Based on Gutzlaffia aprica Hance

Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia.

On open limestone hill or in open pine forest, open dipterocarp forest, open evergreen forest and open sandy grassland; 240–1,975 m alt, flowering and fruiting from August to April.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Khun Yuam, 650 m alt., 14 Jan 1988, Santisuk 6671 (BKF); ibid., Mae La Noi, 430 m alt., 27 Dec 1965, Hennipman 3494 (BKF); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, 21 Dec 1931, Put 4460 (BK, BM, K); ibid., Doi Pui, Huai Hee, 1,600 m alt., 22 Oct 2000, Suksathan 2815 (QBG); ibid., 15 Oct 2019, Kiw Lom, Kladwong 495 (KKU) & 496 (KKU); ibid., Doi Suthep NP, 25 Sept 1910, Kerr 1430 (BM, K, L, P); ibid., 1,500 m alt., 11 Nov 1973, Smitinand 11844 (BKF); ibid., 850 m alt., 1 Oct 1985, Sørensen et al. 5378 (BKF, E); ibid., 450 m alt., 12 Dec 1907, Maxwell 87-1586 (AAU, BKF); Lamphun, Mae Kaw, 430 m alt., 9 Sept 1924, Winit 1231 (ABD, BK, BKF); Lampang, Pa Tat, Pe Tra, 360 m alt., 13 Dec 1926, Winit 1815 (AAU, BK, BKF); Tak, Tha Song Yang, Khao Hua Mot Noi, 5 km before Ban Tha Song Yang, 160 m alt., 23 Dec 2010, Suksathan et al. 5375 (L). North-eastern: Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, Pha Daeng Cliff, 900–959 m alt., 26 Dec 1982, Koyama et al. 31730 (BKF, KYO); Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, 15 Aug 1946, Din 189 (BKF); ibid., 1,300 m alt., 10 Nov 1976, Smitinand 12221 (BKF). South-western: Kanchanaburi, Khao Meng, 14 Apr 1965, Chantanamuck 1061 (BK).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 121,951.239 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 56.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes aprica is similar to S. graminea J.B.Imlay in having a gibbose and curved corolla, glabrous or subglabrous outside and 2 exserted stamens. It can be distinguished based on elliptic or oblong-elliptic to lanceolate leaf and hairy bract and bracteole vs. oblong-linear leaf and glabrous bracteole in S. graminea. Furthermore, the capsule of S. aprica has 4 seeds vs. 8 seeds in S. graminea.

Hance 536 from CAL [CAL0000019794] was designated as the lectotype of Gutzlaffia aprica by Albertson and Wood (2012). On examination, we found a duplicate of this collection deposited at GH [GH00387581]. The specimen has Hance’s handwriting as follows: Gutzlaffia aprica Hance. This specimen has branches, leaves and inflorescences, and it is the best preserved.

The original protologue of Gutzlaffia pedunculata was based on Kerr 1430 (Craib 1911). We found that this collection has six duplicates. Two sheets are deposited at K [K001514863, K001514864] and one is housed at each of BM [BM000796839], C [C10005192], L [L2832219] and P [P00719397]. All duplicates are in good shape. We select K001514863 as the lectotype because it has more mature leaves, inflorescences and flowers.

Thailand, Chanthaburi, Khao [Kao] Soi Dao, 12 Dec 1924, Kerr 9630 (lectotype BM [BM001191001!] designated here; isolectotypes ABD [ABDUH:2/887 image!], BK [257638!], C [C10005193 image!], K [K001096856!, K001096857!], KYO!).

Endemic to Thailand.

In evergreen forest, often on rocks; 1,300 m alt, flowering and fruiting December.

Thailand, South-eastern: Chanthaburi, Khao Soi Dao, 1,300 m alt., 12 Dec1924, Kerr 9630 (BK, BM, K-2 sheets, KYO).

This species is only known from its type locality and is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) following IUCN (2022). More field work is needed to assess the conservation status of S. articulata.

Strobilanthes articulata superficially resembles S. dimorphotricha Hance in having zigzag stems in the upper parts, strongly unequal leaf pairs and glabrous and caducous bracts, but it differs in having no bracteoles vs. present in S. dimorphotricha.

Strobilanthes articulata was described by Imlay (1939) based on Kerr 9630 which has seven duplicates. Two of which are at K [K001096856, K001096857] and one at each of ABD [ABDUH:2/887], BK [257638], BM [BM001191001], C [C10005193] and KYO. BM001191001 has Imlay’s handwriting as follows: “Strobilanthes articulata Imlay Type no.”, and it also has the mature fruit and corolla which correspond with the protologue. Therefore, we select it as the lectotype.

Myanmar, Hills of E. Tonghoo, without date, Brandis 824 (lectotype CAL [CAL0000019781 image!] designated by Albertson and Wood 2012, pg. 54).

Figure 1. 

Strobilanthes brandisii T.Anderson A stem and leaves B inflorescences C corolla, side view D corolla and stigma.

Myanmar, Thailand, Laos.

In partly shaded places of evergreen forest or mixed deciduous with bamboo; 10–1,531 m alt, flowering and fruiting from October to May.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Mae Tala, 1,376 m alt., 28 Apr 2014, Norsaengsri 10909 (QBG); Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep-Pui NP, ca. 920 m alt., 19 May 1912, Kerr 2604 (BM, E); ibid., Phrao, 1,050 m alt., 5 Dec 1990, Hansen 44621 (CMU); Tak, Mae Sot, Khao Phra War, 695–800 m alt., 21 Jan 1983, Koyama et al. 32828 (BKF, K, KYO-2 sheets, L); Phitsanulok, Phu Hin Rong Kla NP, 1,300 m alt., 14 Oct 1998, Suksathan 1306 (QBG); North-eastern: Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, 1,150–1,250 m alt., 1 Nov 1984, Murata et al. 42628 (BKF, L); ibid., Phu Luang WS, 980–1,531 m alt., 19 Feb 1983, Koyama et al. 33679 (BKF, L), 33686 (BKF, L); ibid., 19 Nov 2019, Kladwong 503 (KKU); Eastern: Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao Yai NP, 1,170 m alt., 9 Oct 1979, Shimizu et al. 18097 (BKF, K, KYO, L); South-western: Kanchanaburi, Si Sawat, Tham Than Lod NP, Khao Kamphaeng, 1,100–1,370 m alt., 30 Nov 1982, Koyama et al. 30481 (BKF, KYO); South-eastern: Chanthaburi, Khao Soi Dao, 1,100–1,400 m alt., 12 Dec 1924, Kerr 9629 (BK, BM, K); Trat, Khao [Kao] Kuap, 800 m alt., 24 Dec 1919, Kerr 17792 (BK, BM, K); Peninsular: Chumphon, Ban Thung [Tung] Maha, 10 m alt., 10 Jan 1927, Kerr 11363 (BK, BM); ibid., Lang Suan, 800 m alt., 22 Feb 1927, Kerr 12074 (BK, K); Ranong, Kraburi, Klong [Klawng] Wa, 50 m alt., 24 Dec 1928, Kerr 16335 (ABD, BM, K).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 303,322.469 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 56.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes brandisii is similar to S. consors C.B.Clarke in having decumbent habit, white sericeous obovate to oblanceolate or spathulate bracts and curved corolla. It differs in having an acute apex to the calyx lobes and linear bracts. Moreover, the bracts of S. brandisii are flat vs. curved in S. consors.

Kerr 16335 was mentioned as the type of S. evrardii var. parviflora (Imlay 1939). The type has three duplicates, one at each of ABD [ABDUH:2/906], BM [BM000906338] and K [K001514907]. BM000906338 has Imlay’s handwriting as follows “Strobilanthes evrardii R. Ben. var. parviflora J.B.Imlay Type no. of var.”. Additionally, this specimen has a flower and the corolla length that agrees with the protologue. Therefore, the sheet BM000906338 is selected as the lectotype.

We examined the type of S. evrardii var. parviflora and found it conspecific with S. brandisii.

Based on Goldfussia capitata Nees

India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Thailand.

In mixed deciduous forest or evergreen forest near waterfall; 237–2,190 m alt., flowering and fruiting from September to March.

Thailand, Northern, Mae Hong Son, Khun Yuam, Huai Yuak village, 500 m alt., 13 Jan 1983, Koyama et al. 32434 (KYO, L); ibid., Mueang, Doi Mae Sakut, 800–1,000 m alt., 23 Sept 1995, Nanakorn et al. 4654 (QBG-2 sheets); ibid., Pang Mapha, Tham Lot, 850 m alt., 10 Nov 2004, Maxwell 04-682 (BKF, CMUB, L-3 sheets); Chiang Mai, Mae Chaem, Huai Hom, Ban Wat Chan, 1,000 m alt., 2 Dec 2007, Srisanga et al. 3121 (KYO, QBG); Lamphun, Doi Khun Tan NP, 925 m alt., 29 Jan 1994, Maxwell 94-135 (BKF, CMUB); Phrae, Song, Mae Tom NP, 400 m alt., 14 Dec 1993, Maxwell 93-1499 (CMUB, L-2 sheets); Tak, Mae Sot, Khao Phra War, 700–850 m alt., 12 Oct 1979, Shimizu et al. 18428 (BKF, K, KYO, L); North-eastern: Loei, Phu Luang WS, 1,300–1,562 m alt., 5 Dec 1965, Tagawa et al. 1605 (BKF, KYO-2 sheets, L).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 63,122.391 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 52.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes capitata resembles S. kerrii Craib and S. speciosa Blume in having a straight corolla and nodding short stamens. The species differs from the former as it lacks purplish hairs on the stems, petioles and peduncles and from the latter by having ovate or oblong-elliptic and curved bracts and blue to purplish-blue flowers.

Nees (1832) described Goldfussia capitata based on Wallich 2351 which has five duplicates, one at each of BM [BM000793162], K [K000883084] and K-W [K001115708] and two at GZU [GZU000251594, GZU000251595]. The sheet K001115708 is the best preserved and has completely mature leaves, inflorescences and flowers. Therefore, we select it as the lectotype.

Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao, 4 Dec 1965, Hennipman 3187 (holotype L [L0002847!]; isotypes C [C10005196 image!], BKF!, K [K001514861!], KYO!).

Figure 2. 

Strobilanthes chiangdaoensis Terao A stem and leaves B inflorescences C corolla, side view D corolla lobes, anthers and stigma. Photos taken from cultivated plant from QBG nursery.

Endemic to Thailand.

On rugged limestone ridge, open areas in mixed evergreen and deciduous forests; 800–2,190 m alt., m alt., flowering and fruiting from September to March.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Pang Mapha, Tham Lot, 925 m alt., 11 Nov 2004, Maxwell 04-698 (BKF, CMUB, L2 sheets); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao, 1050 m alt., 4 Dec 1965, Hennipman 3187 (C, BKF, K, KYO, L); ibid., 500–1600 m alt., 3 Jan 1966, Tagawa et al. 4039 (AAU, BKF, K, KYO-3 sheets, P); ibid., 1,510–2,190 m alt. 8 Feb 1983, Koyama et al. 33225 (BKF, KYO); Chiang Rai, Mae Fa Luang, Doi Tung, 1,300 m alt., 22 Oct 1995, Pooma 1176 (BKF, CMUB); ibid., 1,400 m alt., 5 Nov 2004, Maxwell 04-573 (L); ibid., Huai Khrai, near Wat Phra That Doi Tung, 1,359 m alt., 15 Sept 2012, Chamchumroon et al. VC 5434 (BKF-2 sheets, E); Phayao, Chiang Kham, Doi Pha Dam, Ban Pang Tham, 1,030 m alt., 14 Nov 2012, La-ongsri et al. 25886 (QBG); Wang Nuea, Ban Paak Bok, 1,100 m alt., 19 Jan 2006, Suksathan 3659 (QBG); Lampang, Ngao, Ban Pha Daeng, 800 m alt., 16 Jan 2006, Suksathan 3614 (KYO, QBG).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 19,556.802 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 32.000 km² and is assessed as Vulnerable (VU), B1 a, b (i, ii, iii) following IUCN (2022). This species grows among rugged limestone rocks which occur at the top of limestone mountain. This habitat is subject to increasing droughts and fires leading to decline of S. chiangdaoensis.

Strobilanthes chiangdaoensis resembles S. esquirolii in having oblong-lanceolate bracts and bracteoles. However, the bracts and bracteoles of S. chiangdaoensis are glabrous or sparsely hairy on the adaxial surface and pubescent on the abaxial surface vs. sericeous on both surfaces in S. esquirolii. Moreover, the capsules of S. chiangdaoensis have two seeds with two lower rudimentary ovules vs. four seeds without rudimentary ovules in S. esquirolii.

Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, 13 Dec 1904, Hosseus 256 (lectotype M [M0168698 image!] designated here; isolectotypes B [B101185735 image!], BM [BM000906339!], E [E00273462!], K [K001514905!], L [L2841550!], P [P00719278 image!]).

Chamchumroon, Myanmar, Thailand.

In evergreen forest, granite bedrock; 250–2,500 m alt., flowering and fruiting from September to May.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Mae Tala, 1,376 m alt., 28 Apr 2014, Norsaengsri 10909 (QBG); Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, Doi Ang Ka, 1,600 malt., 26 Dec 1935, Garrett 1026 (BKF, K-2 sheets, KYO); ibid., Fang, Doi Pha Hom Pok NP, 1,900–2,000 m alt., 11 May 1905, Hosseus 606 (M); ibid., Doi Suthep-Pui NP, 13 Dec 1904, Hosseus 256 (B, BM, E, K, L, M, P); ibid., ca. 1,680 m alt., 10 Jan 1911, Kerr 2279 (BM, K-2 sheets, L, TCD); ibid., ca. 1,520 m alt., 24 Dec 1911, Kerr 2279A (BM-2 sheets, E, L, TCD); ibid., ca. 1,580 m alt., 22 Sept 1912, Kerr 2715 (AAU, BM-2 sheets, E, K); ibid., 1,510 m alt., 20 Dec 2009, Balslev et al. 10029 (AAU); Nan, Bo Kluea, Sapan Waterfall, 600 m alt., 17 Nov 1993, Larsen et al. 44464 (AAU); ibid., 780 m alt., 2 Sept 2000, Srisanga 1587 (BKF, QBG, CMUB); Chiang Rai, Doi Chang, 1,260–1,765 m alt., 11 Jan 1922, Rock 1771 (E, US); Lamphun, Mae Tha, Doi Khun Tan NP, 1,200 m alt., 20 Nov 1993, Maxwell 93-1407 (BKF-2 sheets, CMUB, L); Lampang, Chae Son NP, 875 m alt., 24 Oct 1995, Maxwell 95-991 (BKF, CMUB); ibid., Doi Luang NP, 1,125 m alt., 8 Nov 1998, Petrmitr 335 (CMUB, L); North-eastern: Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, 1,250 m alt., 9 Sept 1988, Takahashi & Tamura 63463 (BKF); ibid., Phu Luang WS, 1,150–1,530 m alt., 24 Dec 1982, Koyama et al. 31617 (KYO-2 sheets); ibid., Phu Ruea NP, 980–1,151 m alt., 23 Dec 1982, Koyama et al. 31543 (BKF, KYO).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 73,029.391 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 76.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Hosseus 256 and Hosseus 606 were cited in the original protologue of S. consors (Hosseus 1907). Hosseus 256 has seven duplicates one in each of B [B101185735], BM [BM000906339], E [E00273462], K [K001514905], L [L2841550], M [M0168698] and P [P00719278] whereas Hosseus 606 has only one duplicate deposited at M [M0168699]. M0168698 has the original label “Strobilanthes consors sp.nova.” and the original description in Clarke’s handwriting. Moreover, this specimen has mature leaves, inflorescences and flowers. We, therefore, select the sheet M0168698 as the lectotype of S. consors.

Based on Tetragoga cruciata Bremk.

India, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia.

In hilly evergreen forest; 150–1,700 m alt, flowering and fruiting from July to May.

Thailand, Northern: Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, 1,700 m alt., 28 July 1992, Larsen et al. 43704 (AAU, P); ibid., 1,700 m alt., 26 May 2000, Srisanga 1445 (QBG); ibid., 1,680 m alt., 11 Nov 2000, Srisanga 1758 (BKF- 2 sheets, QBG); ibid., Pua, 1,650 m alt., 10 May 2006, Srisanga 2762 (CMUB, KYO, QBG); Peninsular: Chumphon, Marine Nature Study Center, 9 Apr 2008, Wessumritt 113 (QBG); ibid., Phato, Ban Racha Krude, 150–200 m alt., 6 July 1992, Larsen 43165 (AAU, BKF, P).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 2,663,189.074 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 44.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes cruciata resembles S. falconeri T.Anderson in having leaf-like bracts with a petiolar base, but it is distinguishable from S. falconeri T.Anderson by its white corolla and glabrous ovary.

Based on Strobilanthes rex C.B.Clarke

Figure 3. 

Strobilanthes dimorphotricha subsp. rex (C.B.Clarke) J.R.I.Wood A, B stem, leaves and inflorescences C inflorescence D corolla lobes and anthers.

Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos.

Common in evergreen forest; 375–2,540 m alt., flowering and fruiting from July to April.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Pai, Doi Kiew Lom, 1,490 m alt., 16 Jan 1983, Koyama et al. 32588 (BKF); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, 13 Feb 1958, Bunchuai 716 (BKF); ibid., 1,200 m alt., 17 Feb 1958, Sørensen et al. 1298 (E); ibid., 1,200–1,600 m alt., 6 Jan 1975, Geesink et al. 8117 (BKF, K, L); ibid., 14 Oct 2019, Kladwong 489 (KKU); ibid., Doi Inthanon NP, ca. 2,500 m alt., 19 Jan 1905, Hosseus 352 (BM, CORD, E-3 sheets, K, M, P-3 sheets); ibid., 17 Jan 1905, Hosseus 334 (BM); ibid., 17 Jan 1905, Hosseus 336 (BM, K, M, P); ibid., Doi Pha Hom Pok NP, 1,600–2,350 m alt., 12 Feb 1983, Koyama et al. 33423 (BKF); ibid., Doi Suthep-Pui NP, 14 Dec 1904, Hosseus 244 (BM, E, K, L); ibid., 900 m alt., 16 Jan 1910, Kerr 935 (AAU, BM, L); ibid., 1,676 m alt., 20 Nov 1910, Kerr 1548 (BM); ibid., 900 m alt., 8 Jan 1911, Kerr 1568A (BM-2 sheets, K, TCD); ibid., 1,676 m alt., 10 Dec 1911, Kerr 1568B (AAU, BM, K, L); ibid., Doi Pui Campground trail, 1,510 m alt., 20 Dec 2019, Balslev et al. 10024 (AAU); ibid., 4 Oct 2019, Kladwong 473 (KKU); Chiang Rai, Doi Luang NP, Pu Kaeng Waterfall, 592 m alt., 2 Mar 2015, Norsaengsri 11746 (QBG); ibid., Mae Sai, 1,350 m alt., 4 Feb 2006, Maxwell 06-129 (QBG, CMUB, L); ibid., Tham Luang-Khun Nam Nang Norn NP, 800 m alt., 22 Jan 2000, Suksathan 2270 (QBG); Phayao, Chiang Kham, Phu Lang Ka, 1,500 m alt., 18 Jan 2006, Suksathan 3641 (QBG, CMUB); Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, 1,500–1,600 m alt., 13 Dec 1990, Larsen et al. 41910 (AAU); ibid., 1,700 m alt., 28 July 1992, Larsen et al. 43702 (AAU); Lampang, Chae Son NP, 1,150 m alt., 7 Jan 1996, Maxwell 96-18 (BKF, CMUB); Uttaradit, Phu Soi Dao NP, Sai Thong Waterfall, 1,615 m alt., 17 Nov 2009, Norsaengsri & Intamusik 6162 (QBG); Tak, Mae Sot, Pha Charoen Waterfall, 680 m alt., 10 Feb 2002, Simpson et al. 2078 (K, TCD); Phitsanulok, Chat Trakan, 22 Jan 2009, Maknoi 3002 (QBG); ibid., Phu Hin Rong Kla NP, 1,400–1,600 m alt., 10–11 Dec 1990, Larsen et al. 41827 (AAU) & 41878 (AAU); North-eastern: Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, 18 Jan 2003, Chantaranothai et al. s.n. (BKF); Loei, Phu Suan Sai NP, 19 Dec 2006, Maknoi et al. 1238 (QBG-2 sheets); ibid., Phu Kradueng NP, 1,100–1,200 m alt., 28 Nov 1965, Tagawa 491 (BKF, KYO-2 sheets); ibid., Wang Kwang Waterfall, 1,190–1,250 m alt., 16 Nov 1979, Shimizu et al. 23219 (BKF, KYO, L); Eastern: Chiyaphum, Nam Phrom, 600 m alt., 10 Dec 1971, van Beusekom et al. 4097 (BKF, K, L); South-western: Kanchanaburi, Ta Kanun, 400 m alt., 19 Jan 1962, Kerr 10267 (BK, BM, K); Peninsular: Ranong, Kaper, Khao Pawta Luang Kaeo, 940–1,300 m alt., 10 Dec 1979, Shimizu et al. 26724 (BKF, L), 26739 (BKF), 26841 (BKF) & 26887 (BKF, L); Nakhon Si Thammarat, Lan Saka, Khao Luang, 19 Nov 1955, Snan 312 (BKF).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 295,960.413 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 176.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes dimorphotricha subsp. rex differs consistently from subsp. dimorphotricha Hance from China and Vietnam in the rigid and subequal or sometimes unequal leaves. Subsp. rex appears similar to S. paniculiformis J.R.I.Wood in which the calyx lobe has 1 lobe longer than others. However, it differs by having ovate or elliptic-lanceolate bracts vs. ovate-orbicular in S. paniculiformis.

India, Meghalaya, de Silva in Wall. Numer. List: 2356, 1831–1832 (lectotype K-W [K001115724!], designated by Bennett et al. 2008, pg. 133; isolectotype BM [BM000884989!]).

India, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia.

In evergreen forest, granite bedrock; 310–2,580 m alt., flowering and fruiting from August to July.

Thailand, Northern: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, 2,200–2,440 m alt., 2 May 1921, Kerr 5308 (BK, BM, K); ibid., 2,170 m alt., 4 June 1930, Garrett 564 (BKF, K-2 sheets, L); ibid., 1,200–2,580 m alt., 24 June 1978, Phengklai et al. 4066 (BKF, K, L, PSU); ibid., 2,565 m alt., 31 Dec 1989, Maxwell 89-1629 (CMU, E, L); ibid., Fang, Doi Pha Hom Pok NP, 1,300 m alt., 12 Sept 1967, Iwatsuki et al. 9572 (BKF, K, KYO, L); Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, 1,450 m alt., 25 June 1999, Srisanga 735 (AAU, BKF, QBG, CMUB); ibid., Pua, Phu Huat, 1,500–1,600 m alt., 3 Mar 1921, Kerr 4993 (ABD, BK, BM, K); Uttaradit, Phu Soi Dao NP, 1,960 m alt., 30 June 2009, Intamusik et al. 245 (QBG); North-eastern: Loei, Phu Luang WS, 1,200 m alt., 28 Aug 1996, Phengklai & Fukuoka 10096 (BKF-3 sheets, QBG-2 sheets); Eastern: Chaiyaphum, Thung Kamang, 850 m alt., 1 June 1974, Geesink et al. 7129 (AAU, BKF, K, L); Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao Yai NP, 600–800 m alt., 7 July 1963, Kasem 288 (BK); ibid., Khao Khieo, 1,300 m alt., 29 Aug 1963, Smitinand & Sleumer s.n. (BKF); South-western: Prachuap Khiri Khan, Khao Luang, 1,000 m alt., 5 July 1926, Kerr 10835 (ABD, BK, BM, K-2 sheets); Central: Saraburi, Khao Khieo, 1,000 m alt., 8 June 1979, Vidal et al. 6360 (AAU, BKF, K, KYO, L, P); South-eastern: Prachinburi, Khao Khieo, 1,300 m alt., 20 June 1963, Larsen 10159 (AAU, BKF, C, U); Rayong, Khao Cha Moa-Khao Wong NP, 650 m alt., 24 Nov 1979, Shimizu et al. 23465 (KYO); Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, Krating Waterfall, 310 m alt., 29 Nov 1979, Shimizu et al. 23940 (BKF, KYO-2 sheets, L); Trat, Khao Kuap, 22 May 1930, Put 2940 (BK, BM, K); Peninsular: Ranong, Kaper, Khao Pawta Luang Kaeo, 940–1200 m alt., 9 Dec 1979, Shimizu et al. 26595 (BKF, KYO); Krabi, Khao Phanom Bencha NP, 1,350 m alt., 8 Jan 2006, Gardner ST2182 (BKF-2 sheets, K-2 sheets); Nakhon Si Thammarat, Khao Luang, 900 m alt., 29 Apr 1928, Kerr 15464 (ABD, BK, BM, K-2 sheets); ibid., 3 May 1941, Smitinand 827 (BKF, L); ibid., 1,200–1,300 m alt., 24 Feb 1995, Larsen et al. 45973 (AAU); Trang, Palian, Khao Soi Dao, 800 m alt., 28 Apr 1930, Kerr 19190 (ABD, BK, BM); ibid., Yan Ta Khao, Khao Banthat, summit area of Phu Pha Mek, 1,240 m alt., 7 Apr 2003, Middleton et al. 1995 (BKF, E) & 2001 (BKF); Satun, Khao [Kao] Keo Range, 600 m alt., 12 Mar 1928, Kerr 14512 (ABD, BK, BM); ibid., 700 m alt., 12 Mar 1928, Kerr 14528 (BK, BM, K); Songkhla, Hat Yai, Ton Nga Chang Waterfall, 21 Aug 1992, Niyomdham 3066 (BKF-2 sheets); Pattani, Khao [Kao] Kala Kiri, 800–900 m alt., 1 Apr 1928, Kerr 14954 (BK, BM, K); Yala, Bannang Sata, Khao Pok Yok, 1,000 m alt., 10 Oct 1991, Larsen et al. 42276 (AAU, BKF).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 469,202.533 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 88.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes echinata differs from S. cruciata in its dentate or fimbriate or dentate-crenate vs. acuminate on the apex bracteoles and calyx. In addition, the bracts of S. echinata are sessile vs. bract with petiolar base in S. cruciata.

Strobilanthes maingayi was described based on Maingay 1182 at K (Clarke 1884). Material at K was considered to be the holotype by Bennett et al. (2008). However, there is no indication in Clarke (1884) that only the material now in K was studied. We also found that there are three duplicates of Maingay 1182, two of which are deposited at K [K001514853, K001514854] and the other one at BM [BM00088495]. K001514853 has more leaves and inflorescences than the others. Bennett et al. (2008) can be considered as first step lectotypification (Turland 2019). We therefore, undertake the second step and select K001514853 as the lectotype.

Kerr 19190 was cited in the protologue of S. latibracteata (Imlay 1939). This number has three duplicates each one was deposited at ABD [ABDUH:2/908], BK [257645] and BM [BM000793157]. We found that the sheet BM000793157 has Imlay’s handwriting labelled as “Strobilanthes latibracteata Imlay Type no.” and the specimen has well-preserved bracts as well as corolla. Furthermore, the size of the leaf, bract and corolla matches with the protologue. Therefore, the sheet BM000793157 is selected as the lectotype.

Kerr 10835 was mentioned as the type of S. maingayi var. glabra (Imlay 1939). [The varietal name was originally published as ‘glaber: but as Strobilanthes is feminine we follow Bennett et al. 2008 and use glabra]. Kerr 10835 has five duplicates, two of which are at K [K001514916, K001514917] and one each at ABD [ABDUH:2/909], BK [257644] and BM [BM000793159]. The sheet BM000793159 agreed with the protologue based on leaf size and has Imlay’s handwriting as follows: “Strobilanthes maingayi C.B.Clarke var. glabra Imlay Type of var.” Therefore, we designate the sheet BM000793159 as the lectotype.

Kerr 15464 was cited in the protologue of S. pectinata var. acuminata (Imlay 1939). This number has five duplicates, two of which were deposited at K [K001514913, K001514914] and each one was housed at ABD [ABDUH:2/912], BK [231580], BM [BM000793158]. The sheet BM000793158 has Imlay’s handwriting as follows: “Strobilanthes pectinata T. Anders. var. acuminata Imlay Type of var.” and has well-preserved leaves. Therefore, the sheet BM000793158 is selected as the lectotype and the other duplicates are isolectotypes.

Imlay (1939) described a new taxon, S. pectinata var. glandulosa based on Kerr 4993 which has four duplicates one each at ABD [ABDUH:2/910], BK [231583], BM [BM000793160] and K [K001514918]. We select the sheet BM000793160 as the lectotype because it has glandular hairs on the stem which correspond with the protologue. Additionally, it also has Imlay’s handwriting as follows: “Strobilanthes pectinata T. Anders. var. glandulosa Imlay”.

Var. pectinata was described as a new taxon by Imlay (1939) based on Kerr 14512 which has three duplicates, each one was deposited in ABD [ABDUH:2/911], BK [231579] and BM [BM000793156]. The sheet BM000793156 has the size of bracts, calyx and fruits corresponding with the protologue and it also has Imlay’s handwriting as follows: “Strobilanthes pectinata T. Anders. var. punctata Imlay Type no. of var.”. Therefore, the sheet BM000793156 is selected as the lectotype.

Thailand, Doi Chiang Dao, 17 Feb 1905, Hosseus 401a (holotype M [M0168696 image!]; isotype P [P00719317 image!]).

Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.

In open hill evergreen scrub and pine forest on mountain top, sandy soil, limestone or granite bedrock; 980–2,200 m alt., flowering and fruiting from September to February.

Thailand, Northern: Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, 2,160 m alt., 17 Feb 1905, Hosseus 401a (M, P); ibid., 1,500–2,200 m alt., 3 Dec 1961, Smitinand & Anderson 7305 (BKF-2 sheets); ibid., 2,000 m alt., 7 Dec 1965, Hennipman 3273 (BKF, L); ibid., Chom Thong, Doi Inthanon NP, 2 Nov 1930, Put 3302 (ABD, BM, C, K); ibid., 1,800 m alt., 18 Feb 1999, Suksathan 1572 (QBG); ibid., 1,700 m alt., 22 Sept 2001, Suksathan 3087 (QBG); ibid., 19 Nov 2020, Kladwong 532 & 533 (KKU); Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, Doi Phu Wae, 1,700 m alt., 10 Dec 1998, Srisanga 412 (AAU, BKF, CMUB, KYO, QBG); North-eastern: Loei, Phu Luang WS, 1,300 m alt., 27 Nov 1959, Bunpheng 955 (BKF); ibid., 1,500 m alt., 3 Jan 1983, Niyomdham & Vidal 442 (AAU, BKF-2 sheets, P) & 501 (AAU, BKF-2 sheets, P); ibid., 1,400 m alt., 15 Apr 1968, Chermsirivathana 872 (BK); ibid., 1,500 m alt., 26 Jan 1981, Smitinand s.n. (BKF); ibid., 19 Nov 2019, Kladwong 501 (KKU).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 312,285.154 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 44.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes erecta resembles S. phyllocephala J.R.I.Wood & Scotland in the shape of its leaf base, but it differs in having ovate-elliptic or obovate and caducous bracts. Wood and Scotland (2006) treated S. laotica as a synonym of S. dimorphotricha subsp. rex, but after investigation of type specimens we found that this species is conspecific with S. erecta. This is corresponded with the report of Son et al. (2018).

Son et al. (2018) proposed the duplicate of Put 3302 from K (without barcode) as the lectotype of S. suborbicularis. Unfortunately, we have not seen this duplicate. Moreover, they also provided a picture of the lectotype, but we found that this picture is the sheet BM000906322 at BM, not K: the citation of K may therefore be in error. We were able to locate five duplicates of Put 3302 one deposited at each of ABD [ABDUH:2/914], BK [257647], BM [BM000906322], C [C10005219] and KYO.

China, Kweichow, de Pa-Bonn a Ting-Chan, 16 Dec1904, Esquirol 322 (holotype E [E00133561!]).

Figure 4. 

Strobilanthes esquirolii H.Lév A stem and leaves B, C inflorescences D corolla, anthers and stigma.

Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.

In hill evergreen forest or mixed deciduous forest with bamboo, limestone granite or sandstone bedrock; 107–2,190 m alt., flowering and fruiting from October to May.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Mueang, Tham Pla-Namtok Pha Suea NP, Doi Pha Daeng, 680 m alt., 26 Dec 2012, Norsaengsri 10016 (BKF, QBG); ibid., Pai, Mae Yen Waterfall, 570 m alt., 15 Jan 1983, Koyama 32503 (BKF, KYO, L); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, 600–800 m alt., 4 Jan 1954, Garrett 1427 (K, L2 sheets, P); ibid., 550 m alt., 8 Mar 1965, Chermsirivathana 298 (BK, BKF); ibid., 1,250–1,425 m alt., 4 Dec 1965, Hennipman 3216 (BKF, K, KYO, L, P); ibid., 6 Jan 1975, Geesink 8111 (BKF, K, L); ibid., 1,625 m alt., 5 Nov 1995, Maxwell 95-1077 (BKF, CMUB, L2 sheets); ibid., 14 Oct 2019, Kladwong 482 (KKU) & 483 (KKU); ibid., Fang, 750 m alt., 27 Feb 1958, Sørensen et al. 1726 (E); ibid., 700–800 m alt., 11 Jan 1975, Geesink 8217 (AAU, BKF, K, KYO, L, P) & 8220 (BKF, K, L); ibid., Mae Taeng, 1,300 m alt., 23 Nov 2001, Maxwell 01-626 (BKF, CMUB, L); Lamphun, Mae Tha, Doi Din Deng, 3 Feb 1912, Kerr 2317 (BM, E, K, TCD); Lampang, Doi Khun Than NP, 16 Dec 2019, Balslev et al. 9910 (AAU); ibid., 25 Oct 2019, Kladwong 509 (KKU); Tak, Umphang, Ban Mae Lamung, 24 Dec 2010, Suksathan et al. 5429 (L); Phitsanulok, Chat Trakan, Phu Miang, 2 Oct 1968, Phusomsaeng et al. 11 (BKF, K, L); ibid., Phu Hin Rong Kla NP, 1,400–1,600 m alt., 10 Dec 1990, Larsen et al. 41828 (AAU); North-eastern: Loei, Na Haew, Phu Suan Sai NP, 15 May 2008, Maknoi & Srisanga 2293 (QBG); ibid., Phu Kradueng NP, 900–1,300 m alt., 17 Dec 1982, Koyama et al. 31205 (BKF, KYO, L); ibid., Phu Luang WS, 1,300 m alt., 14 Mar 1980, Smitinand s.n. (BKF); Bueng Kan, Phu Wau WS, 197 m alt., 28 Dec 2011, Norsaengsri & Tathana 8698 (BKF, QBG); South-western: Uthaitani, Ban Rai, Ban Poo Bon, 300 m alt., 2 Feb 1976, Maxwell 76-56 (BK, L 2 sheets); Kanchanaburi, Si Sawat, Erawan NP, Huai Lam Tam Ton, 580–600 m alt., 26 Nov 1982, Koyama et al. 30306 (BKF, KYO, L); without locality, 14 Jan 1926, Kerr 10211 (ABD, BK, BM, K).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 195,058.419 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 68.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes esquirolii resembles S. brandisii and S. consors in having a densely white tomentose indumentum on bracts, bracteoles and calyx, but it can be distinguished from both in having sulcate stems, oblong-lanceolate bracts. In addition, S. esquirolii is also different by dark green stems and bracts.

Craib (1914) described S. leucocephala based on Kerr 2317 which has seven duplicates, four in K [K001514900, K001514901, K001514902, K001514903] and one in each of BM [BM000906289], E [E00133531] and TCD. K001514901 has more inflorescences and flowers than the others; therefore, we select this specimen as the lectotype.

We have examined the types of S. bombycina and S. esquirolii and found that they are conspecific because they are densely white tomentose on bracts, bracteoles and calyx and the bracts are oblong-lanceolate. The original protologue of S. bombycina was based on Kerr 10211 (Imlay 1939), this number has four duplicates and one at each of ABD [ABDUH:2/888], BK [257639], BM [BM000906285] and K [K001514899]. The morphological characters of the specimen at BM correspond with the protologue, especially in leaf and fruit size and the sheet also has Imlay’s handwriting as follows: “Strobilanthes bombycina Imlay Type no.”. Therefore, we select the sheet BM000906285 as the lectotype.

Myanmar, Moulmain, 27 Feb 1849, Falconer 423 (lectotype CAL [CAL0000019638 image!] designated here; isolectotypes CAL [CAL0000019639 image!], K [K000882995!]).

Myanmar, Thailand.

In evergreen forest; 250–1,300 m alt., flowering and fruiting from October to May.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Khun Yuam, Mae Yuam Noi, 800 m alt., 24 Mar 2009, Pongamornkul 2579 (QBG); ibid., Mae Sariang, Mae Bow, 1,125 m alt., 2 Mar 1991, Maxwell 91-212 (AAU-2 sheets, E, L); ibid., Sob Moei, 900 m alt., 29 Apr 2014, Pongamornkul 4165 (QBG); Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, Doi Pha Tang, 1,300 m alt., 18 Jan 2009, Niyomdham & Puudjaa 8356 (BKF); Tak, Umphang, Thung Yai Naresuan East WS, 22 Dec 2011, Watthana & La-ongsri 4100 (QBG); South-western: Kanchanaburi, Sangklaburi, Khao Leam NP, 250 m alt., 16 Dec 2005, Poopath 421 (BKF-2 sheets); ibid., Khao Yai, 800–900 m alt., 2 Apr 1968, van Beusekom & Phengklai 302 (AAU, BKF, E, K, L); Central: Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai NP, 1,170 m alt., 9 Oct 1979, Shimizu et al. 18097 (KYO-2 sheets); ibid., 800 m alt., 29 Jan 2008, Maxwell 08-17 (QBG, CMUB, L).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 69,009.843 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 36.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Falconer 423 was mentioned in the original protologue of S. falconeri (Anderson 1867). There are three duplicates two at CAL [CAL0000019638, CAL0000019639] and one at K [K000882995]. All the specimens were labelled as “Strobilanthes falconeri T.Anderson” in Anderson’s handwriting. The sheet CAL0000019638 has more leaves, inflorescences and fruits. Therefore, we select this specimen as the lectotype.

This species was formerly known only from Myanmar, but is now known from the Northern, South-Western and Central floristic regions of Thailand.

Thailand, Tak, Khao [Kao] Hua Mod, 12 June 1922, Kerr 6118 (holotype BM [BM001046226!]; isotype BK [257641!]).

Endemic to Thailand.

In open limestone hill; 300–933 m alt., flowering and fruiting from May to August.

Thailand, Northern: Tak, Umphang, Doi Hua Mod [Kao Hua Mod], 12 June 1922, Kerr 6118 (BK, BM); ibid., 800 m alt., 1 May 2006, Watthana 1970 (CMUB); ibid., 900 m alt., 27 May 2008, Pooma et al. 6995 (BKF); ibid., 800 m alt., 2 May 20011, Watthana 3805 (QBG); ibid., 933 m alt., 18 July 2015, Phaosrichai 205 (QBG); Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Wong NP, 11 July 1999, Chayamarit et al. 1795 (BKF); South-western: Kanchanaburi, Sangkhla Buri, Nong Lu, Ban Dan Chedi, Khao Condo, 358 m alt., 25 Aug 2010, Chamchumroon et al. 4812 (BKF); ibid., Thong Pha Phum, along route 323, 4 km NW from Thong Pha Phum, 240 m alt., 29 Nov 1982, Koyama et al. 30473 (BKF, KYO); ibid., 25 Jan 1983, Koyama et al. 32887 (BKF, KYO-2 sheets).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 3,865.766 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 16.000 km² and is assessed as Endangered (EN), B1 a, b (i, ii, iii) following IUCN (2022). This species grows on open limestone hills and is only recorded from a few records. The changes of the habitat through increasing droughts and fires are likely to lead to decline of S. graminea.

Strobilanthes graminea resembles S. aprica (Hance) T.Anderson and S. hypomalla Benoist in having two exserted stamens, but the fruit of S. graminea has 8 seeds whereas there are 4 seeds in S. aprica and S. hypomalla.

Vietnam, Dalat, 27 Nov 1911, Lecomte & Finet 1524 (lectotype P [P00218435 image!] designated by Kladwong and Chantaranothai 2022, pg. 182).

Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.

In dipterocarp forest, sandstone bedrock; 340–492 m alt., flowering and fruiting December.

Thailand, North-eastern: Bueng Kan, Phu Lang Ka NP, 492 m alt., 26 Nov 2017, Suddee & Puudjaa 5333 (BKF); ibid., Phu Wua WS, 340 m alt., 15 Oct 2016, Suddee et al. 5561 (BKF); ibid., trails to Tham Noi Waterfall, 1 Dec 2020, Kladwong et al. 539 (KKU).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 10,177.798 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 16.000 km² and is assessed as the Endangered (EN), B1 a, b (i, ii, iii) following IUCN (2022). This species grows on sandy soil in dipterocarp forest and is only recorded from a few records. The changes of the habitat through increasing droughts and fire are likely to lead to the decline of S. hypomalla.

Strobilanthes hypomalla resembles S. aprica, but differs in having greenish or yellowish green stems, linear-lanceolate leaf shape, and the outside of the corolla is pubescent. Moreover, the pollen of S. hypomalla is prolate or subprolate with a 3-colporate aperture and longitudinal spinose ribs on the exine sculpturing as opposed to 3-cryptoaperturate and with short conical spines over the exine in S. aprica (Kladwong and Chantaranothai 2022). According to the protologue of S. hypomalla, the corolla was described as glabrous outside but the specimens from Thailand show that it is pubescent. Further research based on more specimens is needed to comprehend this variation.

Thailand, Phrae [Phrea], Huai [Hue] Kamin, 18 Feb 1910, Kerr 988 (lectotype K [K001514920!] designated here; isolectotypes BM [BM000793163!], E [E00136697!], K [K001514921!, K001514922!], TCD!).

Figure 5. 

Strobilanthes kerrii Craib A adaxial surface of leaves B abaxial surface of leaves C–F inflorescences and corolla.

Endemic to Thailand.

By stream bank in dry evergreen forest and hill evergreen forest; 160–1,800 m alt., flowering and fruiting from September to March.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Pai, Mueang Sroi Waterfall, 800 m alt., 17 Jan 1983, Koyama et al. 32647 (K, KYO); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, 1,500–1,800 m alt., 27 Oct 1979, Shimizu et al. 20918 (BKF, L) & 20938 (BKF, KYO, L); ibid., Kawng San, 1,150 m alt., 22 Jan 1964, Hansen 10872 (L, U); Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, 1,510 m alt., 4 Dec 1999, Srisanga 1233 (BKF, QBG); Lamphun, Li, Mae Ping NP, Ko Luang Waterfall, 500 m alt., 23 Jan 2017, Pooma & Pattharahirantricin 7966 (BKF); Phrae, Huai Kamin, ca. 300 m alt., 18 Feb 1910, Kerr 988 (BM, E, K-3 sheets, TCD); Tak, Mae Sot, Inthanin Cave Temple, 26 Dec 2010, Suksathan et al. 5447 (L); Sukhothai, Kirimat, Ramkhamhaeng NP, 275 m alt., 27 Jan 1995, Maxwell 95-26 (BKF, CMUB, L); ibid., Srichatchanalai NP, Tham Thara Wasan, 160 m alt., 17 Nov 2014, Norsaengsri 11509 (QBG). North-eastern: Loei, Na Haew, Phu Suan Sai NP, 3 Sept 2008, Maknoi 2792 (BKF, QBG); ibid., Phu Luang WS, 19 Nov 2019, Kladwong et al. 505 & 506 (KKU).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 80,801.690 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 52.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes kerrii has many characteristics in common with S. capitata and S. speciosa, especially the leaf and bract shapes and inflorescence type. However, it can be distinguished due to the presence of rigid dark red trichomes on stems, petiole and peduncle that are absent in S. capitata and S. speciosa. Strobilanthes kerrii was treated as a synonym of S. speciosa (Bennett and Scotland 2003), but now we conclude that it should be regarded as species in its own right.

This species was described by Craib (1912) based on Kerr 988 which has five duplicates, three of them were deposited at K [K001514920, K001514921, K001514922] and each one kept at BM [BM000793163], E [E00136697] and TCD. All are in good shape, but the sheet K001514920 has more mature leaves and flowers. Therefore, we select this specimen as the lectotype.

Based on Goldfussia paniculata Nees

Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia.

Near stream in evergreen forest or bamboo forest; 10–1,000 m alt., flowering and fruiting from November to March.

Thailand, Peninsular: Chumphon, Lang Suan, 14 Feb 1927, Kerr 11939 (BK, BM, K, KYO); ibid., 100 m alt., 1 Mar 1927, Kerr 12172 (BK, BM, K); ibid., Siep Yuan, 10 m alt., 20 Dec 1928, Kerr 16236 (BK, BM, K); Ranong, Kaper, 10 m alt., 17 Feb 1929, Kerr 16707 (BK, BM, K); ibid., Khao Pawta Luang Kaeo, 400–1,000 m alt., 27 Feb 1983, Koyama et al. 33815 (BKF, K, KYO-3 sheets, L); ibid., Klong Naka WS, 80 m alt., 17 Nov 1973, Santisuk 593 (BKF-3 sheets); ibid., 23 Nov 1974, Indrapong 39 (BKF); ibid., 30–50 m alt., 8 Dec 1979, Shimizu et al. 26398 (BKF, KYO-2); ibid., 30–230 m alt., 6–7 Jan 1990, Hoover 5072 (E) & 5429 (E); ibid., Kra Buri, 29 Feb 1968, Vacharapong 186 (BK) & 190 (BK); Surat Thani, Klong Sok, 14 Feb 1975, Damrongsak 159 (BKF).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 1,739,203.963 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 28.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes paniculata resembles S. paniculiformis J.R.I.Wood in having a panicle of capitate inflorescences and glabrous bracts. It differs in having the obovate bracts and linear-obovate bracteoles vs. the ovate-orbicular bracts and obovate to narrowly obovate bracteoles in S. paniculiformis.

Helfer’s collection was cited in the protologue of S. subcapitata (Clarke 1884). This collection has three duplicates. Two of which were deposited at K [K000883112, K000883113] and one housed at P [P00719448]. Both the duplicates at K have Clarke’s handwriting as follows: “Strobilanthes subcapitata Clarke”: but K000883112 has more mature leaves. Therefore, we select this specimen as the lectotype.

The original protologue of S. microcephala was based on Poilane 15853 (Benoist 1934). This collection has five duplicates one at A [A00286779], two at K [K001514870, K001514871] and two at P [P00719373, P00719376]. P00719373 has more mature leaves and inflorescences; therefore, it is selected as the lectotype. The others are isolectotypes.

India, Naga Hills, 1887, Clarke 40945 (holotype K [K000545689!]; isotype K [K000545690!]).

India, Myanmar, Thailand.

In hill evergreen forest or open plateau; 1,200–2,285 m alt., flowering and fruiting from October to December.

Thailand, Northern: Chiang Mai, Fang, Doi Pha Hom Pok NP, 2,285 m alt., 10 Nov 2012, Chamchumroon 5541 (BKF); Phitsanulok, Phu Hin Rong Kla NP, 1,400–1,600 m alt., 10 Dec 1990, Larsen et al. 41827 (AAU, P); ibid., 1,200 m alt., 11 Dec 1990, Larsen et al. 41870 (AAU); ibid., 1,300 m alt., 14 Oct 1998, Suksathan 1302 (QBG-2 sheets); North-eastern: Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, 1,150–1,250 m alt., 1 Nov 1984, Murata et al. 42539 (BKF, L).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 12,195.648 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 12.000 km² and is assessed as Vulnerable (VU), B1 a, b (i, ii, iii) following IUCN (2022). This species grows on the open plateau of evergreen mountains and is recorded from only a few collections. The changes of the habitat through increasing droughts and fire might lead to causing decline of S. paniculiformis.

Strobilanthes paniculiformis was formerly known from the Naga Hills of Eastern India was also recently recorded in the Kachin State and Sagaing Region of Myanmar (Wood et al. 2022) but is now seen to have a wider distribution stretching into the Northern and North-Eastern floristic regions of Thailand.

Thailand, Chaiyaphum, Phu Khieo WS, Oct 1999, Phengklai et al. 12261 (holotype BKF [SN127785!]; isotypes BKF [SN143321!, SN127784!]).

Figure 6. 

Strobilanthes phengklaii Kladwong & Chantar. A stem, leaves and inflorescences B adaxial surface of leaf (B1) and abaxial surface of leaf (B2) C outer surface of bract (C1) and inner surface of bract (C2) D outer surface of bracteole (D1) and inner surface of bracteole (D2) E calyx F corolla, stamens and rugula and trichomes retaining the style (arrow) G pistil, style and stigma H ovary I fruit J seed. A–H drawn from Phengklai et al. 12261 (BKF: holotype), I–J drawn from Tagawa et al. 1076 (BKF). Drawn by K. Tuanku.

Figure 7. 

Scanning electron microscope micrographs of pollen of S. phengklaii Kladwong & Chantar., equatorial view A shape B exine sculpturing, from Phengklai et al. 12261 (BKF).

Similar to S. brandisii T.Anderson and S. esquirolii H.Lév. in having single capitate inflorescences, sessile or subsessile and densely white sericeous bracts but differs in having lanceolate or linear-lanceolate bracts and yellow corolla vs. spathulate bracts and purple corolla in S. brandisii and oblong-lanceolate bracts and violet corolla in S. esquirolii. The morphological difference among S. brandisii, S. esquirolii and S. phengklaii are presented in Table 2.

Herbs up to 40 cm tall, perennial, erect or decumbent, anisophyllous. Stems 4-angled, sulcate or subterete when mature, pubescent or glabrescent. Leaves petiolate; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.8–10 × 0.6–3.5 cm, hairy on adaxial surface, pubescent on abaxial surface, lateral veins 3–7 pairs, prominent on both surfaces, apex attenuate to caudate, base attenuate, and decurrent onto petiole, margin serrate or crenate, ciliate; petiole 0.3–2.5 cm long, pubescent. Inflorescences terminal capitate, 3–5-flowered; peduncle absent; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5–13 × 2–4 mm, persistent, the outer one longer than the inner, white sericeous on both surfaces, the upper part sparsely hispid, apex obtuse, margin entire or obscurely serrate, base sessile, ciliate; bracteoles linear, 3–5 × ca. 0.8 mm, white sericeous on both surfaces. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes linear, 4–5 × 0.5 mm, subequal, apex acute, white sericeous on both surfaces. Corolla yellow, funnel shaped, 2–4 cm long, densely white sericeous on top at bud, sparsely pubescent at anthesis, glabrous inside except hairs retaining style; tube yellow, cylindric for 4–6 mm long; mouth 1–1.5 cm wide; lobes 5, ovate, 3–4.5 × 3.5–5 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 4, included, didynamous; short filaments 2 mm long, long filament 3–5 mm long, all filament straight and glabrous; anther thecae ca. 1.5 mm long, white, without spur; pollen 3-colporate, prolate or subprolate in equatorial view, circular in polar view, polar range 51–67 μm, equatorial range 31–41 μm; ectoapertures fusiform; exine divided into longitudinal ribs, each rib with a coarse ladder-like reticulum. Ovary ellipsoid, 2 mm long, densely white sericeous at apex; style 2.5–3 cm long, puberulous. Capsule fusiform, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, white sericeous, 4-seeded. Seeds ovate in outline, ca. 1.8× ca. 1.5 mm, hairy.

Endemic to Thailand.

Common in shaded areas in dry evergreen forest; ca. 600 m alt., flowering and fruiting from October to December.

Named in honour of Dr Chamlong Phengklai, a senior botanist at the Forest Herbarium (BKF) who collected the type specimens of S. phengklaii.

(paratypes): Thailand, North-eastern: Loei, Phu Luang WS, from Ban Na Luang to north ride ca. 600 m alt., 3 Dec 1965, Tagawa et al. 1076 (BKF, KYO, L [L2842098]).

This species is only known from two populations suggesting that this species is endemic to the north-eastern floristic region of Thailand. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) following IUCN (2022). However, S. phengklaii was legally collected from a protected area and it is recorded as common in the locality. Strobilanthes phengklaii has a few records. The changes of the habitat through increasing droughts and fire is likely to lead to the decline of this species. More field work is needed to assess the conservation status of S. phengklaii.

Thailand: Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, 6 Aug 1995, Larsen et al. 45466 (holotype K [K000224872!]; isotype AAU!).

Endemic to Thailand.

Near stream in evergreen forest or bamboo forest; 10–1,000 m alt., flowering and fruiting from November to March.

Thailand, South-western: Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, 400–600 m alt., 6 Aug 1995, Larsen et al. 45466 (AAU, K); ibid., 840 m alt., 24 Oct 2013, Tagane et al. 2132 (BKF).

This species is only known from its type locality and is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) following IUCN (2022). More field work needed to assess the conservation status of S. phyllocephala.

Strobilanthes phyllocephala resembles S. falconeri. It differs in having the ovate or ovate-elliptic leaves vs. elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate leaves in S. falconeri. The apex of bracteoles of S. phyllocephala is obtuse vs. acute in S. falconeri.

Myanmar, Bago Region [Beeliz], Brandis s.n. (syntype K! [without barcode]).

Figure 8. 

Strobilanthes phyllostachya Kurz A stem B leaves and inflorescences C bracts D corolla. Photo by P. Suksathan.

Myanmar, Thailand.

Near stream in evergreen forest or bamboo forest; 10–1,000 m alt., flowering and fruiting from November to March.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Mae Sariang, 400 m alt., 21 Feb 1982, Wongprasert 6 (BKF-2 sheets, K, L, P); ibid., Huai Ngae, 350 m alt., 14 Feb 1971, Smitinand & Boonkird 11422 (BKF); 450 m alt., 13 Jan 1988, Santisuk 6668 (BKF-2 sheets); ibid., Salawin WS, Huai Ka Han, 500 m alt., 23 Mar 2006, Watthana & Wongnak 1860 (QBG); ibid., Sob Moei, 950 m alt., 24 Jan 2015, Pongamornkul 4782 (QBG); ibid., Mae Ngao NP, 13 Jan 2015, Tanming 757 (QBG); Tak, Mae Ngo NP, 395 m alt., 23 Dec 2010, Suksathan et al. 5336 (L); ibid., Tha Song Yang, 22 Mar 2006, Pooma et al. 6226 (AAU, BKF-2 sheets, QBG); South-western: Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, 14 Dec 1993, Parinya et al. 364 (BK); ibid., Wangka, Kwae Noi River Basin, 150 m alt., 13 May 1949, Kostermans 412 (K).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 10,101.500 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 28.000 km² and is assessed as Vulnerable (VU), B1 a, b (i, ii, iii) following IUCN (2022). This species grows near streams in evergreen forest or bamboo forest with a few records. The changes of the habitat through increasing droughts and fire are likely to lead to the decline of S. phyllostachya.

Strobilanthes phyllostachya is distinguishable from S. squalens S. Moore by its elliptic bract and hairlessness on the outside of the corolla. This species was formerly only known from Myanmar (Kurz 1871; Wood et al. 2022), but is now newly recorded from the Northern and Southwestern floristic regions of Thailand.

Based on Ruellia serpens Nees

Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia.

In grass thickets and meadows or by streams under the shade of mixed deciduous and evergreen forests; 10–1,250 m alt., flowering and fruiting from June to May.

Thailand, Northern: Chiang Rai, Doi Luang NP, 580 m alt., 3 Nov 2015, Muangyen 217 (QBG); Chiang Mai, Mae Taeng, Pong Dueat, 825 m alt., 19 Nov 1992, Maxwell 92-742 (CMUB, L); Nan, Tha Wang Pha, 500 m alt., 14 Nov 1993, Larsen et al. 44347 (AAU); ibid., Huai Mae Sakawn, between Phrae and Nan, ca. 427 m alt, 15 Feb 1912, Kerr 2383 (E, K); ibid., common in Jungle, 21 Feb 1912, Kerr 2383a (E); Phitsanulok, Thung Salang Luang NP, 600 m alt., 25 July 1996, Larsen et al. 885 (AAU, BKF); Kamphaeng Phet, Klong Klung, 200 m alt., 1 June 1922, Kerr 6044 (BK, K); North-eastern: Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, 11 June 1964, Chantanamuck 751 (BK), Loei, Na Haew, 1,000 m alt., 26 Apr 1994, Nanakorn et al. 3168 (QBG); ibid., Phu Kradueng NP, Phen Phop Mai Waterfall, 1,230 m alt., 4 Sept 1988, Tsuchiya & Tamura 60534 (BKF); Khon Kaen, Chum Phae, Pha Nok Khao, 400 m alt., 26 Nov 1965, Tagawa 294 (BKF, K, L); ibid., Phu Pha Man NP, Nakarat Cave, 483 m alt., 25 July 2010, Norsaengsri & Thangson 6950 (QBG); South-western: Kanchanaburi, Huai Bankao, 800 m alt., 13 Nov 1971, van Beusekom et al. 3758 (BKF, K, L); ibid., Sai Yok, Thung Kang Yang, 5 July 1963, Larsen 10516 (BKF, L); ibid., Sangkhla Buri, Mueang Cha area, 800 m alt., 8 July 1973, Maxwell 73-218 (AAU, BK); Ratchaburi, Chom Bueng, Ban Baw, 100 m alt., 26 Mar 1975, Maxwell 75-332 (AAU, BK); ibid., Thung Kang Yang, 350 m alt., July 1963, Larsen et al. 10517 (AAU); South-eastern: Chon Buri, Si Racha, 15 Nov 1926, Put 458 (BK, K); Chanthaburi, Pong Nam Ron, Khao Soi Dao, 250 m alt., 5 May 1975, Maxwell 75-485 (AAU); Peninsular: Chumphon, Sawi, 9 Sept 1927, Put 1023 (BK, K); Ranong, Kra Buri, Nam Chut, 29 Jan 1927, Kerr 11704 (BK, K); La-un, 10 m alt., 2 Jan 1929, Kerr 16493 (BK, K); Krabi, Khao Panom Bencha, 24 Oct 1991, Larsen et al. 42533 (AAU); Nakhon Si Thammarat, Lan Saka, 50 m alt., 25 Apr 1928, Kerr 15384 (BK); Trang, Khao Chong, 200 m alt., 12 Aug 1975, Maxwell 75-767 (AAU); Songkhla, Rattaphum, Boriphat Waterfall, 100–200 m alt., 19 Oct 1991, Larsen et al. 42390 (AAU, BKF); ibid., 250 m alt., 16 Aug1984, Maxwell 84-67 (BKF, L).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 399,832.702 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 100.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes serpens differs from S. hirta Blume in having petioles which are 2–3.5 cm long, obovate bracts and white anthers. Strobilanthes hirta has very short or sessile petioles, ovate-elliptic bracts and purplish-red anthers.

Hemigraphis hispidula was described by Craib (1913). However, after investigation of type and non-type specimens from Thailand, we find that this species has many characteristics in common with S. serpens. Therefore, H. hispidula is placed as a synonym of S. serpens. The original protologue of H. hispidula was based on Kerr 2383 and Kerr 2383a (Craib 1913). There are two duplicates of Kerr 2383 one at E [E00273430] and the other at K [K000882584] and there are two duplicates of Kerr 2383a one at E [E00273431] and the other at K [K000882585]. All are in good shape: we designate the sheet K000882585 as the lectotype because it has more mature stems and leaves.

Indonesia, Megamendung, Blume 1802 (lectotype L [L0537293!] designated by Bennett and Scotland 2003, pg. 39).

China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia.

Common in evergreen forest or on rugged limestone area, 100–2,150 m alt. Flowering and fruiting from August to March.

Thailand, Northern: Mae Hong Son, Khun Yuam, 1,000 m alt., 20 Nov 2014, Prommanut & Rattanathip 618 (BK-4 sheets); Chinag Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, 1,500 m alt., 15 Sept 1967, Shimizu & Hutoh 10152 (BKF, KYO-2 sheets, L); ibid., Fang, Doi Ang Khang, 1,600 m alt., 17 Nov 1973, Sadakorn 289 (BK); Chiang Rai, Doi Chang, 868 m alt., 28 Nov 2010, Norsaengsri & Tathana 7365 (QBG); ibid., Mae Sai, 1,350 m alt., 4 Oct 1992, Banziger 1055 (CMUB, L); Nan, Song Khwae, Bo Pra Kang, 657 m alt., 2 Feb 2011, La-ongsri et al. 2067 (QBG, PSU); Lampang, Wang Nuea, Chae Son NP, 525 m alt., 25 Oct 1995, Maxwell 95-1006 (BKF, CMUB, L); Tak, Doi Muser, 700 m alt., 27 Feb 1987, Paisooksantivatana 2029-87 (BK); ibid., Phummipol Dam, Dec 1959, S.N. 675 (BK); Sukhothai, Mueang Kao, 4 Nov 1971, Maxwell 71-677 (AAU, BK); South-western: Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, 210 m alt., 12 Dec 2002, Middleton 1588 (BKF, CMUB, E); Prachuap Kiri Khan, Kaeng Krachan NP, 260 m alt., 15 Aug 2002, Middleton 1078 (AAU, BKF, CMUB, E, L); ibid., Huai Yang, 6 Oct 1980, Put 3229 (BK, K, KYO); Peninsular: Surat Thani, Phanom, Chong Lom, Khao Sok NP, 100–150 m alt., 12 Dec 1979, Shimizu et al. 27115 (BKF, KYO-2 sheets, L); Nakhon Si Thammarat, Kiriwong, 100 m alt., 28 Apr 1928, Kerr 15420 (BK, BM, K); ibid., 100–700 m alt., 17 Jan 1966, Tagawa et al. 4545 (BKF, KYO-2 sheets, L); ibid., Khao [Kow] Luang, Aug 1868, Pierre s.n. (A, NY, P-4 sheets).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 250,984.816 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 64.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Pierre’s collection was cited in the protologue of S. pierrei (Benoist 1934). This collection has five duplicates, there are three at P [P00218442, P00719405, P00204977], one at A [A00286777] and one at NY [00278319]. All specimens bear Benoist’s handwriting as follows: “Strobilanthes pierrei R. Benn.”. However, P00218442 has more leaves and inflorescences; therefore, it is selected as the lectotype. The others are isolectotypes.

Vietnam, South Annam, Langbian, Dran, Mar 1918, Kloss s.n. (holotype BM [BM000810180!]).

Figure 9. 

Photographs of dried specimens A S. paniculiformis J.R.I.Wood from Larsen et al. 41870 (AAU) B S. squalens S.Moore from Maxwell 74-164 (BK).

Figure 10. 

Distribution maps of Strobilanthes with capitate inflorescence in Thailand A S. aprica (Hance) T.Anderson, S. articulata J.B.Imlay and S. brandisii T.Anderson B S. capitata (Nees) T.Anderson, S. chiangdaoensis Terao and S. consors C.B.Clarke C S. cruciata (Bremek.) Terao, S. dimorphotricha subsp. rex (C.B.Clarke) J.R.I.Wood and S. echinata Nees D S. erecta C.B.Clarke, S. esquirolii H.Lév. and S. falconeri T.Anderson.

Figure 11. 

Distribution maps of Strobilanthes with capitate inflorescence in Thailand A S. graminea J.B.Imlay, S. hypomalla Benoist and S. kerrii Craib B S. paniculiformis J.R.I.Wood, S. paniculata (Nees) Miq. and S. phengklaii Kladwong & Chantar. C S. phyllocephala J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, S. phyllostachya Kurz and S. serpens (Nees) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland D S. speciosa Blume and S. squalens S.Moore.

Thailand, Vietnam.

Near stream in evergreen forest or bamboo forest; 10–1,000 m alt., flowering and fruiting from November to March.

Thailand, Eastern: Si Sa Ket, Kantharalak, Khao Phra Wihan NP, 400 m alt., 21 Dec 2005, Pooma et al. 6036 (BKF); ibid., 200 m alt., 22 Dec 2005, Pooma et al. 6091 (BKF, E, L); Central: Saraburi, Mueang, Sam Lan Forest, 125 m alt., 18 Feb 1974, Maxwell 74-164 (AAU, BK); ibid., 100 m alt., 26 Jan 1975, Geesink & Maxwell 8377 (BKF, L); South-eastern: Chon Buri, Sriracha, Nong Kam Kheo, ca. 122 m alt., 1 Dec 1927, Collins 1832 (BK, BM, K); Chanthaburi, between Makham and Soi Dao, 100–200 m alt., 14 Jan 1958, Sørensen et al. 241 (C, L); ibid., Tap Sai, 200 m alt., 17 Dec 1924, Kerr 9693 (BK, BM, K); ibid., 200 m alt., 19 Dec 1924, Kerr 9693A (BK, BM).

This species has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 46,083.781 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 16.000 km² and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following IUCN (2022).

Strobilanthes squalens was formerly thought to be an endemic to Southern Vietnam (Baker et al. 1921), but it is now found to occur in the Eastern and Central floristic regions of Thailand.

Sericocalyx thailandicus was described by Bremekamp (1961). After investigation of type specimens from Thailand, we find that this species is conspecific with S. squalens. Therefore, S. thailandicus is placed as a synonym of S. squalens.