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Research Article
Morphology and phylogeny of Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a new small-celled lanceolate species from a post-mining reservoir
expand article infoRafał M. Olszyński‡§, Piotr K. Zakrzewski‡, Frédéric Rimet§, Julia Sulkowska‡, Łukasz Peszek|, Joanna Żelazna-Wieczorek‡
‡ University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
§ Universit´e Savoie-Mont Blanc, Thonon les Bains, France
| University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland

Corresponding author: Rafał M. Olszyński ( rafal.olszynski@biol.uni.lodz.pl )

Academic editor: Bing Liu
© 2024 Rafał M. Olszyński, Piotr K. Zakrzewski, Frédéric Rimet, Julia Sulkowska, Łukasz Peszek, Joanna Żelazna-Wieczorek.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Olszyński RM, Zakrzewski PK, Rimet F, Sulkowska J, Peszek Ł, Żelazna-Wieczorek J (2024) Morphology and phylogeny of Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a new small-celled lanceolate species from a post-mining reservoir. PhytoKeys 241: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.241.117406
Open Access

Abstract

Post-mining reservoirs are distinguished by characteristic environmental conditions where specific diatom communities can be observed. Reservoirs created as a part of the reclamation plan after human mining activities are marked by unique chemical and physical water parameters. In the course of research on the diatoms from Bogdałów reservoir, we examined the taxonomic and morphological diversity of Nitzschia taxa from the section Lanceolatae occurring in a post-mining lignite reservoir. Our study describes a new species of Nitzschia from a post-mining reservoir, Nitzschia nandorii Olszyński, Zakrzewski & Żelazna-Wieczorek, sp. nov. Morphometry and morphology analyses of new species were performed with light and scanning electron microscopy. Chloroplast morphology analysis was conducted with differential interference contrast microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Molecular data from SSU 18S, rbcL and psbC sequences were obtained from cultures of this taxon. Differential diagnosis of Nitzschia nandorii Olszyński, Zakrzewski & Żelazna-Wieczorek, sp. nov. with co-occurring taxa: N. lacuum and N. alpinobacillum was performed using morphological traits and nMDS analysis of the valves’ morphometry.

Key words

Diatom, new species, Nitzschia, phylogeny, post-mining reservoir, taxonomy

Introduction

Post-mining reservoirs are unique and in many cases present extreme water environments where specific diatom communities can be observed (Olszyński et al. 2019). The mineral composition of the reservoir bottom and drainage water from mining operations may impact the chemical and physical parameters of water. In some circumstances, we can observe an influence on one particular factor e.g. chloride which provides conditions for the growth of stenotopic species (Żelazna-Wieczorek et al. 2015). Reservoirs created after human mining activities can also be a hot spot for the observation of teratological forms (Sienkiewicz et al. 2023), as well as a place of occurrence of a new diatom species for science (Żelazna-Wieczorek and Olszyński 2016; Olszyński and Żelazna-Wieczorek 2018).

Nitzschia Hassall, 1845 (Bacillariophyceae) is one of the most numerous and various non-monophyletic genera where several phylogenetic clades and morphological sections can be distinguished (Rimet et al. 2011; Mann et al. 2021; Guiry 2023). According to the AlgaeBase, there are more than 880 registered Nitzschia species (Guiry 2023). Despite a large number of identified Nitzschia taxa, there is still a relatively small number of records of Nitzschia species sequences. According to the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), sequences have only been submitted for 93 identified species (accessed 15 December 2023, identified to the species level). The Lanceolatae is one of the most diverse sections of Nitzschia, according to the Grunowian classification which is characterized by a strongly eccentric keel position, absence of longitudinal fold, linear and lanceolate valves and distinctive fibulae (Cleve and Grunow 1880). However, significant morphological diversity also exists in this section: in fibulae morphology, the presence or absence of the wider relative spacing between the central fibulae compared to the rest of the fibulae, diversified raphe canal structure, and the presence or absence of distinct proximal raphe fissures. Recent studies based on phylogeny analysis using rbcL marker revealed in the Lanceolatae, a clade of Nitzschia including N. fonticola (Grunow) Grunow, 1881, N. perminuta Grunow, 1881, N. costei Tudesque et al., 2008, N. soratensis E.A. Morales & M.L. Vis, 2007, and N. acidoclinata Lange-Bertalot, 1976 (Rimet et al. 2011; Mann et al. 2021). These species possess a specific shared morphology: two or more longitudinal rows of areolae on the raphe canal, a single row of poroids on the girdle band, no poroids on the second and third and elongated poroids on the fourth (Mann et al. 2021).

This paper aims to study the taxonomical and morphological diversity of Nitzschia taxa from the Lanceolatae section found in a studied lignite post-mining reservoir. Based on multi-threaded analyses which include the molecular analysis of three DNA markers--those encoding the small-subunit of ribosomes (SSU 18S rDNA), and chloroplast-encoded genes rbcL and psbC-- plus morphometry and morphology using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), including details of chloroplast morphology using differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we have described Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov.

Materials and methods

Study sites description

Samples were collected from the Bogdałów reservoir which is located in Bogdałów village in Greater Poland Voivodeship near the city of Turek (Fig. 1). This area is a part of the mining operation belonging to the PAK KWB Konin S.A. mining company. There are several lignite and brown coal opencast mines present, and several reservoirs created after flooded mining by water from local streams and mine drainage water. The reservoir was created after a flooded opencast mine of lignite in the middle of the 1990s as a part of the reclamation plan. The water surface is 10.8 ha, designed to store water for fire-fighting purposes, and is surrounded by forest (Orlikowski and Szwed 2009, 2011; Stachowski et al. 2018). In 2019, the first studies on diatom communities in this area were conducted to verify or establish ecological indicators values (Olszyński et al. 2019).

Figure 1. 

Location of studied Bogdałów reservoir A location of Greater Poland Voivodeship in Poland and Bogdałów village in Greater Poland Voivodeship B location of the sampling site, white arrowhead sampling site, white arrow inflow of stream (http://earth.google.com).

Sampling and culture

The study site (52°2'53.938"N, 18°35'49.646"E) is located on the opposite side of the inflow stream supplying the reservoir to avoid the direct impact of the variability of disturbance caused by lotic water (Fig. 1). Four samples were taken from the sandy bottom, 10 m of the reservoir shore at a depth of around one meter and from the submerged vascular plants in October 2022 by the glass pipette (sand) and toothbrush (plants) and transferred to 100 mL containers. Epipsammic samples were collected only from the surface layer to take live diatom cells. Temperature, pH, and conductivity were measured in situ by using CC-411 and CP-401 devices (ELMETRON, Poland). Samples were taken to the laboratory of the Department of Algology and Mycology, University of Lodz for further processing and analysis. Single diatom cells were isolated with a glass micropipette using a Nikon Eclipse TS100 E Plan APO 10x/0.25 WD 7.0 inverted light microscope (Nikon, Japan). Cells were transferred to sterile plastic Petri dishes (6 cm diameter) and enriched with sterile Bacillariophycean Medium (= Diat.) ver. 10.2008 (Sammlung von Algenkulturen Göttingen Medium Recipe Culture Collection of Algae) and cultivated 12/12 photoperiod to obtain monocultures. Monoclonal strains were transferred to cell culture bottles, 25 cm2 with 20 mL Diat. medium and cultivated 12/12 photoperiod at 22 °C. Two strains – D.LDZ.8 and D.LDZ.12 – were selected for further analyses. To analyze the morphological features of diatoms of the genus Nitzschia and also to describe ecology and the water ecological status of Bogdałów reservoir, data from the eight samples collected during previous research from March 2015 to December 2016 (Olszyński et al. 2019) were taken to calculate IPS (CEMAGREF 1982) and IBD 2014 (Coste et al. 2009) indices using OMNIDIA 6.0.6 software (Bordeaux, France).

Microscopy analysis

To obtain cleaned diatom frustules, the environmental and cultured samples were treated according to the procedure outlined by Żelazna-Wieczorek (2011). The purified material was applied to coverslips and, after drying, mounted to glass microscope slides in Naphrax® resin (Brunel Microscopes Ltd., UK). The taxonomic, and morphometric analyses were performed with a Nikon Eclipse E400 microscope with 1000× magnification (plan oil-immersion objective 100×/1.40 Plan APO DIC H) and a NIKON DS-L1 digital camera (Nikon, Japan) was used to obtain photomicrographs of cleaned frustules from recent and previous samples. For SEM, a few drops of cleaned material were placed on Whatman Nuclepore polycarbonate membrane filters (5 µm pore diameter) (Fisher Scientific, Germany). Once dried, the membranes were mounted on aluminium stubs and coated with 20 nm of gold using a turbo-pumped Quorum Q 150T ES coater (Judges Scientific plc, UK). SEM observations were performed using a Hitachi SU8010 (Hitachi, Ltd, Japan) microscope. To obtain photomicrographs of chloroplasts from living cultured cells, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with 3D imaging was performed using Leica SP8 3D visualization (Leica Camera AG, Germany).

Morphometric analysis

For the morphometric analysis, 83 valves of three different Nitzschia taxa were described and measured, using only light microscopy, by six different traits: (1) width, (2) length, (3) L/W ratio, number of (4) striae and (5) fibulae in 10 µm, if the number of striae was indistinguishable we assumed more than 30 striae in 10 µm, (6) presence =1 or absence = 0 of wider interspace between centre fibulae, and (7) shape of the apices (subcapitate = 1, capitate = 2) (see Suppl. material 1). Morphometric analysis was performed based on two environmental samples: benthic collected in October 2015 (Olszyński et al. 2019) and the second obtained from vascular plants in October 2022. All three species occurred together in each sample. Based on the Euclidian distance, non-metric MDS analysis (nMDS) performed using PRIMER 7 (PRIMER-E Ltd, UK) software we evaluated morphometrical differences between study specimens. For the analysis of the ultrastructure of the valves and count of more than 30 striae in 10 μm in studied species, SEM was used.

DNA isolation, amplification, and sequencing

Total DNA isolation from diatom monoclonal cultures was performed using the Chelex® 100 (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) method described by Dąbek et al. (2017). The diatom biomass was obtained from 1.5 mL of cell suspension after centrifugation for 5 min at 5,000 rpm. This pellet was incubated with 200 µl of 10% Chelex® 100 working solution at 95 °C for 20 min with continuous shaking. Next, samples were centrifuged for 5 min at 5,000 rpm to remove cell debris and Chelex® 100 resin. The DNA-containing supernatant was transferred to a new sterile 1.5 mL Eppendorf® tube and stored at -20 °C for further analysis. Three molecular DNA markers, i.e. nuclear (SSU 18S) and chloroplast (rbcL and psbC) were amplified in the PCR using primers listed in Table 1 (Kawai et al. 2015; Theriot et al. 2015). PCR was conducted in a T100 Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) using HOT FIREPol® DNA Polymerase (Solis BioDyne OÜ, Estonia) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, PCR amplifications were conducted in a total volume of 25 µl, consisting of 0.15 µl HOT FIREPol® DNA polymerase (5U/µl), 2.5 µl HOT FIREPol® 10x Buffer B1, 2 µl MgCl2 (25 mM), 0.5 µl primer F, 0.5 µl primer R, 0.25 µl dNTPMix (20 mM each), and H2O nuc.-free up to 22 µl. The 3 µl of Chelex® 100 treated supernatant served as a template for amplification. Thermal conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 15 min, followed by 35 cycles of sequential incubations at 95 °C for 30 s; at 50 °C (SSU) or 56 °C (rbcL), or 57 °C (psbC) for 1 min.; at 72 °C for 60s (SSU) or 90 s (rbcL, psbC); at 72 °C for 10 min. All markers were amplified by PCR in a few replicates to obtain high-quality products, which in turn were visualized on 1% agarose gel (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) and stained with ethidium bromide (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany). PCR products were cleaned up and sequenced with Sanger sequencing, using primers used for amplification by SEQme s.r.o. company (Czech Republic). The obtained sequences were assembled in Geneious Prime® 2023.2.1 (Biomatters Inc., MA, USA) and submitted to the NCBI GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

Table 1.
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Characteristics of primers used for phylogenetic studies.

Marker/ Forward/reverse primer; name (sequence) Tm Author
SSU 18S
SSU_F (5’-TGTAAAACGGCCAGTATTCCAGCTCCAATAGCG-3’) 50 °C this study
SSU_R (5’-CAGGAAACAGCTATGACGACTACGATGGTATCTAATC-3’)
rbcL
rbcL40 (5’-GGACTCGAATYAAAAGTGACCG-3’) 56 °C Theriot et al. 2015
rbcL1444 (5’-GCGAAATCAGCTGTATCTGTWG-3’)
psbC
psbC-P1.2 (5’-CCACGTGGAAACGCYCTTTA-3’) 57 °C Kawai et al. 2015
psbC-P3 (5’-CTTGCCAAGGTTGRATATCATT-3’)

Phylogenetic analyses

The phylogenetic analyses on studied samples and other species of the Nitzschia genus were performed separately for each marker, i.e. SSU, rbcL, and psbC, as well as based on a concatenated SSU-rbcL-psbC matrix (2236 bp). Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Schaarschmidt, 1880 served as an outgroup. For taxa in the phylogenetic analysis with incomplete gene sampling, such regions were treated as ‘missing data’. Voucher information for the specimens included in this study, with corresponding GenBank accession numbers, are presented in Suppl. material 2. The performed analyses included 60, 116, and 37 sequences, respectively for SSU, rbcL and psbC markers. Sequences were aligned using the MAFFT v. 7 web server (Katoh et al. 2019) (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/) where the auto strategy was applied, the scoring matrix of 200PAM with Gap opening penalty of 1.53, UniREf50 for Maft-homologs and Plot and alignment with a threshold of 39 score were set (see Suppl. materials 3–6). The obtained alignments were checked for poorly and ambiguously aligned regions and small corrections were made by eye. The evolutionary models were calculated using Mega 11 Version 11.0.13 and were chosen according to the Akaike Information Criterion. The dataset was partitioned by gene and codon position (rbcL and psbC), whereas the SSU marker was left unpartitioned. The partitioning was performed using PartitionFinder2 software (Lanfear et al. 2016; see: Suppl. material 7). Phylogenetic calculations were performed using maximum likelihood analysis (ML) in the IQ-TREE web server (Trifinopoulos et al. 2016) (http://iqtree.cibiv.univie.ac.at/) with the ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot) pseudolikelihood algorithm (Hoang et al. 2018) and 10000 replicates; and Bayesian inference (BI) in MrBayes 3.2.7 (Ronquist et al. 2012) which provides Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to estimate the posterior distribution of model parameters. Trees were sampled every 1000 generations until the average standard deviation of split frequencies reached values below 0.01 for the last 1000 generations and posterior probabilities were estimated from the 50% majority-rule consensus tree after elimination of the first 25% of samples as burn-in.

Results

Environment background

Measurement of parameters collected in October 2022 indicates a slightly alkaline water reaction (pH = 7.98) with conductivity of 658 µS·cm-1 and temperature of 11.2 °C. The ecological status of water quality in Bogdałów reservoir based on IPS and IBD 2014 indices (calculated from previous research) varied and depended on the season (Olszyński et al. 2019). During the summer and autumn months, moderate to poor conditions existed, while in winter and spring moderate to very good ecological statuses of the water were noted. Based on Van Dam et al. (1994), this environment can be classified as freshwater and alkalic with high oxygen saturation, from meso-eutrophic to oligotrophic and β-mesosaprobic to oligosaprobic (Olszyński et al. 2019).

Nitzschia nandorii Olszyński, Zakrzewski & Żelazna-Wieczorek, sp. nov.

Figs 2, 3A–AE, 4–6

Holotype

Slide number: D.BOF2.191022, Algae Collection Department of Algology and Mycology, University of Lodz. The holotype is illustrated in Fig. 3K (designated here).

Isotype

Slide number: SZCZ 29106, Szczecin Diatomological Collection, University of Szczecin, Poland.

Type locality

Poland. Greater Poland Voivodeship, Bogdałów. Post-mining reservoir Bogdałów. 52°2'53.938"N, 18°35'49.646"E.

Morphology description

Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. possesses two conical-shaped chloroplasts arranged apically with a central, longitudinal groove (Fig. 2, see: Suppl. material 8). Frustules are small, distended, and broadly lanceolate with short protracted and subcapitate apices. Valves are 9.0–12.0 µm length and 2.5–3.3 µm width. The ratio of length and width is 3.44–4.80 (Fig. 3A–AE). Striae 40–46 in 10 µm (based on SEM analysis) and indiscernible in LM. Fibulae are visible 11–16 in 10 µm. Externally, the valve face is flat and without costae (Figs 4, 5). Striae are uniseriate, and transapically becoming more arched to the apices (Figs 4, 5). Two longitudinal rows of areolae are present along the edge of the valve on the raphe canal with a doublet of pores closest to the raphe and second with a single pore near the junction of the raphe canal and valve face (Fig. 4). Distal raphe endings are strongly hooked and deflected in different directions depending on the valve. Polar raphe fissures deflected to the proximal mantle overlap on it (Figs 4, 5A–D). The central raphe fissures are missing (Fig. 5A, B, E, F, see: Suppl. material 9). The proximal mantle possesses three rows of areolae (Figs 5C, 6B, see: Suppl. material 9). The first two are arranged to mirror pores on the raphe canal and open to the raphe canal (Fig. 5C). The third with areolae covered by hymenes (Fig. 6D) and open to frustule interior (Fig. 5C, see: Suppl. material 9). The distal mantle is narrow with a scalloped edge (Figs 4D, 6C). Valvocopula is smooth and possesses opened pores (Fig. 4D). Internally, the fibulae are roughly equidistant so that the central fibulae are not further apart than any of the others (Fig. 6A). Distal raphe fissures terminate with small helictoglossa internally (Fig. 6E).

Figure 2. 

Photomicrographs of chloroplast Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. A–J light microscope with DIC photomicrographs K–S Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy photomicrographs, each pair of photomicrographs presents the same chloroplasts from different angles K–N presented single-cell, conical-shaped chloroplasts with visible longitudinal groves O–S presented chloroplasts during cell division. Scale bars: 10 µm (A–J); 2 µm (K–S).

Figure 3. 

Light microscope photomicrographs of Nitzschia spp. A–L N. nandorii sp. nov. from natural population K type species (marked by an asterisk (*)) M–AE N. nandorii sp. nov. from culture AF–AW N. lacuum AX–BI N. alpinobacillum. Scale bar: 10 µm.

Figure 4. 

SEM photomicrographs of Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. external valve view A valve view with two rows of areolae on the raphe canal (black arrow), single and double areolae, distal raphe fissures are strongly hooked and deflect (white arrow) B, C valve view with distal raphe fissures deflected to the proximal mantle D decomposed frustule with visible valvocopula with open pores (white arrow). Scale bars: 5 µm.

Figure 5. 

SEM photomicrographs of Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. external view A, B angle view with visible keel B white arrow indicates uninterrupted raphe C, D apices view with distal raphe fissures deflected to the opposite direction C white arrow indicates rows of areolae on proximal mantle E, F close-up central part of the frustule E white arrow indicates missing of central raphe fissures. Scale bars: 5 µm (A, B); 1 µm (C–F).

Figure 6. 

SEM photomicrographs of Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. internal view A valve view with areolae extended on the proximal mantle (white arrow), there is no wider extension between central fibulae (black arrow) B, C central view B areolae on the proximal mantle are arranged the same as on the raphe canal: single and double areolae (white arrow) C doubled areolae are visible from inside the raphe canal (white arrow), narrow mantle with scalloped edge (black arrow) D, E apices view D areolae on the mantle covered by hymenes (white arrow) E distal fissure creates helictoglossa (white arrow). Scale bars: 5 µm (A); 1 µm (B–E).

Gene sequences

sequences were deposited in the GenBank: D.LDZ8 (SSU rDNA: PP082029, rbcL: PP073739, and psbC: PP073738), D.LDZ12 (SSU rDNA: PP082030, rbcL: PP073741, and psbC: PP073740)

PhycoBank registration

http://phycobank.org/104257.

Molecular phylogeny

The phylogenetic reconstructions based on the ML and BI strategy for the concatenated SSU-rbcL-psbC matrix, as well as separate SSU, rbcL, and psbC analysis, were performed. The three-genes tree placed strains D.LDZ8 and D.LDZ12 (Fig. 7, green box) within the clade including the Lanceolatae section, which is characterized by double rows of areolae on the raphe canal, with very high node support (BI = 1; ML = 100) (Fig. 7, grey box). Moreover, the tree topology distinguished the strains described here, i.e., N. nandorii sp. nov., from N. fonticola (N. cf. romana syn. N. fonticola) both in BI and ML phylogenetic reconstructions with the strong division support (BI = 1; ML = 100). Phylogenetic trees reconstructed using separate DNA markers, i.e., rbcL (Fig. 8), psbC (see Suppl. materials 10, 11), and SSU (see Suppl. materials 12, 13), and the concatenated analysis distinct N. nandorii sp. nov., as a separate clade in Lanceolate section. The rbcL tree topology (Fig. 8) was included in the main manuscript here, due to its higher taxon sampling.

Figure 7. 

The phylogenetic tree of the Nitzschia genus with Eunotia bilunaris as the outgroup based on the concatenated nuclear (SSU) and chloroplast (rbcL and psbC) DNA markers (total 2236 bp). The tree presents the position of newly identified Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. The numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities from BI analysis followed by bootstrap values from ML analysis. Asterisk (*) represents BI value = 1, and ML value = 100. En dash (-) represents BI value below 0.95, and ML value below 70. Grey box: Lanceolatae section with double rows of areolae on the raphe canal. The topology of the tree is based on BI analysis.

Figure 8. 

The phylogenetic tree of the Nitzschia genus with Eunotia bilunaris as the outgroup based on chloroplast (rbcL) DNA marker (1147 bp). The tree presents the position of newly identified Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. The numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities from BI analysis followed by bootstrap values from ML analysis. Asterisk (*) represents BI value = 1, and ML value = 100. En dash (-) represents BI value below 0.95, and ML value below 70. Grey box: Lanceolatae section with double rows of areolae on the raphe canal. The topology of the tree is based on BI analysis.

Etymology

The species name comes from the main character of the TV series “What We Do in the Shadows” Nandor the Relentless, and the name of the authors’ cat (RMO, PKZ).

Differential diagnosis

Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. is a species with a small cell size that can be overlooked or misidentified with other taxa, especially when they occur in one sample. The valve shape of the small specimens of N. fonticola can be misidentified with N. nandorii sp. nov., however visible striation and the wider relative spacing between the central fibulae compared to the rest of the fibulae in N. fonticola distinguish these two taxa (Lange-Bertalot 1976; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1997; Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017). The valve outline of N. dealpina Lange-Bertalot & G. Hofmann 1993 is similar to N. nandorii sp. nov., but these taxa can be distinguished due to the lower stria and fibula density per 10 µm in N. dealpina. Furthermore, N. dealpina occurs in an environment with a high concentration of calcium bicarbonate while N. nandorii has so far only been identified in an environment with a moderate concentration of these ions (Lange-Bertalot 1993; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1997; Rumrich et al. 2000; Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017; Olszyński et al. 2019). The smaller forms of N. alpinobacillum Lange-Bertalot, 1993, which also possess two rows of pores on the raphe canal (Lange-Bertalot 1993; Rumrich et al. 2000; Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017), have similar outlines to the N. nandorii sp. nov., but have denser striation and fibulae. N. nandorii sp. nov. can be easily misidentified with a small N. lacuum Lange-Bertalot 1980. Both taxa have similar valve size and stria and fibula density. Neither has a central nodule or a relatively wide gap between central fibulae. However, N. lacuum has different proportions between length and width and, therefore, is more elongated and has more protracted apices than N. nandorii sp. nov. (Lange-Bertalot 1980, 1993; Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017). N. bryophila (Hustedt) Hustedt 1943 has a similar valve outline to N. nandorii sp. nov. However, the frustules of N. bryophila are bigger, apices are more elongated and have clearly visible striations. Fibulae are less dense in N. bryophila than in N. nandorii sp. nov. (Lange-Bertalot and Metzeltin 1996; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1997). N. bacillum Husted, 1922 has a similar valve outline to N. nandorii sp. nov. In some cases a small form of N. bacillum can be misidentified with newly described species. However, N. bacillum has visible striations and particular areolae can be observed. A character which is visible in SEM and distinguishes this species from N. nandorii sp. nov. is a single row of areolae on the raphe canal (Lange-Bertalot 1993). Another similar species to N. nandorii sp. nov. is N. rosenstockii Lange-Bertalot, 1980. This taxa has specific apices which are short, beak-like and point rounded. In some cases, the valve outline can be similar to N. nandorii sp. nov. However, N. rosenstockii can be easily distinguished in LM from N. nandorii sp. nov. by the valve outline, characteristic valve ends, a higher number of fibulae in 10 µm, and the presence of striae discontinuity in the central part of valves (Lange-Bertalot 1980). For more details see Table 2.

Table 2.
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Comparison of morphological features of Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. with similar species. * literature data, n/d – no data.

Valve outline Valve length [µm] Valve width [µm] Number of striae in 10 µm Number of fibulae in 10 µm Length/width ratio Additional features Reference
N. nandorii sp. nov. Distended, widely lanceolate with short protracted subcapitate ends 9.0–12.0 (n = 19) 2.6–3.3 (n = 19) 40–46 (n = 17) 14–16 (n = 19) 3.44–4.80 (n = 19) All fibulae are relatively equidistant, and central fissures missing. Two rows of striae on raphe canal This paper
N. lacuum Lanceolate with capitate to acutely rounded ends 13.0–22.0 (n = 48) 10.0–20.0* 2.0–3.5 (n = 48) 2.0–3.0* 36–38 (n = 11) 35–40* 13–18 (n = 48) 4.38–10.00 (n = 48) All fibulae are relatively equidistant, and central fissures missing. This paper; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1997; Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017
N. alpinobacillum Lanceolate with elongated and capitate ends 15.0–22.0 (n = 16) 14.0–24.0* 3.0–4.0 (n = 16) 3.0–4.0* 23–24 (n = 16) 25–27* 10–14 (n = 16) 9–11* 4.21–6.41 (n = 16) All fibulae are relatively equidistant. Two rows of striae on raphe canal This paper; Lange-Bertalot 1993; Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017
N. dealpina Relatively short, appearing more widely lanceolate with short protracted and acutely rounded 8.0–13.0* 3.2–4.2* 26–28* 12–14* n/d No wider extension between central fibulae. One row of striae on raphe canal Lange-Bertalot and Metzeltin 1996
N. fonticola Widely or narrowly lanceolate with drawn-out, subcapitate ends 7.0–46.0* 2.5–5.5* 24–33* 9–14* n/d Relatively wide gap between central fibulae Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1997; Lange-Bertalot 1976
N. bryophila Lanceolate to linear-lanceolate with short or slightly capitate ends 15.0–26.5* 4.0–5.0* 30–32* 9–10* n/d No wider extension between central fibulae. Lange-Bertalot and Metzeltin 1996; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1997
N. bacillum Lanceolate with pointed or slightly capitate ends 12.0–20.0* 2.0–3.5.0* 27–32* 12–16* n/d No wider extension between central fibulae. One row of striae on raphe canal Lange-Bertalot 1993; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1997
N. rosenstockii Lanceolate with short, beak-like, pointed rounded ends 8.0–16.0* 3.0–4.0* 44–46 17–20 n/d No wider extension between central fibulae. Hyaline area in centre of the valve Lange-Bertalot 1980; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1997

Nitzschia lacuum Lange-Bertalot, 1980

Figs 3AF–AW, 9

Notes

The outline of the frustules is lanceolate with capitate to acutely rounded apices (Fig. 3AF–AW). Valves are 13–22 µm length and 2.0–3.5 µm in width. The ratio of length and width is 4.38–10.00. Striae 36–37 in 10 µm (undistinguished in LM). Fibulae are visible 11–18 in 10 µm. Striae are uniseriate, arranged transapically. Along the edge of the valve, where the raised raphe canal is located, two longitudinal rows of areolae are present (Fig. 9A, D) – a doublet nearer to the raphe and a single areola at the junction with the valve face opened to the interior of the raphe canal. Distal raphe endings are strongly hooked and deflect on each valve in different directions (Fig. 9A, B, D). The central nodule is absent (Fig. 9B). The proximal mantle possesses three rows of areolae (Fig. 9C). Valvocopula possess scalloped edges (opened pores) (Fig. 9C). The distal mantle is narrow and has scallops on the edge (Fig. 9B, C). Internally, fibulae have equal spacing, there is no wider gap between centre fibulae. Distal raphe fissures terminate with small helictoglossa (Fig. 9E).

Figure 9. 

SEM photomicrographs of Nitzschia lacuum A–C valve view A visible two rows of areolae on the raphe canal (white arrow), distal raphe fissures are strongly hooked and deflect (black arrow) B frustule with a visible proximal mantle, the arrangement of areolae in the proximal mantle is the same as in the raphe canal, central view with raphe without central fissures, the small ridge on the raphe canal (white arrow) C decompose frustule, proximal mantle with areole and at least one open into the raphe canal (white arrow), valvocopula with scalloped edges (black arrow) D apex with strongly hooked distal raphe fissure E internal view of the apex with visible distal raphe fissure terminate with helictoglossa. Scale bars: 5 µm (A–C); 0.5 µm (D, E).

Nitzschia alpinobacillum Lange-Bertalot, 1993

Figs 3AX–BI, 10

Notes

The outline of the frustules is lanceolate, distended with capitate to acutely rounded apices (Fig. 3AX–BI). Valves are 15–22 µm length and 3.0–4.0 µm in width. The ratio of length and width is 4.21–6.41. Striae 23–25 in 10 µm visible in LM. Fibulae are visible 10–14 in 10 µm. Striae are uniseriate, arranged transapically. Areolae are covered by the hymenes. Along the edge of the valve, where the raised raphe canal is located, two longitudinal rows of areolae are present – a doublet nearer to the raphe opened to the interior of the raphe canal and a single areola at the junction with the valve face opened to the valve interior. (Fig. 10A, C–D). The distal mantle is narrow. Internally, fibulae have equal spacing; there is no wider gap between the centre fibulae (Fig. 10B). Distal raphe fissures terminate with small helictoglossa (Fig. 10D).

Figure 10. 

SEM photomicrographs of Nitzschia alpinobacillum A external view of the valve, two rows of areolae on the raphe canal, single and doubled areolae, covered by hymenes (white arrow), distal raphe fissure strongly deflected and extends on the proximal mantle B internal view of the valve, there is no wider extension between central fibulae C, D internal view of the apices C areolae on the proximal mantle are arranged the same as on the raphe canal: single and double areolae and covered by hymenes (white arrow), narrow distal mantle (black arrow) D distal raphe fissure terminates with helictoglossa. Scale bars: 5 µm (A–C); 1 µm (D).

nMDS analysis

nMDS analysis (stress value = 0.06) of 83 individuals revealed three different groups corresponding to three identified taxa (Fig. 11). The group labelled by asterisk corresponds to the newly described species Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. and is separate from the group labelled by full triangles. However, it is tightly distributed what may indicate low morphological variability. The group labelled by full triangles corresponds to the N. lacuum and is scattered which may indicate high morphological variability and the ambiguity of this taxa. The group labelled by empty triangles corresponds to N. alpinobacillum, and is scattered, which indicates high morphological variability.

Figure 11. 

Two-dimensional nMDS plot. Analysis of valve morphology of three Nitzschia species based on the Euclidean distance.

Discussion and conclusions

Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov. is a typical representative of Grunow’s Lanceolatae section: lanceolate valve shape, strongly eccentric raphe system, and visible and easily distinguished fibulae (Cleve and Grunow 1880). Krammer and Lange-Bertalot (1997) indicated fibulae morphology as a trait which helps to identify Nitzschia species into two groups: one with a noticeable gap between the two centre fibulae and one without. However, this division is not reflected by recent molecular studies (Rimet et al. 2011; Mann et al. 2021), which suggest that the Lanceolatae section is more heterogeneous than it was presented in Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa 2/2 (Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1997). Mann et al. (2021) based on morphological data and a phylogenetic tree of the rbcL marker (ML) described a group of small Nitzschia that correspond to Lanceolate section, which possess two or more rows of poroids on the raphe canal that form a distinct clade. Our molecular analysis based on SSU, rbcL, psbC and concatenated dataset indicated that N. nandorii sp. nov. belongs to a clade with other small Nitzschia like N. fonticola, N. acidoclinata, N. costei, N. soratensis, and N. perminuta. Based on literature data all of these taxa were recognized with the same morphological trait i.e. two or more rows of poroids on the raphe canal. However, there are no central raphe fissures or the distinctive gap between central fibulae in N. nandorii sp. nov. and N. perminuta unlike N. fonticola, N. acidoclinata, N. costei, and N. soratensis (Morales and Vis 2007; Tudesque et al. 2008; Rovira et al. 2015; Mann et al. 2021; Bagmet et al. 2022). In the description of N. lacuum, Lange-Bertalot (1980) presented one specimen in fig. 95, plate 5 whose morphology corresponds to N. nandorii sp. nov. It has less protracted endings and the shape of the valve is more distended than other presented specimens of N. lacuum. Based on our observation, this specimen is N. nandorii sp. nov. Taken together, the morphometrical investigations, and morphological analyses of frustules and chloroplasts using SEM, LM and CLSM techniques, as well as phylogenetic studies based on a three-genes analysis allowed us to describe Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr Magdalena Gapińska from the Laboratory of Microscopic Imagine and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz for the support with the CLSM data and to Dr Paulina Nowicka-Krawczyk from the Department of Algology and Mycology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz for the molecular analysis support.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

No funding was reported.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: JŻW, RMO. Formal analysis: PKZ, JŻW, RMO. Investigation: JŻW, FR, RMO, PKZ. Methodology: ŁP, RMO, PKZ. Supervision: JŻW. Validation: ŁP, FR. Visualization: JŻW, ŁP. Writing – original draft: RMO, JS, PKZ. Writing – review and editing: FR, PKZ, ŁP, JŻW, RMO.

Author ORCIDs

Rafał M. Olszyński https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0667-472X

Piotr K. Zakrzewski https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7205-8901

Frédéric Rimet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5514-869X

Julia Sulkowska https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8456-1760

Łukasz Peszek https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-2210

Joanna Żelazna-Wieczorek https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-8151

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.

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Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1 

Measurements of selected traits of Nitzschia spp from one environmental sample

Author: Joanna Żelazna-Wieczorek

Data type: xlsx

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 2 

List of 116 diatom taxa used in the phylogenetic analysis with GenBank accession numbers

Author: Piotr K. Zakrzewski

Data type: docx

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 3 

File with psbC alignment

Author: Piotr K. Zakrzewski

Data type: fasta

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 4 

File with rbcL alignment

Author: Piotr K. Zakrzewski

Data type: fasta

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 5 

File with SSU alignment

Author: Piotr K. Zakrzewski

Data type: fasta

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 6 

File with three-gene concatenated alignment

Author: Piotr K. Zakrzewski

Data type: fasta

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 7 

Partitioning data

Author: Piotr K. Zakrzewski

Data type: txt

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 8 

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy projection of rotating chloroplast of Nitzschia nandorii sp. nov.

Author: Rafał M. Olszyński

Data type: gif

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 9 

SEM photographs of N. nandorii form culture

Author: Łukasz Peszek

Data type: jpg

Explanation note: A valve view, the white arrow indicates a lack of central raphe fissures B valve view C apice view, the white arrow indicates a row of areolae on the proximal mantle.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 10 

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Nitzschia spp. based on the psbC molecular marker

Author: Rafał M. Olszyński

Data type: jpg

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 11 

Bayesian Inference phylogenetic tree of Nitzschia spp. based on the psbC molecular marker

Author: Rafał M. Olszyński

Data type: jpg

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Supplementary material 12 

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Nitzschia spp. based on the SSU rDNA molecular marker

Author: Rafał M. Olszyński

Data type: jpg

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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Supplementary material 13 

Bayesian Inference phylogenetic tree of Nitzschia spp. based on the SSU rDNA molecular marker

Author: Rafał M. Olszyński

Data type: jpg

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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