Distribution of Panax in Vietnam and sample locations. P. vietnamensis (green) collected in Quang Nam and Kon Tum Provinces. P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus (brown) collected in Lai Chau Province. Panax sp. Puxailaileng (pink) collected in Nghe An Province. P. bipinnatifidus (blue) and P. stipuleanatus (yellow) collected in Lao Cai Province. The natural distribution of P. vietnamensis, P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus, and Panax sp. are marked as green, brown, and pink, respectively. The wild habitat for P. bipinnatifidus and P. stipuleanatus is shown in yellow, and the purple area represents the distribution region of P. vietnamensis var. langbiangensis (not included in this study).