Divergence time estimated using BEAST based on concatenated matrix rpl16 and psbA-trnH. The circles on the nodes represent the PP supports: white < 0.75, gray < 0.95 and black ≥ 0.95. We show the mean divergence times (MDTs) and 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals (blue line) to the Mammilloid clade (MDT = 8, HPD = 5.83–11.61), Supertextae (MDT = 2.1, HPD = 0.91–3.47), Polyacanthae (MDT = 1, HPD = 0.15–2.22), and the sister group relationship (MDT = 2.8, HPD = 1.46–4.73).