Xylopia rubescens A flowering branch B flower, outer petals removed C detail of receptacle, petals removed D outer petal, outer side E inner petal, outer and inner sides F stamen, front view G staminode H carpel, side view and detail of ovules I fruit J detail of venation lower side of leaf K monocarp L seed, side view M part of aril A–H from Le Testu 9019 I from Aubréville 1511 J–M from Klaine 1327. Drawings by Hélène Lamourdedieu, Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris; modified from Le Thomas (1969b; pl. 28, p. 161).