Research Article
Print
Research Article
Melanoseris kangdingensis (Lactucinae, Cichorieae, Asteraceae), a new species reported from western Sichuan, China
expand article infoQian-Qian Zhong‡, Ze-Huan Wang‡, Jia-Ju Xu‡, Qin-Wen Sun‡
‡ Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China

Corresponding author: Ze-Huan Wang ( wzh0442046020@126.com )

Academic editor: Alexander Sukhorukov
© 2023 Qian-Qian Zhong, Ze-Huan Wang, Jia-Ju Xu, Qin-Wen Sun.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Zhong Q-Q, Wang Z-H, Xu J-J, Sun Q-W (2023) Melanoseris kangdingensis (Lactucinae, Cichorieae, Asteraceae), a new species reported from western Sichuan, China. PhytoKeys 236: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.236.113401
Open Access

Abstract

Melanoseris kangdingensis, a new species native to western Sichuan, China, is firstly described and illustrated, and its conservation status is also assessed. It bears resemblance to M. macrantha and M. bracteata in terms of morphology; however, there are distinguishing characteristics in terms of their leaf structure, presence of bracts, hairiness of involucre, number of florets, and length of both stamen tube and achene’s beak.

Key words

Melanoseris bracteata, Melanoseris macrantha, morphology, new taxon, taxonomy

Introduction

Melanoseris Decne. is a genus belonging to the subtribe Lactucinae, tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae family. This genus was first established by Decaisne (1843) based on two species, namely M. lessertiana (Wall. ex DC.) Decne. and M. lyrata Decne., but it has now become the largest genus of the subtribe Lactucinae in China. After extensive research conducted by plant taxonomists (Decaisne 1843; Edgeworth 1846; Shih 1991, 1997; Zhu 2004; Zhu et al. 2004, 2006; Bano 2009; Bano and Qaiser 2009, 2010, 2011; Kilian et al. 2009, 2017; Wang et al. 2009; Deng et al. 2011; Shih and Kilian 2011; Zhang et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2013, 2015, 2020; Abid et al. 2017; Yin et al. 2018), there has been a significant improvement in our understanding of the morphological characteristics of Melanoseris species and their relationships within the genus. According to the most recent delimitation of the genus and species (Wang et al. 2013, 2015, 2020; Yin et al. 2018), there are currently 19 accepted species of Melanoseris known to occur in China.

During a thorough examination of all the Melanoseris specimens in the herbaria, the corresponding author discovered scans of two intriguing specimen images (Gao Yundong et al. THP–KD–2024 at CDBI). These particular specimens had previously been identified as M. macrantha (C.B.Clarke) N.Kilian & J.W.Zhang, but what caught their attention was the presence of densely covered long white trichomes on the involucre, setting it apart from all other known Melanoseris species. To investigate the stability of this unique characteristic, a field investigation was conducted based on the collection information obtained from the specimens. Two populations of this species were discovered, and all the observed plants in the flowering and fruiting stages exhibited densely covered involucres with these long white trichomes. This confirmed that the indumentum of the involucre is indeed a stable and distinct feature. Further morphological studies and analysis revealed similarities between this plant and M. macrantha and M. bracteata (Hook.f. & Thomson ex C.B.Clarke) N.Kilian, but also distinct differences. Therefore, the authors concluded that this plant represents a new species, which is described and illustrated in detail in this study.

Materials and methods

The morphological description of the new species was conducted based on live plants that were observed and photographed in the field. Additionally, herbarium collections (KUN, GTZM) from these occasions were utilized. To compare the morphology, we referred to the keys and descriptions for the genus and species in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (Shih 1997) and Flora of China (Shih and Kilian 2011). To facilitate further comparison, we examined specimens and photographs in the herbaria of Chengdu (CDBI), Kunming (KUN), and Beijing (PE). The morphology of trichomes and pappus, as well as the length of ligules, anther tubes, and achenes, were observed or measured using anatomy microscope (OD500H) or light microscope (Olympus DP72) on fresh or pickled flowers or achenes. Photographs were taken using a Canon EOS 77D and a Dell E2014Hf camera. Figures were edited, arranged, and merged using Adobe Illustrator CS4. The conservation status is determined based on the actual population size observed in the field and the assessment criteria of the IUCN.

Results

Taxonomy

Melanoseris kangdingensis Ze H.Wang, sp. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77331502-1
Fig. 1

Type

China, Sichuan Province, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding City, Pusharong Town, Kuxirong Village. 29°25.63'N, 101°18.39'E, alt. 2848 m, 22 Aug 2023, Wang Zehuan, Zhong Qianqian & Xu Jiaju wzh20230801 (holotype: KUN!, isotypes: KUN!, LBG!).

Diagnosis

Melanoseris kangdingensis most closely resembles M. bracteata in the presence of subequal phyllaries, and numerous peduncle bracts grading into the narrow outer phyllaries, but differs from the latter in basal leaves persistent (vs. wither) during flowering, leaves noticeably pinnatipartite (vs. typically entire), phyllaries densely covered with multiseriate glandular hairs (vs. glabrous), length of anther tubes 5.5–6.4 mm (vs. 3.7–4.6 mm), achenes 10–11 mm (vs. 7.9–8.5 mm), beak ca. 4 mm, about 1/2 length of the achene’s body (vs. ca. 6.5 mm, nearly equal in length to the achene’s body).

Figure 1. 

Melanoseris kangdingensis A, B habitat C plant D surface of leaves E petiole base F lateral view of the capitulum G bracts on peduncular branches and one capitulum H phyllaries of each layer I upper view of the capitulum J ray floret K trichomes on the outer phyllary L microscope photos of trichomes, to show its type (multiseriate glandular hairs) M achene N the apex of beak. Photographed by Zehuan Wang.

Description

Perennial herb, 30–80 cm tall. Roots about 1–2 cm in diameter, fleshy, cylindrical, often branched. Stems erect, rather robust. Basal leaves 21–45 × 10–19 cm, persist in flowering, elongated oblong, lyrately pinnatipartite; terminal lobes 5.5–22 × 5–19 cm, broadly triangular or broadly ovate, apex acuminate; lateral lobes 2–3 pairs, 5.2–10.3 × 3.4–6 cm, triangular, ovate or rectangular, apex obtuse or truncate. Leaf margins coarsely dentate, green on both sides, sparsely covered with multiseriate glandular hairs; petiole 5–10 cm long, sparsely covered with multiseriate glandular hairs. Middle and lower stem leaves 8–28 × 3.5–12 cm, homomorphic with basal leaves, pinnatipartite; terminal lobes 3–9 × 3.5–12 cm, elongated triangular, apex acuminate; lateral lobes 2–4 pairs, 2–6.5 × 1.7–5.2 cm, triangular, semicircular or rectangular, apex obtuse or truncate, leaf margins coarsely dentate, green on both sides, sparsely covered with multiseriate glandular hairs; petiole base auriculately clasping, with wings 0.5–3 cm wide. Stem leaves gradually decrease upward, transitioning into bract-like structures on the branches of the capitulescence. Lower leaves on the branches of capitulescence 7–17 × 2.6–7.5 cm, elongated oblong or lanceolate, deeply or shallowly pinnatilobed, or entire, apex long acuminate, leaf margins coarsely dentate, sparsely hairy. Bracts on a capitulescence branches 4–7, 1.5–5.5 × 0.1–1.5 cm, lanceolate or linear, gradually receding to involucral bracts, margin entire, green on both sides, dorsal and margin densely covered with white flattened multiseriate glandular hairs. Capitulescence corymbiform, branches slender, peduncle 2–9.5 cm long, densely covered with long multiseriate glandular hairs. Capitula 4–10, pendulous in flowering, with 22–27 florets. Involucre 1.9–2.2 × 1.3–1.8 cm, broadly campanulate, densely covered with long white multiseriate glandular hairs abaxially and along the margin. Phyllaries 5–seriate, subequal, apical acute or obtuse, margin entire. Outer phyllaries ca. 16 × 2 mm, oblong, slightly shorter than inner phyllaries, purple or purplish-green, densely covered with broadly flat multiseriate glandular hairs abaxially or along the margin, trichomes up to ca. 2 mm long; middle phyllaries ca. 16 × 1.5 mm, broadly linear, green or apically purplish, with multiseriate glandular hairs gradually decreasing from the outer to inner layers; innermost phyllaries linear, ca. 16 × 1 mm, light green, subapical sparsely with multiseriate glandular hairs. Florets ligulate, tube ca. 9 mm long, white; ligules ca. 17 × 2 mm, 5–toothed at the apex, light blue. Stamens synantherous, anther tube 5.5–6.4 mm long, light blue. Ovary inferior, flattened, ellipsoid, style ca. 22 mm long, apically bifid, stigmatic branches ca. 1.5 mm long, long and acuminate, evenly coated with elongate collecting hairs. Achenes 10–11 × 1.5–2 mm, fusiform, dark brown, compressed, lateral ribs slightly thickened, each side with 3 slightly raised ribs, surface sparsely hairy, and apex contracted into ca 4 mm beak, beak discolorous, with the top half being white. Pappus ca. 8 mm long, white, consisting of a single layer, finely serrated.

Distribution and habitat

Melanoseris kangdingensis is currently known from two localities in western Sichuan, China. It has been observed growing on the slope and at the foot of cliffs by the roadside at elevations ranging from 2800–2900 m. The dominant species of the community include Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. (Rosaceae), Gentiana tibetica King ex Hook.f. (Gentianaceae), Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. (Apiaceae), Paraceterach vestita (Hooker) R.M.Tryon (Pteridaceae), and Cheilanthes chusana Hook. (Pteridaceae).

Phenology

Flowering and fruiting from July to September.

Etymology

The specific epithet ‘kangdingensis’ refers to Kangding City in the Sichuan Province, which is the locality of the type collection.

Vernacular name

Simplified Chinese: 康定毛鳞菊; Chinese Pinyin: Kāngdìng Máolínjú.

Conservation status

Currently, two populations of Melanoseris kangdingensis have been discovered, each with approximately 20 mature individuals. These plants grow on slopes and at the foot of cliffs by the roadside, making them vulnerable to disturbance from human activities. Additionally, the habitat and dispersal environment for reproduction are steep and harsh, making it challenging for the species to expand its distribution area. Based on the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2012, 2022), this new species should be classified as Endangered (EN; criteria B1ac(iii)+2ac(iii); C2a(i); D). However, we recognize that further assessments are required as additional populations are identified.

Additional specimens examined

China, Sichuan Province, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding City, Pusharong Town, Binggu Village, 29°28.18'N, 101°18.84'E, alt. 2939 m, 22 Aug 2023, Wang Zehuan, Zhong Qianqian & Xu Jiaju wzh20230802 (KUN!, GTZM!); China, Sichuan Province, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding City, Pusharong Town, Kuxirong Village, 29°25.07'N, 101°18.02'E, alt. 2800–3000 m, 04 Aug 2017, Gao Yundong, Deng Hengning & Li Huaicheng THP–KD–2024 (CDBI!).

Discussion

The main distinguishing feature between Melanoseris kangdingensis and M. bracteata is the dense coverage of flat, long multiseriate glandular hairs on the back and margins of the outer phyllaries (Fig. 2). Another species, M. macrantha, also possesses similar flat trichomes on the outer phyllaries. However, M. kangdingensis can be easily differentiated by its numerous and conspicuous bracts gradually transitioning into the outer phyllaries, fewer florets in the capitulum, subequal phyllaries densely covered with multiseriate glandular hairs abaxially, longer anther tube length, and beak. A summary of the main morphological differences between M. kangdingensis, M. macrantha, and M. bracteata is provided in Table 1. In fact, M. kangdingensis is the species with the hairiest involucre among the Melanoseris genus. Fluffy and hairy involucre may be related to the specific growing environment of M. kangdingensis. Most M. kangdingensis plants grow on wind-exposed cliffs without tall vegetation, and the dense hairy involucre serves to better protect the smooth development of the achenes inside.

Table 1.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Morphological comparison between M. kangdingensis, M. macrantha, and M. bracteata.

Characters M. kangdingensis M. macrantha M. bracteata
Leaves basal leaves persistent during flowering; leaves pinnatipartite basal leaves wither during flowering; leaves pinnatipartite basal leaves wither during flowering; leaves usually entire
Bracts numerous and conspicuous, grading into the narrow outer phyllaries absent numerous and conspicuous, grading into the narrow outer phyllaries
Capitula with 22–27 florets with ca. 40 florets with usually 20–30 florets
Involucres phyllaries subequal, narrow, densely covered with long white multiseriate glandular hairs abaxially and along the margins, trichomes gradually decreased from the outer to inner phyllaries phyllaries imbricate, outer phyllaries wide, margin white densely fimbriate, glabrous abaxially; inner phyllaries narrow, completely glabrous phyllaries subequal, narrow, all completely glabrous
Anther tube length 5.5–6.4 mm 3.7–4.3 mm 3.7–4.6 mm
Achene length 10–11 mm 10–11 mm 7.9–8.5 mm
Achene beak ca. 4 mm long, about 1/2 length of the achene’s body ca. 1.8 mm long, about 1/3 length of the achene’s body ca. 6.5 mm long, nearly equal in length to the achene’s body
Figure 2. 

Photographs of the plants and capitula of Melanoseris kangdingensis, M. bracteata and M. macrantha A1, A2 M. kangdingensis B1, B2 M. bracteata C1, C2 M. macrantha. Photographed by Zehuan Wang.

During field surveys, it was observed that in the type population, which is situated on relatively shady slopes, only 1–2 mature achenes developed in each capitulum of several fruiting plants, while the majority of achenes or a few entire capitula were found to be sterile. Furthermore, we also discovered insect eggs inside some nearly matured achenes of the capitula, indicating that Melanoseris kangdingensis, like Sinoseris muliensis (Y.S.Chen, L.S.Xu & R.Ke) Ze H.Wang, N.Kilian & H.Peng (Wang et al. 2020), is susceptible to seed parasitism by certain insects. M. kangdingensis exhibits the longest anther tube length (5.5–6.4 mm) among the Melanoseris genus. The longer anther tubes have the potential to release a greater quantity of pollen, theoretically. A higher quantity of pollen can increase the probability of successful fertilization of the ovary, enhance seed maturation, and ultimately improve seed reproduction success. However, due to limited distribution information, further investigation into its growth and reproductive mechanisms is necessary to gain a better understanding of the adaptability and conservation requirements of this plant.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the staff of herbaria of CDBI, KUN, and PE, for their assistance in reviewing the relevant specimens.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 32260051) and the Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Funds of Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department (grant no. [2022] 4016).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: ZHW. Data curation: JJX. Formal analysis: QQZ. Funding acquisition: ZHW, QWS. Investigation: QQZ, ZHW, JJX. Methodology: QQZ, JJX. Project administration: QWS, ZHW. Resources: ZHW. Software: QQZ, JJX. Supervision: ZHW. Validation: ZHW. Visualization: QQZ. Writing – original draft: QQZ. Writing – review and editing: QWS, ZHW.

Author ORCIDs

Qian-Qian Zhong https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7051-1503

Ze-Huan Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-5005

Jia-Ju Xu https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2852-0611

Qin-Wen Sun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-5017

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

References

  • Abid R, Qaiser M, Ghafoor A (2017) Melanoseris. In: Ali SI, Qaiser M (Eds) Flora of Pakistan 222, 178–202.
  • Bano R (2009) Biosystematic studies of the genus Lactuca L. (Lactuceae – Asteraceae) from Pakistan and Kashmir. University of Karachi, Karachi, 357 pp.
  • Bano R, Qaiser M (2009) A new species and a new combination of Prenanthes L., (Lactuceae – Asteraceae) from Pakistan and Kashmir. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41: 2087–2091.
  • Bano R, Qaiser M (2010) The genus Cicerbita Wallr. (Cichorieae – Asteraceae) in Pakistan and Kashmir. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42: 35–36.
  • Bano R, Qaiser M (2011) A taxonomic revision of the genus Lactuca L. (Cichorieae – Asteraceae) from Pakistan and Kashmir. Pakistan Journal of Botany 43(5): 2259–2268.
  • Decaisne J (1843) Plantae rariores, quas in India Orientali collegit Victor Jacquemont. In: Jacquemont V (Ed.) Description des Collections, Botanique. Firmin Didot frères, Paris, 101–102.
  • Deng T, Meng Y, Sun H, Long Z (2011) Chromosome counts and karyotypes in Chaetoseris and Stenoseris (Asteraceae – Cichorieae) from the Hengduan Mountains of SW China. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 49(4): 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2011.00114.x
  • IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. 2nd Edn. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  • Kilian N, Gemeinholzer B, Lack HW (2009) Tribe Cichorieae. In: Funk VA, Susanna A, Stuessy T, Bayer R (Eds) Systematics, evolution and biogeography of the Compositae. IAPT, Vienna, 343–383.
  • Kilian N, Sennikov A, Wang ZH, Gemeinholzer B, Zhang JW (2017) Sub-Paratethyan origin and Middle to Late Miocene principal diversification of the Lactucinae (Compositae: Cichorieae) inferred from molecular phylogenetics, divergence-dating and biogeographic analysis. Taxon 66(3): 675–703. https://doi.org/10.12705/663.9
  • Shih C (1991) On circumscription of the genus Cicerbita Wallr., and two new genera of Compositae from Sino-Himalaya region. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 29: 394–417.
  • Shih C (1997) Mulgedium, Cicerbita, Cephalorrhynchus, Chaetoseris, Stenoseris. In: Wu ZY (Ed.) Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, vol. 80(1). Science Press, Beijing, 72–78, 222–225, 268–293.
  • Shih C, Kilian N (2011) Melanoseris. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH, Hong DY (Eds) Flora of China vols 20–21. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 217–226.
  • Wang H, Wortley AH, Blackmore S (2009) Pollen morphology of Crepidinae and Lactucinae (Asteraceae: Cichorieae) and its systematic significance. Grana 48(3): 160–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173130902931209
  • Wang ZH, Peng H, Kilian N (2013) Molecular phylogeny of the Lactuca alliance (Cichorieae subtribe Lactucinae, Asteraceae) with focus on their Chinese center of diversity detects potential events of reticulation and chloroplast capture. PLoS ONE 8(12): e82692. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082692
  • Wang ZH, Kilian N, Peng H (2015) Notes on Melanoseris lessertiana (Lactucinae, Asteraceae) and morphologically allied species in the Pan-Himalayan region. Plant Diversity and Resources 37: 401–406.
  • Wang ZH, Kilian N, Chen YP, Peng H (2020) Sinoseris (Crepidinae, Cichorieae, Asteraceae), a new genus of three species endemic to China, one of them new to science. Willdenowia 50(1): 91–110. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.50.50109
  • Yin ZJ, Norbert K, Zhang LB, Sun HY, Zhao MX, Wang ZH (2018) A new species of Melanoseris (Lactucinae, Cichorieae, Asteraceae) from SW Xizang, China, based on morphological and molecular data. Phytotaxa 357(3): 189–197. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.357.3.3
  • Zhang JW, Boufford DE, Sun H (2011) Parasyncalathium J. W. Zhang, Boufford & H. Sun (Asteraceae, Cichorieae): A new genus endemic to the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. Taxon 60(6): 1678–1684. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.606012
  • Zhu SX (2004) Systematics of Chaetoseris and Stenoseris (Compositae – Lactuceae). Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China, 176 pp.
  • Zhu SX, Qin HN, Shih C (2004) A new synonym in Chaetoseris (Compositae). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 42: 268–270.
  • Zhu SX, Qin HN, Shih C (2006) Achene wall anatomy and surface sculpturing of Lactuca L. and related genera (Compositae: Lactuceae) with notes on their systematic significance. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48(4): 390–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2006.00245.x
login to comment