Research Article |
Corresponding author: Geo Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge ( geo.coppens@cirad.fr ) Academic editor: Yasen Mutafchiev
© 2018 Maxime Rome, Geo Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Rome M, Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge G (2018) A new lectotype for Passiflora laurifolia L. PhytoKeys 95: 107-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.95.22324
|
From the "Description des plantes d'Amérique" by Plumier, in 1693, to the "Species Plantarum" by Linnaeus in 1753, several dubious synonymies of Passiflora laurifolia L. were proposed, generating a persisting confusion. A revision of the process, which led to the Linnaean description of this species, shows that the type finally chosen by Cusset does not match the original description. A new lectotype for the species and a more complete description are proposed from field observations, herbarium and bibliographic data.
Passifloraceae , subgenus Passiflora, series Laurifoliae
Amongst Passifloraceae
Supersection Laurifolia (Cervi, 1997)
Passiflora laurifolia
Here, the pre-Linnaean and Linnaean treatments of P. laurifolia are revised to support the choice of Plumier’s illustration as a new lectotype for this species. Furthermore, the authors compare specimens from the Antilles and South-America to ascertain that they are conspecific and correspond to the successive descriptions of P. laurifolia, discarding any geographical reason for the ancient confusion. A range of materials of P. nitida is also examined. From these observations, a complete description for P. laurifolia is presented.
Three specimens from the herbarium of the Linnean Society of London (
Other materials of P. laurifolia examined include 28 herbarium specimens from the Antilles and South America, as well as ten living specimens of P. laurifolia with flowers and fruits in Martinique and Guadeloupe. Other materials of P. nitida examined include 50 herbarium specimens from South America and living plants with flowers and fruits from eight populations in French Guiana. Examined materials are presented in more details in Appendix
The authors transcribe here the long and precise description of P. laurifolia in French by
In addition,
In Species Plantarum,
The specimen Linnaeus 152, collected in Suriname, was determined by Linnaeus as “Passiflora dubia” (doubtful Passiflora) in Plantae Surinamensis (1775). In this book, he gave a brief description of the plant that does not allow the determination of the species in the absence of bracts. The specimen Linnaeus 74, from Suriname, also noted as “Passiflora dubia” in Linnaeus’ Plantae Surinamenses, is in fact P. nitida (the fourth inner series of filaments close to the nectary chamber of the flower is easily observable on the specimen), the species described by Kunth in 1817.
In his American species of Passifloraceae,
The authors’ literature review and observations confirm that P. laurifolia is present in all of the Caribbean islands; in fact, it is the only species of series Laurifoliae in the Antilles. Regarding its presence on the South American continent, the examined herbarium specimens document its presence in Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela and Brazil. A detailed analysis of the morphology of P. laurifolia from the Caribbean and South America shows that the internal structure of the flower is identical in both regions (Figure
A comparison of the successive descriptions of P. laurifolia shows that the original one, provided by
Plum. PL. Amer. Pl. 80. 1693, from the Antilles, very probably the Martinique island where Plumier worked. Designated here.
Liana strong. Stem terete, glabrous and green; internodes 3.5–14 cm long. Tendrils cone-shaped, glabrous. Stipules linear, falcate, green yellowish to green brown, eglandular to glandular (0–2 glands), glabrous, 5.5–13.2 × 0.4–1 mm (including an arista, 0–1.8 mm long), deciduous. Petiole 1.1–2.9 cm long, green to dark green, slightly caniculate adaxially, glabrous, with two oval sessile glands situated at petiole apex. Leaves simple, 7.3–14.2 × 4.4–7.5 cm, glabrous throughout, green to dark green, adaxial surface lustrous, rounded to cordate at base, acute (angle within 45 to 90°) at apex, slightly acuminate and mucronate; leaf margin entire or glandular (7–25 marginal nectaries). Peduncles 1.5–7.4 cm long, terete, green, glabrous to slightly pubescent, strong (diameter about 1.3–2.4 mm); pedicel 6.7–15 mm long. Bracts permanent (until fruit maturity), slightly pubescent on both sides, green, concave, 2.8–5.5 cm long, 2.2–4.9 cm wide (same length as flowers), with 4–11 marginal nectariferous sessile glands in distal half. Flowers axillary, pendulous, 22–33 mm long (from the nectary chamber to the ovary apex). Hypanthium slightly pubescent, green outside and white inside, 2.59–5.94 mm, with a diameter of 10.35–16.64 mm at the base of sepals. Nectary chamber slightly pubescent, green outside and white inside, 3.1–5.9 mm long, with a diameter of 8.8–17.9 mm. Sepals glabrous, oblate, 2.9–5.1 cm long, 1–1.7 cm wide, adaxial surface white with a sparse to very dense red punctuation, abaxial surface green with red-brown dots, slightly keel-shaped in distal half with a short awn (1–2 mm long). Petals glabrous, oblate, 2.8–4.9 cm long, 0.7–1.2cm wide, white with a sparse to very dense red punctuation. Corona filaments in 5–7 series, banded white and red to dark purple (purple on the distal half and striped with red to purple on their proximal half); two major series, slightly curved, the outer series 12–30 mm long, the second series 24–43 mm long; others series about 1 mm long. Ovary pubescent, yellow to green, 7–11 mm long; styles, whitish with red purple dots, 8–13 mm long, stigmas light yellow to green. Stamens 7–11 mm long. Androgynophore glabrous, white greenish with red dots, 10–16 mm long with an enlarged base about 10 mm wide. Operculum membranaceous, 0.5–1.1 mm long, recurved, shortly fimbriated at margin. Fruit ovoid, pubescent, 4.7–8.4 cm long, 3.8–6.3 cm in diameter, round to triangular transversal section, epicarp about 0.5–0.9 cm thick; immature fruits green with white dots and with six longitudinal ribs (three of them conspicuous); mature fruits yellowish orange with many tiny light orange dots. Pulp transluscent and sweet. Seeds heart-shaped, black.
The original description of P. laurifolia by
The authors thank R. Govaerts of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, for his helpful suggestions and M. Molinari and F. Booms for their photographs of Passiflora laurifolia flowers.
Selected specimens examined
Passiflora laurifolia (examined on herbarium specimens): ANTIGUA. Macarthy Hills, 28 Aug 1938, Box 1524 (MO). CUBA. Guantánamo, Rio Navas, Mar 1910, Shafer 4411 (MO). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Rancho la Cumbre, July 1978, Liogier 27709 (NY). DOMINICA. Hamlet of Concord, 0.9 km E of the Pagua River, 14 Aug 1992, Higgins 35 (FTG). GRENADA. St Patrick, N of Prospect, 3 Dec 2002, Hawthorne 970 (FHO). GUADELOUPE. Petit Bourg, 22 April 1988, Fournet 4368 (P). Basse Terre, 1893, Duss 604 (P), 1894, Duss 3249 (P). MARTINIQUE. Carbet, Case Pilote, 1901, Duss 4634 (P); Presqu'île de la Caravelle, 16 Fev 1977, Sastre 5302 (P); Saint Pierre, Le Marin, 1877, Duss 883 (NY). PUERTO RICO. Jussieu 16670 (P); Río Piedras, 8 Aug 1979, Woodbury nn (MO). SAINT EUSTATIUS. Top of the Quill, 4 June 1906, Boldingh 249 (U). SAINT LUCIA. Matout Road to Quilesse, 1 Feb 1985, Howard 20002 (NY). SAINT VINCENT. Jan 1890, Eggers 6958 (P). TRINIDAD. San Fernando Hill, 18 July 1926, Broadway 6368 (K). U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS. St Croix, Scenic Drive, west slope of Mt. Eagle, 12 Jan 1980, Fosberg 59228 (FTG); St John, Maho Bay Quarter, 23 August 1987, Acevedo-Rodríguez 1924 (NY); Tortola, Sage Mt above Carrot Bay, 9 Feb 1966, D'Arcy 702 (MO); Saint Thomas, nn (P), August 1882, Drake 765 (P). BRAZIL. Maranhão: Island of São Luiz, Fe. 1939, Froes 11514 (NY); Roraima: SEMA ecological Reserve, Ilha de Maracá, Milliken 49 (INPA). Unknown origin: Linnaeus nn, number 1070.2 in the herbarium of the London Linnean Society (
Passiflora nitida (herbarium specimens): BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Rio Negro, Dec 1901, Ule 5974 (K); São Carlos, April 1854, Spruce 3472 (P, K); Street of Aleixo, 27 Dec 1973, Ramos P20141 (K); El Marco, North of Leticia-Tabatinga Road, 24 July 1973, Prance 16843 (NY); Island of Inambú, 19 Nov 1952, Romero-Castañedo 3633 (NY); Rondônia: Porto Velho, 30 March 2011, Simon 1280 (CEN). COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Santa Isabel, Indigenous Reserve Mirana, 25 May 1984, La Rotta 419 (COAH); Igara Paraná, Milan, 28 Aug 1987, Henao 34 (COAH); about 6 km north of Leticia at Santa Isabella, 28 Feb 1974, Gillett 16526 (COL); Río Igaraparano, 10 June 1942, Schultes 3950 (K); Corregimiento de Tarapacá, 31 Aug 2004, López 8578 (COAH); Caquetá: Municipality of Doncello, 21 May 2003, Castaño 1649 (COAH); Meta: municipality Vista Hermosa, 6 Jan 2006, Betancur 12050 (COL); Guaviare: Municipality San José del Guaviare, 25 Aug 1995, Cárdenas 6535 (COAH); Vaupés: Raudal Jirijirimo, Pacoa, 22 Mar 2008, Betancur 13611 (COL); Municipality of Mitú, 22 Mar. 2003, Betancur 10030 (COL). FRENCH GUIANA. Indigenous village of Mana, Feb 1856, Sagot nn (P); Crique Petit Laussat, Bassin de la Mana, 9 Feb 1990, Cremers 11336 (CAY) ; Savane Gabrielle, 22 April 1979, Prevost 564 (CAY). GUYANA. Konashen area, Essequibo River, 24 Sept 1989, Jansen-Jacobs 1804 (P, K, CAY); Basin of Essequibo River, near mouth of Onoro Creek, 15 Dec 1937, Smith 2820 (K); Mataruki River, upper Essequibo, 4 Dec 1935, Myers 5826 (K); Christianburg, Demerara River, March 1916, Persaud nn (K); North West District, Barama River, Kariako, 10 July 1996, Van Andel 875 (U); Mabura Hill Region, Ekuk compartment, 17 Feb 1993, Ek 734 (U); Potaro River, Kaieteur Plateau, 9 March 1962, Cowan 2080 (US);, Naamryck Canal, 14 April 1989, Gillespie 1017 (US); Mabaruma, 14 July 1934, Archer 2305 (K); Mabaruma, Aruka River, 7 March 1945, Fanshawe 5108 (K, P); Coast lands, June 1886, Jenman 5406 (K); Rupununi district, Kuyuwini River, 9 Feb. 1991, Jansen-Jacobs 2482 (K, P, U); Potaro-Siparuni Region, Pakaraima Mountains, 24 Oct 1994, Mutchnick 286 (US). PERU. Loreto: District of Iquitos, trail Iquitos to San Juan, 7 Feb 1932, Mexia 6488 (K); prov. Mariscal Ramón Castilla, 7 April 2003, Beltrán 5633 (USM); road of Santo Tomás, south of Iquitos, 12 Aug 1972, Croat 19107 (USM); Province of Requena, District of Jenaro Herrera, 17 Feb 2010, Torres LAT331 (USM); Iquitos region, Road to Santa Clara, 14 June 1966, Martin 1012 (K); Maynas, department of Iquitos, Road of Santo Tomás, 11 Feb 1983, Rimachi 6559 (USM); Department of Iquitos, Rio Momón, 30 Jan 1985, Rimachi 7714 (USM); Iquitos, near Versalles, 25 Feb 1969, Plowman 2567 (USM); Prov. Maynas, Rio Nanay, 6 sept 1974, Foster 4066 (F); Madre de Dios: Rio Manú, Pakitza station, 20 Nov 1980, Foster 5779 (USM); Manú National Park, 15 Aug 1983, Gentry 43605 (MO); along banks of Río La Torre, 27 Jan 1989, Smith 1637 (USM); Pasco: Province of Oxapampa, District of Palcazu, Iscozacín, 16 Nov 2007, Rodríguez 33 (MO); Cuzco: Quispicanchis, Limonchayoc, 25 April 1984, Knapp 6404 (USM); Quispicanchis, along trail 25 km SW of Quincemil, 8 Oct 1976, Wasshausen 739 (USM). SURINAME. Linnaeus 74 (
Passiflora nitida (observations on living materials): FRENCH GUIANA. Road of Apatou, 26 Nov 2009, Rome 234 (LYJB); Road of Cacao, May 2008, Rome 67 (LYJB); Road of Cacao, 25 Nov 2009, Rome 207 (LYJB); Escol, May 2008, Rome 17 (LYJB); Road of St Georges, May 2008, Rome 49 (LYJB), Rome 130 (LYJB), Rome 139 (LYJB); Road of Tonnegrande, Dec 2009, Rome 203 (LYJB).
Passiflora sp.: Linnaeus 152 (
Index to numbered collections
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 1924 (laurifolia).
Andel (van), T. 875 (nitida).
Archer, W. A. 2305 (nitida).
Arcy (D’), W. G. 702 (laurifolia).
Aymard, G. 7610 (laurifolia).
Beltrán, H. 5633 (nitida).
Betancur, B. 10030, 12050, 13611 (nitida).
Boldingh, I. 249 (laurifolia).
Bordenave, B. 8382, 8464 (laurifolia).
Box, H.E. 1524 (laurifolia).
Broadway, W. E. 6368 (laurifolia).
Cárdenas, D. 6535 (nitida).
Castaño, N. 1649 (nitida).
Cowan, R.S. 2080 (nitida).
Cremers, G. 11336 (nitida).
Croat, T. 19107 (nitida).
Duss, A. 604, 883, 3249, 4634 (laurifolia).
Drake, E. 765 (laurifolia).
Eggers (von), H.F. A. 6958 (laurifolia).
Ek, R.C. 734 (nitida).
Fanshawe, D.B. 5108 (nitida).
Fournet, A. 4368 (laurifolia).
Fosberg, F.R. 59228 (laurifolia).
Foster, R.B. 4066, 5779 (nitida).
Froes, R. de Lemos 11514 (laurifolia).
Gentry, A. 43605 (nitida).
Gillett, J.M. 16526 (nitida).
Gillespie, L.J. 1017 (nitida).
Hawthorne, W. 970 (laurifolia).
Henao, C.I. 34 (nitida).
Higgins, J. 35 (laurifolia).
Howard, R.A. 20002 (laurifolia).
Jansen-Jacobs, M.J. 3240 (laurifolia); 1804, 2482 (nitida).
Jenman, G. S. 5406 (nitida).
Jussieu (de), A. 16670 (laurifolia).
Knapp, S. 6404 (nitida).
La Rotta, C. 419 (nitida).
Linnaeus, C. nn (laurifolia) ; 74 (nitida) ; 152 (sp.).
Liogier, A.H. 27709 (laurifolia).
Lister, J.R.A. 606 (nitida).
López, R. 8578 (nitida).
Martin, R.T. 1012 (nitida).
Mexia, Y. 6488 (nitida).
Milliken, W. 49 (laurifolia).
Mutchnick, P. 286 (nitida).
Myers, J.G. 5826 (nitida).
Persaud, N. nn (nitida).
Plowman, T. 2567 (nitida).
Prance, G.T. 16843 (nitida).
Prevost, M.F. 564 (nitida).
Ramos, J.F. 20141 (nitida).
Rimachi, Y. 6559, 7714 (nitida).
Rodríguez, D. 33 (nitida).
Rome, M. 17, 49, 67, 130, 139, 203, 207, 234 (nitida).
Romero-Castañedo, R. 3633 (nitida).
Sagot, P.A. nn (nitida).
Samuels, J.A. 124 (nitida).
Sastre, C. 5302 (laurifolia).
Schultes, R. E. 3950 (nitida).
Shafer, J.A. 4411 (laurifolia).
Simon, M.F. 1280 (nitida).
Smith, S.F. 1637, 2820 (nitida).
Spruce, R. 3472 (nitida).
Steyermark, J.A. 61250 (laurifolia).
Torres, L. 331 (nitida).
Ule, E.H. G. 5974 (nitida).
Wasshausen, D.C. 739 (nitida).
Woodbury, R.O. nn (laurifolia).
Wurdack 43025 (nitida).