Corresponding author: Andrey S. Erst (
Academic editor: Marco Pellegrini
Comparative karyomorphological analyses of six out of the eight white-flowered species of
Mitrenina E, Erst A, Peruzzi L, Skaptsov M, Ikeda H, Nikulin V, Wang W (2021) Karyotype and genome size variation in white-flowered
Chromosomal analysis is widely used in systematic and evolutionary studies of plants (
The genus
The somatic chromosome number 2
The genome size (absolute nuclear DNA content), estimated by flow cytometry, is an essential genome feature together with the chromosome number and karyomorphological parameters (
The studied species of white-flowered
Plant material (tubers) of
Chromosome number, ploidy and genome size in white-flowered
N° | Species | Voucher information | 2 |
Ploidy level | 1C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
|
China, Sichuan Province, Jiuding Shan Mountain, |
16 | 2 |
13.87 ± 0.29 |
2 | Russia, Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok City, Akademicheskaya Station, |
16 | 2 |
15.88 ± 0.31 | |
3 | Russia, Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok City, Malaya Sedanka River, |
16 | 2 |
15.94 ± 0.34 | |
4 |
|
Russia, Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok City, forest in the vicinity of "13th km" railway station, |
16 | 2 |
15.97 ± 0.31 |
5 | Russia, Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok City, Russkiy Island, |
16 | 2 |
14.23 ± 0.23 | |
6 |
|
China, Jilin Province, Fusong County, Baishan City, Changbai Mt., 852 m alt., |
16 | 2 |
15.99 ± 0.91 |
7 | Russia, Republic of Buryatiya, Kabansky Raion, Bolshoi Mamai River, mixed forest, |
14 | 2 |
12.44 ± 0.27 | |
8 | Russia, Republic of Buryatia, Dulikha River, |
14 | 2 |
12.49 ± 0.22 | |
9 | Russia, Buryatia Republic, Kabansky Raion, Tolbazikha River, |
14 | 2 |
12.38 ± 0.26 | |
10 | Russia, Irkutsk Oblast, Slyudyansky Raion, Malye Mangaly River, |
14 | 2 |
12.07 ± 0.06 | |
11 | Russia, Irkutsk Oblast, Slyudyansky Raion, Semirechka River, |
14 | 2 |
12.41 ± 0.29 | |
12 | Russia, Buryatia Republic, Kabansky Raion, Osinovka River (Tankhoi Village), |
14 | 2 |
12.56 ± 0.16 | |
13 | Russia, Buryatia Republic, Kabansky Raion, Mishikha River, |
14 | 2 |
12.07 ± 0.07 | |
14 | Russia, Buryatia Republic, Kabansky Raion, Shestipalikha River, |
14 | 2 |
12.77 ± 0.09 | |
15 | Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast', Slyudyanksky Raion, vicinity of Slyudyanka Town, mixed forest, |
42 | 6 |
9.23 ± 0.14 | |
16 | Irkutskaya Oblast', Slyudyanksky Raion, |
42 | 6 |
9.27 ± 0.23 | |
17 | Irkutskaya Oblast', Slyudyanksky Raion, Utulik River, |
42 | 6 |
9.22 ± 0.25 | |
18 |
|
South Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Anyang-si, Suli-san, |
16 | 2 |
10.75 ± 0.26 |
19 |
|
Japan, Saitama Prefecture, Chichibu-shi, Shiroku, near village, |
16 | 2 |
9.87 ± 0.29 |
20 |
|
Japan, Mie Prefecture, Inabe-shi, Fujiwara-cho, Ogaito, forest, |
16 | 2 |
9.80 ± 0.46 |
21 |
|
Japan, Mie Prefecture, Inabe-shi, Hokusei-cho, Betsumyo, |
16 | 2 |
9.81 ± 0.10 |
22 |
|
Japan, Nagano Prefecture, Shiojiri-shi, Hideshio, near station, |
16 | 2 |
9.80 ± 0.43 |
23 |
|
Japan, Nagano Prefecture, Shiojiri-shi, Motoyama, pine forest, |
16 | 2 |
9.85 ± 0.27 |
* population already studied by
The comparative karyotype analysis was conducted for 22 populations: one of
Karyotype formulas were derived, based on measurements of the photographed mitotic metaphase chromosomes. The measurements were performed on 4–12 metaphase plates per population. We used 2–6 metaphase plates per population with the most condensed chromosomes to calculate mean karyomorphological parameters. The degree of chromosome condensation was estimated from the total haploid length of the chromosome set. The symbols used to describe the karyotypes corresponded to those coined by
To determine the karyological relationships among taxa, we carried out a multivariate PCoA (Principal Coordinate Analysis) using Gower's general coefficient of similarity, including six basic karyomorphological parameters (2
Flow cytometry with propidium iodide (
Karyomorphometric data, microphotographs of metaphase plates and idiograms for the studied species are presented in Tables
The somatic and basic chromosome numbers in
Karyomorphological parameters in white-flowered
Species | Chromosome pair | r |
|
Type | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I | 8.46 ± 0.42 | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 0.48 | 7.80 | m |
II | 8.19 ± 0.31 | 1.16 ± 0.09 | 0.46 | 7.55 | m | |
III | 7.43 ± 0.30 | 1.17 ± 0.07 | 0.46 | 6.85 | m | |
IV | 7.38 ± 0.16 | 1.36 ± 0.10 | 0.42 | 6.80 | m | |
V | 7.00 ± 0.29 | 1.28 ± 0.05 | 0.44 | 6.45 | m | |
VI | 6.11 ± 0.15 | 2.05 ± 0.09 | 0.33 | 5.63 | smsat | |
VII | 5.05 ± 0.21 | 5.04 ± 0.51 | 0.17 | 4.66 | st | |
VIII | 4.62 ± 0.24 | 8.35 ± 0.84 | 0.11 | 4.26 | t | |
|
I | 9.61 ± 0.34 | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 0.48 | 7.84 | m |
II | 9.29 ± 0.31 | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 0.48 | 7.58 | m | |
III | 8.85 ± 0.39 | 1.06 ± 0.03 | 0.49 | 7.22 | m | |
IV | 8.31 ± 0.42 | 1.06 ± 0.04 | 0.49 | 6.78 | m | |
V | 7.89 ± 0.16 | 1.33 ± 0.07 | 0.43 | 6.44 | m | |
VI | 6.21 ± 0.25 | 2.00 ± 0.19 | 0.33 | 5.06 | sm | |
VII | 6.13 ± 0.40 | 2.14 ± 0.18 | 0.32 | 5.00 | smsat | |
VIII | 5.01 ± 0.34 | 7.86 ± 0.38 | 0.11 | 4.08 | t | |
|
I | 8.68 ± 0.36 | 1.09 ± 0.05 | 0.48 | 8.74 | m |
II | 8.56 ± 0.41 | 1.23 ± 0.06 | 0.45 | 8.62 | msat | |
III | 8.16 ± 0.29 | 1.07 ± 0.05 | 0.48 | 8.21 | m | |
IV | 7.73 ± 0.35 | 1.07 ± 0.05 | 0.48 | 7.78 | m | |
V | 6.63 ± 0.46 | 1.37 ± 0.11 | 0.42 | 6.67 | m | |
VI | 5.72 ± 0.46 | 1.92 ± 0.14 | 0.34 | 5.76 | sm | |
VII | 4.19 ± 0.38 | 2.34 ± 0.15 | 0.30 | 4.22 | sm | |
|
I | 9.51 ± 0.24 | 1.08 ± 0.04 | 0.48 | 2.88 | m |
II | 9.47 ± 0.29 | 1.03 ± 0.02 | 0.49 | 2.87 | m | |
III | 9.20 ± 0.06 | 1.17 ± 0.03 | 0.46 | 2.78 | m | |
IV | 9.13 ± 0.13 | 1.10 ± 0.06 | 0.48 | 2.76 | m | |
V | 9.00 ± 0.11 | 1.05 ± 0.02 | 0.49 | 2.72 | m | |
VI | 8.91 ± 0.14 | 1.39 ± 0.12 | 0.42 | 2.70 | m | |
VII | 8.88 ± 0.07 | 1.20 ± 0.03 | 0.45 | 2.69 | m | |
VIII | 8.87 ± 0.16 | 1.05 ± 0.03 | 0.49 | 2.68 | m | |
IX | 8.67 ± 0.10 | 1.08 ± 0.05 | 0.48 | 2.62 | m | |
X | 8.47 ± 0.09 | 1.27 ± 0.09 | 0.44 | 2.56 | m | |
XI | 8.44 ± 0.15 | 1.07 ± 0.03 | 0.48 | 2.55 | m | |
XII | 8.14 ± 0.13 | 1.16 ± 0.02 | 0.46 | 2.46 | m | |
XIII | 7.71 ± 0.04 | 1.18 ± 0.09 | 0.46 | 2.33 | m | |
XIV | 7.46 ± 0.15 | 1.35 ± 0.15 | 0.43 | 2.26 | m | |
XV | 7.26 ± 0.21 | 1.70 ± 0.06 | 0.37 | 2.20 | sm | |
XVI | 7.10 ± 0.04 | 1.28 ± 0.03 | 0.44 | 2.15 | m | |
XVII | 6.89 ± 0.05 | 1.61 ± 0.05 | 0.38 | 2.08 | m | |
XVIII | 6.45 ± 0.31 | 1.70 ± 0.08 | 0.37 | 1.95 | sm | |
XIX | 5.36 ± 0.23 | 1.97 ± 0.09 | 0.34 | 1.62 | sm | |
XX | 5.24 ± 0.25 | 1.74 ± 0.03 | 0.37 | 1.59 | smsat | |
XXI | 5.08 ± 0.34 | 2.29 ± 0.14 | 0.30 | 1.54 | sm | |
|
I | 8.59 ± 0.19 | 1.05 ± 0.03 | 0.49 | 8.55 | m |
II | 8.13 ± 0.31 | 1.06 ± 0.04 | 0.49 | 8.09 | m | |
III | 7.65 ± 0.13 | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 0.48 | 7.61 | m | |
IV | 6.18 ± 0.09 | 1.40 ± 0.05 | 0.42 | 6.15 | m | |
V | 5.68 ± 0.21 | 1.19 ± 0.05 | 0.46 | 5.65 | m | |
VI | 5.44 ± 0.19 | 5.22 ± 0.30 | 0.16 | 5.41 | st | |
5.19 ± 0.08 | 1.74 ± 0.05 | 0.37 | 5.17 | sm | ||
VII | 5.20 ± 0.13 | 5.64 ± 0.19 | 0.15 | 5.17 | st | |
VIII | 3.52 ± 0.07 | 4.06 ± 0.37 | 0.20 | 3.50 | st | |
|
I | 9.24 ± 0.18 | 1.12 ± 0.02 | 0.47 | 8.58 | m |
II | 8.63 ± 0.24 | 1.08 ± 0.06 | 0.48 | 8.02 | m | |
III | 8.25 ± 0.31 | 1.13 ± 0.03 | 0.47 | 7.66 | m | |
IV | 6.62 ± 0.12 | 1.37 ± 0.07 | 0.42 | 6.15 | m | |
V | 6.24 ± 0.26 | 2.77 ± 0.14 | 0.27 | 5.80 | sm | |
VI | 5.88 ± 0.18 | 2.38 ± 0.07 | 0.30 | 5.46 | sm | |
VII | 5.04 ± 0.11 | 1.95 ± 0.13 | 0.34 | 4.68 | sm | |
VIII | 3.92 ± 0.09 | 3.10 ± 0.29 | 0.24 | 3.64 | stsat |
Notes:
Mitotic metaphase plates of white-flowered
Haploid idiograms of white-flowered
In all five studied populations of
Karyotype parameters in white-flowered
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 | 2 |
16 | 10m + 2smsat + 2 st + 2t + 0–1B | 54.24 (0.92) | 19.68 (0.36) | 28.15 (0.80) | 38.05 (1.09) |
5 | 2 |
16 | 10m + 2sm + 2smsat + 2t | 61.30 (1.91) | 20.77(0.84) | 21.63(0.51) | 31.69(0.83) | |
5 | 2 |
14 | 8m + 2msat + 4sm + 0–8B | 49.67 (2.02) | 22.11 (1.10) | 15.46 (0.76) | 16.32 (1.24) | |
2 | 6 |
42 | 32m + 8sm + 2smsat | 165.24 (0.85) | 17.55(0.87) | 13.41(0.65) | 12.87(0.18) | |
|
4 | 2 |
16 | 10m + 1sm + 5 st | 50.26 (0.83) | 25.69 (0.66) | 26.43 (0.23) | 37.18 (1.11) |
5 | 2 |
16 | 8m + 6sm + 2 stsat | 53.82 (0.81) | 25.81 (0.89) | 25.16 (0.72) | 24.90 (0.88) |
Notes:
In all eight studied populations of
The somatic chromosome number of
The chromosome set of the Korean endemic
The Japanese endemic
The highest level of interchromosomal asymmetry, estimated via CV
PCoA (Coordinate 1, 65.31% of variance explained vs. Coordinate 2, 16% of variance explained) based on six karyological parameters of white-flowered
The absolute nuclear DNA content for 23 studied populations of six species of
According to our results and other data (
The chromosomes of
Two species, endemic to Siberia,
The karyotypes of the two related species, endemic to Korea and Japan, also show peculiar features.
The karyotypes of the two related species
The shift to
A distinguishing feature of
The Kew list of DNA C-values contains only one C-value for white-flowered
In this study, the comparative karyomorphological analyses and genome size determination of six white-flowered species of
We thank the associated editor and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments which greatly improved this manuscript. This study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (research project No. 19-74-10082). The authors are grateful to R. V. Annenkov for compiling Figs