Garcinia mangostana L., Sp. Pl. 1: 443. 1753.

Habit evergreen trees, sometimes with buttresses near the base of the main stem of large trees; latex yellow (i.e., G. exigua and G. mangostana var. mangostana) or white, turning yellow (i.e., G. celebica), sticky; branches decussate, horizontal or nearly horizontal; branchlets 4-ridged, glabrous. Terminal bud concealed between the bases of the uppermost pair of petioles. Leaves decussate, small (i.e., G. exigua) or big (i.e., G. celebica and G. mangostana var. mangostana); lamina coriaceous or thickly coriaceous, glabrous; secondary veins curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into one (i.e., G. celebica and G. exigua) or two intramarginal veins (i.e., G. mangostana var. mangostana), with interrupted long wavy lines (glandular wavy lines, also called exudate containing canals) of differing lengths, running across the secondary veins to the apex or the margin; petiole grooved or not grooved above, transversely rugose, usually with a basal appendage clasping the branchlets. Inflorescences terminal, simple cymes, in a cluster of two to several flowers, or sometimes a solitary flower (in the female flowers). Flowers unisexual, plants dioecious, 4-merous; bracteoles caducous; sepals and petals decussate. Male flowers: stamens numerous, united into a single 4-lobed (i.e., G. celebica and G. exigua) or 4-angled bundle (i.e., G. mangostana var. mangostana from Nazre et al. 2018), antepetalous (opposite the petals); anthers small, 2-thecous; pistillode present or absent. Female flowers: staminodes absent or present; pistil fungiform (mushroom-shaped); ovary unlobed, usually multilocular; stigma sessile, distinctly or weakly lobed and smooth or rough. Fruits berries, subglobose, globose, depressed globose or broadly ellipsoid, small (i.e., G. exigua) or big (i.e., G. celebica and G. mangostana var. mangostana), without or with a short beak at the apex, with thick or thin pericarp, turning woody when dry; persistent stigma flattened or slightly convex, distinctly or weakly lobed; persistent sepals usually larger than in flowering materials. Seeds (1–)4–9, usually with a fleshy pulp.

Garcinia section Garcinia is characterized by its terminal inflorescences of simple cymes (in a cluster of two to several flowers), or sometimes a solitary flower (in the female flowers); flowers with 4 sepals and 4 petals; male flowers often with a pistillode, stamens united into a single 4-lobed or 4-angled bundle, and with 2-thecous anthers; usually multilocular ovaries, and stigmas with distinctly or weakly lobed and smooth or rough; and fruits with a smooth surface.

A section of 15 species worldwide (Gaudeul et al. 2024); three species in Thailand (i.e., two native species: Garcinia celebica L. and G. exigua Nazre, and one cultivated species and variety: G. mangostana L. var. mangostana). Numbers of species in Garcinia section Garcinia recognized by Jones (1980), Nazre et al. (2018), and Gaudeul et al. (2024) is shown in Table 1.

Habit trees, 5–25-(–30) m tall, 30–150(–200) cm GBH, sometimes with buttresses near the base of the main stem of large trees; latex white, turning yellow, sticky; branchlets green, 4-ridged, glabrous. Bark greyish brown, brown, dark brown or blackish brown, scaly or fissured; inner bark reddish pink or red. Leaves: lamina variable in shape and size, elliptic, oblong-elliptic, ovate, elliptic-ovate or lanceolate-ovate, 10–24 × 4–9.5 cm, apex acute, base cuneate or oblique, margin repand or undulate, thickly coriaceous, smooth, shiny dark green above, paler below, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib raised on both surfaces, secondary veins 12–25 each side, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, flattened on both surfaces, intramarginal veins not grooved above, with intersecondary veins, veinlets reticulate, visible below, interrupted long wavy lines of differing lengths, running across the secondary veins to the apex, conspicuous below; petiole green, stout, 1–2 cm long, 2–4 mm in diam., grooved above, distinctly transversely rugose, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlet; young leaves brownish green, turning pale green, glossy; fresh leaves tough when crushed; mature leaves turning greenish yellow to pale yellow before falling off; dry leaves pale brown or reddish brown. Inflorescences terminal; bracts 2, caducous, narrowly triangular or triangular, 0.8–1.3 × 0.1–0.4 cm, apex acute (in female inflorescences). Flowers: sepals and petals glabrous; sepals concave; petals creamish white or pale yellow, somewhat fleshy, concave or not concave, apex rounded, margin entire or irregularly lobed and undulated. Flower buds subglobose to globose, 0.5–1 cm in diam. Male flowers lightly fragrant, in a cluster of 2–7 flowers, 1.8–2.5 cm in diam.; bracteoles caducous; pedicel pale yellow, reddish pale yellow or yellowish red, slender, terete (circular in cross-section) or slightly 4-angled, 0.4–1 cm long, 1.5–3 mm in diam., glabrous; sepals 4, pale yellow, reddish pale yellow or yellowish red, thinly coriaceous, broadly elliptic, elliptic, suborbicular or orbicular, 0.5–1 × 0.4–1 cm, the outer pair slightly smaller than the inner pair, apex rounded; petals 4, suborbicular, orbicular, broadly elliptic or elliptic, 0.7–1.2 × 0.5–1.1 cm, subequal; stamens 144–198, united into a single 4-lobed bundle (35–53 each lobe), surrounding a pistillode, lobes 5–9 × 5–8.5 mm; filaments very short; anthers 1–2 × 0.5–1 mm; pistillode fungiform, 5–7.5 mm long; sterile stigma pale yellow or yellow, sessile, convex, radiate, shallowly 4–9-lobed, 3.5–5 mm in diam., smooth. Female flowers solitary or in a cluster of 2–3 flowers, 2–2.8 cm in diam.; bracteoles caducous, triangular, 1.5–5 × 1–4 mm; pedicel (of a flower in an inflorescence) or peduncle (of a solitary flower) green, stout, terete or slightly 4-angled, 0.4–1.5 cm long, 2–4 mm in diam., glabrous; sepals 4, pale green, thickly coriaceous, suborbicular, orbicular or broadly elliptic, 0.4–1.2 × 0.4–1.2 cm, the outer pair slightly smaller than the inner pair, apex rounded; petals 4, suborbicular, orbicular, broadly elliptic or elliptic, 0.7–1.5 × 0.7–1.3 cm, subequal; staminodes absent or present, united into 9–15 bundles, surrounding the ovary, each bundle 1–2 mm long; pistil fungiform, 0.5–1 cm long; ovary pale green, subglobose or globose, 4–6.5 × 4–7.5 mm, glabrous, 4–9-locular; stigma pale yellow or yellow, convex, radiate, shallowly 4–9-lobed, 2–4 mm long, 5.5–8 mm in diam., smooth. Fruits pale green, turning yellow, orange, reddish orange to red when ripe, smooth, glabrous, with a sticky white latex, turning yellow, broadly ellipsoid, subglobose, globose or depressed globose, 1.8–5.5 × 2–5.6 cm (length including a beak), without or with a short, thick beak at the apex, 2.5–6.5 × 5–11.5 mm, pericarp 2–7 mm thick, fleshy, becoming woody when dry; persistent stigma dark brown or blackish brown, flattened, radiate, shallowly 4–9-lobed, 0.4–1.1 cm in diam.; persistent sepals green or green tinged with red, turning yellowish green to yellow or yellow tinged with red, thickly coriaceous, 0.5–1.5 × 0.5–1.4 cm, usually larger than in flowering materials; fruiting stalk green, strong and thick, 0.5–1.7 cm long, 2.5–6.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds 4–9, sometimes aborted, brown mottled with irregular lines, ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid, 0.7–2.4 × 0.4–1.6 cm, compressed, rounded at both ends, with a white fleshy pulp.

Figure 1. 

Garcinia celebica A branchlets, leaves, and fruit B branchlets and male inflorescences with male flower buds and male flower C male flower (top view) D male flower (side view) E male flower showing 4-lobed stamen bundle and a pistillode (sepals and petals removed) F female flower (top view) G female flower (side view) H branchlet and fruit I fruit showing persistent sepals J fruit (transverse section) and seeds with a fleshy pulp. Photo: Drawn by Wanwisa Bhuchaisri.

India [North-Eastern India (Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal), Andaman and Nicobar Islands], Bangladesh, Myanmar (Martaban, Tenasserim), Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Penang, Perak, Terengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca), Singapore, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, Maluku), Borneo [Malaysia (Sarawak, Sabah), Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan)], Philippines (Luzon, Palawan, Mindanao), New Guinea [Indonesia (Western New Guinea), Papua New Guinea].

Figure 2. 

Garcinia celebica A stem and bark B slashed bark with white latex C branchlets and leaves D, E branchlets and male inflorescences with male flower buds and male flowers F branchlet and female inflorescence with female flowers G branchlets, leaves, and mature fruits H, I mature and ripe fruits and seeds with a white fleshy pulp. Photos: Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay.

Northern: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phayao, Phrae, Phitsanulok; North-Eastern: Loei, Nong Khai, Bueng Kan, Sakon Nakhon, Khon Kaen; Eastern: Chaiyaphum, Ubon Ratchathani; South-Western: Uthai Thani, Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; Central: Saraburi; South-Eastern: Sa Kaeo, Prachin Buri, Chon Buri, Chanthaburi, Trat; Peninsular: Chumphon, Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, Satun, Songkhla, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat.

Figure 3. 

Lectotype of Garcinia hombroniana, a synonym of Garcinia celebica, J. B. Hombron s.n. (P [P00329889]) from Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia, second-step lectotype designated here. Photo: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/p/p00329889.

This species is found in a very wide variety of habitats, including coastal strand vegetations, littoral dry evergreen forests, dry evergreen forests, tropical evergreen rain forests, freshwater swamp forests, lower montane rain forests, lower montane coniferous forests, pine-deciduous dipterocarp forests, mixed deciduous forests, secondary forests, on limestones, on sandstone plateaus, sometimes along streams, 0–1,500 m amsl.

Flowering and fruiting more than once, nearly throughout the year; flowering usually in November to February; fruiting usually in February to May.

Garcinia celebica is widely distributed from Eastern India to the Malesian region. It is known from many localities and has a large Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 21,968,911.92 km² and a relatively large Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 700 km². In Thailand, this species is known to be naturally distributed throughout the seven floristic regions, and has an EOO of 427,003.87 km² and an AOO of 96 km². Because of this wide distribution and the number of localities, therefore, we consider the conservation assessment here as Least Concern (LC).

The specific epithet of Garcinia celebica indicates the type locality, Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes), Indonesia (Nazre 2010), as described by Rumphius (1741). The specific epithet of G. speciosa is a Latin word meaning showy or splendid (Stearn 1992; Gledhill, 2002) and refers to the ripe fruits are orangish red to red. The specific epithet of G. hombroniana is named after J. B. Hombron, a French physician and explorer who collected the type specimen during his journey from Singapore to Malacca (Peninsular Malaysia) (Corner 1952; Whitmore 1973; Nazre 2010).

Kwak mai (กวกไหม) (Bueng Kan, Nongkhai, Laos); Kawa (กะวา) (Surat Thani); Khwat (ขวาด) (Chiang Rai, Laos); Chamuang (ชะม่วง) (Phichit); Phawa (พะวา) (Surat Thani); Mada khinok (มะดะขี้นก) (Chiang Mai, Laos); Mapong (มะป่อง) (Northern); Mangkhut pa (มังคุดป่า) (Narathiwat); Wa (วา) (Phangnga, Songkhla, Surat Thani, Yala); Wa nam (วาน้ำ) (Trang); Sommong Pa (ส้มโมงป่า) (Nongkhai); Saraphi pa (สารภีป่า) (Central, Chiang Mai); Mak kwak (หมากกวก) (Bueng Kan, Nongkhai, Laos); Beruas, Bruas, Mangis hutan (Peninsular Malaysia); Parawa (Myanmar); Jungle mangosteen, Seashore mangosteen (English).

The fleshy pulp surrounding the seeds can be consumed and has a sweet-sour taste. The wood is used for house construction, making oars (Maheshwari 1964; Burkill et al. 1966), the handles of the tools, and bridge posts (Maheshwari 1964). In Andaman Islands, the wood is used for making bows (Maheshwari 1964). In Malaysia, Garcinia celebica have been recorded at more than 50 cm dbh and may be logged for timber (Nazre et al. 2018). The fruits are reported to cause constipation (Sastri 1956). In Peninsular Malaysia, the roots and leaves are used to relieve itching (Sastri 1956; Maheshwari 1964). A decoction of the root may be administered after childbirth as a preventive medicine (Burkill et al. 1966).

Garcinia ferrea was named by Pierre (1882: t. 57), who cited three gatherings: Herb. Pierre 3634, 3635, and 3695 but he did not mention the name of the herbarium where the materials were kept, and following Art. 9.6 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), they constitute syntypes. The name G. ferrea has been lectotypified twice, first by Nazre (2010: 1256), who selected a specimen Herb. Pierre 3634 in Cambodia, and deposited at P [without barcode], while Nazre et al. (2018: 17) chose a Cambodian specimen of Pierre (Herb. Pierre 3635) housed at P [P00329882]. Hence, the first lectotypification has priority (as the first-step). We located two sheets of the specimen Herb. Pierre 3634 at P [P00379823, P00379824]; therefore, the P [P00379823] specimen is selected here in a second-step lectotypification (following Art. 9.17 and Ex. 14 of the Shenzhen Code). Incidentally, from our examination of specimens at P Herbarium, Herb. Pierre 3634 (Phu Quoc) and Herb. Pierre 3635 (in montibus Dinh ad Baria Gallicae Austro-Cochinchinae) were not collected from Cambodia as mentioned by Nazre (2010) and Nazre et al. (2018), but were collected in Vietnam.

In the original publication of Garcinia basacensis by Pierre (1882: t. 58), only one gathering is mentioned, Hermand 1074 (Herb. Pierre 3637). The name G. basacensis has been lectotypified twice, firstly, Nazre (2010: 1256) lectotypified this name using the material at P [without barcode], with an isolectotype at K [without barcode] collected from Laos, and secondly, Nazre et al. (2018: 17) lectotypified this name using the same material. Therefore, the first lectotypification has priority (as the first-step). However, there are three sheets of this gathering at P [P00329870, P00329871, P05062473] and the P [P00329871] material is selected here in a second-step lectotypification. We located one sheet of isolectotype at K [K000380454].

Garcinia hombroniana was named by Pierre (1883: 12. t. 79D–F, J) based on the specimens collected from Ile de Singapoor-Détroit de Malacca. He did not designate a holotype nor did he mention the name of the herbarium where the specimens were housed. The name G. hombroniana has been lectotypified twice, first by Nazre (2010: 1256), who designated the specimen collected by J. B. Hombron (Hombron s.n.) from Malacca housed in P [without barcode], and second by Nazre et al. (2018: 17), who selected the same specimen. Therefore, the first lectotypification has priority (as the first-step). We traced seven specimens of J. B. Hombron s.n. at P [P00329878, P00329889, P04700177, P04700178, P04700180, P04700181, P04700182]. The P [P00329889] specimen is better preserved and more complete than the others, and hence is chosen here as the second-step lectotype.

According to Nazre et al. (2018), the shape and size of leaves of Garcinia celebica are elliptic, broadly elliptic, lanceolate, sub-orbiculate or round and 3.3–17.5 × 1.7–11 cm; the male inflorescences in clusters of 2–14(–18) flowers; the staminodes are absent; the ovaries have 4–6 locules; and the shape and size of fruits are ovoid, ellipsoid or globose and up to 5 cm across. Furthermore, from our examinations, we found the shape and size of leaves of this species can be elliptic, oblong-elliptic, ovate, elliptic-ovate or lanceolate-ovate and sometimes larger, 10–24 × 4–9.5 cm; the male inflorescences in clusters of 2–7 flowers; the staminodes are absent or present; the ovaries have 4–9 locules; and the shape and size of fruits can be broadly ellipsoid, subglobose, globose or depressed globose and sometimes larger, 1.8–5.5 × 2–5.6 cm, without or with a short, thick beak at the apex.

Nazre (2010: 1256) notes that no type specimen was mentioned by Wallich (Wallich, 1832) in his description of Garcinia speciosa but appeared earlier in Wallich Catalogue 4855 (Wallich, 1828–1849) collected from Amherst, Myanmar which Maheshwari (1964: 123) considered the specimen at CAL [without barcode] as the lectotype, and Nazre et al. (2018: 17) mentioned with an isolectotype at K-W [without barcode]. However, we located the lectotype at CAL [CAL0000065160] and isolectotype at K-W [K001104074].

In the original description of Garcinia benthamii by Pierre (1882: t. 55, 56.), only one specimen is cited, “Herb. Pierre n° 70” collected from Cambodia but he did not select a holotype nor did he mention the name of the herbarium where the specimen was housed, and following Art. 9.6 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), it constitutes a syntype. The name G. benthamii has been lectotypified by Nazre (2010: 1256), who designated the specimen Pierre 700 collected from Cambodia, and deposited at P [P00329872], with isolectotypes at A [without barcode] and K [without barcode]. However, this specimen has a different collector number than that reported in the original publication of this name. According to Nazre (2010), type specimens of G. benthamii have multiple sheets taken from different localities in Cambodia and Vietnam where some were cultivated. However, based on the Pierre 700 sheets that we examined from P [P00329872, P04701491] and L [U1208099, U1208248], they were all collected in Vietnam (ad Bung in prov. Saïgon). We have not seen isolectotypes at A and K. The collector number Pierre 70 cited in Pierre (1882) appears to have been an error and should have been 700.

Garcinia riedeliana was named by Pierre (1883: 12. t. 79A), who stated only one specimen, Riedel s.n. collected from Gorontalo, Sulawesi (also known as Celebes). Nazre et al. (2018: 17) designated this material at K [without barcode] as the lectotype, with an isolectotype at P [without barcode]. However, we could locate the lectotype at K [K000380456] and we located three sheets of isolectotypes at P [P04700635, P04700639, P04700640].

Garcinia rumphii was named by Pierre (1883: 13. t. 77A), who cited two specimens: Treub 4168 and Treub 4169 collected from Bangka Island, Indonesia. He did not mention the name of the herbarium where the materials were kept, and following Art. 9.6 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), they constitute syntypes. The name G. rumphii has been lectotypified in a first-step by Nazre (2010: 1256–1257) using the material Treub 4169 at P [without barcode], and in a second-step by Nazre et al. (2018: 17) using the material Treub 4169 at P [P04700302], with isolectotypes at P [P04700298, P04700299, P04700301]. However, from our examination of specimens, we found that the P [P04700301] sheet is labeled with Treub 4168. We also located one sheet of isolectotype at K [K000380451].

In the original publication of Garcinia kurzii by Pierre (1883: 14. t. 78A.), only one gathering is stated, Kurz 24 collected from Andamans. He did not mention the name of the herbarium in which it was present, and following Art. 9.6 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), it constitutes a syntype. Maheshwari (1964: 123) selected a specimen at CAL [without barcode] as the lectotype, without isolectotype. However, we could not locate the lectotype at CAL, and we could trace two sheets of isolectotypes at P [P00329890, P00329891].

Pierre (1883: 37) established Garcinia jawoera based on the materials collected from Tandjoor, Java but he did not choose a holotype nor did he mention the name of the herbarium where the specimens were housed. This name has been lectotypified twice, first by Nazre (2010: 1257), who designated the material Pierre 4607 at P [without barcode] collected from Tandjoor, Java, with isolectotypes at P [without barcode] and L [without barcode], and second time by Nazre et al. (2018: 17), who selected the same collection at P [P00379817], with isolectotypes L [without barcode] and P [P00379816, P00379818]. We have not seen the isolectotype at L.

Pierre (1883: 37) erected Garcinia krawang based on the specimen Korthals 1313a collected from Pulau Lampei (Lampei Island), South Kalimantan, Borneo. The name G. krawang has been lectotypified in a first-step by Nazre (2010: 1257) using the specimen Korthals 1313a at P [without barcode], and in a second-step by Nazre et al. (2018: 17) using the specimen Korthals 1313a (Herb. Pierre 4601) at P [P00379812], without isolectotype. However, we located an isolectotype at P [P00379813].

Garcinia kingii was named by Pierre but unpublished, and then this name was described by Vesque (1893: 407) based on the specimen collected from Andaman Island. This name has been lectotypified twice, first by Nazre (2010: 1257), who selected the specimen collected by King (King’s Collector s.n.) from Andaman Island housed in K [without barcode], and then again by Nazre et al. (2018: 17), who designated the same specimen. The first lectotypification has priority. We viewed the lectotype at K [K000380453].

Thailand. Northern. Chiang Mai [Mae Kuang, near Doi Saket, female fl., 1 Mar 1910 (as G. cornea), A. F. G. Kerr 1020 (BM, K); Doi Suthep, male fl., 27 Mar 1910 (as G. cornea), A. F. G. Kerr 1073 (BM, K, L [L2408860]); Doi Suthep, fl., 11 Feb 1923 (as G. cornea), Winit s.n. (BK, BM); Suthep Subdistrict, male fl., 5 Mar 1937 (as G. speciosa), J. Samutnavee 13/2481 (BKF); Doi Suthep, fr., 28 Apr 1958 (as G. speciosa), T. SØrensen et al. 3103 (BKF, C); Doi Suthep, 12 Jul 1958 (as Garcinia sp.), T. SØrensen et al. 4025 (C); Doi Suthep, 5 Oct 1958 (as Garcinia sp.), T. SØrensen et al. 5460 (C); Doi Suthep, 19 Feb 1959 (as G. speciosa), T. SØrensen et al. 6958 (BKF, C); Montha Than Waterfall, Doi Suthep, sterile, 5 Feb 1983 (as G. thorelii), W. Wattanadechseri 25205368 (QBG); Doi Suthep, male fl., 16 Feb 1988 (as G. speciosa), J. F. Maxwell 88-190 (AAU, BKF, L [L2408855]); Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, sterile, 23 Apr 2003 (as G. speciosa), J. F. Maxwell et al. 4 (CMUB); Mae Khan, male fl., Mar 1913 (as G. cornea), Winit 70 (BM, K); Doi Inthanon, fr., 9 May 1958 (as G. speciosa), T. SØrensen et al. 3334 (BKF, C); Wachirathan Waterfall, Doi Inthanon, male fl., 27 Feb 1979 (as G. speciosa), H. Koyama et al. 15566 (AAU, BKF); Doi Inthanon National Park, sterile, 21 Jul 1988 (as G. cf. vilersiana), C. Phengklai et al. 6708 (BKF); Ban Mae Bon, Phrao District, fr., 12 Jul 1996 (as G. cf. speciosa), BGO Staff 6823 (QBG); Ban Kio Lom, Bo Luang Subdistrict, Hot District, male fl., 18 Mar 2003 (as Garcinia sp.), T. Wongprasert 033-53 (BKF); Forest Fire Control Station, Doi Inthanon National Park, fr., 18 May 2003 (as Garcinia sp.), T. Wongprasert & S. Khaoiam 035-25 (BKF)]; Chiang Rai [Doi Duan, male fl., 19 Mar 1921 (as G. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 5107 (BM, K, P [P04899657]); Mae Fang, fl., 3 Mar 1928 (as Garcinia sp.), Winit 1876 (BK, K)]; Phayao [Doi Luang National Park, Mueang Phayao District, fl., 10 Feb 2016 [as G. propinqua], N. Muangyen 717 (QBG)]; Phrae [Mae Yuak, male fl., 3 Mar 1911 (as G. speciosa), Luang Vanpruk 237 (BKF)]; Phitsanulok [Thung Salaeng Luang National Park, fr., 20 Jun1967 (as Garcinia sp.), S. Phusomsaeng 243 (BKF); Lan Hin Taek, Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park, Nakhon Thai District, female fl., 24 Feb 2007, C. Ngernsaengsaruay G52-24022007 (BKF, spirit material)]; North-Eastern. Loei [Phu Kradueng, Wang Saphung District, male fl., 6 Mar 1942 (as G. speciosa), Amporn 128 (BKF); Phu Kradueng, male fl., 6 Mar 1942 (as G. speciosa), Warison 128 (BKF 2834); Phu Kradueng, male fl., 6 Mar 1946 (as Garcinia sp.), Nat 214 (P [P05062030]); Phu Kradueng, fl., 13 Mar 1948 (as G. speciosa), K. Suvatabundhu 83, 84 (BK); Phu Kradueng, fr., 20 Apr 1955 (as G. speciosa), T. Smitinand 2483 (BKF); near Huai Phai Waterfall, Phu Ruea National Park, male fl., 4 Mar 1993 (as Garcinia sp.), P. Chantaranothai et al. 1034 (BKF); Na Haeo, young fr., 26 Apr 1994 (as G. cowa), W. Nanakorn et al. (BGO. Staff) 3186 (AAU, QBG); en route from Khok Nok Kraba to Lon Tae, Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, very young fr., 14 May 1998 (as Garcinia sp.), T. Wongprasert et al. s.n. (BKF 123962); Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, very young fr., 14 May 1998 (as Garcinia sp.), K. Chayamarit et al. 1398 (BKF); Huai Baeng Forest Protection Station, Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, fr., 22 Jun 2003 (as Garcinia sp.), T. Wongprasert 036-46 (BKF); Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, fr., 11 Jun 2023, C. Ngernsaengsaruay G53-11062023 (BKF); Phu Ruea National Park, fr., 23 Mar 2004 (as Garcinia sp.), S. Bunwong et al. 267 (AAU); Phu Ruea District, fr., 23 Jul 2007 (as Garcinia sp.), T. Wongprasert 077-31 (BKF)]; Nong Khai [Phon Phisai District, male fl., 25 Feb 1924 (as G. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 8572, 8572A (BK, BM, K)]; Bueng Kan [Mueang Bueng Kan District (formerly Chaiyaburi), fl., 20 Feb 1924 (as G. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 8513 (BM, K); Chet Si Waterfall, Seka District, male fl., 25 Feb 2003 (as Garcinia sp.), T. Wongprasert 032-30 (BKF)]; Sakon Nakhon [Phu Phan National Park, male fl., 9 Mar 1996 (as G. hombroniana), P. Puudjaa 194 (BKF)]; Khon Kaen [Locality not specified, female fl. and young fr., 20 Mar 1942 (as G. speciosa), Jirapha 36 (BKF 8457)]; Eastern. Chaiyaphum [Phu Khiao, male fl., 25 Feb 1931 (as G. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 20261 (BK, BM, K); Phu Khiao, fr., 3 Aug 1972 (as Garcnia sp.), K. Larsen et al. 31355 (AAU); Ban Nam Phrom, young fr., 24 May 1974 (as G. speciosa), R. Geesink et al. 6922 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L [L 0089486], P [P05061691]); Tat Ton Waterfall, Tat Ton National Park, fr., 19 Jun 2003 (as Garcnia sp.), T. Wongprasert 036-3 (BKF)]; Ubon Ratchathani [Huai Phok Waterfall, Dong Na Tham Forest, Pha Taem National Park, Khong Chiam District, fr., 1 Mar 2007 (as G. cowa), S. Suddee et al. 3082 (BKF)]; South-Western. Uthai Thani [Ban Rai District, fr., 17 Nov 1961 (as Garcnia sp.), B. Sangkhachand 250 (AAU, C, K); Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Ban Rai District, male fl., 20 Feb 1970 (as G. cf. hombroniana), C. F. van Beusekom & T. Santisuk 2866 (AAU, BKF, C, E [E00839762], P [P05062059]); ibid., female fl., 20 Feb 1970 (as G. cf. hombroniana), C. F. van Beusekom & T. Santisuk 2879 (AAU, BKF, C, E [E00839761], P [P05062010]); ibid., male fl., 22 Feb 1970 (as G. cf. hombroniana), C. F. van Beusekom & T. Santisuk 2916 (AAU, BKF); Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, fr., 10 Apr 1996 (as Garcnia sp.), T. Wongprasert et al. s.n. (BKF 109898)]; Kanchanaburi [Ban Cha Kae Yai, male fl., 28 Feb 1973 (as Garcnia sp.), C. Phengklai et al. 3069 (BKF, C, K, L [L2409478], P [P05062048]); Than Thong Waterfall trail, Chaloem Rattanakosin National Park, Si Sawat District, sterile, 28 Mar 2018 (as G. mangostana), W. La-ongsri et al. 5577 (QBG)]; Phetchaburi [Kaeng Krachan National Park, sterile, 8 Mar 1994 (as G. hombroniana), T. Santisuk et al. s.n. (BKF); Kaeng Krachan National Park, male fl., 29 Jan 2005 (as Garcnia sp.), K. Williams et al. 1189 (BKF)]; Prachuap Khiri Khan [Bang Saphan Yai, Bang Saphan District. male fl., 13 Nov 1944 (as G. hombroniana), Taew 117 (BKF); Huai Yang National Park, Thap Sakae District, male fl., 26 Jan 2004 (as Garcnia sp.), D. J. Middleton et al. 2509 (A [00466332], BKF)]; Central. Saraburi [Phu Khae Botanical Garden, 23 Apr 2017, C. Ngernsaengsaruay own observation] South-Eastern. Sa Kaeo [Nong I Lom, sterile, 15 Mar 1932 (as G. speciosa), Unkonwn 82 (BKF 209)]; Prachin Buri [Yan Ri Subdistrict, Kabin Buri District, sterile, 13 Jun 1936 (as G. speciosa), S. Arirop s.n. (BKF)]; Chon Buri [Si Racha District, fr., 14 Apr 1922 (as G. speciosa), D. J. Collins 788 (BK, K); Si Racha District, fl. buds, 23 Apr 1923 (as G. speciosa), D. J. Collins 898 (BK, K, L [L0535229, L2408870]); Nong Nok Takrum, near Si Racha District, male fl., 3 Nov 1927 (as G. cf. cornea), D. J. Collins 1693 (BK, K, L [L2408856]); Si Racha District, young fr., 19 Dec1927 (as G. cf. speciosa), D. J. Collins 1823 (BK, BM, K); Si Racha District, male fl., Nov 1934 (as G. speciosa), D. J. Collins s.n. (K, P [P04701267]); Ko Khram, Sattahip District, male fl., 22 Oct 1999 (as G. speciosa), C. Phengklai et al. 12064 (BKF); Khao Khiao Open Zoo, very young fr., 10 Dec 2000 (as G. speciosa), C. Phengklai et al. 12847 (BKF)]; Chanthaburi [Khlung District, young fr., 3 Dec 1924 (as G. cf. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 9526 (BK, BM, K); Khao Khitchakut National Park, fr., 14 Apr 1925 (as G. speciosa), Nai Noe 71 (BK, BM, K); Ban Phluang, fl., 24 Nov 1930 (as G. cf. speciosa), M. C. Lakshnakara 522 (BK, C, K, L [L2408869], P [P04701266]); Pong Nam Ron District, male fl., 19 Feb 1956 (as Garcnia sp.), B. Sangkhachand 600 (C, P [P05062028]); Makham District, fr., 12 Jan 1958 (as Garcnia sp.), T. SØrensen et al. 162, 163 (C); Khao Khitchakut National Park, fr., 8 Feb 1987 (as G. hombroniana), C. Niyomdham et al. 1319 (AAU, BKF, C, K); Trat [Bo Rai District, male fl., 27 Nov 1924 (as G. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 9451 (BM, K); Dan Chumphon, fr., 19 Dec 1929 (as G. cf. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 17613 (BK, BM, K); Khao Kuap, fl., 26 Dec 1929 (Garcinia sp.), A. F. G. Kerr 17784 (BK); Ko Chang, fr., 22 Feb 1955 (as G. hombroniana), T. Smitinand 2274 (BKF); Than Mayom Waterfall, Ko Chang, fr., 12 Mar 1970 (as Garcinia sp.), C. F. van Beusekom & T. Santisuk 3195 (AAU, BKF, C, L [L0089540, L2409572, L2409573], P [P04700768]); Ao Salat, Ko Kut, fr., 5 Apr 1959 (as G. hombroniana), T. Smitinand 5678 (BKF); Ko Kut, fr., 5 Apr 1959 (as Garcinia sp.), T. SØrensen et al. 7177 (BKF, C); Ko Kut, female fl. and young fr., 20 Oct 2000 (as G. speciosa), C. Phengklai et al. 13092 (BKF); Khlong Chao, Ao Phrao, Ko Kut [Leaves belong to G. celebica but fruits belong to G. cowa], 7 Apr 2002 (as G. speciosa), C. Phengklai et al. 13468 (BKF); Khao Lan, Khlong Yai District, fr., 24 Feb 2018, C. Ngernsaengsaruay G53-24022018 (BKF); Ko Kut, 15 Oct 2022, C. Ngernsaengsaruay own observation]; Peninsular. Chumphon [Ban Thung Kha, young fr., 13 Jan 1927 (as G. cf. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 11412 (BK, BM, K); Sand dune, Pathio District, 24 Apr 2022, C. Ngernsaengsaruay own observation]; Ranong [Ko Boi Noi, fr., 22 Feb 1966 (as G. hombroniana), Sakol Sutheesorn 902 (BK)]; Surat Thani [Ko Tao, fr., 30 Dec 1926 (as G. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 11179 (BM, C, K, L [L2408868], P [P04701273]); Ko Tao, male fl., 15 Apr 1927 (as G. cf. cornea), A. F. G. Kerr 12752 (BM, K, L [L2408857]); Tha Khanon Subdistict, fl., 28 Aug 1931 (as G. speciosa), Luang Saman 45 (BKF); Tha Chang District, fl., 15 Jan 1935 (as G. hombroniana), Luang Saman 2585 (C, SING); Khao Tok Nong, Thung Thong Non-hunting Area, Khiansa District, fl., 23 Apr 2005 (as Garcnia sp.), R. Pooma et al. 5172 (AAU, BKF); Ko Pha Luai, male fl., 21 Apr 2009 (as G. cowa), C. Phengklai et al. 15862 (BKF); Khao Ra, Than Sadet-Ko Pha-Ngan National Park, 17 Sep 2017, C. Ngernsaengsaruay own observation]; Phangnga [Ko Yao Yai, fr., 4 Mar 1929 (as G. cf. speciosa), A. F. G. Kerr 17338 (BK, BM, K); Ko Boi Noi, fr., 22 Feb 1966 (as G. hombroniana), B. Hansen & T. Smitinand 12429 (BKF, E [E00839760]); Ko Miang, Mu Ko Similan National Park, fl., 15 Jan 1992 (as Garcnia sp.), C. Niyomdham 2904 (AAU, BKF); Ko Yao, fr., 2 Apr 1998 (as Garcnia sp.), P. Triboun & M. Triboun 922 (BK); Ko Yao Yai, sterile, 30 Apr 2007 (as G. mangostana), C. Phengklai et al. 15518 (BKF)]; Krabi [Khao Pra Bang Khram, fr., 4 Apr 1988 (as G. hombroniana), C. Niyomdham & W. Ueachirakan 1762 (AAU, BKF, K); Khao Pra Bang Khram Wildlife Sanctuary, Khlong Thom Nuea Subdistrict, Khlong Thom District, fr., 26 Mar 2006 (as G. hombroniana), J. F. Maxwell 06-205 (CMUB, QBG); ibid. fr., 15 Feb 2022, C. Ngernsaengsaruay et al. G54-15022022 (BKF, spirit material); Ao Nang, fr., s.d. (as Garcnia sp.), K. Larsen et al. 43371 (AAU); Ko Lanta, female fl., 5 May 2013 (as Garcnia sp.), B. Sonsupab L-50 (BK)]; Nakhon Si Thammarat [Khiriwong, sterile, 1 Sep 1952 (as G. hombroniana), P. Suvarnakoses 423 (BKF); Karome Waterfall, Khao Luang National Park, Lansaka District, fr., 17 Mar 1985 (as G. hombroniana), J. F. Maxwell 85-300 (A [00466348], AAU, BKF, PSU); Krung Ching Waterfall, Khao Luang National Park, Tha Sala District, fr., 14 Mar 2005 (as Garcinia sp.), S. Gardner et al. ST1671 (BKF, K); ibid., female fl., 27 Feb 2006 (as Garcinia sp.), S. Gardner & P. Sidisunthorn ST1671a (K)]; Trang [Kachong, sterile, 9 Jun 1933 (as G. speciosa), Put 271 (BKF); Khao Chong, male fl., 15 Jun 1966 (as G. speciosa), C. Boonnab & L. Phuphathanaphong 293 (BKF); Ton Te Waterfall, Palian District, fr., 2003 (as G. speciosa), A. Sinbumroong & S. Davies AS405 (BKF); Locality not specified, male fl., 14 Jan 1916 (as G. cornea), Luang Vanpruk 816 (K)]; Satun [Ko Adang, Tarutao National Park, fl., 14 Jan 1928 (as G. cornea), A. F. G. Kerr 14078 (BK, BM, K, L [L2408859]); Ko Tarutao, fl., 20 Jan 1928 (as G. cornea), A. F. G. Kerr 14225 (BK, K); Ko Tarutao, male fl., 11 Nov 1979 (as G. hombroniana), G. Congdon 148 (AAU, PSU); Ko Tarutao, fl., 14 Nov 1979 (as G. hombroniana), G. Congdon 165 (AAU, PSU); Ao Phante, Ko Tarutao, sterile, 30 Jul 1980 (as G. cf. hombroniana), G. Congdon 801 (A [00466349], AAU, PSU); Ao Son, Tarutao National Park, La Ngu District, fr., 10 Feb 2005 (as Garcinia sp.), P. Sidisunthorn & P. Tippayasri ST1488 (K); road to Ao Son, Tarutao National Park, La Ngu District, fl., 11 Feb 2005 (as Garcinia sp.), S. Gardner ST1501 (K); Ao Russi, Tarutao National Park, La Ngu District, sterile, 21 May 2005 (as Garcinia sp.), S. Gardner et al. ST1859 (K); ibid., fr., 21 May 2005 (as Garcinia sp.), Gardner et al. ST1860 (K); Tarutao National Park, La Ngu District, fl., 1 Apr 2006 (as Garcinia sp.), P. Sidisunthorn ST2535 (K); Ko Tarutao, young fr., 8 Apr 2008 (as G. mangostana), C. Phengklai et al. 15703 (BKF); Ko Tarutao, fr., 8 Apr 2008 (as G. mangostana), C. Phengklai et al. 15806 (BKF); Ko Tarutao, 8 Apr 2008 (as Garcinia sp.), B. Sonsupab 3981 (BK)]; Songkhla [Sadao District, fl., 22 Feb 1941 (as G. hombroniana), T. Premrasami s.n. (BKF); Khlong Huai Phlu, Prik Subdistrict, Sadao District, sterile, 12 Mar 1954 (as G. speciosa), Snguan s.n. (BKF); Khao Noi, fl., Feb 1950 (as Garcnia sp.), L. Williams 17272 (K); Khao Noi, female fl., s.d. (as G. hombroniana), T. Smitinand & Williams 17272 (BKF); Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, fr., 10 May 1979 (as G. hombroniana), H & C 444 (PSU); Ton Nga Chang Waterfall level 5, Hat Yai District, fl., 14 May 2004 (as Garcinia sp.), S. Gardner ST0524 (K); Ton Nga Chang Waterfall level 3, Hat Yai District, fl., 30 Jan 2006 (as Garcinia sp.), S. Gardner ST2278 (K); Boriphat Waterfall Park, Rattaphum District, male fl., 8 Feb 1985 (as G. hombroniana), J. F. Maxwell 85-167 (BKF, PSU); Boriphat Waterfall, fl., 17 Dec 2003 (as Garcnia sp.), A. S. Barfod et al. 583 (AAU); Prince of Songkhla University, Hat Yai District, fr., 29 Apr 1985 (as G. hombroniana), P. Sirirugsa 1013 (BKF, PSU); Khao Kho Hong, Prince of Songkhla University, Hat Yai District, fr., 24 Mar 2008 (as G. hombroniana), N. Boonnak 006, 007 (PSU); Khlong Rhang Hill, Na Mom District, fr., 15 May 1985 (as G. hombroniana), J. F. Maxwell 85-474 (AAU, BKF, PSU); Khlong Rhang Hill, Na Mom District, male fl., 15 Feb 1986 (as G. hombroniana), J. F. Maxwell 86-68 (AAU, BKF, PSU); Khao Tang Kuan, fl., 30 Aug 1997 (as G. hombroniana), N. Yutaworawit 2E (PSU); Ban Taling Chan, Chana District, fr., 17 May 1999 (as G. maingayi), S. Petchsri 1 (PSU)]; Pattani [Nong Chik District, fr., 21 Jul 1990 (as G. hombroniana), T. Santisuk s.n. (BKF)]; Yala [Betong District, fl., 24 Feb 1941 (as G. hombroniana), T. Premrasami 129 (BKF)]; Narathiwat [Waeng District, fr., 6 Sep 1966 (as G. robusta), B. Sangkhachand & B. Nimanong 1320 (BKF); Waeng District, fr., 8 Sep 1966 (as Garcinia sp.), Prayad 373 (BK); Khao Tan Yong, sterile, 5 Jun 1973 (as Garcinia sp.), C. Chai-anan 451 (BKF); Forest behind Wat To Mo, Sukhirin District, fr., 9 Aug 1996 (as Garcinia sp.), P. Puudjaa 264 (BKF)].

Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Bintulu, Buan Forest Reserve, 18 Sep 1972, P. Chai S31750 (holotype SAR, reported by Nazre et al. 2018, not seen; isotype L [L2403372, photo seen]).

Habit trees, 2.5–20 m tall, 20–100 cm GBH, sometimes with buttresses near the base of the main stem of large trees; latex yellow, sticky; branchlets green, 4-angular, glabrous. Bark brown or dark brown, after the peel pale yellow or pale brown, mottled, flaking and leaving roundish or irregularly shaped scars; inner bark red. Leaves: lamina narrowly elliptic, elliptic, broadly elliptic, sometimes obovate, 3–6.3 × 1–3.2 cm, apex narrowly obtuse or obtuse, base cuneate, margin entire and finely revolute, coriaceous, smooth, shiny dark green above, paler below, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib raised on both surfaces, secondary veins 10–18 each side, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, faint above, inconspicuous below, with intersecondary veins, veinlets reticulate, faint on both surfaces, with a few scattered black gland dots on both surfaces, interrupted long wavy lines of differing lengths, nearly parallel to the midrib, running across the secondary veins to the apex or the margin, visible on both surfaces especially on the lower surface of dry leaves; petiole green, 0.3–1 cm long, 1–1.5 mm in diam., grooved above, finely transversely rugose, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlet; young leaves pale green, glossy; fresh leaves brittle when crushed; dry leaves pale brown or reddish brown. Inflorescences terminal, in fascicles of 3 male flowers and usually solitary in female flowers (observations based on infructescence); bracts 2, caducous, green or brownish green, conduplicate with a central keel, ovate, 8–10 × 4–5.5 mm, apex acuminate, thinly coriaceous (of male inflorescences). Flowers: sepals and petals glabrous. Male flower buds subglobose to globose, 3.5–5.5 mm in diam. Male flowers lightly fragrant, 1.5–2 cm in diam., the middle flowers always largest; bracteoles caducous; pedicel pale green, turning pale yellow, 3–4.5 mm long, 1.3–1.7 mm in diam., glabrous; sepals 4, pale yellow, concave, thinly coriaceous, with wavy lines outside, the outer pair broadly ovate, 4.2–5 × 3.5–5 mm, apex acute, the inner pair elliptic or broadly elliptic, 4.2–6 × 3–4.5 mm, apex obtuse; petals 4, pale yellow, elliptic, 6.5–9 × 3.5–8 mm, subequal, apex obtuse, margin revolute, thinly coriaceous, with wavy lines outside; stamens numerous, united into a single 4-lobed bundle, surrounding a pistillode, lobes 3–3.5 × 3–4 mm; filaments 0.5–0.7 mm; anthers 0.9–1.2 × 0.8–1 mm; pistillode fungiform, 3–3.5 mm long; sterile stigma yellow, sessile, convex, weakly 4-lobed, 2.5–3 mm in diam., smooth. Female flowers not seen. Fruits green, smooth with fine longitudinal striate, glabrous, with a sticky yellow latex, subglobose, globose or broadly ellipsoid, 1–1.3 × 0.8–1.1 cm, pericarp coriaceous; persistent stigma dark brown or blackish brown, flattened or slightly convex, 2–3 mm in diam., weakly 4-lobed; persistent sepals green, concave, coriaceous, lanceolate-ovate or ovate, 3.5–5.5 × 3–5 mm, the outer pair slightly smaller than the inner pair, apex acute; fruiting stalk green, 1–2 mm long, 1–1.8 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds 1, brown (dark brown when dry) mottled with irregular lines, ellipsoid, c. 6 × c. 3.5 mm, c. 1.8 mm thick, compressed, rounded at both ends, with a thin fleshy pulp. The morphological characters and data reported here for this species were mostly taken from Ngernsaengsaruay et al. (2023a).

Figure 4. 

Garcinia exigua A habitat and canopy (top view) B stem, bark, and slashed bark with yellow latex C branchlets and leaves D branchlets and male inflorescences with male flower buds E, F branchlets, leaves, and young fruits. Photos: Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay (A–D), Naiyana Tetsana (E, F).

Thailand, Malaysia [Borneo, Sarawak (Bintulu, Buan Forest Reserve; Mulu National Park: Matong Ubong, Ulu Matong, Sungai Ubong)]; Brunei [Temburong (Ulu Belalong)].

Peninsular: Krabi.

It is found in dry evergreen forest on limestone hills and littoral dry evergreen forest on limestone hills, 50–100 m amsl.

Flowering January to March; fruiting April to June.

Garcinia exigua is a rare species in Borneo, and is represented only from three localities in lowland and hill forest in Sarawak and Brunei (Nazre et al. 2018). In Thailand, the species is known only from two localities in Krabi Province, but to be expected in other limestone hills. Globally, it is known only from Borneo to Thailand, and has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO of 51,767.17 km²) and a relatively small Area of Occupancy (AOO of 16 km²) which lies within protected and non-protected areas. It is inferred to be experiencing a continuing decline in habitat area, extent, and quality. We therefore consider the conservation assessment as Vulnerable [VU B2ab(iii)].

The specific epithet of Garcinia exigua is a Latin word, referring to the small size of all parts in the specimens (Nazre et al. 2018).

Phawa bai lek krabi (พะวาใบเล็กกระบี่) (Ngernsaengsaruay et al. 2023a); Kandis (Sarawak) from the material Runi S. Pungga & P. C. Yii S61132 (K, L [L3811193], as Garcinia sarawhensis Pierre).

Not known.

Garcinia exigua is recognized by the following characters: (1) The leaves and fruits are small. (2) The fresh leaves are brittle when crushed. (3) The stamens of the male flowers are united into a single 4-lobed bundle, surrounding a pistillode, and (4) The bark is mottled, flaking and leaving roundish or irregularly shaped scars similar to the bark of some species of Lagerstroemia L. in the Lythraceae, e.g., L. duperreana Pierre ex Gagnep., L. floribunda Jack and some species of Terminalia L. in the Combretaceae, e.g., T. corticosa Pierre ex Laness.

According to Nazre et al. (2018), the shape and size of leaves of Garcinia exigua are elliptic and 0.8–2.1 × 0.3–1 cm; however, from our observations, we found the leaves can be narrowly elliptic to broadly elliptic, sometimes obovate, and larger, 3–6.3 × 1–3.2 cm.

As mentioned by Nazre et al. (2018), the shape, size, and color of fruits of Garcinia exigua are globose or ellipsoid, 9.5–10.5 × 8.5–11 mm, and shiny green turning yellow when ripe; however, in this study, we found the fruits can be subglobose, globose or broadly ellipsoid, sometimes slightly longer, 1–1.3 × 0.8–1.1 cm, and green. However, we did not observe ripe fruits.

Thailand. Peninsular: Krabi [Wat Tham Suea (originally “Tham Sue” on the label), Mueang Krabi District, fr., 8 May 2002 (as Garcinia sp.), P. Pooma et al. 3612 (BKF, QBG); Ko Hong, trail up to view point, Than Bok Khorani National Park, Mueang Krabi District, male fl., 13 Feb 2022, C. Ngernsaengsaruay et al. G27-13022022 (BKF, K, QBG); ibid., male fl., 13 Feb 2022, C. Ngernsaengsaruay et al. G28-13022022 (BKF, K, QBG)].

Malaysia. Borneo: Sarawak [Mulu National Park, Sg. Matong Ubong, fr., 11 Nov 1990, P. C. Yii & Runi S. Pungga S57293 (L [L3810871], SAR [reported by Nazre et al. 2018], as Garcinia sarawhensis); Mulu National Park, Ulu Matong, fr., 13 Nov 1990, P. C. Yii & Runi S. Pungga S60529 (BKF, L [L3811190], as G. sarawhensis); Mulu National Park, Sungai Ubong, fr., 19 Nov 1990, Runi S. Pungga & P. C. Yii S61132 (K, L [L3811193], SAR [reported by Nazre et al. 2018], as G. sarawhensis). Brunei. Temburong [Ulu Belalong, 22 Jan 1994, Coode et al. 7886 (A [reported by Nazre et al. 2018]).

illustration, “Mangoustan”, Garcin (1733: Philosop. Transact. 431. figs 1–9.) (lectotype, designated by Hammel in Jarvis et al. 1993: 28).

Habit trees, 7–20(–25) m tall, 40–150 cm GBH; latex yellow, sticky; branchlets green, 4-ridged, glabrous. Bark dark brown, scaly; inner bark brownish orange. Leaves: lamina elliptic, oblong-elliptic, oblong or ovate, 15.5–36 × 6.5–13 cm, apex acute or acuminate, base obtuse or oblique, sometimes cuneate, margin entire or repand, thickly coriaceous, smooth or slightly bullate, shiny dark green above, paler below, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib slightly raised above, raised as a prominent ridge below, secondary veins 10–18 each side, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into 2 intramarginal veins, flattened above, raised and conspicuous below, intramarginal veins shallowly grooved above, with intersecondary veins, veinlets reticulate, visible below, interrupted long wavy lines of differing lengths, running across the secondary veins to the apex or the margin, conspicuous below; petiole green, stout, 1.5–2.7 cm long, 4–7 mm in diam., not grooved, distinctly transversely rugose, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlets; young leaves brownish red or reddish brown, turning pale green, glossy; fresh leaves tough when crushed; mature leaves turning greenish yellow to pale yellow before falling off; dry leaves pale brown or reddish brown. Inflorescences terminal. Flowers: sepals and petals glabrous. Male flowers not seen. Female flower buds subglobose to globose, 1–2 cm in diam. Female flowers solitary or in a cluster of 2–5(–7) flowers, 3.2–5 cm in diam.; bracteoles caducous; pedicel (of a flower in an inflorescence) or peduncle (of a solitary flower) green, stout, terete or slightly 4-angled, 1–2.4 cm long, 5.5–8 mm in diam., glabrous; sepals 4, pale green outside, bright red or yellowish red inside, concave, thickly coriaceous, suborbicular, orbicular or broadly elliptic, 1–2 × 1–2.2 cm, the outer pair slightly smaller than the inner pair, apex rounded; petals 4, yellowish red or yellowish pink, somewhat thick and fleshy, suborbicular, broadly elliptic, broadly obovate or broadly ovate, 1.1–2.1 × 1.4–2.6 cm, unequal, apex rounded, margin entire or irregularly lobed and undulated; staminodes 10–18, free, surrounding the ovary; filaments filiform, 2–5 × 0.5–1.2 mm, unequal; anthers pale yellow or brownish yellow, 1.2–1.7 × 1–1.4 mm; pistil fungiform, 0.6–1.2 cm long; ovary pale green, depressed globose or subglobose, 0.4–0.7 × 0.6–1.3 cm, glabrous, 4–8-locular; stigma pale yellow, convex, radiate, deeply 4–8-lobed, 1.5–3 mm long, 0.7–1.2 cm in diam., smooth. Fruits pale green or greenish pale yellow, turning pinkish pale yellow, pink, reddish purple to blackish purple when ripe, smooth, glabrous, with a sticky yellow latex, subglobose or globose, 3.4–6.2 × 3.8–7 cm, pericarp 0.4–1.2 cm thick, reddish purple, fleshy, becoming woody when dry; persistent stigma dark brown or blackish brown, flattened, radiate, deeply 4–8-lobed, 1.4–2.5 cm in diam., lobes wedge-shaped; persistent sepals green or green tinged with reddish purple, thickly coriaceous, 1.2–2.5 × 1.2–2.8 cm, usually larger than in flowering materials; fruiting stalk green, strong and thick, 1.2–2.6 cm long, 0.6–1.2 cm in diam., glabrous. Seeds 4–8, sometimes aborted, brown mottled with irregular lines, broadly ellipsoid, ellipsoid or semi-ellipsoid, 1.5–2.5 × 0.8–2 cm, compressed, rounded at both ends, with a white fleshy pulp.

Figure 5. 

Garcinia mangostana A habit and habitat B stem, bark, and slashed bark with yellow latex C branchlets, young and mature leaves D branchlet and female flower E branchlet and female inflorescence with female flowers F ripe fruits G ripe fruits and seeds with a white fleshy pulp H seeds with a white fleshy pulp. Photos: Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay.

The native range of this variety is Peninsular Malaysia. Cultivated throughout the tropics, mainly in Southeast Asia.

It is cultivated throughout the country, especially in the peninsular and the south-eastern regions.

It is known only in cultivation. This species prefers humid climate.

In the south-eastern region: flowering December to February (March); fruiting February to June; harvesting April to May (June). In the peninsular region: flowering February to April; fruiting April to August; harvesting July to August [out-of-season: flowering August to October; fruiting October to February; harvesting December to February].

Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana is widely cultivated throughout the tropics, especially in Southeast Asia. Because of its wide distribution, the number of localities, and because it is not facing any threat of extinction, we consider the conservation assessment as LC.

The specific epithet of Garcinia mangostana is a Latin word, and is derived from the French “Mangoustan”, which translated to the English “Mangostan”, refers to mangosteen.

Mangkhut (มังคุด) (General); Măng cụt (Vietnam); Manggis (Malaysia, Indonesia, and Philippines); Manggustan (Philippines); Mangoustan, Mangoustanier (France); Mingut (Myanmar); Mongkhut (Cambodia); Mangosteen, Purple mangosteen (English).

Mangosteen is widely cultivated as a fruit tree, especially in Southeast Asia. The juicy fleshy pulp surrounding the seeds is edible and has a sweet and sour taste. It is commonly known as the “queen of tropical fruits”. The juicy fleshy seed pulp can be used for making jams, beverages, ice creams, preserves (“Mang khut kuan” in Thai), and used fresh in syrup. In Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, the seeds with white fleshy pulp can be eaten raw (“Mang khut khat”) (Fig. 5H) or cooked, e.g., used for consumption in the southern Thai spicy sour yellow curries with fish or shrimp: “Kaeng Som” (sour curry) or “Kaeng Lueang” (yellow sour curry).

The fruit rind (pericarp) is used to tan leather and to produce black dye (Maheshwari 1964; Verheij and Coronel 1992). The wood is used for cabinetry, building purposes, rice pounders, and spear handles (Maheshwari 1964). It has been used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of diarrhea and skin infections (Gritsanapan 1994). It contains tannins and xanthones, i.e., alpha-, beta- and gamma-mangostins (Govindachari et al. 1971; Jinsart et al. 1992; Nakatani et al. 2002). Alpha-mangostin is a major component which possesses anti-inflammatory (Chen et al. 2008) and antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes (Iinuma et al. 1996; Chomnawang et al. 2005). The fruit rind extract and mangostin have been known to possess antibacterial activity against bacteria causing acne. In Thailand, mangosteen fruit extract is popularly used as a food supplement while the fruit rind extract has been used in herbal cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. (Pothitirat and Gritsanapan 2008). The bark, young leaves, and fruit rind are used as a gargle for a sore mouth (Maheshwari 1964). In Thailand, the extract is popularly used in herbal cosmetics for anti-acne effect (Pothitirat and Gritsanapan 2008).

Garcinia mangostana was named by Linnaeus 1753: 443. It is the most important cultivated species in the genus of Garcinia. However, the latest taxonomic revision by Nazre et al. (2018) revealed that the species can be classified into three varieties: the cultivated variety G. mangostana var. mangostana and two wild varieties G. mangostana var. malaccensis (Hook. f.) Nazre and G. mangostana var. borneensis Nazre. The varieties can only be distinguished with fertile and mature materials although male trees are rarely found.

Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana is very similar to G. mangostana var. malaccensis and G. mangostana var. borneensis and is distinguished by its male flowers with dwarf-fungiform (broadly fungiform) pistillodes, c. 5 mm long; fruits ovoid or globose; smooth stigma surface; and it is found only in cultivation. In contrast, the other two varieties have male flowers with small pistillodes c. 2 mm long or without pistillodes; globose, ellipsoid or ovoid fruits; rugose stigma surfaces; and they are found in the wild or in cultivation. G. mangostana var. malaccensis differs from G. mangostana var. borneensis in its stamens in a conical mass or slightly 4-angled, up to 1 cm long (vs in 4-angled, square-shaped, up to 6 mm long); fruits globose, ellipsoid or ovoid (vs globose); and stigma weakly to strongly raised (vs sessile). G. mangostana var. malaccensis is found in lowland forests in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo (Brunei and Sarawak), while G. mangostana var. borneensis is found only in lowland forest of Borneo (East Coast of Sabah and Kalimantan) (Nazre et al. 2018).

As mentioned by Nazre et al. (2018), the shape and size of leaves of Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana are elliptic to broadly elliptic, ovate or oblanceolate and 9.2–25.5 × 7–9 cm; base of petiole without ligule-like appendage; however, from our observations, we found the leaves can be elliptic, oblong-elliptic, oblong or ovate, and sometimes larger, 15.5–36 × 6.5–13 cm; petiole with a basal appendage clasping the branchlets.

According to Nazre et al. (2018), the male flowers of Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana have a single square (4-angled) mass of stamens surrounding the base of the pistillode and up to 8 mm long. Based on our observations, the male plants have never been found in Thailand. Therefore, in Thailand mangosteen appear to be an obligately agamospermous species (apomictic species) with the production of seeds without fertilization.

As stated in Nazre et al. (2018), the shape and size of fruits of Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana are ovoid or globose and up to 6 cm across; however, from our examination of specimens, we found the fruits can be subglobose or globose, and sometimes larger, 3.4–6.2 × 3.8–7 cm.

Thailand. Northern: Chiang Mai [Doi Chiang Dao, fl., 28 Oct 1979 [as Garcinia sp.], cultivated, T. Shimizu et al. T-20980 (AAU, BKF)]; Central: Suphan Buri [Si Samran Subdistrict, Song Phi Nong District, sterile, 9 Mar 2016, cultivated, W. Sueksakit M10-1 (BK)]; Nakhon Pathom [Silpakorn University, sterile, 20 Apr 2017, cultivated, W. Sueksakit M10-3 (BK)]; Bangkok [locality no specified, fl., Feb 1869, [as Garcinia sp.], cultivated, C. A. Feilberg s.n. (C); locality no specified, fl., 14 Mar 1920, cultivated, A. F. G. Kerr s.n. (BM); locality no specified, fl., 14 Mar 1920, cultivated, A. Marcan 102A (BM); Khong San District, young fr., 20 Feb 1970, cultivated, J. F. Maxwell 70-23 (BK, L [L2416561])]; South-Eastern: Rayong [locality not specified, fr., 16 Jul 2013, cultivated, Naiyana 01 (BKF)]; Chanthaburi [Khitchakut District, fr., 12 Jul 2003, cultivated, P. Palee s.n. (CMUB)]; Trat [Salak Phet Waterfall, Mu Ko Chang National Park, young fr., 29 Mar 2000, cultivated, T. Wongprasert s.n. (BKF128511); Wang Saem Subdistrict, Makham District, female fl., 20 Jan 2024, cultivated, C. Ngernsaengsaruay et al. G55-20012024 (BKF)]; Peninsular: Surat Thani [Ko Samui, fr., 31 May 1960, cultivated, Chirayupin 111 (BK); Ban Song Subdistrict, fr., 12 Aug 1979, cultivated, Supatra 27 (PSU)]; Phangnga [Si Phang Nga National Park, sterile, 17 Dec 2003, cultivated, A. Sloth 561 (AAU); Ko Phra Thong, fl., 8 Feb 2005, cultivated, C. Phengklai et al. 13945 (BKF); Bang Nai Si Subdistrict, Takua Pa District, sterile, 1 Sep 2016, cultivated, W. Sueksakit M10-1 (BK)]; Nakhon Si Thammarat [locality no specified, sterile, 24 Aug 1980, cultivated, Students s.n. (PSU); locality no specified, fr., 20 Aug 1981, cultivated, Mai 4 (PSU); Khao Luang, fl., 25 Apr 1990, cultivated, R. Pooma P37 (BKF)]; Phatthalung [Khao Pu-Khao Ya National Park, Si Banphot District, fr., 26 Jul 1986, cultivated, J. F. Maxwell 86-499 (AAU, BKF, L [L2416615], P [P05061446], PSU)]; Narathiwat [Chat Warin Waterfall, fr., 15 Aug 1995, cultivated, K. Larsen et al. 45615 (AAU, BKF)].

India, Khasia, 3000–5000 ft alt., female fl., fr., s.d., J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson 14 (lectotype, designated by Wang et al. (2017: 168), K [K000380443!]; isolectotypes A [reported by Nazre et al. (2018), not seen], BR [BR0000005107803, photo seen], E [E00438018, photo seen], G [G00418238, G00458403, photos seen], L [L0489482, L2409535, U1208227, photos seen], MPU [MPU014371, MPU014372, photos seen], P [P04022020, P04022021, P05062484, P05062485, P05062488, photos seen], W [W0073366, W1889-0318023, W1889-0318024, W1889-0318030, photos seen].

Habit trees, 5–13 m tall, 15–70 cm GBH; latex pale yellow; branches decussate, horizontal or nearly horizontal; branchlets green or yellowish pale green, terete, glabrous. Bark mottled with dark brown and brown, thin, rather smooth or flaking; inner bark reddish brown. Leaves decussate; lamina elliptic, oblong-elliptic, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, 6–21.5 × 2.5–9 cm, apex acute, bluntly acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate or obtuse, sometimes rounded or oblique, margin entire or repand, slightly revolute, coriaceous, shiny dark green above, pale green below, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib flattened above, raised below, secondary veins 11–21 each side, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, flattened above, slightly raised below, visible on both surfaces, with intersecondary veins, veinlets reticulate, visible on both surfaces, interrupted long wavy lines of differing lengths, running across the secondary veins to the apex, obscure or visible below; petiole green, 0.4–2 cm long, 1.5–3 mm in diam., grooved above, transversely rugose, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlets; young leaves brownish red or reddish brown, turning pale green, glossy. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, often in a cluster of 3 flowers or 2–7 flowers; leafy bracts 2, opposite, ovate, broadly ovate or lanceolate-ovate, 0.7–4.3 × 0.4–2 cm, apex acute, base obtuse, margin entire, coriaceous; petiole 1–4.5 mm long, 0.5–1.5 mm in diam.; peduncle green, short to slender, 0.2–4 cm long, 1–2.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Flowers unisexual, plants dioecious, 4-merous, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; bracteoles 2, opposite, caducous, triangular, 1.5–2.5 × 1.3–2 mm; pedicel 3–6 mm long, 0.8–1.5 mm in diam., glabrous; sepals and petals decussate, concave, gradually reflexed after anthesis, glabrous; sepals 4, pale green, orbicular, suborbicular, broadly ovate or lanceolate-ovate, 2–6 × 1.5–4 mm, the outer pair slightly smaller than the inner pair; petals 4, pale yellow or yellowish white, elliptic, oblong-elliptic or broadly elliptic, 4.5–6 × 2.5–4 mm, subequal. Flower buds subglobose to globose, 4–5 mm in diam. Male flowers: stamens white or creamish white, numerous, united in a central depressed globose bundle surrounding the pistillode; filaments very short; anthers 2-thecous, small, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode small. Female flowers: staminodes many; filaments short, basally connate into a cup surrounding the base of the ovary but distally free; anthers yellow, small; pistil fungiform, 4–5.5 mm long; ovary pale green, broadly ovoid, 2.5–3.5 × 3–4 mm, unlobed, glabrous, 1–2-locular; stigma yellow, sessile, slightly convex, weakly lobed, 4–5 mm in diam., smooth. Fruits berries, dark green, turning purple when ripe, smooth with fine longitudinal striate, glabrous, ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid, 1.8–2.5 × 1.2–2.2 cm, without or with a short, thick beak; persistent stigma dark brown or blackish brown, flattened, weakly lobed, 4.5–6 mm in diam. smooth; persistent sepals green, slightly larger than in flowering materials; fruiting stalk green, 0.6–1 cm long, 1.2–2.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds 1–2, c. 8 × c. 6 mm. The size of seeds was taken from Vesque (1893).

Figure 6. 

Garcinia anomala A lectotype of Garcinia anomala, J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson 14 (K [K000380443]) from Khasia, India, designated by Wang et al. (2017) B lectotype of Garcinia propinqua, a synonym of Garcinia anomala, A. F. G. Kerr 5611 (K [K000380474]) from Doi Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, designated by Nazre et al. (2018). Photos: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:427802-1.

India [Eastern India (Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya), Bangladesh, Myanmar (Martaban), China (South Guangxi, South and South-East Yunnan), Vietnam, Thailand.

Northern: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Tak.

It is found in lower montane rain forests or on limestones in lower montane rain forests, at elevations of 1,300–1,750 m amsl.

Flowering February to October; fruiting September to November.

Garcinia anomala is widely distributed from Eastern India to North Indo-China and Thailand. It is known from many localities and has a large Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 1,980,330.45 km² and a relatively large Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 156 km². In Thailand, this species is known to be naturally distributed in three provinces of the northern region, and has an EOO of 26,685.60 km² and an AOO of 48 km². Because of this wide distribution and the number of localities, it is considered LC.

The specific epithet of Garcinia anomala is a Latin word meaning abnormal (Stearn 1992), unlike its allies, out of the ordinary (Gledhill 2002) and refers to inflorescences subtended by 2 small leaf-like bracts which can be used as a spot character for distinguishing the species. The specific epithet of G. propinqua is a Latin word meaning closely allied, of near relationship, related (Stearn 1992; Gledhill 2002), in reference to G. propinqua being closely related to G. anomala. The specific epithet Garcinia bracteata is a Latin word meaning with bracts, bracteate (Stearn 1992; Gledhill 2002) and refers to bracteate cymes (inflorescences with 2 opposite leafy bracts).

Phawa thiam bai pradap (พะวาเทียมใบประดับ) (suggested here); Dieng-sa-slung, Dieng-soh-lang-sain (Jain, India), Dieng-soh-kwang, Soh-lain-khlaw (Khasi, India); Haibung (Manipur, India); Thechu (Garo, India).

The ripe fruits have a sour taste (from the specimen B. Hansen & T. Smitinand 12915).

Based on morphological characters and molecular data Nazre et al. (2018) excluded several species that were included in Garcinia section Garcinia by Jones (1980). Garcinia anomala is treated by Jones (1980) as belonging to Garcinia section Garcinia but Nazre et al. (2018) exclude it from the section. Molecular results of Gaudeul et al. (2024) fully support the decision of Nazre et al. (2018); they recovered two major lineages, nine major clades, and 11 sections. G. anomala is unplaced species within these11 sections (Gaudeul et al. 2024). It differs from Garcinia section Garcinia by having axillary cymose inflorescences often in clusters of 3 flowers or 2–7 flowers on the short to slender peduncles, each subtended by 2 small leaf-like bracts and the male flowers having glomerate, depressed globose bundles of stamens surrounding the pistillode. From our examination of specimens, we agree with the results of Nazre et al. (2018).

Wang et al. (2017) treated Garcinia bracteata and G. propinqua as synonyms of G. anomala. G. anomala is the earliest named species and thus has nomenclatural priority. The three purported species of Garcinia have similar morphological characters (overlapping variation in leaf shape and size, petiole length, foliar bract shape and peduncle length). There were no significant differences between these traits. They asserted that the traits previously used for distinguishing between G. bracteata, G. anomala, and G. propinqua are unreliable for distinguishing these species.

According to Singh (1993) the shape, size, and color of fruits are ellipsoid, c. 4.2 × c. 3.5 cm, and dark olive green, turning orange-yellow when ripe; however, from our examinations, we found the fruits are ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid, 1.8–2.5 × 1.2–2.2 cm, without or with a short, thick beak, dark green, and turning purple when ripe (color of ripe fruits from the specimen B. Hansen & T. Smitinand 12915).

Garcinia anomala was described by Planchon and Triana (1860: 329), who cited the specimens collected by W. Griffith (without collector number) and J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson 14 in Khasia, India. The name G. anomala has been lectotypified thrice, firstly, Wang et al. (2017: 168) lectotypified this name using the specimen J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson 14 at K [K000380443], secondly, Nazre et al. (2018: 47) lectotypified this name using the same collector number at MPU [without barcode] with isolectotypes at A, E, K, and L [without barcodes], and thirdly, Shameer and Mohanan (2019: 181) selected the specimen W. Griffith 848 at G [G00458432] as the lectotype, with isolectotypes at CAL [CAL0000046566], and W [W0073367]. Therefore, the first lectotypification has priority. We located the lectotype at K [K000380443] with isolectotypes at BR [BR0000005107803], E [E00438018], G [G00418238, G00458403], L [L0489482, L2409535, U1208227], MPU [MPU014371, MPU014372], P [P04022020, P04022021, P05062484, P05062485, P05062488], US [US02961086], and W [W0073366, W1889-0318023, W1889-0318024, W1889-0318030], but we could not find an isolectotype at A.

Garcinia propinqua was described by Craib (1924: 85), who cited the specimen A. F. G. Kerr 5611 collected from Doi Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand but he did not mention the name of the herbaria where the materials were housed, and following Art. 9.6 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), they constitute syntypes. Nazre et al. (2018) selected this specimen at K [K000380474] as the lectotype, with an isolectotype at BM [BM000611616].

Garcinia bracteata was named by C. Y. Wu but unpublished, and then this name was described by Li (1981: 490), who cited the specimen Y. H. Li 4103 collected from Mengyuan, Mengla, Yunnan, China, and housed in KUN as the holotype.

Thailand. Northern. Chiang Mai [Doi Chiang Dao, fl., 28 Oct 1979 [as Garcinia sp.], T. Shimizu et al. T-20980 (AAU, BKF); Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Chiang Dao District, fr., 9 Nov 1995 [as G. propinqua], J. F. Maxwell 95-1129 (CMUB); Doi Ang Khang, Fang District, fl., 27 May 1998 (as G. bracteata), T. Wongprasert et al. s.n. (BKF124408); Doi Ang Khang, fl., s.d. [as Garcinia sp.], P. Triboun s.n. (BK265941)]; Chiang Rai [Summit of Doi Tung near temple, Mae Sai District (originally “Mae Fa Luang District” on the label), fr., 11 Oct 1997 [as Garcinia sp.], R. Pooma & M. Tamura RP-MT10 (BKF, K); Doi Tung, near Wat Phra That Doi Tung, Huai Khrai Subdistrict, Mae Sai District, male fl., 23 May 2006 [as G. propinqua], J. F. Maxwell 06-312 (CMUB, L [L3878616], QBG); ibid., fr., 6 Sep 2006 [as G. propinqua], J. F. Maxwell 06-637 (CMUB, L [L3812984], QBG); along trail near summit of Pha Hung, above Wat Phra That Doi Tung, fr., 22 Oct 2012 [as G. propinqua], M. van de Bult 1275 (BKF, CMUB, L [L4311877]); near Wat Phra That Doi Tung, Mae Sai District (originally “Mae Fa Luang District” on the label), fl., 27 Feb 2003 [as Garcinia sp.], R. Pooma & V. Chaemchumroon 3742 (BKF, SING [SING0095616]); near Wat Phra That Doi Tung, Mae Sai District, male fl., 19 May 2020 [as G. propinqua], M. van de Bult 1732 (BKF); Phu Chi Fa, male fl., 20 Mar 2000 [as Garcinia sp.], BKF Sc404 (BKF180336)]; Tak [Doi Pae Poe, about 90 km NW of Tak, female fl., 14 Mar 1968 [as G. cf. anomala], B. Hansen & T. Smitinand 12915 (BKF, AAU, C, K, L [L2408816], P [P00329869])].

India. Khasia, fl., s.d., J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson s.n. (P [P05062486]); Indes Orientales, locality not specified, female fl., fr., 1859, J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson s.n. (P [P05062491]); East Bengal, Khasya, male fl., s.d., distributed at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1861–1862), W. Griffith 848 (CAL [CAL0000046566], G [G00458432], K [K000677605, K000677606], L [L0489483], P [P00329868]), US [US02961086], W [W0073367]); Khasia, fl. s.d., W. Griffith 654 (K [K000677607]); locality not specified, fl., 1843, W. Griffith s.n. (P [P05062487]); Khasia, fr., 1864, Unreadable s.n. (P [P05062482]); India, Jaintia (originally “Jaintea” on the label), 14 Dec 1885, C. B. Clarke 42547H (G [G00458506]), C. B. Clarke 42547J (US [US02961087]); Assam, male fl., 1893, G. King’s Collector s.n. (L [L2408817], P [P05062492], US [US02961088]); Assam, Laitlynkot, Khasi Hills, young fr., 13 Jul 1949, T. R. Chand 1786 (L [L2409534]); Assam, Cherrapunjee, Khasi Hills, 4000 ft alt., fl., 21 Jul 1952, W. N. Koelz 30721 (L [L2409592]); ibid., fl., 29 Apr 1952, W. N. Koelz 29534a (L [L2409594]; ibid., fl. 9 May 1952, W. N. Koelz 29795 (L [L2409595]).

China. Yunnan, Mengyuan, Mengla, Xishuangbanna, 850 m alt., fl., 4 Sep 2004 [as G. bracteata], Zhou Shi-shun 2056 (QBG); Guangxi, Na Po County, Nong Hua, fl., 5 Jun 1989 [as G. bracteata], H. Q. Wen W014 ([US02961079]).

Vietnam. Ha Giang, Dong Van District, Municipality Ho Quang Phin, Vicinity of Ta Xa Village, male fl., 28 Apr 1999 [as Garcinia sp.], P. K. Loc et al. CBL1740 ([P05061735]); Ha Giang, Meo Vac District, Municipality Sung Chang, Vicinity of Lu Lu Phin Village, Cao Bang Limestone, male fl., 29 Apr 1999 [as Garcinia sp.], P. K. Loc et al. CBL1851 (P [P05061727]); Cao Bang, Nguyen Binh District, Municipality Ca Thanh, Cao Bang Limestone, male fl., 13 Apr 1999 [as Garcinia sp.], P. K. Loc et al. CBL1317 (P [P05061730]); Hoa Binh Province, Mai Chau District, Hang Kla, fr., 22 Sep 2005 [as Garcinia sp.], Vu Xuan Phong et al. HNK750 (K [K000576423]).