Corresponding author: Alan J. Paton (
Academic editor: Eberhard Fischer
A synopsis of the genera
Paton AJ, Mwanyambo M, Govaerts RHA, Smitha K, Suddee S, Phillipson PB, Wilson TC, Forster PI, Culham A (2019) Nomenclatural changes in
Recent phylogenetic work has shown that the circumscription of
Summarised phylogeny of the
The aim of this paper is to provide the necessary nomenclatural changes consistent with the recognition of
Despite the agreed taxonomic status by the above authors,
A common theme in the treatments listed above is that, since
The phylogenetic study by
Calyx and corolla morphology. Calyces in
The phylogenetic study presented by
The changes in generic delimitation proposed by
In this treatment, 294 species of
Of the characters cited by
We present the list of species in alphabetical order, rather than according to the previously proposed infrageneric classification by
Further study is required to provide a more robust formal infrageneric classification of
A key to the genera of the
Herbs or shrubs. Inflorescence an indeterminate thyrse with cymes sessile or pedunculate, ebracteolate, rarely with minute persistent or deciduous bracteoles; bracts persistent or deciduous, rarely coloured. Calyx usually with a single-lobed posterior lip and a 4-lobed anterior lip, sometimes actinomorphic and regularly 5-lobed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, rarely actinmorphic or subactinomorphic (
1 | Corolla actinomorphic, or almost so, stamens spreading not declinate |
|
– | Corolla strongly zygomorphic, stamens declinate |
|
2 | Lateral lobes of the corolla deflexed towards the anterior lobe |
|
– | Lateral lobes of the corolla ascending towards the median lobes of the posterior lip or horizontal and held between the anterior lobe and median lobes of the posterior lip |
|
3 | Posterior lip of corolla truncate, lateral lobes usually horizontal, short, held between the anterior lobe and median lobes of the posterior lip |
|
– | Posterior lip of corolla not truncate, diverging from anterior lip of the corolla, with lateral lobes usually ascending and close to median lobes of posterior lip |
|
4 | Calyx basally circumscissile; tube distally dorsiventrally flattened |
|
– | Calyx very rarely circumscissile; tube not dorsiventrally flattened |
|
5 | Calyx 3-lobed (1 upper, 2 lower), expanded and membranous in fruit |
|
– | Calyx 5-lobed (1 upper, 4 lower, or actinomorphic), rarely expanded and membranous in fruit |
|
6 | Calyx with pedicel attached asymmetrically to the base of the calyx tube, opposite the posterior lip; corolla with upper (posterior) lip shorter than lower (anterior), rarely subequally lobed (Fig. |
|
– | Calyx with pedicel attached symmetrically to the base of the calyx tube, not opposite the upper lip, corolla lobes more or less equal in length (Fig. |
|
7 | Calyx throat truncate with lateral lobes of the calyx held midway between the uppermost and lowermost lobes; corolla tube usually sigmoid, parallel-sided at base, dilating towards throat (Fig. |
|
– | Calyx throat oblique with lateral lobes of the calyx held closer to the lowermost pair of lobes than the upper lobe; corolla tube straight or curved downwards, usually gibbous, saccate or shortly spurred at base (Fig. |
|
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes succulent, sometimes with a fleshy or tuberous rootstock. Leaves opposite, sometimes whorled. Inflorescence thyrsoid, strongly condensed to lax, with cymes sessile or pedunculate, sometimes with long cincinnate branches, 1– many-flowered; bracts subtending cymes usually not persistent beyond flowering, sometimes erect forming a coma at apex of flowering stem. Flowers sessile or pedicellate, sometimes spirally arranged on inflorescence axis. Calyx funnel-shaped to tubular, straight or curved, often ventrally gibbous, with pedicel attaching asymmetrically at calyx base opposite the posterior lip, two lipped to regularly 5-lobed, rarely circumscissile at base (
Species of
Species of
294 species in the Old World tropics and subtropics; often cultivated elsewhere.
Ethiopia.
Australia: Queensland.
S. India.
Australia: Queensland.
S. India.
SW. Tanzania.
Eritrea to Tanzania, SW. Arabian Peninsula.
Rwanda to E. Trop. Africa.
Thailand.
South Africa: E. Cape Prov. to S. KwaZulu-Natal.
Australia: New South Wales, Queensland.
Nigeria to Ethiopia and south to Malawi.
Australia: Queensland.
Kenya to South Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India.
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland.
S. India.
Angola.
Madagascar.
Philippines (Mindanao).
Australia: Queensland.
Queensland.
Arabian Peninsula.
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland to NE. New South Wales. Widely cultivated (or hybrids from it).
S. India.
N. Somalia, Yemen.
SW. Tanzania, DRC, Malawi, Zambia, Angola.
S. India.
SE. Kenya.
Australia, Lesser Sunda Is. to Pacific.
Ethiopia, Central Africa, East Africa to South Africa.
Eritrea to East and Central Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent to SC. China. Widely cultivated.
The name
Eritrea to N. Tanzania, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent to SC. China.
NE. & E. Trop. Africa to DRC.
N. Somalia.
Cameroon to SW. Uganda.
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland.
Tanzania, DRC, Zambia and Angola.
The West African
Zambia.
S. India.
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland.
Eastern, Central & Southern Africa, Madagascar.
S. Tanzania.
S. India.
China: Yunnan to Indo-China.
Republic of Congo (Brazzaville).
Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
Ethiopia to Somalia, Yemen.
W. Trop. Africa to Cameroon.
Cameroon, Gabon, DRC.
N. Thailand (Doi Chiang Dao).
Australia: New South Wales.
S. Mozambique to South Africa.
SE. Thailand to Cambodia.
Eritrea to South Africa, India to Myanmar.
Eritrea to N. Tanzania, India to Myanmar.
Ethiopia to South Africa.
W. & S. Tanzania to Zambia.
SE. China.
Bioko, Cameroon.
Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
Angola.
Central African Republic.
Central African Republic.
Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
Madagascar.
Kenya to N. Malawi.
NE and E. Africa, naturalized in South Africa.
N. Tanzania.
DRC, Zambia.
N. Australia, Lesser Sunda Is., New Guinea.
Tropical West Africa.
Malawi (Mt. Mulanje).
Australia, New South Wales.
Mozambique.
S. Djibouti to N. Somalia.
Australia: Queensland.
Trop. & South Africa, Arabian Peninsula, S. India
SW. Tanzania to N. Malawi.
W. Tanzania, Zambia to Angola.
Nigeria to Uganda and Angola.
E. Trop. Africa.
Eritrea to S. Trop. Africa.
SW. Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
Cameroon to W. Tanzania.
Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
Tanzania (Ukaguru Mts.).
Namibia, South Africa: Limpopo (W. Waterberg).
WC. Trop. Africa.
S. India.
Australia: Queensland.
Malawi to South Africa.
Australia: Queensland.
SW. India (Shervarayan Hills).
Rwanda to S. Trop. Africa.
DRC to Uganda (Ruwenzori Mts.).
Sri Lanka.
Cameroon to Ethiopia and NW. Tanzania.
W. Trop. Africa to Uganda and NE. Angola.
E. DRC to Uganda.
Trop. & South Africa.
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland.
SW. Tanzania.
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland.
SW. Tanzania to N. Zambia.
SW. Pacific.
Australia: Queensland.
Angola.
SW. India
W. Malesia to Lesser Sunda Is. (Bali).
S. India.
Ethiopia.
Australia: Queensland.
South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal.
SW. Thailand.
S. Ethiopia, S. Somalia, N. Kenya.
Australia: Queensland.
DRC.
EC. Trop. Africa (Virunga Mts.).
Angola.
Widespread in Trop. Africa.
Southern DRC to Botswana.
Ethiopia to Tanzania.
Kenya.
S. Sudan to N. Uganda.
S. Zimbabwe to South Africa.
W. & WC. Trop. Africa.
Australia: NE. Queensland.
E. Australia, Lord Howe I.
Widespread in Trop. & South Africa.
Tanzania.
Australia: Queensland.
Widespread, Egypt to South Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Maldives, Sri Lanka.
Ghana.
Indo-China.
Myanmar to N. Thailand.
Southern tropical & South Africa.
SW. Arabian Peninsula
W. Trop. Africa to Cameroon.
Yemen.
India, endemic to the Western Ghats.
Somalia.
NE. Trop. Africa to N. Kenya, Arabian. Peninsula.
SW. Tanzania.
Sri Lanka.
Equatorial Guinea to NW. Gabon.
Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Rep.
Angola.
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland, Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia.
Sri Lanka.
S. India.
S. Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
Nigeria to Cameroon, Tanzania to South Africa.
Eritrea to N. Tanzania.
Ivory Coast (Mt. Dourou).
W. Trop. Africa.
Peninsula Malaysia (Perak).
Ethiopia to N. & NW. Tanzania.
Australia: Queensland.
Central African Republic
Madagascar.
W. Tanzania.
Eritrea to N. Tanzania, SW. Arabian Peninsula. Naturalized in Zimbabwe.
Ethiopia to South Africa, Madagascar.
Guinea, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone.
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland.
Guinea.
Tanzania to South Africa.
E. & S. Trop. Africa.
Sierra Leone, Guinea.
Philippines (N. Luzon).
Widespread. Trop. Africa, Madagascar.
Cameroon, to Eritrea and Tanzania, Madagascar.
Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and DRC.
Cameroon.
Mozambique to South Africa, Mascarenes.
S. India, Sri Lanka.
W. Trop. Africa to DRC and Sudan.
S. Ethiopia to N. Kenya.
SW. Tanzania to E. Zambia.
Australia: Queensland.
Liberia, Gabon, Uganda to S. Trop. Africa, Madagascar.
W. Trop. Africa to Ethiopia and Tanzania.
WC. Trop. Africa.
Ethiopia to N. Kenya.
Australia: Queensland.
S. DRC to NE. Namibia.
Australia: Queensland.
E. Himalaya.
SW. Tanzania to Zambia.
Sri Lanka.
W. Trop. Africa to S. Chad and Cabinda.
W. & WC. Trop. Africa.
Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria.
South Africa: Northern Prov.
Central African Republic.
Related to
. Mozambique.
S. Trop. & South Africa.
Kenya.
Sudan to Kenya.
W. Trop. Africa.
Non
E. Australia.
Angola.
SE. Kenya to N. Zambia.
Australia: Queensland.
Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
NE. Trop. Africa to N. Tanzania.
Nepal to SC. China and Indo-China.
S. India to S. Indo-China.
Myanmar to SC. China and Taiwan.
See
SW. Tanzania.
S. Tanzania to E. Zambia.
SW. Zimbabwe to South Africa.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Central African Republic.
Related to
E. Java.
India, endemic to Western Ghats.
Thailand.
SW. India.
SW. Tanzania.
W. Trop. Africa.
Nepal to Bangladesh.
South Africa: Limpopo (Leolo Mts.).
S. Zimbabwe.
SW. Tanzania to N. Zambia.
Yemen, Eritrea to Tanzania.
Mozambique to N. KwaZulu-Natal.
S. DRC to N. Zambia.
Australia: Queensland.
Ethiopia.
W. & WC. Trop. Africa.
W. Trop. Africa.
Trop. Africa to Caprivi Strip.
S. India.
Tropical Asia, cultivated elsewhere.
Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, DRC and Malawi.
Madagascar.
S. India.
SW. Tanzania.
S. Trop. Africa.
India, endemic to Western Ghats.
S. India.
Kenya to N. Tanzania.
S. Somalia.
SW. Tanzania to N. Malawi.
Tanzania to Zambia.
Tanzania to Zambia.
Trop. & Subtrop. Asia to N. Australia. Widely cultivated as an ornamental.
Ethiopia, DRC, Tanzania, NW. Madagascar.
Zimbabwe, Mozambique.
SW. & S. Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
SW. Tanzania to Zambia.
Socotra.
Philippines.
Australia: Queensland.
Tanzania to Zambia.
Australia: Queensland.
Guinea.
Central African Rep. to E. Trop. Africa.
E. Java.
Ethiopia to South Africa, Madagascar.
Angola.
Indian Subcontinent to Indo-China.
Kenya to S. Trop. Africa.
E. Australia.
S. Mozambique to South Africa.
Ethiopia to N. Tanzania, Arabian Peninsula.
India.
Trop. Africa, Madagascar.
W. Trop. Africa to Cameroon, SW. Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
Cameroon, S. Sudan to E. Trop. Africa.
Kenya to South Africa.
Australia: Queensland (Cook).
S. Trop. Africa.
W. Trop. Africa to Tanzania.
Peninsula Thailand.
Australia: Queensland.
SE. Kenya to E. Tanzania.
Tanzania.
Kenya to N. Tanzania.
Namibia.
S. India.
Sri Lanka.
S. Zimbabwe to Limpopo (Leolo Mts.).
Australia: Queensland.
Australia: Queensland.
W. Tanzania to Zambia.
S. India.
Madagascar.
SW. Arabian Peninsula.
Australia: Queensland.
Ethiopia to S. Trop. Africa.
China: Yunnan.
South Afica: Northern Prov.
S. Ethiopia to Uganda.
Arabian Peninsula.
S. Malawi.
Annual or perennial herbs or soft wooded shrubs, rarely woody shrubs, sometimes with a persistent woody or fleshy rootstock. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence thrysoid, usually lax; cymes sessile or pedunculate, 1–3(–5, very rarely –7); bracts subtending cymes persistent. Flowers pedicelate. Calyx funnel-shaped, straight with pedicel attaching symmetrically at the calyx base, not opposite posterior lip, two-lipped; throat glabrous within, open; posterior lip 1-lobed, usually broader than anterior lobes, shortly decurrent on tube or not; anterior lip 4-lobed; lobes triangular or lancolate; lateral lobes broader or equal to median lobes and held midway between the posterior lobe and the median lobes of the anterior lip; median lobes triangular to lanceolate. Corolla two-lipped with lips equal in length; tube sigmoid, sometimes strongly so, narrow and parallel-sided at base and expanding towards throat; posterior lip 4-lobed erect or ascending; anterior lobe horizontal, cucullate, sometimes frilled at apex. Stamens 4; filaments not fused together, held within the anterior lip. Style bifid with lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid.
Species of
Species of
42 species mainly in Tropical Africa but including two in India.
Malawi to Zambia (Nyika Plateau).
E. Tropical Africa.
S. Tanzania to Mozambique.
Kenya to N. Tanzania.
Tanzania to N. Namibia.
Kenya to Tanzania.
S. Malawi.
S. Malawi.
Zimbabwe to Limpopo.
Tanzania to N. Zambia.
S. Somalia to Mozambique, Comoros.
Widespread in Trop. Africa.
SW. Tanzania to Zambia.
S. Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
DRC.
DRC and Uganda.
Sudan.
Nigeria to Cameroon, E. Trop. Africa.
Ethiopia to South Africa.
Eritrea to Rwanda and Tanzania.
Tanzania (Mafia I.).
Kenya to N. Zambia.
Kenya to N. Zambia.
W. Tanzania.
Indian Subcontinent to N. Myanmar.
E. Tanzania (incl. Zanzibar, Pemba).
Uganda to N. Zambia.
DRC, East Africa, Zambia.
S. Mozambique to South Africa.
Malawi and E. Zimbabwe.
DRC and Zambia.
SW. Tanzania to Mozambique.
S. Tanzania.
Tanzania (Mt. Rungwe).
Tanzania (W. Usambara Mts.).
Zambia to Zimbabwe.
Ethiopia.
S. Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
S. Malawi to C. Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
SW. Tanzania to N. Malawi.
S. India, Sri Lanka. Occurrence in Sri Lanka is questionable and it is likely to be extinct there (
Tanzania to N. Mozambique.
Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa.
E. Zambia to N. Malawi.
EC. Trop. Africa to S. Kenya.
Perennial, rarely annual herbs or soft-wooded shrubs, sometimes succulent; sometimes with a tuberous base. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence thrysoid, usually lax; cymes sessile, 1–3-flowered; bracts subtending cymes persistent. Flowers pedicelate. Calyx funnel-shaped straight, with pedicel attaching symmetrically at calyx base, not opposite posterior lip, two-lipped; throat glabrous within, open; posterior lip 1-lobed, broader than lobes of anterior lip, shortly decurrent on tube or not; anterior lip 4-lobed; lobes lanceolate; lateral lobes broader at base than medial lobes and held closer to the median lobes than the posterior lip; median lobes usually fused for a greater distance than the lateral and median lobe. Corolla two-lipped with lips equal in length; tube straight or gently curved downwards, often gibbous, saccate or almost spurred a base, more rarely dilating gradually towards throat; posterior lip 4-lobed erect, often becoming reflexed; anterior lip cucullate or concave straight or becoming reflexed. Stamens 4, very rarely only 2 fertile (
Species of
Species of
72 species in Southern and Tropical Africa and Madagascar and including one in Sri Lanka.
Ethiopia to S. Trop. Africa.
South Africa: E. Cape Prov. to N. KwaZulu-Natal.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Zambia.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Tanzania.
More work is needed to be confident about the generic placement of this species. A preliminary investigation suggests a possible relationship to
Madagascar.
South Africa: Eastern Cape Prov.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
E. Zimbabwe to W. Mozambique.
South Africa and Swaziland.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
South Africa.
S. Malawi.
South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
South Africa: E. Cape Prov. to S. KwaZulu-Natal.
Madagascar.
S. Mozambique to South Africa.
Sri Lanka.
Madagascar.
South Africa, Lesotho.
Madagascar.
Mozambique.
Madagascar.
South Africa: E. Cape Prov. to KwaZulu-Natal.
South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal.
South Africa: E. Cape Prov.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
South Africa: S. Cape Prov.
Madagascar.
South Africa: E. Cape Prov.
Malawi (Mt. Mulanje), Mozambique (Mt. Namuli).
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
South Africa: SE. Cape Prov.
Madagascar.
South Africa: S. KwaZulu-Natal.
Madagascar.
South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
South Africa: SE. Cape Prov.
South Africa.
South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal.
South Africa: S. Mpumalanga to Swaziland.
South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal.
South Africa: SE. Cape Prov.
NW. Madagascar.
South Africa: Limpopo to Swaziland.
Madagascar.
South Africa: SE. Cape Prov. to KwaZulu-Natal.
South Africa: SE. Cape Prov. to KwaZulu-Natal.
SE. Cape Prov. to KwaZulu-Natal.
South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal.
South Africa: SE. Cape Prov. to S. KwaZulu-Natal.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.).
South Africa: S. Cape Prov.
South Africa: Eastern Cape Prov.
S. Trop. Africa to South Africa, Mpumalanga.
Madagascar.
S. Mozambique to South Africa.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
South Africa: SE. Cape Prov. to Swaziland
S. India. Type: Illustration cited above:
Thanks are due to the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, SADC Biodiversity Support Programme MWI-04/333 for funding Montfort Mwanyambo during his PhD studies. Alan Paton received support for visits to P and C from the SYNTHESYS project