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Research Article
Primula meishanensis (Primulaceae), a new species from Sichuan, China
expand article infoTingyu Li‡, Xinyu Chen‡, Bo Li§, Donglai Hua|, Can Luo‡, Huixian Luo‡, Yun Liang, Jieli Yue, Xiaodan Xi, Ke Huang‡, Zhixi Fu‡
‡ Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
§ Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, China
| College of Life Sciences, Mianyang, China
¶ Meishan Eco-environmental Monitoring Center Station of Sichuan Province, Meishan, China

Corresponding author: Ke Huang ( 542176689@qq.com )

Corresponding author: Zhixi Fu ( fuzx2017@sicnu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Bing Liu
© 2024 Tingyu Li, Xinyu Chen, Bo Li, Donglai Hua, Can Luo, Huixian Luo, Yun Liang, Jieli Yue, Xiaodan Xi, Ke Huang, Zhixi Fu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Li T, Chen X, Li B, Hua D, Luo C, Luo H, Liang Y, Yue J, Xi X, Huang K, Fu Z (2024) Primula meishanensis (Primulaceae), a new species from Sichuan, China. PhytoKeys 248: 73-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.248.127117
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Abstract

Primula meishanensis K.Huang & Z.X.Fu, sp. nov., a new species of Primulaceae from Meishan City, Sichuan Province, China, is described and illustrated. The morphological data and phylogenetic analysis, based on the complete chloroplast genome, suggest that Primula meishanensis is a separate species closely related to Primula dejuniana. The complete chloroplast genome of Primula meishanensis was 152,175 bp and the complete chloroplast genome of Primula dejuniana was 151,988 bp. The new species differs from the latter by the solitary scape, the length of petiole, acute leaf blade apex and pin flower. The distribution map, morphological comparison of related species and conservation status of the new species are also provided.

Key words

Morphological characters, new species, Primula sect. Petiolares, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Primula L. is one of the most diverse member within the Primulaceae. It consists of 38 sections and more than 500 species worldwide (Hu and Kelso 1996; Richards 2003). It is widely distributed throughout temperate and cold regions of Asia and Europe, alongside the tropical mountains of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus is composed of herbaceous plants with a basal rosette of leaves, flowers on top of a naked scape, gathered in lateral or perpendicular to the axis umbels. China hosts over 340 species, with particular biodiversity hotspots of Primula found in south-western China (Hu 1990; Hu 1998; Richards 2003; Ju et al. 2023; Li et al. 2023). In recent years, several new species of Primula from China were reported, for example, Primula lihengiana C. M. Hu & R. Li (Li and Hu 2009), Primula wawushanica G. Hao, C.M. Hu & Y. Xu, Primula undulifolia G. Hao, C. M. Hu & Y. Xu, Primula pengzhouensis C.M. Hu, G. Hao & Y. Xu., Primula surculosa Y. Xu & G. Hao (Xu et al. 2016a, b, 2017, 2022), Primula dongchuanensis Z.K. Wu & Yuan Huang (Wu et al. 2019), Primula dujiangyanensis W. B. Ju, Bo Xu & X. F. Gao (Ju et al. 2021), Primula longipilosa Ze H. Wang & H. Peng (Wang et al. 2022), Primula wolongensis W.B.Ju, Bo Xu & X.F.Gao (Li et al. 2023), Primula sugongii J.D.Ya, Bin Yang & Y.H. Tan (Yang et al. 2023) and Primula xilingensis K. Huang & Z.X. Fu (Luo et al. 2023).

The Primula sect. Petiolares Pax comprises more than 60 currently recognised species (Hu 1994; Hu and Kelso 1996; Hu and Geng 2003; Rankin 2010; Wei et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2023) and are well represented in the region of Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, with only a few members extending into Kashmir, central China and some other regions (Hu and Kelso 1996). One of the most important diagnostic characters of this section is a globose capsule which does not open by valves, but by crumbling at the membrane apex (Hu 1994).

During the botanical expedition of Zhongyan temple in Qingshen County, Meishan City, Sichuan Province from 2022 to 2024, a population of Primula was discovered, photographed and collected. Based on the photographs of the flowering taxon, it appears to be closely related to Primula dejuniana G. Hao, C.M. Hu & Y. Xu (Xu et al. 2014) at first sight. After consultation with relevant literature and conducting morphological examination of closely-related taxa, it was determined that it represents an unreported taxon from P. sect. Petiolares. The new species could be differentiated from other members of the section by the following combination: scape solitary, the length of petiole 2.5–5 cm, a terminal umbel of (1) 2–3 (4) flowers, leaf blade smooth, oblanceolate, 19.5–25 × 2.5–5 cm, apex acute, corolla pastel violet, 5–6 lobes spreading and stamens inserted at middle of corolla tube, corolla tubes 11.0–12.0 mm long, ca. 2 mm in diam., style 4.0–7.0 mm above base of corolla tube, stamens reaching the corolla tube mouth, 7.0–12.0 mm above base of corolla tube.

In addition, in this study, the molecular data of complete chloroplast genomic data were collected and used to identify its relationship with Primula dejuniana. In recent years, many new species have been jointly supported by genetic and morphological data, including Primula sunhangii T. Deng, D. G. Zhang & Jiao Sun (Sun et al. 2020), Aster quanzhouensis M.Tang, G.J.Yan & W.P.Li (Xiao et al. 2022), Primula undulifolia G. Hao, C. M. Hu & Y. Xu (Xu et al. 2016), Aster yaoshanensis K. Qin, Z.X. Fu and P. Li. (Zheng et al. 2024) and Saussurea talungensis S.K.Ghimire & H.K.Rana (Rana et al. 2021).

In this study, we provide a detailed description of this new species, based on observations of living plants in the field and specimens in the herbarium.

Material and methods

Morphological analysis

The observation and collection of both herbarium and living materials of the new species from Qingshen County, Meishan City, Sichuan Province, were conducted in December 2022, January 2023, January 2024 and March 2024. We conducted a morphological comparison using taxonomic literature of closely-related species, i.e. Primula dejuniana (description of reference Xu et al. (2014)) and Primula davidii Franch. (holotype: David, A.1870 (P, image!), as well as the images of specimens from the Global Plants JSTOR database (https://plants.jstor.org), i.e. Primula epilosa Craib (holotype: Sun231 (KUN, image!) were consulted. Morphological description and measurements of P. meishanensis were based on living plants. The taxonomic description followed the terminology used by Beentje (2016). The holotype voucher specimens were stored at the Herbarium of Sichuan Normal University (SCNU). The conservation status of the new species was assessed following the guidelines of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2024).

DNA extraction and sequencing

Total genomic DNA was obtained using the CTAB method (Doyle and Doyle 1987). We follow the Illumina DNA Library Construction Guide to complete paired-end DNA library construction (Allen et al. 2006). The complete chloroplast genome was sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq XTen platform (San Diego, CA, USA). In this study, SPAdes v.3.10.1 software was used to assemble high-quality data by default parameters (Bankevich et al. 2012). We further used CPGView (http://47.96.249.172:16085/cpgview/view) to improve annotation, visualise the structure of the cp genome and identify gene structures including cis-splicing and trans-splicing (Liu et al. 2023). The genome sequence of Primula dejuniana and P. meishanensis have been deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: PQ213817 and PQ213816).

Phylogenetic analysis

The phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genomic dataset of 18 species was performed using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method implemented in RAxML. The species Maesa montana A. DC. (KU569490) and Ardisia polysticta Migo (KC465962) were selected as outgroups. These chloroplast genome sequences were imported into MAFFT v.7.520 software (Katoh and Standley 2013) for multiple comparisons and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using CIPRES (https://www.phylo.org/), with the ML method, based on the GTRGAMMA model and the bootstrap was set to 1, 000 (Stamatakis et al. 2008) (Table 2) (Fig. 5).

Result and discussion

Taxonomic treatment

Primula meishanensis K.Huang & Z.X.Fu, sp. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77350705-1

Type

China, Sichuan Province, Meishan City, Qingshen County, Zhongyan temple, grows on moist rock surfaces amidst moss under the forest, at elevations of approximately 417 m; 29°45′47.39″N, 103°50′44.017″E; 26 December 2023 (fl.), Ke Huang & Zhixi Fu 8200 (holotype SCNU!) (Figs 1–3).

Figure 1. 

Primula meishanensis sp. nov. A plant and roots B roots C petioles D, E leaves F pin flower G thrum flower H scape and bract (Photos by XC).

Figure 2. 

Primula meishanensis sp. nov. A–C habitat D–H flowers I, J fruit (Photos A, B, D, E by ZF and C, F–J by KH).

Figure 3. 

Holotype image of Primula meishanensis K.Huang & Z.X.Fu, sp. nov.

Diagnosis

The new species is morphologically similar to Primula dejuniana in having ciliate, sharply and remotely dentate leaf blade margin, while it can be easily recognised by the following combination of characters: scape solitary, the length of petiole 2.5–5 cm, a terminal umbel of (1) 2–3 (4) flowers, leaf blade smooth, oblanceolate, 19.5–25 × 2.5–5 cm, apex acute, corolla pastel violet, 5–6 lobes spreading and stamens inserted at middle of corolla tube, corolla tubes 11.0–12.0 mm long, ca. 2 mm in diam., style 4.0–7.0 mm above base of corolla tube, stamens reaching the corolla tube mouth, 7.0–12.0 mm above base of corolla tube. (Figs 1–3).

Description

Perennial herbs, 12.0–20.0 cm tall. Roots numerous, fibrous, without hairs. Leaves pilose, forming a spreading rosette, each rosette with only 2−4 leaves of previous year at flowering time; resting bud of rosette clothed by a few small paleaceous scales, basal bud scales ovate to ovate-oblong, ciliolate, rose red, apex acute; petiole 2.5–5 cm long, narrowly winged and densely covered with multicellular hairs; leaf blade oblanceolate, smooth, 19.5–25 × 2.5–5 cm, cuneate at base, abaxial surface densely along mid-vein, sparser on lateral veins covered with multicellular hairs; margin ciliate, sharply and remotely dentate; apex acute; mid-vein dull yellow in fresh state, turning brownish when dry; veins impressed adaxially, prominently raised and subalveolate abaxially. Scape solitary, 7.2–11.8 cm long, pilose, carrying a terminal umbel of (1) 2–3 (4) flowers, dull yellow in fresh state, turning brownish when dry at base. Bracts lanceolate, 4–5.5 mm long, minutely ciliate. Pedicel 0.4–1.4 cm long, shorter than leaf blade, pilose. Flowers distylous. Calyx campanulate, 8–9 mm long, parted to 1/2 of its length or slightly below; lobes linear lanceolate to lanceolate, apex acute. Corolla pastel violet, annulate, 5–6 lobes spreading, lobes broadly elliptic, 8.0–10.0 mm long, emarginate, densely yellow farinose abaxially, smooth adaxially. Pin flower: corolla tubes 9.0–10.0 mm long, stamens inserted at middle of corolla tube, 9.5–10.5 mm long, style slightly exceeding the corolla tube mouth. Thrum flower: corolla tubes 11.0–12.0 mm long, ca. 2 mm in diam., 2 times as long as the calyx, style 4.0–7.0 mm above base of corolla tube, stamens reaching the corolla tube mouth, 7.0–12.0 mm above base of corolla tube (Fig. 1G).

Phenology

The flowering period is from December to February and the fruiting period is March to May.

Etymology

The epithet “meishanensis” is derived from Meishan City, located in Sichuan Province, China.

Distribution and habitat

P. meishanensis is currently known from its type locality in Zhongyan temple, Ruifeng Town, Qingshen County and roadside of Panjiaozui, forest Hongya Forest Farm, Hongya County, Meishan City, Sichuan Province, China (Fig. 4). This new species probably exists in other localities. It grows on moist rock surfaces amidst moss under the forest, at elevations of approximately ca. 400–1000 m (Fig. 2).

Figure 4. 

Location of the population of Primula meishanensis in Qingshen County and Hongya County, Meishan City and Sichuan Province (red star).

Additional specimens examined

China, Sichuan, Meishan City, Qingshen County, 29°45′47.39″N, 103°50′44.017″E, 26 December 2023 (fl.), Ke Huang & Zhixi Fu 8201 (SCNU!); Hongya County, 29°49'57.23"N, 103°09'50.23"E, 28 May 2015 (fl.), Ya J.D. & Hu X.J. 15CS11038 (KUN!)

Conservation status

Data Deficient (DD). Currently, two populations with more than 100 individuals have been found in the Qingshen and Hongya Counties. The population of P. meishanensis inhabits moist rocks. Given its currently limited occurrence near the temple, there is a significant likelihood that the taxon may also be found in other localities. Until we have fully investigated the situation, it would be suggested to assess the conservation status of the species as Data Deficient (DD) following the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN 2024).

Relationship with related species

Critical examination of collected specimens, comparison with type material of allied taxa and relevant taxonomic literature revealed that P. meishanensis is a new member of the P. sect. Petiolares. Morphologically, P. meishanensis shares certain similarities with P. dejuniana. However, P. meishanensis differs from P. dejuniana in featuring the leaf apex acute (vs. the leaf apex acute, but with a small point at tip), corolla pastel violet (vs. the corolla pale rose-purple), scape solitary, 7.2–11.8 cm long, carrying a terminal umbel of (1) 2–3 (4) flowers (vs. the scape usually one per rosette, 8–12 (18) cm long, carrying a terminal umbel of 2–6 flowers), the length of petiole 2.5–5 cm (vs. 1–3 cm), basal bud scales rose red (vs. flesh pink) and flowering period is from December to February (vs. from early February to early March). The number of chloroplast genes etc. is different in the two species (Table 2, Fig. 6, Suppl. material 1). To some extent, P. meishanensis also resembles to P. davidii as a perennial herb with calyx and corolla. However, it differs from P. davidii in leaf blade margin (sharply vs. erose-dentate) and apex (acute vs. rounded). The species of P. meishanensis bears similarities to P. epilosa, yet the former is readily distinguished by its leaf apex (acute vs. rounded), corolla (pastel violet vs. rose-purple with a yellow eye) and altitude (400–420 m vs. 2000–2900 m). Further morphological comparisons amongst the species of P. meishanensis, P. davidii, P. dejuniana and P. epilosa are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.
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Morphological characters comparison amongst P. meishanensis and closely-related species of P. dejuniana, P. breviscapa and P. epilosa.

Features P. meishanensis P. dejuniana P. epilosa P. davidii
Roots numerous, without hairs numerous, without hairs few, without hairs numerous, without hairs
Leaf blade smooth, oblanceolate, 19.5–25 × 2.5–5 cm rough, oblanceolate, 8–13(22) × 2–3(5.5) cm rough, oblong-obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, 5–10 × 2–4 cm rough, oblong to obovate-oblong, (5–)8–18 × 1.5–4 cm
Petiole 2.5−5 cm long 1−3 cm long 0.5−2.5 cm long indistinct to nearly obsolete
Leaf apex acute Acute, but with a small point at tip rounded rounded
Leaf margin ciliate, sharply and remotely dentate ciliate, sharply and remotely dentate hydathode-dentate erose-dentate
Scape solitary, 7.2–11.8 cm long, pilose, carrying a terminal umbel of (1)2–3(4) flowers usually 1 per rosette, 8–12(–18) cm long, pilose, carrying a terminal umbel of 2–6 flowers 3.5–14 cm, sparsely glandular; umbel solitary, 2–5 flowered 8–20 cm, rust-coloured pilose, umbels 2–10-flowered
Corolla pastel violet pale rose-purple rose-purple with a yellow eye pale rose-purple
Pin flowers corolla tube 9.0–10.0 mm long, stamens inserted at middle of corolla tube, style slightly exceeding the corolla tube mouth corolla tube ca. 1.8 cm long, stamens inserted at middle of corolla tube, style reaching annulus corolla tube ca. 1 cm; stamens ca. 4 mm above base of corolla tube; style slightly exserted stamens ca. 3.5 mm above base of corolla tube; style ca. as long as tube
Thrum flowers corolla tubes 11.0–12.0 mm long, ca. 2 mm in diam., style 4.0–7.0 mm above base of corolla tube corolla tube ca. 2 cm long, style ca. 9 mm long reaching to middle of corolla corolla tube 1.4–1.7 cm; style 4–5.5 mm unknown
Altitude 400–1000 m 618–979 m 2000–2900 m ca. 1000 m
Flowering December to February early February to early March April to May April
Table 2.
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Molecular analysis for the species.

Species Family Genus GenBank number
Ardisia polysticta Miq. Myrsinaceae Ardisia Sw. KC465962
Maesa montana A.DC. Myrsinaceae Maesa Forssk. KU569490
Primula bracteata Franch. Primulaceae Primula L. NC053592
Primula bulleyana Forrest Primulaceae Primula L. NC046947
Primula calliantha Franch. Primulaceae Primula L. ON804895
Primula chrysochlora Balf.f. & Kingdon-Ward Primulaceae Primula L. KX668178
Primula chungensis Balf.f. & Kingdon-Ward Primulaceae Primula L. NC050245
Primula denticulata Wight Primulaceae Primula L. NC050247
Primula dryadifolia Franch. Primulaceae Primula L. NC053596
Primula filchnerae R.Knuth Primulaceae Primula L. NC051972
Primula forrestii Balf.f. Primulaceae Primula L. NC053602
Primula handeliana W.W.Sm. & Forrest Primulaceae Primula L. MG181221
Primula jiugongshanensis J.W.Shao Primulaceae Primula L. NC056335
Primula knuthiana Pax Primulaceae Primula L. MG181223
Primula kwangtungensis W.W.Sm. Primulaceae Primula L. KX774737
Primula matthioli (L.) V.A.Richt. Primulaceae Primula L. KY235373
Primula moupinensis Franch. Primulaceae Primula L. NC050244
Primula obconica Hance, J. Bot. Primulaceae Primula L. NC046415
Primula odontocalyx Pax Primulaceae Primula L. NC065386
Primula oreodoxa Franch. Primulaceae Primula L. NC050848
Primula pellucida Franch. Primulaceae Primula L. NC050248
Primula persimilis G.Hao, C.M.Hu & Y.Xu Primulaceae Primula L. KX641757
Primula poissonii Franch. Primulaceae Primula L. KF753634
Primula pulchella Franch. Primulaceae Primula L. NC050246
Primula ranunculoides F.H.Chen Primulaceae Primula L. NC056361
Primula sikkimensis Hook. Primulaceae Primula L. NC050243
Primula sinensis Lour. Primulaceae Primula L. KU321892
Primula stenodonta Balf.f. ex W.W.Sm. & H.R.Fletcher Primulaceae Primula L. KX668176
Primula szechuanica Pax Primulaceae Primula L. NC080275
Primula tsiangii W.W.Sm. Primulaceae Primula L. NC046755
Primula veris L. Primulaceae Primula L. KX639823
Primula wilsonii Dunn Primulaceae Primula L. MW442886
Primula woodwardii Balf.f. Primulaceae Primula L. MG181222
Primula dejuniana G.Hao, C.M.Hu & Yuan Xu Primulaceae Primula L. PQ213817
Primula meishanensis Primulaceae Primula L. PQ213816

Molecular phylogeny

In this study, 35 chloroplast genome sequences and measured chloroplast genome sequence of P. meishanensis were used to construct the ML evolutionary tree (Table 2) (Fig. 5). Primula meishanensis is sister to Primula dejuniana, forming a highly supported clade. However, the branch lengths of the two species are different, so they should be two species. The number of chloroplast genes etc. is not the same in the two species (Table 3). The complete chloroplast genome of Primula dejuniana is 151,988 bp, with the GC content of 37.01% (Fig. 7). The LSC length of Primula dejuniana is 83,888 bp, SSC length is 17,730 bp and IR length is 25,185 bp. In the nucleotide sequence of the complete chloroplast gene of the Primula dejuniana, the number of A is 47,313, the number of T is 48,431, the number of C is 28,628 and the number of G is 27,616. The complete chloroplast genome of Primula meishanensis is 152,175 bp, with the GC content of 36.93% (Fig. 8). The LSC length of Primula meishanensis is 84,052 bp, SSC length is 17,773 bp and IR length is 25,175 bp. In the nucleotide sequence of the complete chloroplast gene of the Primula meishanensis, the number of A is 47,469, the number of T is 48,508, the number of C is 28,613 and the number of G is 27,585. These complete cp genomes sequences are aligned by MAFFT (Fig. 6). We obtained a fasta file for the comparison of the two species and put it in the additional file (see Suppl. material 1). The cis-splicing genes are the same, but their positions in the sequence are different (Figs 9, 11). The rps12 is a trans-splicing gene (Figs 10, 12).

Figure 5. 

Phylogenetic tree reconstruction of 35 taxa using the ML method, based on complete cp genomes (the phylogenetic position of Primula meishanensis is marked with red circle.)

Figure 6. 

The covariance analyses of two species.

Figure 7. 

Circular map of Primula dejuniana. The map of complete chloroplast genome was generated using CPGView (http://www.1kmpg.cn/cpgview).

Figure 8. 

Circular map of Primula meishanensis. The map of complete chloroplast genome was generated using CPGView (http://www.1kmpg.cn/cpgview).

Figure 9. 

Schematic map of the cis-splicing genes in the chloroplast genome of Primula dejuniana.

Figure 10. 

Schematic map of the trans-splicing genes in the chloroplast genome of Primula dejuniana.

Figure 11. 

Schematic map of the cis-splicing genes in the chloroplast genome of Primula meishanensis.

Figure 12. 

Schematic map of the trans-splicing genes in the chloroplast genome of Primula meishanensis.

Table 3.
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Comparative analyses of cp genomes between the two species.

Species Genome Size (bp) LSC (bp) IR (bp) SSC (bp) A T C G GC Content (%)
Primula dejuniana 151,988 83,888 25,185 17,730 47,313 48,431 28,628 27,616 37.01
Primula meishanensis 152,175 84,052 25,175 17,773 47,469 48,508 28,613 27,585 36.93

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the staff of KUN and P for providing online access to specimens.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32000158), the National Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (No. 2021XJKK0702), the Foundation of Sustainable Development Research Center of Resources and Environment of Western Sichuan, Sichuan Normal University (No. 2020CXZYHJZX03), Laboratory equipment research projects, Sichuan Normal University (No. SYJS20220014), Mianyang Normal University Doctoral Start-up Fund Project (QD2023A33) and Meishan Ecological Quality Sample Site Monitoring Project (No. MSJCZ20230007).

Author contributions

ZF and KH collected this species. BL, XC, DH, YL, JY and XX performed the data analysis. TL wrote the manuscript. TL and XC revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Author ORCIDs

Tingyu Li https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6873-2114

Xinyu Chen https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6347-2490

Bo Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5131-8639

Donglai Hua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-2608

Can Luo https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1815-6926

Huixian Luo https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8332-5494

Yun Liang https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9005-4662

Jieli Yue https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8786-2473

Xiaodan Xi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4917-6345

Ke Huang https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2057-5452

Zhixi Fu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6287

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.

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Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Supplementary data

Tingyu Li, Xinyu Chen, Bo Li, Donglai Hua, Can Luo, Huixian Luo, Yun Liang, Jieli Yue, Xiaodan Xi, Ke Huang, Zhixi Fu

Data type: docx

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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