Lectotypification of names of Himalayan Brassicaceae taxa currently placed in the genus Cardamine

Abstract Lectotypes of twenty-eight names of taxa currently recognized or synonymized in Cardamine are designated as part of the work on the account of the genus for the Pan-Himalayan Flora. Among them, the previous first-step lectotypification of the name Cardamine calthifolia is finalized. In cases when specimen images are available online, stable identifiers for specimens, other permanent links, or links via JSTOR Global Plants are provided.


Introduction
During the work by the last author on the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) account for the Pan-Himalayan Flora (PHF), it became evident that the majority of accepted names and their synonyms in that fl ora require lectotypifi cation. Th e present paper focuses on the lectotypifi cation of names of taxa currently placed in Cardamine L., a genus with 43 species in the PHF.

Materials and methods
Herbarium specimens, especially types and authentic collections, deposited at B, BM, E, F, G, GH, K, LE, MO, NAS, NY, P, US, W, and WU were examined during the past two decades. In cases when specimen images are available online, stable identifi ers for specimens (Hyam et al. 2012; in the case of specimens from herbaria B, E, K), other permanent links (herbaria W, WU, see JACQ Consortium 2004 onwards; F, MO, P) or links via JSTOR Global Plants (https://plants.jstor.org/; herbaria BM, GH, NY, US) are provided. We suggest that the practice of providing stable indentifi ers or other kind of permanent links to images of herbarium specimens should be adopted as standard one for lectotypifi cation papers. It will make eventual registration or evidence of designated types much easier. Th e bibliographical citations in the original publications and databases such IPNI (Th e International Plant Names Index; http://ipni.org/), Tropicos (http://www. tropicos.org/), and Th e Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/) were also checked.
In lectotypifying names of taxa, we strictly followed the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (McNeill et al. 2012) and the recommendations recently presented by McNeill (2014). In cases where a single specimen is known that was used by the describing author and no duplicates were found or were not expected to exist, that particular specimens is considered a holotype, provided that it meets the criteria given in the publications above. In cases where one or more duplicates of the type collection exist (or possibly or likely existed) or more than one syntype was cited in the original publication, we fi rst checked the material housed in the institution where the author(s) of the name worked. For example, for taxa described by Adrien René Franchet, Joseph Dalton Hooker, and Otto Eugen Schulz, we fi rst checked the material deposited in the herbaria P, K, and B, respectively. Th e best of all duplicates that do not contradict the protologue or the guidelines in the Code is designated as the lectotype. If the home institution of the author of the name does not have any original material and no herbarium was cited, we put emphasis on the material annotated by that name author. If none of the above cases applies, the designation was based on the best representative material.
Entries are arranged alphabetically by their basionyms, and names in boldface are those of currently accepted names of taxa. Bibliographic citations are given for all names and only examined and designated lectotypes and their duplicates are listed. Barcode numbers of lectotypes and isolectotypes are given (if available) following the herbarium acronym.

Results
Th e type status of the following names of taxa is determined, and justifi cations for their typifi cation is presented. A single collection was cited in the protologue of the name, but none of the three duplicates mentioned above carry the species name nor were they annotated by Hector Léveillé. Lauener (1965) indicated that the type is at E, but he did not specify which of the two sheets there is the type, and therefore a second-step lectotypifi cation is provided here. Th e K specimen above was collected at an elevation of 5,000 ft, which is in agreement with the protologue, whereas labels of the B and P sheets indicate the elevation of 6,000-10,000 ft. It is questionable whether the three specimens above were collected from the same area, and that is why we feel that the B and P specimens are doubtful isolectotypes. A single collection was cited in the original publication of this species, but the existence of two duplicates of the same collection at P and one in US annotated by Franchet calls for lectotypifi cation, which is done here. Hooker and Anderson (1872) divided Cardamine macrophylla into four numbered varieties: "1. dentarifolia", "2. foliosa", "3. lobata", and "4. sikkimensis". Th e sheets at K are annotated by Hooker as "C. macrophylla, Willd." followed by α, β, γ, and δ. Th ese clearly correspond to the numbers 1 to 4 cited in the above reference, respectively. Th e sheets best matching the descriptions of the above four varieties are designated as lectotypes. Th e more complete specimen of the two P duplicates of the type collection is designated here as the lectotype. Th ere is a single plant on the sheet and it seems that the year on the printed label is either a typing error or the date of accession at P.  Schulz (1903) listed a single collection in the protologue and cited only the herbarium B. Currently there is only one specimen of this collection at B. Nevertheless, as considerable part of the Berlin herbarium was destroyed in 1943, we cannot exclude that there was originally more than one specimen of this collection at B in the past.

Cardamine elegantula
To be on the safe side, as in the case of the type of the name C. insignis dealt with above, extant specimen is treated here as "lectotype, or perhaps holotype". When publishing the name C. prattii, Hemsley and Wilson (1906: 153), included in the circumscription of the taxon to which it was applied the only element mentioned in the protologue of C. Six collections of Joseph Dalton Hooker from Sikkim are mounted on two herbarium sheets at K, and they vary in the elevations and dates of collection. Th e single collection in which the habitat was given is designate herein as the lectotype. Th e Sikkim duplicates at B and P do not carry the exact elevations and collection dates of the lectotype and, therefore, we are uncertain if they are part of the same collection.