Corresponding author: Ruth Kiew (
Academic editor: Eric Roalson
Of the 92
Kiew R, Lim C-L (2019)
The centre of diversity of the genus
Terengganu (Figures
Peninsular Malaysia showing Terengganu State.
The districts in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia.
The first
One of the objectives of the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia project (
Exploration of the Terengganu flora has led, not only to the discovery of the three new species described below, but also to 12 other
Distribution of Terengganu
Species | States | Districts in Terengganu |
---|---|---|
|
Kel, Ter | Besut |
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Kel, Pah, Ter | Dungun, Hulu Terengganu |
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Pah, Ter | Dungun, Kemaman, Hulu Terengganu |
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Joh, Pah,Ter | Kemaman |
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Pah, Ter | Hulu Terengganu (Gunung Padang) |
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Kel, Ter | Besut, Setiu, Hulu Terengganu |
|
Most states | Dungun, Kemaman, Hulu Terengganu, Setiu |
|
Joh, Pah, Ter, | Dungun, Kemaman, Hulu Terengganu |
|
Joh, Kel, Mel, Pah, Sel, Ter | Besut, Hulu Terengganu |
|
Ked, Kel, Pah, Per, Ter | Kemaman, Hulu Terengganu |
|
Joh, Kel, Pah, Ter | Besut, Dungun, Kemaman |
Distribution of
Species | District | Locality |
---|---|---|
|
Dungun, Kemaman | Pasir Raja (FRI 65593), Sg. Nipah |
|
Dungun, Kemaman | Jerangau, Sg Nipah |
|
Dungun | Bkt. Bauk, Bkt. Chabang |
|
Hulu Terengganu | Tembat |
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Hulu Terengganu | Gunung Padang |
|
Dungun, Kemaman, Hulu Terengganu, Setiu | Jengai, Sg. Nipah, Ulu Telemong, Ulu Setiu |
|
Dungun | Rasau Kertih |
|
Dungun | Sg Loh, Jerangau, Pasir Raja |
|
Hulu Terengganu | Tembat |
Three new species are described here. There are undoubtedly more species that await discovery as many areas remain to be explored. Besides a checklist for Terengganu
Specimens, including type specimens of Peninsular Malaysian
1 | Leaves very narrow, to 2 cm wide and at least 6.5 times longer than wide |
|
– | Leaves more than 2 cm wide and less than 5 times longer than wide |
|
2 | Lamina 6.6–8.2 times longer than wide (4–15.6 × 0.6–1.9 cm), margin entire. Inflorescences 1–4-flowered. Capsule 1.6–2.9 cm long |
|
– | Lamina 14–17 times longer than wide (11.5–22 × 0.8–1.3 cm), margin crenate. Flowers single. Capsule 2.8–4.3 cm long. |
|
3 | Flowers single |
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– | Inflorescences with 2–18 flowers |
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4 | Flowers epiphyllous. Leaves spaced on stem |
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– | Flowers in leaf axils. Leaves crowded towards top of stem |
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5 | Rosette herbs to 2–19 cm tall. Leaf lamina to 16 × 5 cm long, lateral veins 7–15 pairs. Flowers campanulate, to 2 cm long |
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– | Robust, unbranched herbs 40–100 cm tall. Leaf lamina more than 15 × 4 cm, lateral veins 20 pairs or more. Flowers trumpet-shaped, 3–4 cm long |
|
6 | Lamina glabrous above, margin more-or-less entire. Capsule conspicuously upturned |
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– | Lamina hairy above, margin minutely serrate. Capsule straight |
|
7 | Lamina base rounded or cordate, flat above, often with a broad silver-grey band along the midrib, apex rounded. Calyx 1–1.7 mm long; corolla tube shorter (4–5.5 mm) than the lobes (6–7.3 mm). Capsule 2–3 cm long |
|
– | Lamina base narrowed, single hairs raised on protruding aeroles, plain-coloured, apex acute. Calyx 3–4.5 mm long; corolla tube longer (12–14 mm) than lobes (4–6.5 mm). Capsule 1.5–2.5 cm long |
|
8 | Leaves petiolate, petiole to 3 cm long; lateral veins to 20 pairs. Flowers completely bright vermillion. Capsules to 3–4 cm long |
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– | Lamina sessile; lateral veins 25 pairs or more. Flowers white or purplish or if corolla lobes red, then tube is yellow. Capsules 3.5–12 cm long |
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9 | Lamina with tertiary venation forming a pattern of rectangles. Capsules shorter and thicker, 3.5–4.5 cm long, 2–3 mm diameter |
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– | Lamina with tertiary venation forming a pattern of polygons. Capsules 5–12 cm long and slender ca. 1.5 mm diameter |
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10 | Leaves with upper lamina surface softly and finely velvety; margin minutely serrate, lateral veins ca. 25–27 pairs. Corolla tube pale cream or orange outside, lobes deep crimson, throat golden yellow. Capsules (7.5–)9–12 cm long |
|
– | Leaves with upper surface coarse and hispid or densely silky, margin coarsely serrate; lateral veins 33–50 pairs. Corolla white or white tinged purple, lobes sometimes deep purple. Capsule 5–9 cm long |
|
11 | Corolla white, lobes deep purple. Lamina 14–27 × 4.5–7 cm, base often broadly winged and deeply laciniate, upper surface softly and densely silky. Capsule ca. 5 cm long |
|
– | Corolla white tinged purple, rarely pure white, lobes not a deeper purple than tube. Lamina (15–)26–40(–55) × (5.5–)7–9(–15) cm, base with a narrow wing, upper surface coarsely hispid. Capsule 7–9 cm long |
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12 | Corolla 15–40 mm long |
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– | Corolla 7–15 mm long |
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13 | Inflorescences short or subsessile, (1–)2–3 flowered. Corolla completely white except for lemon-yellow nectar guides. Usually branching at the base and forming clumps. Petioles slender 3–5.5 cm long, lamina 9–11 cm long, 2–3 times longer than petiole, softly hairy. Capsules 1.5–1.8 cm long, broad at base, 3.5–5 mm thick |
|
– | Inflorescences with a long peduncle more than 11 cm long, many-flowered. Flowers purple or rosy purple. Not clump forming. Lamina 4–9 times longer than petiole. Capsules 3–8 cm long, slender, to 1–2 mm thick |
|
14 | Petioles 5–6 cm long, lamina broader, ca. 28 × 9 cm. Flowers 35–40 mm long. Capsules 6–8 cm long |
|
– | Petioles 1.3–4 cm long, lamina 9–1 × 4–7 cm or 15–34 × 4–8 cm. Flowers 15–20 mm long. Capsules 3–4.5 cm long |
|
15 | Leaf lamina shorter 9–17 × 4–7 cm, drying greenish-brown above, margin deeply serrate. Corolla 15–16 mm long, rosy purple, tube slender, 4–6 mm diameter at mouth, lobes reflexed |
|
– | Leaf lamina 15–34 × 4–8 cm, drying deep purplish-brown above, margin minutely crenate. Corolla ca. 20 mm long, pale cream with pale pink lobes, tube 6–9 mm diameter at mouth, lobes personate |
|
16 | Lamina narrow, 9–15 × 2.3–3 cm, ca. 4.5 times longer than wide; petiole and midrib sometimes drying wrinkled with transverse ribs. Peduncle and pedicels finely slender and thread-like. Capsule short 1.2–1.4 cm long |
|
– | Lamina 10–21 × 4–9 cm, ca. 2.5 times longer than wide; petiole and midrib not drying wrinkled with transverse ribs. Capsule 1.5–2.3 cm long |
|
17 | Inflorescences with 8–18 flowers. Corolla 2.5–9 mm long. Stem to 20 cm tall |
|
– | Inflorescences with (2–)3–4 flowers. Corolla 9–12.5 mm long. Stem robust 40–60 cm tall |
|
18 | Corolla 7–9 mm long, calyx 3–5 mm long. Lamina base narrowed then abruptly rounded |
|
– | Corolla 2.5–4 mm long, calyx 1–1.5 mm long. Lamina base narrowed and cuneate |
|
19 | Stem and petioles glabrescent. Peduncle 6–8.5(–11) cm long. Corolla pale purple with upper lobes deep purple |
|
– | Stem and petioles with persistent dense matted pubescence. Peduncle 4.5–6 cm long. Corolla uniformly purple |
|
Peninsular Malaysia. Terengganu, Hulu Terengganu, Tembat Forest Reserve,
Robust, erect, unbranched herb.
Endemic in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia, known only from Tembat Forest Reserve, Hulu Terengganu District.
Common in primary or logged-over lowland or hill dipterocarp forest at 390–420 m altitude, on top of ridges or above streams. Flowering gregariously with flowers and fruits on the same plant in March–April and July.
Named for Dato’ Indera Hj. Nor Akhirrudin bin Mahmud, formerly Director-General of the Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, a strong advocate of conservation, who introduced the system of raising the level of protection by the designation of forest reserves as High Conservation Value Forests.
Terengganu: Hulu Terengganu, Tembat Forest Reserve – Mohd Hairul, M.A. et al. FRI 60919 (KEP), Mohd Hairul, M.A. et al. FRI 70907 (KEP, SAN), Kamarul, M. et al. FRI 66338 (KEP), Kamarul, M. et al. FRI 67125 (KEP, L, SAN, SING), Kamarul, M. et al. FRI 67147 (KEP, L, SAN, SING), Nor Ezzawanis, A.T. et al. FRI 58126 (KEP, K, SAN, SAR, SING), Ummul Nazrah, A.R. et al. FRI 57005 (KEP, SING), Ummul Nazrah, A.R. et al. FRI 57035 (KEP).
This species belongs to the
It grows in the Tembat Forest Reserve. In 2010, the KEP botany team carried out an intensive collecting programme in the area that was designated for clear-felling for the extension to the Kenyir Hydroelectric Dam in an effort to provide a permanent record of this little known forest. As a result, several new species were discovered, such as two species of
In its extremely narrow leaves, less than 2 cm wide and more than eight times longer than wide, it resembles the other two Peninsular Malaysian rheophytic
Peninsular Malaysia. Terengganu, Dungun District, Rasau Kerteh Forest Reserve.
Rheophyte,
Endemic in Terengganu, Dungun District, Rasau Kerteh Forest Reserve, known only from the type.
Rheophyte clinging onto rock surface along river in regenerated lowland dipterocarp forest at 54 m altitude.
Greek –
Although
Its flower characters place it within the Heteroboea group of species. Other species in this group are large, robust herbs with large, broad leaves quite unlike those of
In its habit (stem unbranched, woody, 10–25 cm long, 3–6 mm thick) and its petiolate, narrowly lanceolate or slightly oblanceolate lamina 9–20 cm long with many, deeply impressed veins and a serrate margin with teeth 3–5 × 1.2–2 mm,
Peninsular Malaysia. Terengganu, Dungun, Pasir Raja Forest Reserve, Compartment 5,
Erect, unbranched herb.
Endemic in Dungun District (Jerangau FR, Pasir Raja FR and Sungai Loh), Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia.
Lowland dipterocarp forest, on shaded slopes or top of banks beside old logging road, at 15–50 m altitude.
Named for Dato’ Sri Dr Sallehuddin bin Ishak, formerly Federal Lands Commissioner of Malaysia, for his strong support of conservation of karst limestone hills in Perak.
Terengganu, Dungun, Jerangau Forest Reserve, Kamarul, M. et al. FRI 67177 (KEP); Ong, P.T. & Rafidah, A.R. FRI 71249 (KEP); Dungun, Sungai Loh, Sam, Y.Y. & Markandan, M. FRI 44400 (KEP), from Sungai Loh cultivated in Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Sam, Y.Y. FRI 47049 (KEP).
The inflorescence of
In Terengganu, most
No species is recorded from the Marang or Kuala Nerus Districts. This is probably because they are coastal districts and, as yet, no species has been collected from
Comparison of species per district illustrates that the northern districts of Besut and Setiu, each with six
Apart from the widespread species (
Nationally, the level of endemism in
(Bkt. Bukit (hill); FR Forest Reserve, G. Gunung (mountain), P. Pulau (island), Sg. Sungai (river))
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 256.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 257.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 257.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 258.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 259.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 261.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 261.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 264.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 266.
Malay. Nat. J. 63 (2011) 661.
Phytokeys 18 (2012) 62.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 267.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 268.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 269.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 271.
In Kiew & Lim, Gard. Bull. Sing. 62 (2011) 271.
Gard. Bull. Sing. 66 (2014) 140, Fig.
Botanically, the state of Terengganu is still relatively poorly known compared with the west coast flora of Peninsular Malaysia. Areas that remain largely unknown are the slopes and ridges of the mountains and the north of the state. The river systems that have been explored have proved to be biodiverse and harbour species endemic to Terengganu. The Terengganu Hills have already been identified as an area of high biodiversity importance that requires greater legal protection (
This research was carried out as part of the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Project at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, funded by the Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources (KATS) of Malaysia under the 11th Malaysia Plan (SPPII No. P23085100018003). Lim C.L. thanks the FRIM for a FRIM Postgraduate Scholarship and to the University of Malaya for Postgraduate Research Fund (PPP, Account No. PS 170-2008B).We are most grateful to Mohamad Aidil b. Noordin for the botanical drawing, to Wendy S.Y. Yong for providing the maps, to Ong Poh Teck for permission to reproduce his photographs and for preparing the plates, to the dedicated team of KEP herbarium staff at FRIM for their support in the field and to the Curators of BM, E, K, KLU and SING for permission to examine specimens in their care.