Cephalaria anamurensis (Caprifoliaceae), a new species from south Anatolia, Turkey

Abstract A new species, Cephalaria anamurensis (Caprifoliaceae) is described and illustrated from south Anatolia, Turkey. The species grows on steppe and stony places in Anamur (C4 Mersin province) in south Anatolia. Diagnostic morphological characters from closely similar taxa are discussed. The geographical distribution of the new species and two closely related species in Turkey are mapped.


Introduction
Th e genus Cephalaria Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult. was fi rst described by J.J. Roemer and J.A. Schultes (Roemer and Schultes 1818). It is distributed from Mediterranean area to west China, and some of the species are also found in southern Africa (Szabó 1940). Th e genus Cephalaria has long been regarded as belonging to the Dipsacaceae, whereas according to APG III it is included within the larger family Caprifoliaceae (Dipsacales) and consist of 100 species (Reveal and Chase 2011). In Turkey, the family Caprifoliaceae is represented by 12 genera, namely Centranthus DC.  (Güner et al. 2012).
In July 2015, the authors collected a specimen of Cephalaria from the Taurus Mountains (Mersin province) during fieldwork for Expo Antalya 2016 natural plant supply project. Fruiting material was gathered in the same area in September 2015 by the authors. Th is specimen has been compared to many specimens including two supposedly closely related species in the Herbaria of Akdeniz University Herbarium, ANK, GAZI and HUB, records in the literature (Szabó 1940, Göktürk et al. 2012, Göktürk and Sümbül 2014 and consulting fl oras of Turkey and neighboring countries (Bobrov 1957, Matthews 1972, Ferguson 1976, Feinbrun-Dothan 1978, Matthews 1988, Lack 1991. Successful eff orts have also been made to find additional locations in this vicinity where this novel plant may be located. After comparison with material of morphologically similar taxa, we concluded that these specimens represent a species new to science.

Materials and methods
In a total, fi ve specimens (23 individuals) of the new species were collected from three adjacent localities. Th e illustrations of the species were made from dry materials by using Adobe Photoshop CS4. Herbarium studies were made in Akdeniz University Herbarium, which has the richest Cephalaria collections in Turkey, and ANK, GAZI and HUB. It can be distinguished from them by its rhizomatous growth, the lower stem leaves 35−55 × 3.5−4.5 cm, a globose capitula, involucral bracts that are ovate-orbicular to triangular-ovate, 3−7 × 2.5−6 mm, and completely blackish or blackish on the dorsal side and at the acute or subobtuse apex, receptacular bracts that are oblanceolate and blackish at an acuminate apex, and the involucel with long teeth 3−4 mm long and short teeth 1-1.5 mm long.
Distribution and ecology. Th is species is endemic to South Anatolia, Turkey, and east Mediterranean (mountain) element (Fig. 1D). According to EUNIS (2007) Conservation status. Th is species is known only from three adjacent localities with small populations in Kırkkuyu collected by the authors. It is suggested that this new species should be placed under the IUCN threat category "Critically Endangered (CR)" (IUCN 2014) because the estimated area of occupancy is less than 10 km 2 , the population size of the new species is estimated to be less than 50 mature individuals, and the population size of the new species could be reduced in the near future based on heavily grazing pressure [CR B2; C2a(i)].
Etymology. Th e specifi c epithet is derived from the name of Anamur district in Mersin province, where the holotype of C. anamurensis was collected.

Results
Th e new species is included in a group of Cephalaria species that are covered with stellate hairs. Th ere are nine species in this group in Turkey, and eight of them are endemic to the country. Only Cephalaria stellipilis Boiss. has a distribution extending out of Turkey to Lebanon. Cephalaria anamurensis is morphologically closest to C. elmaliensis and C. speciosa. Cephalaria elmaliensis is endemic to Çığlıkara nature protection area and grows on stony ground and in openings in cedar forests (Cedrus libani A. Rich. var. libani) in the Elmalı district/Antalya. Cephalaria speciosa is endemic to east Anatolia and grows in rocky places and roadsides (Fig. 1D). A comparison of Cephalaria anamurensis, C. elmaliensis and C. speciosa is given in Table 1.
Th e genus Cephalaria was represented by 29 species in the Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Matthews 1972). Since then, 11 new species, one new subspecies and one variety have been described from Turkey (Matthews 1988, Sümbül 1991, Göktürk and Sümbül 1997, Göktürk et al. 2003, Göktürk and Sümbül 2003, Kuş and Göktürk 2005, Aksoy et al. 2007, Parolly and Eren 2007, Göktürk et al. 2012). Göktürk and Sümbül (2014) placed C. amana Rech. f. as a synonym of C. taurica Szabó. According to Göktürk and Sümbül (2014), the total number of species of Cephalaria reported from Turkey is 39 and the total number of taxa of Cephalaria is 41 in Turkey. With the description here of C. anamurensis the number of species in Turkey is now 40 and the total number of taxa of Cephalaria is also 42 in Turkey.