Corresponding author: De-Zhu Li (
Cai J, Yu W-B, Zhang T, Wang H, Li D-Z (2019) China’s biodiversity hotspots revisited: A treasure chest for plants. In: Cai J, Yu W-B, Zhang T, Li D-Z (Eds) Revealing of the plant diversity in China’s biodiversity hotspots. PhytoKeys 130: 1–24.
China has been recognised as having exceptionally high plant biodiversity since the mid-19th century, when western plant explorers brought their discoveries to the attention of modern botany (
Biodiversity hotspots, by definition, are areas with exceptional concentrations of endemic species (containing at least 0.5% of the Earth’s plant species as endemics) and are experiencing increasing, large-scale habitat loss, at least 70% of which is caused by human disturbance (
Biodiversity hotspots play a substantial role in understanding China’s unique flora. Currently, the native vascular flora from China’s biodiversity hotspots has yet to be investigated in its entirety and the estimated number of species could be more than 25,000 based on the "Flora of China" and recent surveys (
Chart of new species reported to occur in China’s biodiversity hotspots, based on data from IPNI, 1 Jan. 2013- 31 Dec. 2018
The "Flora of China" represents the most comprehensive catalogue, description and illustration of known vascular plant species of China. However, a few of the early treatments published were essentially updated translations of the "Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae" and for a number of other groups, no specialists were available at the time when the treatments were completed, so that they are in essence preliminary. A great deal of further taxonomic work, often simulated by the "Flora", has improved our understanding of many groups, very often adding to the number of recognised species. For example, recent taxonomic revisions of Chinese
The application of DNA barcodes and other sequence data in the past decade has helped to improve our understanding of the species and relationships in many groups of plants (
To better document, understand and conserve China’s biological heritage, Chinese scientists have conducted a series of initiatives to facilitate the understanding and conservation of plant diversity, particularly over the past twenty years. These range from baseline, floristic surveys to long-term monitoring studies that document dynamic patterns of biodiversity with a specific focus on Southwest China and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where many ecosystems are being degraded as a result of human activities and global warming (
With extended collaboration amongst Chinese scientists and coordination of networks on plant conservation and taxonomy across China, we have synthesised a special issue entitled “Revealing the plant diversity in China’s biodiversity hotspots”, to present the latest findings by Chinese botanists and to update knowledge of the flora for China and adjacent countries. This issue, comprising 18 articles, includes descriptions of 23 species new to science and new insights into the diversity of
The new species published in this special issue reflect ongoing taxonomic and floristic research across China. It is hoped that these new discoveries will contribute to the objectives of the updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) 2011–2020 and China’s Plant Conservation Strategy, in general. In particular, we also strive to facilitate national and local policy-makers to develop more effective conservation guidelines. The naming and describing of new species are fundamental steps for understanding China’s natural history and assessing its plant diversity is the first “stepping-stone” to securing the success of our biodiversity initiative. In short, the value of botanical inventories and taxonomic work should be recognised through prioritised funding opportunities, inspired taxonomy training schemes, wider public involvement and an integrated GSPC post-2020 framework.
We are indebted to Profs. Peter Raven (Missouri Botanical Garden), Graham Pyke (University of Technology Sydney) and Kevin Burgess (Columbus State University) for their constructive discussion and to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew for the access to the research facilities. The publication of this special issue is supported by the Strategic Priority Research Programme of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (No. XDB31000000), CAS’s Large-scale Scientific Facilities (No. 2017-LSF-GBOWS-02), Basic Research Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2013FY112600) and the Visiting Scholar Programme of CAS.
List of new vascular plant species occured or described from China between 2013–2018 (data from IPNI).
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Solms-laubachia tianbaoshanensis H.L.Chen, Al-Shehbaz, J.P.Yue & H.Sun | 2018 | SW |
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2015 | IB |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2013 | IB |
|
||
|
2017 | SW |
|
|
2015 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2015 |
|
|||
2015 |
|
|||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2015 |
|
|||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2017 | H |
|
||
2017 | H |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2014 |
|
|||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 | H |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
|
2013 | SW |
|
|
2017 |
|
|||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2014 | H |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
|
2013 |
|
||
|
2017 |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2018 |
|
|||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2017 |
|
|||
2014 |
|
|||
2014 |
|
|||
2014 | SW |
|
||
|
2017 |
|
||
|
2015 | SW |
|
|
|
2017 | IB |
|
|
2017 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
|
2018 | SW |
|
|
2016 | SW |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2017 |
|
|||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
|
2013 |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2017 |
|
|||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
|
2015 | IB |
|
|
2016 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
|
2015 | SW |
|
|
2017 | SW |
|
||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2017 |
|
|||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
|
2015 | SW |
|
|
2017 | IB |
|
||
|
2014 |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
|
2014 |
|
||
2015 |
|
|||
2014 |
|
|||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2014 |
|
|||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
|
2013 | IB |
|
|
|
2015 |
|
||
|
2014 | SW |
|
|
2015 | SW |
|
||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2015 |
|
|||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
|
2013 |
|
||
2016 | CA |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2014 | H |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
2014 | H |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2017 | CA |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2018 | H |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
2018 | H |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
2018 | H |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2018 | H |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2014 | SW |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2018 | H |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2015 |
|
|||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2015 |
|
|||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
2015 |
|
|||
2016 |
|
|||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2015 |
|
|||
|
2017 |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2014 | H |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2018 | H |
|
||
2017 | H |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2018 | H |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
2017 |
|
|||
|
2017 | IB |
|
|
|
2014 | SW |
|
|
2017 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2017 |
|
|||
2018 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2015 |
|
|||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2015 | SW |
|
||
|
2016 | IB |
|
|
2018 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
|
2015 | IB |
|
|
2018 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
|
2017 | SW |
|
|
|
2016 |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2018 |
|
|||
2018 | SW |
|
||
|
2014 | IB |
|
|
2016 |
|
|||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2017 |
|
|||
2016 |
|
|||
2018 |
|
|||
|
2015 |
|
||
2015 |
|
|||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
|
2016 | IB |
|
|
2015 |
|
|||
|
2016 |
|
||
|
2015 |
|
||
|
2013 | IB |
|
|
|
2015 | IB |
|
|
2018 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
|
2014 | IB |
|
|
|
2014 | SW |
|
|
|
2017 | SW |
|
|
2017 |
|
|||
2017 |
|
|||
2017 | SW |
|
||
|
2017 |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2013 |
|
|||
2016 |
|
|||
|
2016 | IB |
|
|
2013 | IB |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2014 |
|
|||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2013 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
|
2013 | IB |
|
|
2013 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2014 | H |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2014 |
|
|||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2016 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
|
2013 |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2014 | H |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2016 |
|
|||
2016 |
|
|||
2014 | H |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2017 | SW |
|
||
2014 | IB |
|
||
2013 |
|
|||
|
2015 | IB |
|
|
2015 | SW |
|
||
|
2017 | IB |
|
|
2018 | IB |
|
||
|
2016 | IB |
|
|
2018 | IB |
|
||
2018 |
|
|||
|
2018 | IB |
|
|
2017 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2013 | IB |
|
||
2018 | IB |
|
||
2015 | SW |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2018 | SW |
|
||
2017 | IB |
|
||
2015 | IB |
|
||
2016 | IB |
|
||
2015 |
|
*Biodiversity hotspots abbreviation. CA: Mountains of Central Asia, H: Himalaya, IB: Indo-Burma, SW: Mountains of Southwest China, Blank: non-biodiversity hotspots area. Species which recognized as nomen illegitimum were excluded.