Research Article |
Corresponding author: Deniz Ulukuş ( ulukusdeniz@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Marc Appelhans
© 2018 Deniz Ulukuş, Osman Tugay.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ulukuş D, Tugay O (2018) Haplophyllum ermenekense (Rutaceae), a new species from Turkey. PhytoKeys 111: 119-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.111.24241
|
A new species of Haplophyllum, Haplophyllum ermenekense (Rutaceae) is described and illustrated in line drawing. It grows on stony slopes of Ermenek town, Karaman province, in southern Turkey. It is compared with the closely related species H. myrtifolium. H. ermenekense is distinguished from the morphologically similar H myrtifolium chiefly by sepal shape, petal size, capsule size, presence of capsule hair and appendage form. On the other hand, the seed coat and pollen grains surface of H. ermenekense and H. myrtifolium are demonstrated in SEM photographs. In addition to the detailed description, the illustration, distribution map, conservation status and ecology of the new species are also provided.
Endemic, Haplophyllum , Karaman, Rutaceae , taxonomy
With its 69 species, Haplophyllum Jussieu is one of the richest genera in the Rutaceae family (
Some authors have endeavoured to subdivide Haplophyllum into different sections by using morphological characters (
Haplophyllum species are perennial herbs, growing mainly on sandy soil, rocky hills, slopes, stony landscapes or steppes (
Turkey is one of the most important centres for Haplophyllum diversity with three phytogeographical regions; Euro-Siberian, Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean (
The Irano-Turanian region in SW Asia is one of the richest floristic areas of the Holarctic Kingdom. Most of its species diversity is concentrated in the Anatolian plateau, Iranian plateau and Central Asia (
Haplophyllum has mostly been studied from a morphological point of view by several authors (
From a biogeographical standpoint,
Ermenek, located within the boundaries of Karaman province, in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, is one of the most interesting plant diversity centres in Turkey.
The aim of this study is to describe the new species, H. ermenekense, found in Ermenek and to compare it with similar species, especially H. myrtifolium Boiss., based on evidence from (micro) morphology and palynology.
Between 2011 and 2015, during the process of writing a revision of the Haplophyllum genus in Turkey, the authors carried out fieldwork around Ermenek and collected samples. All available specimens of Haplophyllum harboured in Turkish herbaria (ANK, EGE, GAZI, HUB, ISTE, KNYA), relevant Turkish collections from herbaria out of Turkey (E, K), as well as all specimens collected during recent fieldwork, were examined under dissecting microscopes. Examined specimens were checked and evaluated comprehensively by relevant literature (
For palynological investigations, the pollen slides were prepared according to
Morphometric measurements of seeds were made under a stereomicroscope (Leica S8AP0) coupled to a Leica DFC 295 digital camera. The seed length and width of (10–) 30–35 seeds per species were measured. Measurements were made using the Image Tool software. Minimum-maximum ranges, mean, standard deviations of seed length and width, as well as length/width ratio, were calculated. SEM micrographs were used to determine seed coat sculpturing of the seeds. The terminology of
Haplophyllum ermenekense most resembles the closely related H. myrtifolium. It differs from H. myrtifolium by its inflorescence usually lax form (versus dense), sepals ovate or ovate-oblong (versus lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong) and deciduous in fruit (versus persistent in fruit), petals 4–5.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm (versus 6.5–9.5 × 3.5–4.5 mm), capsule 2–2.5 × 3–4 mm (versus 3–3.5 × 5–6 mm) and glabrous (in contrast to not glabrous), with a conspicuous usually erect appendage on the outer upper surface (versus incurved appendage on the outer upper portion).
TURKEY. C4 Karaman; Ermenek, limestone slopes, steppe, 1200 m alt., 36°37.356'N, 32°51.543'E, 21 June 2014, O.Tugay 9641 & Ulukuş (holotype: KNYA; isotype: ANK, GAZI)
Perennial herbs, 25–45 cm; woody at the base with usually ascending or barely erect flowering stem with sterile shoots; stems simple below the inflorescence, furnished with rather crisped, flexuose hairs or seldom patent hairs, punctate glands. Leaves varying 8–20 × 2–8 mm, usually lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic, both surfaces ± densely covered with flexuose-appressed to crisped white hairs, densely furnished with small, dark punctate glands; with sterile shoots present in the leaf-axils. Inflorescence lax, 4–12 cm in diameter, 10–50 flowered, the branches with flexuose hairs, with numerous punctate glands. Bracts numerous, linear-lanceolate, all ± densely white-pilose. Sepals ovate, ovate-oblong, fused at the extreme base, obtuse, white-lanate, 1–1.25 × 0.75–1 mm, with very small glands, deciduous in fruit. Petals obovate, glabrous, 4–5.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, white, with numerous very small glands. Filaments free, narrow, somewhat expanded in the lower half, 3.5–4 mm, bearded with long hairs within about the central half, with glands very small; anthers yellow, oblong, 1.5–2 mm, Ovary segments 5, glabrous, with small acute tuberculate glands below, conical apical appendage, loculi biovulate; style glabrous, slender, 3 mm. Capsule 2–2.5 × 3–4 mm, glabrous, with a conspicuous usually erect appendage on the outer upper surface; seeds reniform, grey to black 1.25–1.5 × 1–1.15 mm, with widely spaced transverse ridges.
Line drawing of Haplophyllum ermenekense. A habit B petal of H. ermenekense C petal of H. myrtifolium D calyx of H. ermenekense E calyx of H. myrtifolium F stamen of H. myrtifolium G stamen H. ermenekense H capsule of H. myrtifolium I capsule of H. ermenekense J flower of H. ermenekense (Drawn from the holotype by O.Tugay).
TURKEY. C4 Karaman; Ermenek, Kazancı, limestone slopes, steppe, 1000 m alt., 36°28.872'N, 32°54.433'E, 21 June 2014, O.Tugay 9642 & Ulukuş (KNYA); 16 July 2012, O.Tugay 8116 & Ulukuş (KNYA); Kazancı, limestone slopes, 1200 m alt., 36°30.072'N, 32°52.433'E, 10 July 2016, O.Tugay 13.175 & Ertuğrul (KNYA).
Haplophyllum ermenekense is endemic to Turkey. It grows at altitudes between 980 and 1200 m on limestone slopes amongst bushes (e.g. Quercus coccifera L., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Pistacia terrebinthus M.Bieb. etc.). Plant diversity in this place is mainly composed of herbaceous and suffruticose plants including Adonis flammea Jacq., Aegilops cylindrica Host, Aethionema stylosum DC., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Centaurea virgata Lam., Digitalis cariensis Boiss. ex Jaub. & Spach, Ebenus plumosa subsp. speciosa Boiss.& Bal., Glaucium corniculatum subsp. corniculatum, Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss., Hyoscyamus aureus L., Hyoscyamus niger L., Isatis ermenekense Yıld., Micromeria cristata subsp. cristata, Salvia albimaculata Hedge & Hub-Mor. and Salvia aucheri var. canescens Boiss. & Heldr.
Flowering time was observed at the end of July and August, mature fruits were collected in September.
The name of Ermenek town where new species found is given to the species epithet.
Ermenek sedosu.
H. ermenekense is endemic to Karaman province. It is an element belonging to the east Mediterranean phytogeographic region (Fig.
1 | Capsule without apical appendage | 2 |
– | Capsule with apical appendage | 5 |
2 | Current year’s stem and branches and also inflorescence branches, very densely furnished with white, crisped hairs | H. molle |
– | Current year’s stem and branches and also inflorescence branches, glabrous or sparsely hairy | 3 |
3 | Low shrub; young twigs dark purplish | H. amoenum |
– | Not as above | 4 |
4 | Plant with numerous long, stiff, viragete stems, with the upper leaves much reduced; inflorescence small and compact, few-flowered | H. canaliculatum |
– | Plant without long, stiff, virgate stems; inflorescence a broad, many-flowered corymb | H. viridulum |
5 | Plant vegetative parts and inflorescence branches with stipitate glandular hairs | H. vulcanicum |
– | Plant not as above | 6 |
6 | Flowers larger, petals 10–14 mm long, upper leaves distinctly rhomboid-lanceolate | H. megalanthum |
– | Flowers smaller, petals at most 9.5 mm long, leaves linear-lanceolate to eliptic-ovate | 7 |
7 | Capsule with a conspicous usually blunt tuberculiform appendage on the outer upper surface, leaves not exceeding 17 mm long | H. fruticulosum |
– | Capsule with a conspicous usually incurved appendage or with a conspicous usually erect appendage on the outer upper surface; leaves 8–40 mm long | 8 |
8 | Petals 6.5–9.0 mm oblong-ovate, sepals persistent in fruit, capsule usually hairy | H. myrtifolium |
– | Petals 4–5.5 mm obovate, sepals deciduous in fruit, capsule glabrous | H. ermenekense |
The seed features of H. ermenekense and its immediate relative H. myrtifolium were investigated. It was seen that H. ermenekense has a reniform seed type. Seeds are 1.40–1.83 mm × 1.18–1.39 mm and the range of the L/W ratio is 1.28 ± 0.09. The seeds of H. ermenekense have widely spaced transverse ridges and micromorphologically, the sculpturing of the seed coat is not clearly striate. On the other hand, H. myrtifolium has narrowly spaced longitudinal ridges and a clear striate sculpturing pattern on the seed coat surface in the detailed view (Fig.
It is found that pollen grains of H. ermenekense are tricolporate, radially symmetrical, isopolar and their shape is oblate-spheriodal to suboblate. The measurements of pollen are as follows: polar axis (P) 40.15 ± 2.00 µm (mean ± standard deviation), equatorial axis (E) 44.44 ± 1.79 µm; the exine thickness 0.88 ± 0.11 μm and the intine thickness 0.83 ± 0.25 µm; and the ratio of P/E of pollen grains is between 0.80−0.90 µm. Exine sculpturing pattern is striate, striate-perforate or striate microreticulate (Fig.
Haplophyllum ermenekense is morphologically similar to H. myrtifolium, but it differs from H. myrtifolium by significant vegetative and reproductive characters (Table
According to
Diagnostic morphological characters | H. ermenekense | H. myrtifolium |
---|---|---|
Leaf shape | usually lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic | linear-lanceolate or ovate |
Leaf size (mm) | 8–20 × 2–8 | 40 × 2.5–12 |
Inflorescence form in each stem | inflorescence usually lax | inflorescence usually dense |
Sepals shape | ovate, ovate-oblong | lanceolate-oblong |
Sepals size (mm) | 1–1.25 × 0.75–1 | 1.5–3 × 0.75–1.25 |
Petal shape | obovate | oblong-ovate |
Petals size (mm) | 4–5.5 × 1.5–2.5 | 6.5–9.5 × 3.5–4.5 |
Petals colour | creamy-yellow | creamy-white |
Anther shape | oblong | ovate |
Filament form | expanded in the lower half | expanded in the lower third to half |
Filaments length (mm) | 3.5–4 | 4.5–5 |
Capsule size (mm) | 2–2.5 × 3–4 | 3–3.5 × 5–6 |
Capsule appendage | with a conspicuous usually erect appendage on the outer upper surface | with a conspicuous usually incurved appendage on the outer upper surface |
Seed ridges type | transverse ridges | longitudinal ridges |
Furthermore, H. ermenekense is related to H. fruticulosum (Labill.) G.Don, (not distributed in Turkey) differing in its hairiness, upper leaf width, capsule appendage and floral features as follows: upper leaf width 2–8 mm (versus 2–3 mm); capsule appendage conspicuous usually erect (versus blunt tuberculiform), capsule glabrous (pubescent).
Haplophyllum ermenekense is related to H. canaliculatum (not distributed in Turkey), differing in its apical appendage on ovary, tuberculate glands on the ovaries (versus non-tuberculate glands) and in its linear bracts (versus broad bracts).
With the description of this new species, the number of species within Haplophyllum has risen to 70. This study provides material and data to aid further research on this important genus of the Rutaceae.
We are grateful to the curators of herbaria AEF, ANK, E, EGE, GAZI, HUB, ISTE, K and KNYA for permitting the examination of Haplophyllum specimens. We would like to thank Selçuk University, BAP (Project no: 13201023) for financial support.
Additional examined specimens
Haplophyllum myrtifolium; A5 Ankara: between Polatlı-Sivrihisar, Acıkır region, 840 m alt., 11 July 1991, Z.Aytaç & H.Duman 3871 (GAZI!); B2 Uşak: Yaparlar Village, 900 m alt., 22 July 1993 Ö.Seçmen 4230 (EGE!); B3 Afyon: 5 km South of Emirdağ, Bolvadin road, Lime slopes, 1100 m alt., 13 July 1965, M.J.E Coode & B.M.G Jones 2338 (E!); B4 Ankara: Polatlı, Acıkır region, conserved steppe, 840–850 m alt., 06 June 1990, Z.Aytaç 3077 (HUB!); Konya: between Cihanbeyli-Yunak, steppe, 1000 m alt., 23 July 2000, E.Hamzaoğlu 2511 (BOZOK!); B5 Adana: Seyhan, Feke, Bakır mountain, 2000 m alt., 30 July 1952, Davis 19394 (E!); B5 Adana: Saimbeyli in monte Kasbel, 15 July 1893, Manissadjian 851 (K!); C2 Denizli: Pamukkale region, 320 m alt., 19 July 1973, O.Tugay 9638 & D.Ulukuş (KNYA); C3 Konya: Beyşehir, Sarıköy, steppe, 1180 m alt., 16 September 2012; C4 Konya: Çumra, Apasaraycık Village, steppe slopes, 1180 m alt., 01 June 2012, D.Ulukuş 1467 & O.Tugay (KNYA); 28 July 2013, O.Tugay 8535 & D.Ulukuş (KNYA); İçel: Gülnar, Kayrak Village, 1100 m alt., 28 July 1993, Z.Aytaç 6033 (GAZI!); C5 Adana: In monte Tauro, Aucher-Eloy 812 (isotip, K!); C6 Kahramanmaraş: Engizek Mountain, Sırasöğüt Plateau environment, stony area, 2100–2200 m alt., 31 May 1988, H. Duman 3948 (GAZI!); C7 Malatya: Sürgü, around Sürgü Dam, steppe, 1322 m alt., 01 July 2011, B.Özüdoğru 3063 (HUB!).