, 9 Jul 1981, C. E. Chang 18237 (PPI); on the road side of Mienyueh railroad, 16 Jul 1986, T. Y. A. Yang 3073 (PPI); Tungpu lodge to Chichung, 2400 m alt., 19 Oct 1987, S. Z. Yang 3767 (PPI); Hsinchu county: Yuanyanghu, 1670 m alt., 28 Apr 1995, K. Y. Wang et al. 1059 (HAST); Hualien county: Mt. Muh-kwa, 24 Jul 1961, M. T. Kao K4146 (TAI); Lanshan, 1 Apr 1994, Y. C. Sun 236 (TAIE); Hoping forest track, 1700−2000 m alt., 24 May 1993, S. F. Huang et al. 5128 (TAI); near Shihtung suspension bridge of Patungkuan ancient trail; 1500−1800 m alt., 7 Apr 2009, J. C. Wu 328 (PPI); Taitung county: Hsiangyang in forest, 2350 m alt., 24 Jul 1988, C. I Peng et al. 11876 (HAST); Ilan county: Mt. Taipingshan, 1970 m alt., 3 Apr 1986, T. C. Huang 10813 (TAI); Nan-shan to Chi-li-ting, 1200−1400 m alt., 20 Aug 1969, C. C. Hsu 5834 (TAI); Mt. Nanakotaizan, 14 Jul 1937, SH1330 (PPI); Kaohsiung city: Kuaiku, 5 May 2006, C. M. Wang et al. 8857 (TNM); Chungtzukuan, 20 Dec 2000, S. Z. Yang 25492 (TAIF); Tienchi to Chungchikuang trail, 2000−2400 m alt., 14 Jul 2000, C. C. Hsu 56 (PPI); Nantou county: Tienchi, 16 Jun 1996, S. T. Chiu et al. 3363 (TNM); Tatachiaanbu to entrance of Yushan, 23 Jul 2009, C. T. Chao 838 (TCF); highway no. 18, Tatachia to Shihshan, 24 Jul 2009, C. T. Chao 857 (TCF); Yunhai, 8 May 2004, T. Y. A. Yang 16440 (TNM); May-fong, 17 Apr 1980, Ou & Kao 9316 (TAI); Kun-yang to Yuan-feng, 2700−3000 m alt., 9 Apr 1988, J. C. Wang 5091 (TAI); New Taipei city: Peichatienshan, 26 Feb 2002, S. W. Chung 5134 (TAIF); Pingtung county: en route to Tawushan, 1600−2100 m alt., 16 Jul 1988, T. C. Huang et al. 13618 (TAI); Peitawushan, 1500−1800 m alt., 5 Apr 1997, D. W. Liu 372 (PPI); same loc. 2050−2100 m alt., 29 May 1997, P. F. Sun 56 (PPI); Taichung city: Chinshan-Paikushan, 1 May 1992, H. M. Chang Hunter 14 (TNM); Nankotaizan, Kirittoi to Ekizyu no aida, 8 Jul 1937, H. Simada SH 1308 (TAI); Taitung county: Kuei-hu, 1600 m alt., 29 Jul 1967, C. C. Hsu 3362 (TAI); Hsiangyang, 2200 m alt., 2 Apr 1996, T. Y. Aleck Yang et al. 6451 (PPI, TNM); Chinlunhsi, 1400−1700 m alt., 10 Mar 2007, J. J. Chen 360 (PPI); Taoyuan city: Paling–Lalashan, 17 Apr 1986, T. Y. Yang et al. 2913 (TNM); Lalashan, 10 Apr 2002, S. C. Wu 2608 (TAI);
Disporum shimadae Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 367. 1911. as ‘shimdai’. Hayata, Gen. Ind. 85, 1917; Sasaki, List Pl. Form. 106. 1928; Masamune and Simada, Short Fl. Form. 269. 1936; Masamune, List Vasc. Pl. Taiwan. 132. 1954; Chao et al., Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. New Series 4(2):81; Ying, The Liliaceae of Taiwan. 24. 1969; Liu & Ying, Fl. Taiwan. 5:54. 1978; Ying, Liliaceae of Taiwan. 28. 1990; Wang, Cytotaxonomy of Liliaceae in Taiwan (II) Polygonateae and Tricyrteae. 46. 1997; Chen et al., Fl. China 22:158, 2000; Ying, Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 5:46. 2000; Boufford et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 6:111. TYPE: Kelung, Masoku, 6 Mar. 1908, T. Kawakami & Y. Shimada 4311. (isotype: TAI!)
Disporum sessile (Thunb.) D. Don ex Schult. var. shimadae (Hayata) Hara, Univ. Mus., Univ. Tokyo, Bull. 31:202 1988.
Stem erect, 15−45 cm, covered with persistent scale leaf at lower nodes, branch at the upper part. Leaf deciduous, simple, alternate, lanceolate, 4−10 cm long, 2−4 cm wide, apex acuminate, base obtuse, margin entire, 3-nerved at the base, petiole short, 3−5 mm long, glabrous, estipulate. Inflorescences pseudoterminal, solitary to 3−5 flowers fascicled, peduncle short, 3−5 mm long, bract absent. Tepals 6, arranged into 2-whorls, spathulate, 2−3 cm long, 5−8 mm wide, the inner surface of basal part and margin papillose, base with a short spur, 1−2 mm long, nectary inside. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals, filament often expansion at proximal part, 10−15 mm long, glabrous, anthers 2-loculed, basifixed, 3 mm long, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 3-loculed, obovate, style 1−1.5 cm long, stigma 3-lobed, pubescent. Fruits berry, purplish-black, seed numerous. 2n = 14.
Distributed in north-eastern part, from seashore to low altitude mountains.
Ilan county: Tali, 20 Apr 1985, W. S. Tang 1324 (TAI); Kueishan island, 31 May 2003, S. T. Chiu et al. 7542 (TNM); Keelung city: Chyngrenhu, 16 May 2007, T. Y. A. Yang et al. 19220 (TNM), Masu, 6 Mar. 1908, T. Kawakami & S. Simada 4311 (Isotype! TAI); Tawulun Fort, 3 Nov 2009, C. T. Chao 1108, 1111 (TCF); Hoping Island, 12 Mar 1963, S. Y. Lu 643 (TAIF); same loc., 15 Mar 1986, S. Z. Yang 2443 (PPI); Paimiweng Fort, 50 m alt., 4 May 1992, C. C. Liao with C. C. Wang 260 (HAST); New Taipei city: Hsiaotzushan, 21 Mar 1995, H. Y. Shen et al. 560 (TNM); Tatun main peak, 6 Mar 2009, 460, 462, 463, 464, 465 (TCF); Shumeiping, 2 Mar 2002, T. Y. A. Yang et al. 14539 (TNM); Lungtung, 3 Mar 2002, T. Y. A. Yang et al. 14553 (TNM); Dapishan, 23 May 2003; S. C. Liu et al. 1203 (TNM); Homei, 3 m alt., 16 Jun 2004, Y. H. Tseng 3786 (TAIE); Huangdieden shan, 560 m alt., 2 May 1992, L. F. Huang et al. 29 (TAI); Wututan, 22 Aug 2001, H. L. Chiang 2707 (TAIF); Santiaochiao, 28 Feb 2007, F. C. Kuo 29 (TAIF);
We are grateful to Dr. Jenn-Che Wang, Dr. Chiu-Mei Wang, Dr. Kuo-Fang Chung and Mr. Chih-Yi Chang for improving the manuscript, Dr. Wu-Chun Tu and Dr. Hao-You Tzeng for assistance with SEM photography, Dr. Hiroshi Ikeda and Dr. Hidetoshi Nagamasu for the specimen examination of the herbarium of Tokyo University (TI) and Kyoto University (KYO), Ms. Yu-Ting He for her awesome line drawing pictures and Dr. Gary Bentley, an editor with Peerwith, for his English editing of the manuscript. This study was supported by the project grants no. MOST103-2313-B-005-009-MY3 of Ministry of Science and Technology to Yen-Hsueh Tseng.