Corresponding author: Robert W. Scotland (
Academic editor: Leandro Giacomin
A monograph of the 425 New World species of
Wood JRI, Muñoz-Rodríguez P, Williams BRM, Scotland RW (2020) A foundation monograph of
This monograph of
We have developed the ‘foundation monograph’ concept at Oxford as an approach to overhauling the taxonomy of species-rich groups of tropical plants since many of these groups have never been studied across their entire geographical distribution as a consequence of the pragmatic and local nature of much taxonomy. Inevitably, these groups contain undiscovered species, high levels of undetected synonymy, and identification keys are absent or limited. A major challenge in monographing these groups is the size of the task given the number of species, their global distribution and extensive synonymy, the large and increasing number of specimens, the numerous and dispersed herbaria where specimens are housed and an extensive, scattered and often obscure literature. Our approach seeks to focus on those tasks that are tractable and can offer the maximum improvement in taxonomic knowledge in a given period of time. It is novel in the sense that we combine standard taxonomic techniques with the use of online digital images and molecular sequence data to focus on species level taxonomic problems across the entire distribution range of individual species. A detailed account of our approach is available in
Although there are some problems of species delimitation in
Jacquin, Vahl, Willdenow and others of Linnaeus’ successors in the later part of the 18th century continued placing species of
Choisy’s system continued in use until the 1890s when it was essentially reproduced in the account of
Hallier’s system has endured with only a few, relatively minor changes for about 125 years. A handful of new genera were established to include small, morphologically distinct splinter groups from the
Recent phylogenetic studies point towards the acceptance of a broad concept of
Our own extensive studies (
An inevitable result of the situation described in the previous paragraphs is that all existing infrageneric classifications of
Apart from the repeated changes of status that these infrageneric taxa have undergone resulting in many groupings being re-graded from subgenus to section to series, the increasing multiplication of infrageneric taxa illustrates the difficulties of achieving a satisfactory classification. Apart from
The history of species recognition in
The legacy of the most important 19th century expert on
The next major work was the account of
The inadequate species level taxonomy of Choisy and Meisner was not an inevitable consequence of the epoch in which they worked. Near contemporaries such as
From the mid-20th century onwards, the situation has improved, partly as the result of the outstanding achievement of the Argentinian botanist Carlos
After O’Donell’s premature death in 1954, there has been a slow but steady increment of new species from the Americas. Isolated species from different countries have been published by various authors but the contributions of Dan Austin and Andy McDonald are the most significant. Accounts of
Inevitably the first species of
Geographically, the first region from where a reasonably comprehensive inventory of
The Caribbean had been one of the earliest regions of botanical exploration and many of its endemic species including
There were collections from Mexico in the Spanish colonial era but those of Sessé and Moçiño were not published until a hundred years later. Nevertheless, seeds sent to Spain by them and by Née were cultivated in Madrid enabling Cavanilles to describe several attractive and interesting Mexican species including
After 1845 there was a lull in the discovery of new Mexican species for almost fifty years. However, the end of the 19th century proved to be a golden age for botanical exploration in Mexico thanks to a series of collectors mostly from the United States, especially Palmer, Pringle, Purpus, Nelson and Brandegee, and the Mexican-Italian Casiano Conzatti. The number of recognized species doubled during this era. However, these collections did not exhaust the riches of Mexican
It was mostly during the 20th century that the
The earliest collections from South America of any importance were made by Ruiz and Pavón in Peru at the end of the 18th century. They noted surprisingly few new species of
Essentially little more was discovered or described from the Andean region for well over a century apart from a few species from Venezuela (
This situation only changed after the Second World War initially as a result of O’Donell’s short career (
The 19th century, in contrast, was a golden age for plant discovery in Brazil, mostly under the stimulus of the production of Martius’ Flora Brasiliensis. The roll call of collectors finding new species of
After the publication of Flora Brasiliensis (
As in other aspects of its history, Paraguay (and neighbouring parts of Argentina) has followed a somewhat different trajectory. Until the 1870s, the flora of this region was essentially unknown. Then came a publication by
This monograph is based fundamentally on the study of herbarium specimens of
We have depended heavily on herbarium collections at Kew (K) and the Natural History Museum in London (BM), which together with material at Oxford (OXF) have formed the basis of our study. We have visited various European herbaria including Edinburgh (E), Leyden (L), Paris (P), Madrid (MA) and Stockholm (S) to view their collections of
Much of the material we have been loaned has been type material or old or rare specimens and this has had important limitations on our ability to provide complete and accurate descriptions. In particular, details of the habit of many species is missing and can only be inferred. Flower colour has often been lost or modified during the drying process. It is often impossible, or at least undesirable, to dissect corollas, where only one or two are present pasted to the sheet and fragile in nature. Finally, it must be emphasized that the fruit of many species is unknown.
It is important to stress that herbarium specimens are not only a source of basic taxonomic information and an indispensable tool for species delimitation but also an essential resource for phylogenetic, ecological and other information. We have been able to use specimens for DNA sequencing, even from collections over a hundred years old, if they have been rapidly dried and retain their natural colouring. More recent, heat-dried specimens nearly always yield high-quality DNA, but there are striking exceptions, such as specimens of
The first author has had many years of fieldwork during which he has collected
We have also benefitted from observations and in particular images sent to us by individuals over the years. We are particularly grateful to Maira Tatiana Martinez, Alfredo Fuentes, Alexander Parada, Julia Gutiérrez, Modesto Zarate and Daniel Soto (Bolivia), Moises Mendoza and Hibert Huaylla (Bolivia and Brazil), Hector Keller and Keith Ferguson (Argentina), Gilberto Morillo (Venezuela), Regis E. Bastian, Teresa Buril and Ray Harley (Brazil), Mario Giogetta (Bolivia and Argentina), Erin Tripp (Mexico), Jhon Infante Betancour (Colombia), Rémi Girault (French Guiana), Ramona Oviedo and José Luis Gómez (Cuba). We have also benefitted from images of living plants shown on a number of websites, especially Tropicos (
We have made full use of a wide range of literature as cited in the list of references. This includes regional, national and local floras and checklists (WCSP (1917), for example) as well as taxonomic works. We have consulted field guides and similar works when we have become aware of their existence. They often provide specific habitat and field identification information not readily available elsewhere. We have also made occasional use of information on the internet, but only if it seems reliable. We have scanned literature for examples of illustrations of species to supplement those prepared specifically for this project.
Perhaps the most significant element in our methodology has been the integration of morphological and molecular data. During the course of the five years that we have been studying
Cladogram showing the principal clades into which
Nowhere in biology is the disparity between theory and practice more evident than at the level of species. In an influential and widely cited contribution Kevin de
We have tried to make use of so-called conservative characters in accepting species and the value of these is discussed in the notes that follow. Pollination syndromes as reflected in corolla shape and to some extent in colouring and the structure of the androecium are seen as important for species delimitation (
The concept of a subspecies is retained for taxa which are morphologically distinct throughout most of their range but whose characters overlap in regions where the ranges of the two taxa meet. We accept that some species recognized in the following account could have been treated as subspecies of a closely related species, but in many cases, the number of specimens seen is so few that it would be premature to make this decision. Subspecific status is, therefore, reserved pragmatically for taxa of which we have seen many examples. Subspecies are keyed out when there are three more recognized subspecies for a particular species.
Apart from subspecies, other infraspecific categories are not formally recognized in this account with the exception of two varieties. Most varieties, formas and subformas recognized by previous authors have little value and often do little more than recognize minor variations of corolla colour, indumentum or leaf shape. Some varieties, however, have long been recognized and, where these are historically significant or readily recognized, we have drawn attention to them in the notes that follow the species descriptions and made comments about their distinctive characters and distribution. We accept that some readers may wish to continue recognizing and using these varietal names. We understand varieties as morphologically distinct populations that occur sporadically over part or all of the range of a species. Although varieties may be restricted to a specific area they do not occupy a distinct geographical region with populations overlapping with those from another distinct geographical area. Sporadic occurrence is an important criterion in the recognition of varietal, rather than subspecific status.
In the following taxonomic account species are arranged in a linear order, reflecting phylogenetic relationships as far as is possible (
The process described above was not always straightforward as the resolution of some parts of the phylogeny is poor, particularly in Clade A (Figure
The accepted names of species and subspecies are given in bold italics, followed by their author and place of publication. Where a recognized taxon is based on a nomenclatural combination, the basionym is given in plain italics immediately following the accepted names. This is followed in chronological order by any other names based on the same basionym. Heterotypic synonyms are then listed in chronological order of their basionym, each followed by subsequent combinations based on each basionym. Finally any commonly used name misapplied to the species is listed but only very common misapplications are cited. Authorities are not cited in the notes and other discussion sections for taxa that are treated in the monograph unless needed to clarify some typification or nomenclatural issue.
Types are cited for all listed taxa. The location of all types is indicated by the appropriate acronym following Index Herbariorum (
Descriptions all follow the same sequence and should be comparable although some details (fruits and seeds for example) are not always known. Subspecies are treated diagnostically following the main species description. With two exceptions varieties are not formally accepted and are included within the synonymy of individual species. However, those varieties we consider particularly significant are highlighted in bold in the notes that follow each species and we indicate what their distinctive characteristics are.
References are provided to illustrations after the descriptive text. These include all illustrations in the present work and selected illustrations from other publications. We have only selected illustrations from relatively recent publications with an emphasis on those from publications related to the Americas. However, we have included references to
Geographical information is provided country by country. Continental countries are ordered from south to north as follows: Eastern non-Andean, South America: Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana; Western South America northwards, Chile north to Venezuela and then northwards from Panama to Canada. The islands are ordered from Bermuda to Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Cuba, Cayman Islands and Jamaica, then from Haiti in an arc east and south to Trinidad, with the Netherlands Group at the end. Hawaii is placed in final position. Although apparently rather eccentric, this order ensures to a very large extent that plants whose range extends into adjacent countries or along mountain or island chains are arranged into logical distribution patterns.
Citations of occurrence are provided for all countries and, where possible, for major areas (states, provinces or departments), highlighted in bold face, in the larger countries. All South American countries except Uruguay and the Guianas are treated as “large countries”, together with Mexico, the United States and Canada. Major areas within larger countries are arranged alphabetically. The small Caribbean islands are treated as “major areas” of the Lesser Antilles. Citations are based on specimens seen or, in a few cases, identified by an established authority who is known to have understood the species well. Records from checklists and, especially data bases without images, have not been used as they contain many errors (
Ecological information is included within distributional information. Our knowledge of the ecology of individual species varies from zero to good. It is particularly poor in cases of very localized species. Many of the widespread species occur as garden escapes, weeds or adventives in and around settlements and by roads. The only
Explanations for lectotypifications are provided separately from other notes. In cases where no explanation is provided, it should be assumed that the most complete specimen seen and cited by the original author was chosen.
Notes are mostly related to taxonomic issues. They often summarise distinctive characteristics of a species and indicate how it can be distinguished from other species with which it is often confused. Some information has been given about traditional and economic uses but this has not been a focus of attention in this monograph.
Results from molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have been of great value in our research at many levels (
DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis has been valuable at the species level too. It has confirmed the monophyly of many species and has also drawn attention to the existence of unrecognized new species. We have many examples of this, such as the “discovery” of
Figure
Both NWC and OWC contain elements that were recognized previously as genera and appear as smaller clades within NWC or OWC. The only previously recognized genus that is represented by native species in both NWC and OWC is
NWC comprises about 450 species. Apart from a few species previously placed in
Our studies have revealed many smaller clades to which a traditional name cannot be readily attached. The two largest are both in Clade A of NWC and we refer to these as Clades A1 and A2. Some of the species in Clade A1 were treated as series
Apart from
Clade C also contains a number of small clades which are more or less diagnosable morphologically or geographically, although the best known species,
The Old World Clade (OWC) contains around 350 species mostly from the palaeotropics. It includes most species treated as
There are important practical implications from our molecular results. Since there is no obvious or close correlation between morphological characters and the
It should be stressed that we have faced a problem that we share with previous botanists working on the classification of
Within the neotropics
Most species of
Of species never found in the Old World,
Throughout the Americas many species are endemic to single countries with a good number of species endemic to single localities or to a very restricted area. Clearly the two largest countries, Brazil and Mexico, each with about 60 endemic species, have the greatest numbers of single country endemics. Scattered endemic species are found in most Andean countries with much the greatest numbers in Bolivia (c. 20) but the arbitrary nature of political boundaries tends to reduce the gross figures for individual countries. There are few species endemic to the small Central American republics although four are endemic to the Panama-Guatemala region. The large Caribbean islands are also major centres of endemism. We recognize 17 species as endemic to Cuba, seven to Hispaniola and four to Jamaica. Additionally there are a number of near endemics on these islands. In contrast, species endemic to small islands or island groups are few and we recognize only four,
It is harder to discern concentrations of endemic species in particular regions of the large continental countries, particularly in Mexico, where endemic species occur in scattered locations over much of the country. However, there is evidence that the greatest concentrations of endemics are in the seasonally arid regions of South West Mexico (
It is equally difficult to discern clear examples of endemism in particular biomes except for some extreme examples such as seashores. Clearly there are many species endemic to Seasonally Dry Forest and to Cerrado but as the former includes many distinct variants and the latter very different physiognomies from campo limpo to cerradão, the notion of endemism is not very easy to apply except in a very loose sense. Specific examples of habitat preferences are indicated after species descriptions, where these are reliably known.
Precise information about the ecology of many species is unavailable so it is difficult to provide anything approaching a comprehensive account of the habitat requirements of many neotropical species. Certainly,
The most typical beach species are
Some species are characteristic of freshwater habitats and are often specialized in their requirements. The only true aquatic is the introduced
The lack of diversity of
Cloud forest is another wet forest habitat where
High altitude species are even rarer and very few species occur above about 2500 m. The only species that might occur in paramo is
Of some interest are morphological adaptations found in several species growing in dry habitats. One such occurs in the coastal lomas of Peru and the northern Atacama of Chile. Here forms of
Desert merges into dry grassland, particularly in North America. Erect and, less commonly, trailing species of
Thorn scrub merging into seasonally dry forest is another important semi-arid habitat, which is common throughout much of tropical America.
Rocks provide a specialized habitat for some species. In Mexico, cliffs or “crags” are often cited as the habitat for
Many species have a distinct, relatively short flowering season. The only country where details are documented, albeit superficially is Bolivia (
Certain generalisations, however, are possible. The erect cerrado and grassland species with a stout xylopodium often come into flower soon after the start of the spring rains, possibly being stimulated into growth and flowering by the fire that often precedes the onset of rain. Annual species, in contrast, use the moist summer season for growth and come into flower towards the end of the summer, their flowers often persisting long into the winter dry season (see
There are many individual subtleties, which need careful observation and recording before any explanation can be provided. In Eastern Bolivia in areas of a similar altitude and climate, the first author has observed the following sequence, although these observations may be partially dependent on the date of the onset of rain. To see flowering specimens of
Much the most important species of
Other species of
The leaves of some species of
Various species of
Various species of
In the following section we discuss the range of characters which have proved useful in species delimitation and have indicated some of the pitfalls in their use. Taxonomic decisions often have to be made using incomplete material. Many species of
Species of
Annual species are characterized by having fibrous roots and typically flower in the late rainy season (tropical summer) as they require sufficient time to reach maturity after the onset of rains. In the herbarium, in the absence of roots, annuals can often be identified by their slender habit and the presence of mature capsules on flowering specimens. Perennial species, in contrast, are relatively stout and often lack mature capsules on flowering specimens or are almost entirely without corollas on fruiting specimens. It is possible that some normally annual species perenniate under suitable circumstances, especially in areas with no distinct dry season. There are no known erect annual species. Annual species are not found in Clades A1 or A2. In contrast they are well-represented in the
The majority of species are twining perennial herbs or lianas with petiolate, ovate, cordate leaves. The inflorescence is formed of pedunculate axillary cymes, the cymose structure usually being very obvious, although the cymes are sometimes reduced to single flowers. There is a tendency for some of the lianas to develop inflorescences on short leafy branchlets, rather than from the axils of the stem leaves.
Somewhat similar is a less well-defined assembly of essentially trailing plants. At one extreme these species root at the nodes and form extensive mats, in one case (
The erect habit is usually associated with subsessile, oblong, lanceolate, or oblong-elliptic cuneate-based leaves with a terminal inflorescence, the upper leaves clearly bract-like and the pedicels and peduncles reduced so the inflorescence is subracemose or even subspicate in form. Species with this habit occur mostly in open grasslands and especially in the cerrados of South America. Most species produce annual stems from a tough woody perennial subterranean xylopodium, which is resistant to fire, a characteristic and perhaps defining feature of these habitats. Erect species are found in many different clades but are unknown in the
The erect habit is also associated with a number of shrubs and small trees often treated as Section
Much the most widespread and common erect species,
Although annual species are generally known to have fibrous roots, little reliable information is available about most of the perennial species. Erect species of the cerrado nearly always arise from a woody xylopodium but this is known to vary considerably in form and development from species to species.
White latex is recorded as present in many species and is sometimes abundant, notably in trees and lianas, including species in the
Stems may be entirely herbaceous, woody in the lower parts and herbaceous above, or entirely woody except for the new growth. Stems may be glabrous or variously hirsute, the indumentum usually being similar to that of the peduncles, petioles and leaves, especially the abaxial surface of the leaves. There is a tendency for older stems to be somewhat glabrescent. Unusual features of the stem include distinct wings (
Species may be glabrous or variously hirsute. There is a good deal of intra-species variation and this has often proved to be an unsatisfactory character in species delimitation. Many species or varieties have been recognized over the years based on the presence or absence of hairs and have subsequently been abandoned. Despite this important proviso, many species have a characteristic indumentum which is readily recognized. Species which are always glabrous in their vegetative parts form a long list, as do those which are characteristically sericeous or tomentose. A sericeous indumentum is characteristic of almost all species previously placed in
• Stellate hairs. These are characteristic of certain species notably
• T-shaped hairs.
• Scattered long fine hairs.
• Density and appearance. Many species are densely hairy especially on young stems and the abaxial surface of leaves but sometimes on all vegetative parts. Where hairs are dense the leaves are often white or grey in colour and characteristic of the species. This kind of indumentum is not always easy to define and is sometimes described as canescent, sericeous, tomentellous, tomentose or densely pubescent by different authors.
• Gland dots. Distinct gland dots are found in some species, especially on the abaxial leaf surface but sometimes on other vegetative parts or even the corolla. They usually appear as dark dots and are so characteristic of
These have been reported in many species including
Leaves are exstipulate but a few species have pseudo-stipules (notably
Leaf shape is mostly related to habit with almost all climbing species having ovate to deltoid leaves with a truncate, cordate or sagittate base. Elliptic leaves are rare and mostly found in trailing species. Lanceolate, oblong or oblong-elliptic leaves are mostly a feature of erect species. Some unusual shapes occur, such as the strap-shaped leaves of
Leaves may be entire or variously divided. Pinnate leaves are only present in
The leaf base is sometimes distinctive, particularly in those species that have leaves with strongly cordate or strongly cuneate bases. Sagittate or hastate leaves are also often distinct but may intergrade with the more common cordate leaf base. Rounded leaf bases often intergrade with shallowly cordate or truncate leaf bases and are difficult to characterize.
The leaf margins are usually entire to slightly undulate but a few species have distinctly dentate leaves (
In general, petiole length is of little significance except that short or absent petioles correlate with an erect habit and elongate leaf shape as noted earlier. One curious feature is the fusion of the petiole and the peduncle at least for part of their length (
Most inflorescences consist of cymes that arise from the leaf axils. Cymes are nearly always solitary but are very variable in the number of flowers. In many species the cymes are reduced to a single flower while in others the cymes may be compounded with up to 15 or more flowers. The number of flowers in the cyme is often a useful although somewhat imprecise taxonomic character.
Not all inflorescences are obviously cymose in structure, some are more or less corymbose (especially in the
We have generally avoided using the term bract since in most twining or trailing species, the bracts are not clearly differentiated from the leaves, the cymes arising in the axils of the leaves which function as bracts. In the erect species and also in some or the arborescent species where the inflorescence is either terminal or borne on small branchlets bracts are more clearly differentiated from leaves, typically smaller and narrower and diminishing in size towards the branch tips and, in this situation, we have used the term bract. Some authors, however, use the term bract for the very different structures that arise at the inflorescence branching points or at the base of the pedicel in unbranched inflorescences. We refer to these as bracteoles, only rarely differentiating between primary bracteoles (at the first branching point) or secondary bracteoles (at the higher branching points) as these rarely differ in any significant way. In many species the bracteoles are inconspicuous and caducous (and have never been observed in a few species), but in others they are prominent and persistent, especially in the
In the majority of species the bracteoles are small (< 3 mm long), often linear, lanceolate or scale-like and caducous. In a few species,
Peduncles may be short or long and the length is sometimes significant. Most species with a terminal inflorescence have very short peduncles and pedicels. However, some trailing or twining species are also remarkable for their relatively short peduncles. These include
The calyx is formed of five overlapping, free sepals. The two outer sepals are usually similar in size and form as are the two inner sepals, which often have relatively broad, scarious, glabrous margins. The middle sepal is intermediate in size and shape and is commonly asymmetrically scarious. The sepals are often of considerable taxonomic significance and constitute important conserved characters at the species level. The differences in size and shape between the inner and outer sepals are often of great significance. The apex is frequently especially diagnostic. Many species have mucronate sepals, but the mucros are often caducous so some or even all sepals may appear muticous or retuse. Also important is the abaxial surface of the outer sepals which may show all kinds of variation in indumentum, venation and surface which can be smooth, muricate or armed with soft spines. In a few species notably in the
Many sepals display unusual features including:
• Very unequal sepals:
• Adaxial (inner) surface hirsute:
• Subterminal awns: all species in the
• Sepals terminating in a long awn:
• Sepals with fleshy spine-like trichomes:
• Sepals with a prominent abaxial appendage,
• Sepals with swollen abaxial tumour:
• Sepals with 1–2 prominent black abaxial glands:
• Sepals muricate:
• Sepals with prominent longitudinal ribs:
• Sepals with fimbriate margins:
• Sepals with a prominent cordate base:
The great diversity of sepal form is curious and not easily explained. It has been suggested that the development of coriaceous and large sepals may have evolved in response to the need to protect nectar glands from robber insects. (
Sepals of
Sepals of
Sepals of
Sepals of
Sepals of
Sepals of
The corolla is most commonly funnel-shaped, but is quite often campanulate, or hypocrateriform, or sometimes suburceolate, the limb usually prominent, entire or shallowly lobed but occasionally deeply lobed, or much reduced and present only as five indistinct teeth. The corolla exterior has five prominent midpetaline bands, which may be more darkly coloured and/or more pubescent than other parts of the corolla exterior. The corolla is very variable in size from less than 1 cm long in species like
Corollas showing variations in form (side view), size, limb lobing and stamen exsertion.
Corolla shape is usually, perhaps always, related to pollination. The commonest corolla shape consists of a very short subcylindrical basal tube which is then gradually widened to the mouth. Corollas of this type are described as funnel-shaped, are usually, pink, sometimes blue or white, in colour and are apparently pollinated by bees. The limb is entire, undulate or shallowly (very rarely deeply) lobed. When the corolla is very short, the tube is more abruptly widened from the base and is campanulate in form. This is characteristic of some species in the
Other corolla shapes are less common. A hypocrateriform or salver-shaped corolla in which the nearly cylindrical corolla tube is only slightly widened at the mouth is associated with red flowers, exserted stamens and bird pollination. This corolla type is characteristic of the
Corolla colour. Field and herbarium observations of flower colour need to be treated with caution. Flowers change colour during the course of the day, most obviously in the case of
Corolla indumentum. The indumentum of the corolla exterior is best observed on buds as there is some evidence that hairs are caducous in some species as the corolla matures. Hairs are often difficult to see on open corollas but are best searched for at the tips of the midpetaline bands. Although previous studies have not seen corolla indumentum as particularly important taxonomically, we have found it of great significance both at species and clade level. It is nearly always constant in a particular species, exceptions being very rare and their existence raising doubts about the circumscription of the species in the few cases where it has been noted (
The stamens are of little taxonomic value. They are always five and may be included or exserted. If they are included they are unequal with two noticeably longer than the other three but, if exserted or near exserted, they are subequal in length. The filaments are slightly expanded near the base but are occasionally thickened and subtriangular as in
The pollen of
Pollen of
Pollen of
Our own survey of
In summary, the pollen of
The style is elongate, equalling or extended slightly beyond the anthers and nearly always glabrous, even in species with a hirsute ovary. The only exception we are aware of is
The ovary is narrowly ovoid in shape and usually glabrous. A pubescent or comose ovary is rare and only commonly found in the
The fruit may be an indehiscent, woody or somewhat fleshy structure or formed by a dehiscent capsule. In species with an indehiscent fruit, this is usually globose to ellipsoid in shape and may contain up to four seeds except in those species placed in
Seeds (Figure
Seeds of
Keys are provided in a somewhat unconventional way and it is recommended that users follow the suggested steps in the order provided. Species in Steps 1–3 below also appear in the appropriate geographical keys. Note that species may enter several times in different places in the keys.
1. Plants of seashore (rarely inland in saline habitats):
2. Plants with a hirsute ovary and capsule:
An erect plant with ovate cordate leaves and pink flowers: 84b.
A slender plant with pinnate leaves, pseudo-stipules and dark red corollas: 312.
A twining vine with pure white flowers, a narrowly cylindrical corolla tube and strongly awned sepals: 272.
The
The
The
The
A. South American continent including the Galapagos Islands (page 54)
B. The North American Continent from Panama northwards (page 78)
C. The Caribbean Islands including Bermuda, Trinidad and the Netherlands Antilles (page 93)
D. Hawaii (page 99)
The two continental keys are divided into a series of subkeys to facilitate access as they would otherwise be very large. Some species can be accessed through different routes so individual species may occur in several subkeys.
Key A1: Species with soft fleshy spines on the sepals and/or peduncles
Key A2: Species with erect stems
Key A3: Species with leaves divided digitately to, or near the base, into five or more lobes or segments
Key A4: Species with very long sepals, mostly exceeding 2 cm in length
Key A5: Species with coriaceous, convex, usually glabrous sepals
Key A6: Species with a subcylindrical corolla tube and (usually) exserted stamens
Key A7: Species with small flowers, the corolla < 3 cm long
Key A8: Plants with a glabrous white corolla > 3 cm long (check buds).
Key A9: Plants with subcapitate inflorescences
Key A10: Trailing, climbing or twining plants with a pubescent corolla > 3.5 cm long
Species with soft fleshy spines on the sepals and/or peduncles (Figure
1 | Leaves 3 (–5)-lobed |
|
– | Leaves entire |
|
2 | Outer sepals 14–17 mm long, covered in long white hairs and soft spines; corolla white |
|
Outer sepals 8–10 mm long, glabrous or with soft spines; corolla pink |
|
|
3 | Outer sepals 15–25 cm long; peduncles < 5 cm long; corolla white |
|
Outer sepals 12–14 cm long; peduncles 0.5–8 cm long; corolla pink |
|
Erect species. Perennial herbs or subshrubs growing in open habitats. Leaves subsessile (petioles usually < 1 cm), linear, lanceolate, ovate or oblong in shape, base attenuate or cuneate, rarely rounded, never cordate. Sepals various. Inflorescence usually terminal on the stem, often subspicate or subracemose in form but occasionally branched and arising from the upper leaf axils. Corolla shape and colour varied but never hypocrateriform (except
1 | Corolla glabrous on the exterior |
|
– | Corolla hirsute on the exterior at least in bud |
|
2 | Leaves divided nearly to the base into linear segments; sepals > 2 cm long |
|
– | Leaves entire or shallowly lobed |
|
3 | Sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex |
|
– | Sepals equal or unequal, never coriaceous or convex |
|
4 | Leaves and stem glabrous |
|
– | Leaves and stem hirsute |
|
5 | Herb; leaves linear, 1–3 mm wide |
|
– | Subshrub; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 5–25 mm wide |
|
6 | Leaves green, pubescent, imbricate, diminishing in size upwards; corolla weakly lobed |
|
– | Leaves silvery-sericeous, especially below, not conspicuously imbricate or diminishing in size upwards; corolla lobed |
|
7 | Sepals pubescent |
|
– | Sepals glabrous |
|
8 | Corolla hypocrateriform, deep red; stamens exserted |
|
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, pink; stamens included |
|
9 | Outer sepals 6–10 mm long; leaves pubescent beneath |
|
– | Outer sepals 12–15 mm; leaves glabrescent beneath |
|
10 | Leaves linear, 3–5 mm wide |
|
– | Leaves mostly oblong, 5–14 mm wide |
|
11 | Leaves pubescent beneath |
|
– | Leaves glabrous |
|
12 | Stems conspicuously granulose |
|
– | Stems smooth |
|
13 | Sepals subequal (Guianas and Amapá) |
|
– | Sepals markedly unequal |
|
14 | Sepals abaxially muricate |
|
– | Sepals abaxially smooth |
|
15 | Leaves oblong or ovate; plant only woody basally |
|
– | Leaves oblong-elliptic to suborbicular; woody subshrub |
|
16 | Outer sepals 7–11 mm long |
|
– | Outer sepals 2–6 mm long |
|
17 | Leaves linear, < 3 mm wide |
|
– | Leaves oblong, > 5 mm wide |
|
18 | Leaves all entire |
|
– | Leaves 3–5-lobed |
|
19 | Leaves linear to very narrowly oblong; inflorescence clearly terminal ( |
|
– | Leaves oblong or ovate, > 5 mm wide; inflorescence clearly terminal only or with flowers also in the leaf axils |
|
20 | Leaves 16–27 cm long, coarsely tomentose |
|
– | Leaves 1.5–12 cm long, variously hirsute but not coarsely tomentose |
|
21 | Leaves acute, mucronate (widespread, cerrados) |
|
– | Leaves obtuse, prominently mucronate |
|
22 | Leaves with 3 prominent longitudinal veins, abaxially floccose (Paraguay) |
|
– | Leaves with a single longitudinal vein, abaxially puberulent to subsericeous (Brazil) |
|
23 | Inflorescence of unbranched terminal spikes or poorly differentiated cymose clusters |
|
– | Inflorescence clearly branched, the lower part clearly cymose in structure, sometimes appearing paniculate |
|
24 | Leaves elliptic or ovate, up to three times as long as broad |
|
– | Leaves oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, at least three times as long as broad |
|
25 | Pedicels absent or very short so bracteoles immediately below calyx; peduncles 2.5–5 cm long |
|
– | Pedicels 2–7 mm long, bracteoles arising at least 5 mm below calyx; peduncles |
|
26 | Sepals 6–8 (–10) mm long; flowers in cymes, rarely solitary |
|
– | Sepals 9–15 mm long; flowers usually solitary |
|
27 | Abaxial leaf surface and outer sepals densely silvery-tomentose; corolla pink (Paraguay) |
|
– | Abaxial leaf surface and outer sepals pubescent but not densely silvery-tomentose; corolla white or pink |
|
28 | Corolla white or pale pink; leaves 6 × 3.5 cm; plant ±herbaceous |
|
– | Corolla pink; leaves up to 15.5 × 7 cm; plant distinctly shrubby | |
29 | Peduncles very short; leaves with white “highlighted” ciliolate margins (Amambay, Paraguay) |
|
– | Peduncles 0.8–4 cm; leaves without distinct white margins (Cordillera, Paraguay) |
|
30 | Plant inconspicuously hirsute, often appearing glabrous except when using a hand lens |
|
– | Plant conspicuously hirsute |
|
31 | Plant usually > 50 cm in height; flowers in compact cymes, rarely solitary; wet places in Argentina, Paraguay and the Pantanal |
|
– | Plant usually < 30 cm high; flowers mostly solitary; dry places in the Brazilian cerrados |
|
32 | Bracts ±equalling leaves, nearly concealing flowers; leaves and bracts imbricate |
|
– | Flowers not concealed by bracts; leaves and bracts not imbricate, or, if somewhat imbricate, flowers and calyx clearly visible |
|
33 | Inflorescence elongate, up to 30 cm in length; leaves tomentose on both surfaces (Amambay, Paraguay) |
|
– | Inflorescence nor elongate, usually < 10 cm long; leaves not tomentose on both surfaces |
|
34 | Outer sepals mostly 15–20 × 5–7 mm, often somewhat foliose, much larger than inner sepals |
|
– | Outer sepals < 16 × 4 mm, usually much less, not conspicuously unequal |
|
35 | Sepals acute to acuminate |
|
– | Sepals obtuse |
|
36 | Inflorescence very compact, clustered at apex of stem; sepals 8–11 mm long (Sierra de Pireneus in Brazil) |
|
– | Flowers not clustered at stem apex; sepals 12–16 mm long (widespread in cerrado) |
|
37 | Leaves lanceolate |
|
– | Leaves oblong |
|
38 | Leaves abaxially white, appressed tomentellous |
|
– | Leaves greyish, usually tomentose with spreading hairs |
|
39 | Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, widest above the middle |
|
– | Leaves ovate, oblong elliptic or oblong, widest in the middle |
|
40 | Leaves mostly < 2 cm wide, densely pubescent adaxially; inflorescence simple, side branches absent or very short |
|
– | Leaves mostly 2–4 cm wide, thinly pilose to glabrous, adaxially; inflorescence with long side branches below |
|
41 | Leaves slightly longer than broad, adaxially much less hirsute than abaxially |
|
– | Leaves 3 or more times longer than broad, both surfaces equally hirsute |
|
42 | Sepals acute, 10–12 mm long; ovary and capsule glabrous |
|
– | Sepals acuminate, submucronate, ±15 mm long; ovary and capsule comose |
|
43 | Leaves divided to near the base into linear segments, all or most less than 3 mm wide |
|
– | Leaves shallowly lobed or, if lobed to near the base, segments oblong, not linear |
|
44 | All leaf segments < 5 cm long |
|
– | Some or all leaf segments 5–7 cm long |
|
45 | Sepals 5–8 mm, obtuse to rounded; inflorescence usually terminal and cymose in form |
|
– | Sepals 9–11 mm, acute; inflorescence axillary; flowers solitary in the leaf axils |
|
46 | Leaves shallowly lobed, often with some entire leaves |
|
– | Leaves deeply lobed into oblong segments |
|
47 | Plant roughly hirsute with long spreading hairs; flowers solitary; corolla very large, > 9 cm long |
|
– | Plant pubescent to subglabrous, hairs appressed; flowers usually in cymes; corolla < 6.5 cm long |
|
48 | Lower leaves entire, upper leaves usually 3-lobed |
|
– | All leaves divided into 3–5 lobes |
|
49 | Inflorescence terminal, formed of few-flowered cymes |
|
– | Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers, these occasionally in axillary cymes |
|
50 | Corollas 6–9 cm long |
|
– | Corollas 5–6 cm long |
|
51 | Sepals obtuse, mucronate; inner sepals 11–16 mm long |
|
– | Sepals acute; inner sepals 8–11 mm long |
|
Digitate-leaved species with leaves divided to or near the base into 5 or more segments. Excluded are species with all or most leaves 3-lobed or divided to halfway or less.
1 | Corolla up to 3 cm long; plants slender annuals or perennials |
|
– | Corolla 3.5–9 cm long; plants perennial |
|
2 | Corolla 1–1.2 cm long; sepals apiculate; introduced weed in dry areas of Venezuela......... |
|
– | Corolla 1.7–3 cm long; sepals not apiculate |
|
3 | Perennials from a bulb-like corm; sepals muricate, scarious margined (high altitude Andean species) |
|
– | Annual or perennial lowland herbs lacking a corm-like rootstock; sepals neither muricate, nor prominently scarious-margined; plants not usually occurring above 2500 m |
|
4 | Leaves imbricate, the segments filiform; sepals outer sepals 4–5 mm long; plant usually erect |
|
– | Leaves scarcely imbricate, the segments linear 1–3 mm wide; outer sepals 5.5–7 mm long; plant usually decumbent to ascending |
|
5 | Peduncle coiled or at least twisted; leaflets all arising from the same origin |
|
– | Peduncle straight or nearly so; leaflets pedate or some forked |
|
6 | Sepal base abruptly truncate, margin fimbriate below |
|
– | Sepal base, rounded, margin entire, not fimbriate |
|
7 | Corolla yellow with violet centre; sepals > 7 mm long, acuminate; dry habitats |
|
– | Corolla pink; sepals 3–3.5 mm, obtuse; wetlands in Venezuela and Colombia |
|
8 | Sepals with a prominent appendage on the abaxial surface (NE Brazil) |
|
– | Sepals lacking an appendage on the abaxial surface |
|
9 | Leaf petioles with conspicuous pseudo-stipules |
|
– | Leaf petioles clearly lacking pseudo-stipules |
|
10 | Leaf segments linear to oblong, ±parallel-sided, mostly < 5 mm wide |
|
– | Leaf segments elliptic, ovate or obovate, clearly not parallel-sided |
|
11 | Corolla glabrous |
|
– | Corolla pubescent |
|
12 | Sepals > 1.5 cm long |
|
– | Sepals 0.5–1 cm long |
|
13 | Sepals truncate at base; slender herb, variable in habit but never erect |
|
– | Sepals narrowed at base; erect herb |
|
14 | Sepals obovate suborbicular, about as long as broad |
|
– | Sepals ovate or oblong, twice as long as broad |
|
15 | Sepals ovate, apiculate, 5–6 mm long (stream sides) |
|
– | Sepals oblong, rounded, rounded (granite domes) |
|
16 | Twining plant |
|
– | Erect or ascending herbs |
|
17 | All or most leaf segments less than 3 mm wide |
|
– | All or most leaf segments oblong, not linear |
|
18 | All leaf segments < 5 cm long |
|
– | Some or all segments 5–7 cm long |
|
19 | Sepals 5–8 mm, obtuse to rounded; inflorescence usually terminal and cymose in form |
|
– | Sepals 9–11 mm, acute; inflorescence axillary; flowers solitary in the leaf axils |
|
20 | Inflorescence terminal, formed of few-flowered cymes |
|
– | Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers, these occasionally in axillary cymes |
|
21 | Corolla 6–9 cm long |
|
– | Corolla 5–6 cm long |
|
22 | Sepals obtuse, mucronate; inner sepals 11–16 mm long |
|
– | Sepals acute; inner sepals 8–11 mm long |
|
23 | Sepals > 20 cm long, bracteoles large, persistent, often concealing the calyx |
|
– | Sepals < 1.5 cm, bracteoles small, caducous, never concealing the calyx |
|
24 | Corolla and sepals glabrous |
|
– | Corolla and sepals pubescent |
|
25 | Sepals papery, flat, subacute to mucronate |
|
– | Sepals coriaceous, convex, rounded |
|
26 | Inflorescence of compound, many-flowered axillary cymes, 10–30 cm in length (Peru) |
|
– | Inflorescence of simple or doubled axillary cymes, 10 cm long |
|
27 | Leaf lobes linear-oblong |
|
– | Leaf lobes (oblong-)elliptic |
|
28 | Leaves large, 5–14 × 6–16 cm (wetlands in tropical lowlands) |
|
– | Leaves relatively small, mostly 4–6 × 5–7 cm (mostly dry habitats in the inter-Andean valleys and the Chaco lowlands) |
|
29 | Leaves digitately lobed to base |
|
– | Leaves not digitately divided to base |
|
30 | Corolla almost glabrous; leaves 6–9-palmatisect with elliptic to oblanceolate lobes |
|
– | Corolla conspicuously pubescent; leaves 3–5-palmatilobed with ovate lobes |
|
Species with very long sepals, mostly exceeding 2 cm in length
1 | Corolla pure white, the tube narrowly cylindrical, sepals with a long terminal awn |
|
– | Corolla pink, blue, or yellowish with a coloured tube, tube not cylindrical; sepals not awned |
|
2 | Leaves lobed or divided into segments |
|
– | Leaves entire, ovate, cordate |
|
3 | Leaf divided into linear-filiform segments; erect plant (Paraguay) |
|
– | Leaf segments or lobes broad; trailing or climbing plant |
|
4 | Leaf divided into 5–10 oblong segments (Brazil) |
|
– | Leaf lobed, not divided into separate segments |
|
5 | Leaves and sepals glabrous; corolla purple (Cusco area, Peru) |
|
– | Leaves and sepals hirsute; corolla blue when fresh |
|
6 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior |
|
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior |
|
7 | Corolla pink; pedicels very short, < 10 mm long; bracteoles relatively persistent |
|
– | Corolla yellowish with purple tube; pedicels 10–25 mm; bracteoles short, caducous (Venezuela) |
|
8 | Peduncles 3–5 cm long; corolla 6–7 cm long (Bolivia and Brazil) |
|
– | Peduncles < 1.2 cm; corolla 12 cm long (Peru) |
|
9 | Sepals obovate to suborbicular; stamens exserted from corolla |
|
– | Sepals lanceolate or oblong, much longer than broad; stamens included in corolla |
|
10 | Leaves sagittate with acute auricles; sepals with prominent longitudinal vein |
|
– | Leaves cordate with rounded auricles; sepals lacking prominent longitudinal veins |
|
11 | Leaves pubescent (Brazil) |
|
– | Leaves glabrous |
|
12 | Sepals very unequal in size |
|
– | Sepals equal or nearly so |
|
13 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); stem with scattered long spreading white hairs; corolla pale blue |
|
– | Inflorescence a cyme of up to 7 flowers; stem glabrous; corolla pale lilac |
|
Species with coriaceous sepals. Perennial erect, trailing or twining herbs or woody lianas, erect, trailing or twining, stellate hairs sometimes present. Leaves lobed or entire. Sepals coriaceous, convex, subequal, usually glabrous but sometimes indumentum from pedicels extends onto lower half of outer sepals. Corolla glabrous (except
1 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior (Venezuela and Guianas) |
|
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior |
|
2 | Stellate (branched) hairs present on leaves and stem |
|
– | Hairs all unbranched |
|
3 | Stellate hairs conspicuous, unbranched hairs absent or very few |
|
– | Stellate hairs inconspicuous, mixed with and partly concealed by unbranched hairs |
|
4 | Stellate hairs with long branches 0.5–1.5 mm long |
|
– | Stellate hairs with short branches <0.5 mm long |
|
5 | Corolla funnel-shaped; stamens included |
|
– | Corolla hypocrateriform; stamens exserted |
|
6 | Stems erect; petioles < 1 cm long; leaves linear, oblong or obovate |
|
– | Stems twining or trailing; petioles > 1 cm long; leaves varied but if oblong, plant a liana |
|
7 | Leaves and stem glabrous |
|
– | Leaves and stem hirsute |
|
8 | Herb; leaves linear, 1–3 mm wide |
|
– | Subshrub; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 5–25 mm wide |
|
9 | Leaves green, pubescent, imbricate, diminishing in size upwards; corolla weakly lobed |
|
– | Leaves silvery-sericeous, especially below, not conspicuously imbricate or diminishing in size upwards; corolla lobed |
|
10 | Leaves 5–7-lobed to near base; vigorous cultivated liana of tropical gardens |
|
– | Leaves entire or lobed, but, if lobed, not lobed to near base or plant herbaceous; naturally growing herbaceous or woody climbers |
|
11 | Corolla suburceolate or hypocrateriform with a relatively narrow tube, sometimes leafless at anthesis; stamens exserted |
|
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, leaves present at anthesis; stamens included |
|
12 | Stems and leaves glabrous |
|
– | Stems and leaves hirsute |
|
13 | Leaves dimorphic, commonly 3-lobed, often absent at anthesis; corolla limb with ovate lobes up to 5 mm long; stem often warted (Venezuela) |
|
– | Leaves entire, uniform in shape, present at anthesis; corolla limb very short, the lobes < 3 mm long; stem not warted |
|
14 | Leaves oblong-elliptic, < 2.5 cm wide (Brazil) |
|
– | Leaves ovate, 4–8 cm wide (Bolivia) |
|
15 | Leaves white canescent on both surfaces, usually absent at anthesis (Brazil) |
|
– | Leaves adaxially green, present or absent at anthesis (Bolivia) |
|
16 | Leaves all conspicuously 3–7-lobed |
|
– | Leaves entire or occasionally with a few leaves shallowly lobed |
|
17 | Leaves abaxially densely silvery sericeous; corolla campanulate, < 2.5 cm long, white |
|
– | Leaves abaxially glabrous or thinly pubescent; corolla funnel-shaped > 4 cm long, pink |
|
18 | All or most leaves 5–7-lobed |
|
– | All or most leaves 3-lobed |
|
19 | Leaf lobes linear-oblong, not widest in the middle |
|
– | Leaf lobes (oblong-)elliptic, widest in the middle |
|
20 | Inflorescence of compound, many-flowered axillary cymes, 10–30 cm in length |
|
– | Inflorescence of simple or doubled axillary cymes, 10 cm long |
|
21 | Leaves large, 5–14 × 6–16 cm; humid tropical lowlands |
|
– | Leaves relatively small, mostly 4–6 × 5–7 cm; mostly dry habitats in the inter-Andean valleys and the Chaco lowlands |
|
22 | Leaves glabrous |
|
– | Leaves pubescent |
|
23 | Inflorescence with large persistent bracteoles which conceal calyx and capsule |
|
– | Bracteoles small, caducous or briefly persistent, never concealing calyx and capsules |
|
24 | Peduncles and pedicels very short, < 7 mm long |
|
– | Peduncles and/or pedicels at least 1 cm long, usually much more |
|
25 | Leaves glabrous |
|
– | Leaves hirsute at least beneath |
|
26 | Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-obovate, base cuneate to weakly cordate; woody lianas of dry country |
|
– | Leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate, base truncate to cordate; plants of relatively moist areas, stems not obviously woody |
|
27 | Leaves oblong-ovate, base truncate to subcordate (Argentina and Bolivia) |
|
– | Leaves oblong-elliptic to obovate, base cuneate to attenuate, 0.7–2.5 cm wide (Brazil) |
|
28 | Leaves with 4–5 pairs of veins, apex rounded to emarginate |
|
– | Leaves with 9–12 pairs of veins, apex acute to obtuse |
|
29 | Leaves 10–22 × 9–16 cm, commonly with a distinct angle or tooth on the margin; sepals 9–12 mm long (Southern Brazil) |
|
– | Leaves mostly < 14 × 10 cm long, lacking a distinct marginal angle or tooth; sepals usually < 9 mm long |
|
30 | Widespread species of lowland forest; leaves ovate, usually entire |
|
– | Andean species; leaves subdeltoid, often shallowly 3-lobed |
|
31 | Stem and leaves with stiff spreading bulbous white hairs |
|
– | Stem and leaves variously hirsute but never as above |
|
32 | Leaf base broadly cuneate, leaves oblong-ovate | |
– | Leaf base cordate; leaves ovate, sometimes lobed |
|
33 | Bracteoles caducous |
|
– | Bracteoles persistent (Amazonia) |
|
34 | Lowland species; indumentum usually sparse, stellate hairs absent |
|
– | Andean species (Bolivia and Argentina); indumentum dense with some stellate hairs |
|
Species with a subcylindrical corolla tube and exserted stamens. Perennial or annual herbs of varying habit and leaf shape. Corolla subcylindrical, the tube scarcely widened upwards; stamens exserted.
1 | Corolla white or white flushed very pale blue |
|
– | Corolla variously coloured but never white or white flushed bluish |
|
2 | Corolla suburceolate, the limb very short |
|
– | Corolla hypocrateriform with a conspicuous limb |
|
3 | Sepals obtuse; peduncle very long, 22–40 cm |
|
– | Sepals awned or mucronate; peduncles < 20 cm long |
|
4 | Outer sepals with long awns 5–12 mm long; stems often with fleshy spines |
|
– | Outer sepals mucronate but lacking long awns; stems lacking fleshy spines |
|
5 | Leaves lanceolate, base rounded to cuneate (Galapagos Islands) |
|
– | Leaves ovate or suborbicular, cordate (widespread on coasts) |
|
6 | Sepals terminating in a distinct awn; corolla bright red, yellow or orange; plants annual, slender |
|
– | Sepals obtuse or acute, sometimes mucronate, but the mucro < 1 mm long; corolla dark red, pink or purple; perennial herbs, lianas or subshrubs |
|
7 | Corolla pubescent at least on the exterior |
|
– | Corolla glabrous on theexterior |
|
8 | Sepals unequal, the inner 16–17 mm long; ovary and capsule hirsute |
|
– | Sepals subequal, 10–12 mm long; ovary (and presumably capsule) glabrous |
|
9 | Leaves lanceolate, up to 1 cm wide (Peru) | |
– | Leaves of varied shape, usually ovate, at least 1.5 cm wide |
|
10 | Sepals coriaceous, convex; glabrous (Key A5) |
|
– | Sepals varied but nor coriaceous or convex, glabrous or pubescent |
|
11 | Leaves glabrous |
|
– | Leaves densely hirsute, especially abaxially |
|
12 | Leaves oblong-elliptic, < 2.5 cm wide (Brazil) |
|
– | Leaves ovate, 4–8 cm wide (Bolivia) |
|
13 | Leaves white canescent on both surfaces, usually absent at anthesis (Brazil) |
|
– | Leaves adaxially green, usually present at anthesis (Bolivia) |
|
14 | Sepals obovate, 1.8–2.5 cm long (Venezuela) |
|
– | Sepals < 11 mm long, ovate, oblong or lanceolate |
|
15 | Corolla tube < 3.5 cm long (Peru and Ecuador) |
|
– | Corolla tube > 3.5 cm long (Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil) |
|
16 | Sepals very unequal, the outer 3–4 mm long |
|
– | Sepals subequal 9–10 mm long |
|
17 | Sepals obtuse to rounded; leaves commonly lobed; stems usually warted (Venezuela) |
|
– | Sepals acute, usually mucronate; leaves always unlobed; stems not warted |
|
18 | Petioles < 2.2 cm; sepals unequal (Brazil) |
|
– | Petioles > 4 cm; sepals subequal (Venezuela and Colombia) |
|
Species with small flowers, the corolla < 3 cm long
1 | Leaves divided to base into 5 or more digitate segments |
|
– | Leaves entire, or, if divided, only 3-lobed, the lateral lobes sometimes forked |
|
2 | Corolla 1–1.2 cm long; sepals apiculate; introduced weed of dry areas in Venezuela |
|
– | Corolla 1.7–3 cm long; Sepals various (apiculate only in |
|
3 | Perennials from a bulb-like corm; Sepals muricate, scarious-margined (High altitude Andean species) |
|
– | Annual or perennial lowland herbs lacking a corm-like rootstock; sepals neither muricate, nor prominently scarious-margined |
|
4 | Leaves imbricate, the segments filiform; outer sepals 4–5 mm; plant usually erect |
|
– | Leaves scarcely imbricate, the segments linear 1–3 mm wide; outer sepals 5.5–7 mm; plant usually decumbent to ascending |
|
5 | Peduncle coiled or at least twisted; leaflets all arising from the same origin |
|
– | Peduncle straight or nearly so; leaflets pedate or some forked |
|
6 | Sepal base abruptly truncate, margin fimbriate below |
|
– | Sepal base, rounded, margin entire, not fimbriate |
|
7 | Corolla pale yellow with violet centre; sepals > 7 mm long, acuminate, apiculate; dry habitats |
|
– | Corolla pink; sepals 3–3.5 mm, obtuse; wetlands in Venezuela and Colombia |
|
8 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior |
|
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior |
|
9 | Flowers arranged in dense heads surrounded by persistent bracteoles |
|
– | Flowers not in dense bracteate heads |
|
10 | Flowers in bracteolate clusters, the bracteoles 7–25 mm long, persistent |
|
– | Inflorescence clearly cymose or flowers solitary; bracteoles inconspicuous, often caducous |
|
11 | Corolla white, cream or yellowish, sometimes with a dark centre |
|
– | Corolla pink |
|
12 | Leaves 3-lobed |
|
– | Leaves entire |
|
13 | Outer sepals 13–20 mm, ovate, basally cordate and auriculate; flowers usually solitary |
|
– | Outer sepals 4–5 mm, oblong, basally cuneate; inflorescence of condensed axillary cymes |
|
14 | Corolla c. 0.5 cm long; sepals 2–3 mm long |
|
– | Corolla > 1.5 cm long; sepals 5–7 mm long |
|
15 | Sepals oblong, > 10 mm long |
|
– | Sepals ovate or elliptic, < 10 mm long |
|
16 | Sepals white-margined; capsule strongly rostrate; cymes congested, the pedicels < 5 mm long |
|
– | Sepals not white-margined; capsule muticous; cymes lax, the pedicels 5–15 mm long |
|
17 | Annual herb; sepals ovate, acute, often mucronate; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long (Caribbean) |
|
– | Perennial herb: sepals elliptic, obtuse; corolla 2.3–3.5 cm long (moist forest, often Andean) |
|
18 | Leaves 3-lobed with the two laterals forked (Brazil) |
|
– | Leaves entire or 3-lobed but, if 3-lobed, the laterals undivided |
|
19 | Low Andean herb; leaves cuneate, entire, bi- or trilobed |
|
– | Twining herbs; leaves ovate, cordate or 3-lobed |
|
20 | Whole plant softly grey-canescent (Bolivia near Brazil) |
|
– | Plant glabrous or pubescent, but never grey-canescent/tomentellous |
|
21 | Subshrub with somewhat succulent leaves; plant completely glabrous |
|
– | Slender herbs, not succulent; plants glabrous or variously hirsute |
|
22 | Sepals with dark blotches on abaxial surface |
|
– | Sepals lacking dark blotches on abaxial surface |
|
23 | Peduncle passing through sinus of leaf base; sepals 3–5 mm long, corolla blue when fresh |
|
– | Peduncle not passing through sinus of leaf base; sepals mostly more than 5 mm long, but, if less, corolla pink when fresh |
|
24 | Sepals acute, not mucronate or aristate, lanceolate-deltoid; corolla, when fresh, blue with white throat |
|
– | Sepals variously shaped (but never lanceolate-deltoid), always mucronate; corolla pink or pink with a dark throat |
|
25 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); sepals ovate, gradually narrowed to an aristate point |
|
– | Flowers usually several in axillary cymes; sepals variously shaped but not gradually narrowed to an aristate point |
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26 | Completely glabrous trailing herb (Colombia) |
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– | Stem, leaves and/or sepals variously hirsute (Bolivia and Brazil) |
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27 | Leaves entire; stem glabrous; capsule rostrate |
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– | Leaves commonly lobed; stem pilose; capsule acute, not rostrate |
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28 | Capsule strongly rostrate; seeds pilose; sepals thick in texture with white margins; leaf auricles commonly acute |
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– | Capsule muticious, style rarely persistent; sepals thin in texture, lacking white margins; leaf auricles usually rounded ( |
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29 | Outer sepals broadly oblong-elliptic, usually glabrous; capsule glabrous or hirsute |
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– | Outer sepals lanceolate or ovate, usually hirsute; capsule usually hirsute |
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30 | Ovary and capsule glabrous; capsule compressed |
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– | Ovary and capsule pubescent; capsule conical |
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31 | Corolla < 1.8 cm long |
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– | Corolla 2–2.5 cm long |
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Plants with a white or yellow glabrous corolla. Included are tree-like shrubs or lianas with white flowers and dark purplish or pinkish centres, which have not been keyed out earlier.
If sepals with fleshy spines go to Key A1.
If corolla with cylindrical tube and exserted stamens: Go to Key A6.
If corolla < 3 cm long go to Key A7.
If an erect plant with sessile/subsessile leaves go to Key A2.
If plant with coriaceous, convex sepals, go to Key A5.
1 | Sepals very unequal, the outer conspicuously shorter than the inner sepals |
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– | Sepals equal or only slightly unequal |
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2 | Stems trailing, often rooting at the nodes |
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– | Stems twining or clambering over vegetation or arborescent |
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3 | Leaves linear or oblong, rectangular or 5-lobed (coastal) |
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– | Leaves ovate or subreniform |
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4 | Leaves tomentellous to tomentose; outer sepals 10–12 mm long |
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– | Leaves usually glabrous; outermost sepal <3 mm long |
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5 | Small trees |
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– | Lianas or perennial somewhat woody climbers |
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6 | Leaves and sepals completely glabrous |
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– | Abaxial leaf surface and sepals thinly pubescent |
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7 | Liana leafless at anthesis, flowers borne towards the apex of slender branches, many metres high |
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– | Plant with leaves present at anthesis, the flowers borne in axillary cymes, corymbs or racemes |
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8 | Corolla large, 9–12 cm long |
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– | Corolla < 6.5 cm long |
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9 | Corolla white with dark pinkish-purple centre; leaves abaxially greyish or whitish with prominent reticulate venation |
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– | Corolla pure white or with a very pale pink centre; leaves abaxially pale green, not conspicuously reticulate-veined |
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10 | Peduncles short, < 1.5 cm long so inflorescence appearing compact |
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– | Peduncles 1.5–8 cm long |
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11 | Sepals densely pubescent; pedicels 3–5 mm long |
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– | Sepals usually glabrous; pedicels 7–27 mm long |
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12 | Bracteoles 2–3 cm long, persistent, asperous-pilose |
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– | Bracteoles < 1.5 cm long, usually caducous, glabrous |
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13 | Corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long |
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– | Corolla 3.5–5 cm long |
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14 | Sepals 10–14 mm long, spreading in fruit |
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– | Sepals 5–7 mm long, not spreading in fruit |
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15 | Sepals obtuse or rounded, not mucronate; inflorescence commonly compound | 16 Sepals mucronate or very acute; inflorescence of simple axillary cymes |
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16 | Pedicels very long, 1.5–2.5 cm; corolla campanulate, pendulous; plant glabrous |
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– | Pedicels mostly less than 1.5 cm long; corolla funnel-shaped, not pendulous; plant glabrous or hirsute |
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17 | Slender annual herb with yellow flowers, usually somewhat hirsute at least abaxially on the leaves; white latex absent |
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– | Robust perennial with white flowers, sometimes with pink centre, almost completely glabrous; white latex usually abundant (Bolivia) |
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Plants with flowers in subcapitate inflorescences. Inflorescence pedunculate but flowers on reduced pedicels so clustered in a head-like inflorescence, the bracteoles often persistent.
1 | Corolla subcylindrical, suburceolate (Brazil) |
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– | Corolla funnel-shaped with expanded limb |
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2 | Corolla white; peduncle up to 40 cm long; trailing liana |
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– | Corolla pink; peduncles usually < 10 cm long |
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3 | Leaves, stem and sepals grey-tomentose |
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– | Leaves, stem and sepals glabrous or pubescent |
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4 | Bracteoles ovate-rhomboid, 2–4 mm wide; corolla with a few hairs at tips of midpetaline bands |
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– | Bracteoles filiform, < 1 mm wide; corolla pubescent |
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5 | Bracteoles forming a spathe-like involucre around the flowers |
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– | Bracteoles narrow or broad but not forming a spathe-like involucre |
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6 | Bracteoles basally united to form a boat-shaped involucre, paler basally but not prominently veined |
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– | Bracteoles free at the base, not forming a boat-like structure, pale green with prominent dark veins |
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7 | Corolla glabrous |
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– | Corolla pubescent at least in bud |
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8 | Bracteoles inconspicuous, caducous or somewhat persistent, up to 5 mm long |
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– | Bracteoles conspicuous, persistent, > 5 mm long |
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9 | Sepals ovate, very shortly mucronate, abaxially pubescent, inconspicuously veined |
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– | Sepals oblong to oblong-elliptic, acuminate, conspicuously mucronate, ciliate-margined or glabrous, prominently veined |
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10 | Leaves glabrous; bracteoles narrowly ovate, boat-shaped; inflorescence hispid-pilose |
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– | Leaves usually hirsute, at least abaxially; bracteoles linear, not boat-shaped; inflorescence pubescent but not hispid-pilose |
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Trailing, climbing or twining plants not in Keys A1–9 with corolla > 3.5 cm long, pubescent on the exterior. Buds should be checked carefully as pubescence is more obvious at this stage. On mature flowers check near the apex of the midpetaline bands.
1 | Leaf base truncate, rounded, cuneate or attenuate, never cordate or sagittate; plant trailing |
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– | Leaf base cordate or sagittate; plant erect, climbing, twining or trailing |
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2 | Leaves all or mostly 3-lobed |
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– | Leaves all simple, rarely a few weakly 3-lobed |
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3 | Leaves white-tomentose or sericeous at least on the lower surface |
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– | Leaves pubescent or pilose but not whitish on either surface |
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4 | Flowers solitary |
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– | Flowers in cymes |
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5 | Inner sepals obtuse; adaxial leaf surface green, thinly pilose; corolla 7–8 cm long (Bolivia) |
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– | Inner sepals acute; adaxial leaf surface thinly floccose-tomentose; corolla c. 4.5 cm long (Brazil) |
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6 | Sepals obtuse to subacute |
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– | Sepals finely acuminate |
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7 | Flowers solitary; corolla 8.5–9.5 cm long |
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– | Flowers in cymes; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long |
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8 | Flowers solitary or paired |
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– | At least some inflorescences of 3- or more-flowered cymes |
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9 | Leaves ovate to suborbicular |
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– | Leaves oblong to oblong-elliptic |
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10 | Sepals finely acuminate (Paraguay) |
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– | Sepals obtuse to acute |
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11 | Sepals acute; leaves broadly oblong, > 1.5 cm wide |
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– | Sepals obtuse; leaves narrowly oblong, < 1.2 cm wide |
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12 | Leaves white-tomentose or sericeous abaxially |
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– | Leaves hirsute but not whitish abaxially |
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13 | Leaves white-sericeous on both surfaces |
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– | Leaves distinctly discolorous, the adaxial surface green even if with some white hairs |
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14 | Leaves broadly ovate to elliptic, scarcely longer than broad |
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– | Leaves narrowly ovate to oblong-ovate, 2–3 times longer than broad |
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15 | Inflorescence from upper leaf axils only; leaves subrhomboid with petioles < 2 cm long (Andean Bolivia) |
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– | Inflorescence clearly axillary; leaves ovate with petioles 1–4.5 cm long (Southern Brazil) |
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16 | Leaves asperous-pilose (Brazil) |
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– | Leaves white woolly, not asperous (Argentina) |
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17 | Leaves all < 8 mm wide; sepals finely acuminate, 12–14 mm long |
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– | Leaves all > 15 mm wide; sepals obtuse or acute, up to 12 mm long |
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18 | Leaves glabrous or thinly pubescent |
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– | Leaves conspicuously sericeous or pubescent, at least beneath |
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19 | Petioles < 1 cm long; leaves completely glabrous; cymes simple (Bolivia) |
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– | Petioles up to 4.5 cm long; leaves glabrous or thinly pubescent abaxially; cymes usually compounded (Argentina) |
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20 | Leaves sericeous; sepals acute (Argentina) |
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– | Leaves pubescent; sepals obtuse to acute (Brazil) |
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21 | Leaves mostly 3-lobed to about halfway |
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– | Leaves unlobed or a few leaves 2–3-lobed |
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22 | Sepals 15–20 mm long, pale green, minutely puberulent |
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– | Sepals < 15 mm long, grey-tomentose or pubescent |
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23 | Sepals pilose with spreading hairs; plant of wetlands |
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– | Sepals appressed hairy to sericeous; plants of dry habitats |
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24 | Leaves dimorphic with some entire and some lobed on the same plant; inflorescence subterminal |
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– | Leaves all lobed on the same plant; inflorescence clearly axillary |
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25 | Lobes acute to acuminate |
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– | Lobes rounded to obtuse, mucronate |
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26 | Flowers solitary or subsessile at the apex of a long peduncle |
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– | Flowers in cymes, clearly pedicellate |
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27 | Leaves conspicuous grey- or white-tomentose or sericeous abaxially |
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– | Leaves green abaxially, not strongly grey- or white-tomentose |
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28 | Inflorescence borne on long peduncles 20–42 cm in length |
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– | Inflorescence borne on peduncles < 25 cm long; corolla pink |
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29 | Corolla white; stamens shortly exserted |
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– | Corolla pink; stamens included |
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30 | Flowers all or mostly solitary (rarely up to 3) |
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– | Flowers in axillary cymes of 3 or more flowers |
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31 | Leaves mostly > 7 × 6 cm |
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– | Leaves very small, < 5 × 5 cm |
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32 | Trailing herb; sepals acute, not markedly accrescent in fruit (Bolivia) |
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– | Liana; sepals rounded to obtuse, accrescent to 2.8 cm (Galapagos) |
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33 | Bracteoles caducous; pedicels 6–15 mm (Venezuela, Guyana) |
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– | Bracteoles persistent; pedicels very short, < 5 mm long (Brazil) |
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34 | Sepals relatively large, > 14 mm long, especially in fruit; bracteoles usually > 15 mm long |
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– | Sepals <13 mm long (sometimes more in glabrous leaved |
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35 | Leaves tomentellous adaxially; capsule large, 1.5–2 cm |
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– | Leaves glabrous adaxially; capsule unknown |
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36 | Bracteoles persistent adpressed to calyx; leaves grey-tomentose adaxially |
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– | Bracteoles caducous, not adpressed to calyx; leaves green-tomentose adaxially |
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37 | Outer sepals 14–16 mm long |
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– | Outer sepals 18–25 mm long |
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38 | Leaves large, > 9 cm long; peduncles long, mostly > 15 cm long (Cultivated) |
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– | Leaves small, < 6 cm long (Peru); peduncles < 4.5 cm |
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39 | Sepals short, < 8 mm long |
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– | Sepals 8–15 mm long |
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40 | Sepals rounded, lacking black glands at base (Andes south to Peru) |
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– | Sepals acute to apiculate, commonly with dark glands at base |
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41 | Vegetative parts all shortly and finely sericeous; ovary hirsute |
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– | Vegetative parts, subglabrous, pubescent or appressed pilose but never uniformly sericeous; ovary glabrous |
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42 | Sepals with conspicuous spreading hairs |
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– | Sepals appressed hairy, tomentose or sericeous |
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43 | Bracteoles caducous; corolla c. 5 cm long (Wet places) |
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– | Bracteoles somewhat persistent; corolla c. 8 cm long (Dry places, Bolivia) |
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44 | Sepals glabrous or nearly so |
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– | Sepals tomentose, sericeous or uniformly pubescent |
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45 | Cymes simple; sepals ovate to elliptic |
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– | Cymes commonly compounded and inflorescence subracemose or corymbose; sepals oblong or oblong-obovate |
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46 | Leaves obtuse with a 3 mm apical mucro |
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– | Leaves not as above |
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47 | Bracteoles 12–20 mm long, persistent till after the flowers have fallen |
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– | Bracteoles usually < 10 mm long, usually deciduous at anthesis |
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48 | Leaves dimorphic, some lobed, some entire; inflorescence subtermina |
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– | Leaves all entire; inflorescence axillary |
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49 | Abaxial leaf surfaces with long appressed hairs; cymes usually few-flowered (Colombia) |
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– | Abaxial leaf surface tomentose but hairs not appressed nor long |
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50 | Corolla large 9–11 cm long (Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela) |
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– | Corolla 4.5–7 cm long |
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51 | Sepals oblong; inflorescence often formed on leafy branchlets |
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– | Sepals ovate; inflorescence of leafless cymes |
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52 | Sepals acute, not mucronate, eglandular, peduncles and pedicels usually short so inflorescence crowded (Central Brazil) |
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– | Sepals mucronate, usually with two large basal glands; inflorescence lax (Southern Andes) |
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53 | Corolla < 4 cm long (Ecuador and Peru) |
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– | Corolla > 5 cm long |
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54 | Stem and inflorescence bearded with yellowish hairs; bracteoles persistent; pedicels < 10 mm long (Ecuador) |
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– | Stem and inflorescence not bearded with yellowish hairs; bracteoles persistent or not; pedicels mostly > 10 mm long |
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55 | Stem with fleshy teeth; corolla limb deeply lobed; violet with white tube |
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– | Stem unarmed; corolla limb at most weakly lobed; tube coloured |
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56 | Sepals lanceolate, much longer than broad |
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– | Sepals ovate to elliptic, only slightly longer than broad |
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57 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); peduncle < 5 mm long |
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– | Flowers in cymes; peduncles well-developed, usually exceeding 10 mm |
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58 | Flowers solitary (very rarely up to 3); sepals strongly accrescent and enveloping the capsule |
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– | Flowers several in cymes, rarely reduced to single flowers |
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59 | Sepals with a prominent swollen abaxial appendage (Bolivia) |
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– | Sepals lacking a prominent swollen abaxial appendage |
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60 | Trailing perennial with stout stem; leaves undulate to dentate (very dry inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia and Argentina) |
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– | Twining or climbing perennials, stems stout to slender; leaves occasionally lobed but not undulate or dentate |
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61 | Corolla very large, 7–12 cm long; sepals mostly > 10 mm long |
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– | Corolla 4–6.5 cm long; sepals mostly < 8 m long |
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62 | Sepals glabrous; stem often winged |
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– | Sepals thinly to densely pubescent; stems unwinged |
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63 | Stems minutely spinulose, thinly pilose with long white hairs; abaxial surface of leaves glabrous apart from highlighted veins (Bolivia) |
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– | Stems smooth, lacking spinules and long white hairs; veins not highlighted on abaxial leaf surface |
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64 | Sepals 10–15 mm long (Central America, Caribbean and Ecuador) |
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– | Sepals 8–10 mm long (Brazil) |
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65 | Sepals rounded to obtuse; base of calyx truncate (Brazil) |
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– | Sepals acute; base of calyx cuneate to rounded |
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66 | Inflorescence clearly cymose; corolla pink; old stems not corky |
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– | Inflorescence often subracemose; corolla usually white; old stems corky (Chaco) |
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Trailing and twining plants not in Keys A1–9 with a glabrous corolla, > 3.5 cm long.
1 | Creeping seashore plant with fleshy stems and leaves; leaves apically retuse; pedicel persistent on fallen capsule |
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– | Plant not growing on seashores; leaves not apically retuse and rarely fleshy; pedicel not persistent on fallen capsule |
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2 | Night flowering species with dull lilac, somewhat salver-shaped corolla; stems commonly armed with soft fleshy spines |
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– | Day flowering species with pink corolla; stems lacking soft spines |
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3 | Leaf base cuneate to attenuate; trailing plants of the Cerrado |
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– | Leaf base truncate, cordate, hastate or sagittate; plants of varying habit and habitat |
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4 | Leaves linear or narrowly oblong, attenuate at base, the petiole not clearly differentiated |
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– | Leaves oblong to ovate, cuneate at base, the petiole distinct from the lamina |
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5 | Sepals narrowed at base; leaves linear, 0.5–1 mm wide; stem, pedicels and leaves glabrous |
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– | Sepals with a broad truncate base; leaves narrowly oblong, at least 2 mm wide; stem, pedicels and leaves with long white hairs |
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6 | Sepals abaxially muricate |
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– | Sepals abaxially smooth |
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7 | Leaves oblong or ovate; plant only woody basally |
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– | Leaves oblong-elliptic to suborbicular; woody subshrub |
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8 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); inflorescence leafless |
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– | Flowers in cymes, often somewhat leafy |
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9 | Peduncle fused with petiole for part of its length |
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– | Peduncles and petioles not fused |
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10 | Sepals with a prominent abaxial appendage |
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– | Sepals smooth, ribbed or muricate but lacking a prominent abaxial appendage |
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11 | Sepals with prominent abaxial muricate ribs |
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– | Sepals abaxially smooth |
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12 | Bracteoles linear 3 × 0.5 mm; corolla c. 10 cm long |
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– | Bracteoles 8–20 × 3–15 mm; corolla 2.5–8 cm long |
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13 | Annual herb; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long |
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– | Perennial herb; corolla 5.5–8 cm long |
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14 | Sepals conspicuously truncate or cordate at base, often with a lateral tooth |
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– | Sepals narrowed or rounded at base, lacking teeth |
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15 | Sepals ovate, cordate; leaves entire or shallowly 3-lobed |
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– | Sepals deltoid, truncate; leaves usually 3–5-lobed to near the base, rarely ovate-deltoid |
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16 | Sepals very unequal in length, the outer conspicuously shorter than the inner |
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– | Sepals all equal or slightly unequal in length |
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17 | Leaves and stem white-tomentellous (Peru) |
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– | Leaves and stem not white-tomentellous |
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18 | Abaxial surface of sepals commonly muricate; plants of seasonally wet areas |
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– | Abaxial surface of sepals smooth; plants of dry or moist habitats |
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19 | Leaves ovate, sagittate |
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– | Leaves subreniform, hastate |
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20 | Outermost sepal very short, < 3 mm long; plant glabrous |
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– | Outermost sepal > 5 mm long; plant glabrous or pubescent |
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21 | Leaves tomentose on both surfaces, cordate |
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– | Leaves glabrous or thinly pubescent, sagittate or cordate |
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22 | Sepals all < 10 mm long, the margins usually white |
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– | Inner sepals usually > 10 mm long, often somewhat scarious but not distinctly white-margined |
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23 | Inner sepals < 12 mm long; leaves ovate to deltoid |
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– | Inner sepals > 13 mm long; leaves varied in shape |
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24 | Inner sepals acuminate; corolla < 3. 5 cm long (Colombia) |
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– | Inner sepals obtuse to rounded, mucronate; corolla 4–6 cm long |
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25 | Sepals relatively large, the inner 15–28 mm long;; leaves usually rounded at apex |
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– | Inner sepals < 16 mm long; leaves narrowed to an obtuse or acute apex |
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26 | Leaves oblong, the margins undulate |
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– | Leaves linear, lanceolate or ovate, the margin entire |
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27 | Leaves narrowly oblong, the base hastate to sagittate; peduncles very short, < 2 mm long |
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– | Leaves ovate-deltoid or linear, sagittate; peduncles mostly more than 2 cm long |
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28 | Corolla lobes terminating in a distinct mucro 5–6 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate-deltoid with prominent deltoid auricles |
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– | Corolla unlobed or lobes not terminating in a distinct mucro; lamina linear, similar to the auricles |
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29 | Flowers solitary; leaves deltoid with very slender pedicels |
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– | Flowers several in axillary cymes; leaves ovate, cordate, not strikingly deltoid or with disproportionately slender pedicels |
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30 | Sepals relatively short, all < 12 mm long |
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– | Sepals relatively long, some > 12 mm long |
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31 | Perennial or annual herbs; sepals always mucronate, usually of papery texture; corolla usually with a dark centre, 3.5–5.5 cm long; leaves lobed or not; ovary and capsule hirsute or not |
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– | Perennial herbs or subshrubs; sepals mucronate or not but never papery in texture; corolla usually lacking a dark centre, 3.5–9 cm long; leaves unlobed; ovary and capsule glabrous |
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32 | Stem, petioles or abaxial leaf surface tomentose, pubescent or puberulent |
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– | Plant completely glabrous |
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33 | Leaves dentate (Bolivia) |
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– | Leaves entire or undulate |
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34 | Peduncle passing through sinus of leaf base; corolla pale blue (Bolivia) |
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– | Peduncle not passing through sinus of leaf base; corolla pink |
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35 | Leaves with overlapping auricles; stamens held at corolla mouth, 2.5 cm long; seeds lanate |
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– | Leaf auricles not overlapping; stamens held within corolla tube, 4–5 cm long; seeds tomentellous |
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36 | Corolla blue with cream tube; sepals lanceolate, acute with white margins |
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– | Corolla pink (rarely white), the tube similar or darker in colour; sepals of varied shape but mostly mucronate, always lacking white margins |
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37 | Corolla < 4 cm long (Andean Argentina and Bolivia) |
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– | Corolla 5.5–7 cm (Mexico, but widely cultivated elsewhere) |
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38 | Leaves usually sagittate; aquatic herb rooting at nodes on mud |
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– | Leaves ovate, cordate; subshrubs climbing to several metres |
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39 | Corolla 4–5.5 cm long |
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– | Corolla < 3.5 cm long |
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40 | Leaves white-tomentose abaxially |
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– | Leaves variously hirsute or glabrous, but if ±tomentose abaxially, indumenm not white or bracts linear, persistent |
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41 | Pedicels 1–4 mm, bracteoles persistent, appressed to calyx |
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– | Pedicels mostly > 10 mm, not appressed to calyx, caducous |
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42 | Corolla 10–12 cm long; marginal hairs on seeds up to 20 mm long |
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– | Corolla 5–8 cm long; hairs on seeds up to 5 mm long |
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43 | Bracteoles linear to oblong, persistent; sepals commonly tapered to an elongated apex; leaves 3-lobed or, less commonly, entire; ovary trilocular; often weedy hirsute species of disturbed places ( |
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– | Bracteoles filiform to linear, caducous; sepals varied but lacking an elongated apex; leaves unlobed; ovary bilocular, glabrous or hirsute herbs or subshrubs |
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44 | Sepals deltoid with a distinct truncate base |
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– | Sepals linear-oblong, narrowed at base |
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45 | Sepals 15– 35 mm long, tapering to a long point, lanceolate with a broad base, often conspicuously pilose at base; leaves 3-lobed |
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– | Sepals < 20 mm long, linear-oblong, pubescent but not conspicuously pilose near base; leaves simple or 3-lobed |
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46 | Sepals with fleshy recurved tips (southern USA, adventive elsewhere) |
|
– | Sepals with erect, herbaceous tips (very widespread) |
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47 | Leaves very large, 11–20 × 7–20 cm; corolla 7–9 cm long; bracteoles usually caducous (Bolivia and Peru) |
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– | Leaves < 11 × 11 cm; corolla 4–6 cm; bracteoles always persistent (widespread) |
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48 | Vegetative parts softly pubescent; sepals oblong or lanceolate; corolla usually pink; leaves usually unlobed; flowers not clustered |
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– | Vegetative parts usually hirsute but not softly pubescent; sepals ovate; corolla usually bluish-purple; leaves commonly lobed; flowers commonly clustered |
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49 | Pedicels and sepals with long shaggy hairs |
|
– | Pedicels and sepals glabrous or shortly pubescent |
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50 | Sepals acuminate to a fine point |
|
– | Sepals obtuse, rounded or retuse |
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51 | Sepals prominently veined; leaves sagittate; plant glabrous |
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– | Sepals not prominently veined; leaves cordate; plant thinly pubescent |
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52 | Stems winged (caatinga of Bahia) |
|
– | Stems not winged (moist forest) |
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53 | Corolla bluish or greenish or yellow; sepals oblong-lanceolate; peduncles very short, usually < 1 cm long |
|
– | Corolla pink; sepals oblong, ovate or suborbicular; peduncles usually > 1 cm long or flowers borne on leafy side shoots |
|
54 | Corolla tube narrow, often constricted below limb; sepals opaque, commonly reddish; inflorescence often compound, much branched |
|
– | Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, not constricted upwards; sepals somewhat transparent, pale green; inflorescence of simple cymes |
|
This key includes all species from continental North America from Panama northwards. For plants from the Caribbean islands, go to Key C and for plants from Hawaii, go to Key D.
Several North American species are notable for having dentate leaves, often in the form of one or two lateral teeth on otherwise entire leaves. The following species are noted as having dentate leaves, at least to some degree:
Key B1: Species with oblong, lanceolate or elliptic leaves, the base narrowed, cuneate to rounded, margin entire or toothed, sometimes pinnatifid, or pinnate.
Key B2: Species with leaves divided digitately to, or near to the base, into five or more free or nearly free lobes or segments.
Key B3: Species with soft fleshy spines/protuberances on the sepals.
Key B4: Species with a subcylindrical corolla tube and (usually) exserted stamens
Key B5: Species with small flowers, the corolla < 3 cm long (or calyx < 5 mm long)
Key B6: Species with white, cream or yellowish flowers > 3 cm long
Key B7 Species with very long sepals, mostly exceeding 1.8 cm in length
Key B8: Plants with subcapitate inflorescences.
Key B9: Trailing, climbing or twining plants with pubescent or hirsute sepals < 1.8 cm long
Key B10. Trailing, climbing or twining plants with glabrous sepals <1.8 cm long.
Species with oblong, lanceolate or elliptic leaves, the base narrowed, cuneate to rounded, margin entire or toothed, sometimes pinnate or pinnatifid. Leaves never cordate, hastate, sagittate or truncate or palmately lobed or palmately divided into leaflets. Stems commonly erect, less commonly trailing or climbing.
1 | Leaves pinnatifid or strongly dentate |
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– | Leaves entire or obscurely dentate, serrate or crenate |
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2 | Anthers exserted; leaves with pseudo-stipules |
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– | Anthers included; leaves lacking pseudo-stipules |
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3 | Leaves oblong with lyrate-dentate margin, usually abaxially pubescent |
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– | Leaves pinnatifid with narrow segments 1–2 mm wide, glabrous |
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4 | Flowers solitary or paired from the leaf axils; sepals unequal; petioles < 5 mm long |
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– | Inflorescence of terminal and axillary cymes with 5–15 flowers; sepals subequal; petioles 2–4.5 cm long |
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5 | Leaf segments 1–6 cm long; peduncles 3–12 cm long at anthesis; corolla white or pale lilac |
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– | Leaf segments 0.3–2.5 cm long; peduncles 0.8–3.5 cm at anthesis; corolla purplish-blue |
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6 | Low, often prostrate plants of high altitudes; stems short usually < 20 cm long; sepals muricate; leaves often dimorphic |
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– | Erect or climbing plants; stems > 20 cm long; sepals smooth; leaves all similar in form |
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7 | Corolla 5–5.5 cm long; sepals 6–10 mm long; leaves 2–10 cm long, commonly dimorphic with some simple, some forked and, occasionally, some lobed |
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– | Corolla 2–3 cm long; sepals 4–6 mm long; leaves < 2 cm long, all of the same form |
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8 | Corolla glabrous on the exterior |
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– | Corolla pubescent on the exterior at least in bud |
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9 | Leaves oblong-elliptic or ovate; plants decumbent, climbing or twining |
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– | Leaves oblong or lanceolate; plants erect |
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10 | Leaves abaxially appressed pilose, silvery in colour |
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– | Leaves glabrous |
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11 | Woody liana; bracteoles 15–26 mm long, oblong-elliptic; peduncles very short, 2–8 mm long |
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– | Perennial herbs, woody at base; bracteoles < 3 mm long; peduncles up to 7 cm long |
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12 | Corolla pink, trumpet-shaped (United States) |
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– | Corolla orange or yellow, funnel-shaped (Mesoamerica) |
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13 | Sepals very unequal, the outer 10–16 mm long, the inner 16–23 mm long |
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– | Sepals subequal, 5–12 mm long |
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14 | Leaves pubescent, 4–8 × 1.5–2.5 cm |
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– | Leaves glabrous, 3–10 × 0.5 cm |
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15 | Peduncles very short, <5 mm long |
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– | Peduncles >1.5 cm long |
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16 | Leaves, 1 cm long; sepals 7–10 mm long, obtuse |
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– | Leaves 2–3.5 cm long; sepals 12–16 mm long, acuminate |
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17 | Twining plant; leaves finely acuminate, well-spaced; corolla pink or lilac |
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– | Erect undershrub; leaves acute or obtuse, imbricate; corolla white |
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Species with leaves palmately divided into free or almost free leaflets. This key includes species where the leaflets are pedatisect. All species have glabrous corollas.
1 | Sepals elliptic to obovate, obtuse or rounded, coriaceous; robust lianas or perennials |
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– | Sepals oblong, lanceolate or ovate, commonly acuminate and apiculate; plants mostly slender, annual or perennial herbs |
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2 | Corolla red, > 4 cm long; cultivated woody liana |
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– | Corolla greenish-white, <3.5 cm long; native perennial of Mesoamerica |
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3 | Corolla ±salver-shaped; anthers strongly exserted; sepals awned |
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– | Corolla ±funnel-shaped; anthers included; sepals lacking a subterminal awn |
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4 | Corolla 4.5–7 cm long, pink or white; leaves with or without pseudo-stipules |
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– | Corolla usually < 4.5 cm, pink, white or yellow; leaves lacking pseudo-stipules |
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5 | Decumbent or ascending plant with short stems, commonly < 10 cm long; leaves lacking pseudo-stipules, usually dimorphic with some palmately lobed and some entire or bifid |
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– | Twining plants, stems usually much more than 25 cm long; leaves of one kind, with or without conspicuous pseudo-stipules |
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6 | Cylindrical basal part of corolla > 2 cm in length; leaves without conspicuous pseudo-stipules |
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– | Cylindrical basal part of corolla very short, < 5 mm long; leaves usually with conspicuous pseudo-stipules |
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7 | Annual herb; leaves with up to 14 linear or ensiform leaflets |
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– | Perennial herb; leaves usually with 5 oblong-elliptic leaflets |
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8 | Outer sepals with cordate base and prominent soft spines on abaxial surface |
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– | Outer sepals neither basally cordate nor with soft spines on adaxially surface |
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9 | Peduncle coiled or twisted; sepals obtuse |
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– | Peduncle straight or suppressed; Sepals acute or acuminate |
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10 | Plants erect 5–20 cm high, not twining; leaf segments filiform, <1 mm wide |
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– | Plants with twining or trailing stems; leaf segments at least 2 mm wide |
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11 | Corolla < 1.2 mm long |
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– | Corolla > 1.5 cm long |
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12 | Corolla entirely yellow |
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– | Corolla pink, white or bluish |
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13 | Leaves twice divided, the palmate lobes pinnatifid |
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– | Leaf segments simple, not pinnatifid |
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14 | Cylindrical basal part of corolla very short, often < 5 mm |
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– | Cylindrical basal part of corolla elongated, often > 10 mm long |
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15 | Outer sepals usually muricate, glabrous, obtuse to acute; root a globose tuber; corolla deep pink; leaf segments obtuse |
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– | Outer sepals smooth, glabrous or pubescent, acute to acuminate; root a small tap root; corolla pale lilac; leaf segments acute |
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Plants with sepals covered in soft slightly fleshy spines or protuberances
1 | Spines and protuberances present only on the sepals |
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– | Spines present on petioles, peduncles and/or stem as well as on the sepals |
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2 | Sepals with abundant spreading soft spines, resembling fleshy trichomes |
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– | Sepals with few to many fleshy protuberances, wings or similar structures, not resembling fleshy trichomes |
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3 | Sepals up to 35 mm long; peduncles 0–0.4 cm long; pedicels 2–4 cm long |
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– | Sepals 12–15 mm long; peduncles 0.5–8 cm long; pedicels 0.8–2.1 cm long |
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4 | Pedicels short, < 4.5 mm; corolla 2.5–3 cm long; peduncle winged |
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– | Pedicels elongate, > 15 mm long; corolla 5–8 cm long; peduncle unwinged |
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5 | Flowers usually numerous, cymes often much branched; corolla pubescent in bud and at tips of midpetaline bands |
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– | Flowers usually solitary, rarely paired, inflorescence simple; corolla glabrous even in bud |
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6 | Peduncles 4.5–7.5 cm long; pedicels notably stouter than peduncle; sepals c. 8 mm long |
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– | Peduncles < 4 cm long; pedicels similar to peduncles in width; sepals 12–14 mm long |
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Corolla tube cylindrical for at least half its length, often to the base of the limb; stamens equal or nearly so, anthers exserted or held at mouth of corolla.
1 | Leaves pinnate; pseudo-stipules present |
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– | Leaves not pinnate but if pinnatifid, pseudo-stipules absent |
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2 | Sepals with a distinct subterminal awn; corolla red, orange or yellow |
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– | Sepals lacking a subterminal awn or, if awn present; corolla pure white or blue |
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3 | Corolla white, blue or pale lilac |
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– | Corolla pink or red |
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4 | Corolla tube cylindrical to below the limb |
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– | Corolla tube cylindrical for about half its length, then gradually expanded in upper half |
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5 | Sepals terminating in a prominent awn |
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– | Sepals acute or obtuse, sometimes with a short mucro but never terminating in a long awn |
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6 | Sepals 16–23 mm long; anthers weakly exserted or included; sea shore species |
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– | Sepals <9 mm; anthers clearly exserted; inland species |
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7 | Peduncle furnished with prominent setae at base; corolla limb undulate; sepals acute, mucronate |
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– | Peduncle glabrous at base; corolla limb distinctly 5-lobed; sepals obtuse |
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8 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior at least in bud |
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– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior even in bud |
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9 | Sepals obtuse, equal; leaves weakly lobed, abaxially pubescent at least on the veins (Mexico) |
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– | Sepals aristate, unequal; leaves entire, glabrous (Costa Rica) |
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10 | Flowers solitary; peduncle < 2.5 cm long; sepals 13–16 mm long |
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– | Flowers in cymes; peduncles very long, 11–20 cm; sepals 25–40 cm long |
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11 | Corolla blue orlilac; stems armed with soft spines; sepals with an aristate tip |
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– | Corolla white, occasionally pale lilac; stems unarmed; sepals sometimes mucronate but never aristate |
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12 | Sepals < 7 mm long; anthers scarcely exserted |
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– | Sepals > 10 mm long; anthers strongly exserted |
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13 | Flowers solitary; leaves entire; corolla bluish (drying pink) |
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– | Inflorescence formed of cymes with up to 7 flowers; leaves 3-lobed; corolla white |
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14 | Leaves with prominent lateral teeth; sepals 2–3 cm long |
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– | Leaves entire or palmately lobed; sepals <1.6 cm long |
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15 | Corolla pale blue; flowers solitary |
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– | Corolla pure white; flowers usually several |
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16 | Corolla limb short and inconspicuous (except |
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– | Corolla limb formed of broad obovate lobes, the tube often not strictly cylindrical |
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17 | Flowers enclosed within two conspicuous persistent bracteoles forming a spathe-like inflorescence |
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– | Flowers naked, bracteoles inconspicuous, often caducous |
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18 | Exterior of the corolla conspicuously sericeous or pubescent |
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– | Exterior of the corolla glabrous or nearly so |
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19 | Corolla lobes linear, > 15 mm long |
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– | Corolla lobes very short, ovate to elliptic, c. 5 mm long |
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20 | Pedicels and sepals pubescent |
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– | Pedicels and sepals glabrous |
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21 | Sepals broadly obovate, 18–25 × 12–16 mm (Panama) |
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– | Sepals lanceolate, ovate or oblong, < 6 mm wide |
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22 | Leaves sagittate |
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– | Leaves ovate-cordate |
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23 | Limb clearly lobed, the lobes short, c. 1.5 cm diameter |
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– | Limb subentire, 3.5–5 cm diameter |
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24 | Petiole and peduncle fused for part of their length, peduncle usually passing through leaf sinus; calyx usually concealed by folded lamina |
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– | Petiole and peduncle free to their base; peduncle not passing through leaf sinus; calyx not concealed by folded leaf |
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25 | Sepals lanceolate, 3–5 times longer than broad, unequal, the outer noticeably shorter than the inner |
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– | Sepals ovate, only slightly longer than broad, subequal |
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Species with small flowers; this includes species with a calyx less than 5 mm long or a corolla less than 3 cm long. Mostly slender herbs but includes a few species of liana habit.
1 | Leaves palmatisect into separate segments |
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– | Leaves entire or lobed |
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2 | Sepals very short, < 4 mm long |
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– | Sepals > 4 mm long |
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3 | Corolla purple; sepals with 3 distinctive wings/ protuberances |
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– | Corolla yellow; sepals smooth, unwinged |
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4 | Corolla 4–5 mm long, not obviously lobed; stems pilose |
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– | Corolla 25–30 mm long, deeply lobed; stems glabrous or nearly so |
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5 | Ovary and capsule pubescent |
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– | Ovary and capsule glabrous |
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6 | Sepals 10–15 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, nearly always with long, spreading stiff hairs; corolla blue |
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– | Sepals glabrous or with a few short hairs, if more than 10 mm long, not narrowly lanceolate; corolla cream or pink |
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7 | Corolla cream-coloured, ± campanulate; inflorescence often developing into a raceme-like structure; stems woody |
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– | Corolla pink (rarely white), funnel-shaped; inflorescence of axillary cymes; stems herbaceous except at base |
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8 | Sepals 5–7 mm long, deciduous in fruit |
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– | Sepals 10–14 mm long, often persistent and speading in fruit |
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9 | Plant vigorous, somewhat fleshy, clearly perennial, completely glabrous; sepals oblong-elliptic, mucronate |
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– | Plant relatively slender, not fleshy, annual or short-lived perennial; sepals not as above |
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10 | Leaves strap-shaped (Florida) |
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– | Leaves variously shaped but never strap-shaped |
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11 | Low perennial, decumbent, with short stems < 10 cm long; leaves cuneate |
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– | Twining annual (?always) herbs, the stems usually at least 1 m long |
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12 | Outer sepals obovate, mucronate; capsule depressed-globose, muticous |
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– | Outer sepals oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate; capsule ovate, rostrate |
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13 | Sepals lanceolate or ovate, acute, the margins whitish, scarious |
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– | Sepals not as above |
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14 | Corolla blue with white tube; sepals lanceolate, 2–4 mm wide; pedicels relatively long, 1–3 cm; leaves lacking a lateral tooth |
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– | Corolla pink (rarely white); sepals ovate, 3.5–7 mm wide; pedicels 2–5 mm long; leaves commonly with a lateral tooth |
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15 | Peduncle passing through leaf sinus; sepals often muricate, sometimes pubescent, never with dark spots |
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– | Peduncle not passing through leaf sinus; sepals smooth, glabrous, the abaxial surface with dark spots |
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Plants with white, cream or yellowish flowers more than 3 cm in length, often much more, the throat occasionally dark.
1 | Small trees or erect, woody, often multi-stemmed shrubs, often leafless at anthesis |
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– | Twining or trailing herbs or lianas |
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2 | Stamens exserted; corolla hypocrateriform or salverform or nearly so |
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– | Stamens included; Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate |
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3 | Corolla campanulate, not more than 3.5 cm long |
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– | Corolla funnel-shaped, hypocrateriform or salver-shaped, usually much more than 3.5 cm long |
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4 | Sepals 5–7 mm long, deciduous in fruit |
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– | Sepals 10–14 mm long, often persistent and spreading in fruit |
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5 | Prostrate seashore plant rooting at the nodes; leaves shortly oblong, linear, lanceolate or 3–5-lobed, small, 1.5–3 × 0.8–2 cm |
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– | Climbing herbs or lianas of inland areas; leaves ovate, mostly large or absen | t |
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6 | At least some sepals 13 mm or more in length |
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– | All sepals < 13 mm in length |
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7 | Corolla and sepals tomentose or pubescent on the exterior |
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– | Corolla and sepals glabrous on the exterior |
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8 | Trailing herb of coastal regions of the United States; inflorescence clearly axillary Liana of Mexico and Central America; inflorescence arising on short shoots |
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9 | Leaves 3-lobed; sepals aristate; inflorescence paniculate |
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– | Leaves entire; sepals muticous or at most shortly mucronate; inflorescence of axillary cymes |
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10 | Cymes borne on long peduncles usually > 5 cm long |
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– | Cymes very shortly pedunculate; the peduncles usually < 1 cm long |
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11 | Pedicels very short, cymes dense, subcapitate; bracteoles conspicuous, persistent |
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– | Pedicels 2–4 cm long, cymes relatively lax; bracteoles inconspicuous, caducous |
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12 | Bracteoles 1.5–2.5 cm long, oblong or oblong-elliptic, persistent; corolla relatively large, 7–8 cm long |
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– | Bracteoles relatively small and inconspicuous, < 5 mm long, usually linear, filiform or squamose: corolla varied in size, often < 7 cm long |
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13 | Corolla orange or yellow; leaves ovate, unlobed, the base truncate |
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– | Corolla white or cream, sometimes with dark throat or blue-flushed; leaves ovate, usually cordate, sometimes lobed, sometimes absent at anthesis |
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14 | Corolla white with pink throat; sepals with prominent veins on abaxial surface; leaves often pandurate (United States) |
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– | Corolla white with a dark centre; sepals lacking prominent veins on abaxial surface; leaves entire, shallowly lobed; rarely pandurate |
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15 | Outermost sepal much shorter than inner sepals, <5 mm long |
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– | Sepals equal or nearly so, or if somewhat unequal, outer sepal at least 5 mm long |
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16 | Peduncles 5–10 cm long; bracteoles caducous; outer sepal c. 3 mm long, green |
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– | Peduncles < 1 cm long; bracteoles persistent; outer sepal c. 5 mm long, whitish-green |
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17 | Sepals oblong to oblong-obovate, not coriaceous nor convex; flowers usually solitary (rarely up to 3); leaves typically very small < 4.5 cm long (if flowers several and sepals oblong-lanceolate see |
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– | Sepals ovate to elliptic, coriaceous, usually convex; flowers solitary or in cymes; some leaves > 4.5 cm long or leaves absent |
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18 | Corolla sericeous; plant leafless at anthesis, stem and leaves velutinous |
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– | Corolla glabrous or almost so; Plant leafy or leafless at anthesis; stem and leaves glabrous or variously hirsute but not velutinous |
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19 | Stem, leaves, (and typically) pedicels and sepals pilose with stiff spreading, bristly hairs |
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– | Hairs, if present, neither spreading nor bristly |
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20 | Sepals distinctly unequal; outer sepals oblong to oblong-elliptic, inner sepals up to 12 mm long; indumentum with at least some branched hairs |
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– | Sepals equal or slightly unequal, varied in shape but about as broad as long; plants glabrous or with simple hairs |
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21 | Corolla hypocrateriform |
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– | Corolla funnel-shaped |
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22 | Leaves lobed; stem, leaves and sepals pubescent; peduncles < 3 cm long |
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– | Leaves entire; stem, leaves and sepals glabrous except on the leaf margins; peduncles > 10 cm long |
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23 | Woody lianas; leaves entire, never lobed |
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– | Perennial herb, leaves lobed or entire, or, if woody, absent at anthesis |
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24 | Leaves broadly ovate, 7–14 × 6–10 cm, pubescent |
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– | Leaves obscurely puberulent |
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25 | Plant leafless at anthesis |
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– | Leaves present at anthesis |
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26 | Leaves pubescent, usually lobed; peduncles < 1 cm long |
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– | Leaves glabrous; peduncles > 3 cm long |
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27 | Leaves entire, usually glabrous; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 5–18 mm long; corolla often flushed violet |
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– | Leaves commonly lobed, usually pubescent; sepals ovate to orbicular up to 8 mm long; corolla white |
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28 | Peduncles up to 13 cm long; leaves basally truncate; plant of central Mexico | ||
– | Peduncles usually 3–6 cm long; leaves basally cordate, flowers often pink; plant of southern Mexico |
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Plants with long sepals > 18 mm in length.
1 | Sepals covered in soft spines |
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– | Sepals lacking soft spines |
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2 | Sepals terminating in a prominent awn; corolla white, the tube long, narrow, cylindrical |
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– | Sepals acute or obtuse, sometimes with a short mucro but never terminating in a long awn; corolla tube not long, narrow and cylindrical, white, blue or pink |
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3 | Liana with winged stem; leaves palmatilobed; peduncles < 11 mm long; corolla subcampanulate, magenta |
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– | Plants of varied habit but stems unwinged and corolla never magenta; peduncles usually > 15 mm long |
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4 | Small trees or lianas; corolla white |
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– | Perennial or annual herbs; corolla pink or blue, rarely white |
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5 | Liana |
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– | Tree |
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6 | Leaves with marginal teeth |
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– | Leaves entire or lobed but lacking marginal teeth |
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7 | Corolla 9–12 cm long, white; anthers exserted |
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– | Corolla 5–6 cm, pale pink; anthers included |
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8 | Sepals distinctly pubescent or tomentose |
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– | Sepals glabrous or nearly so |
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9 | Corolla glabrous on the exterior |
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– | Corolla pubescent, sericeous on tomentose on the exterior |
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10 | Sepals with distinct white margins |
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– | Sepals uniformly green |
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11 | Leaves entire |
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– | Leaves deeply lobed |
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12 | Flowers 1(–2); leaves usually 3–5 lobed; corolla pink |
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– | Flowers usually of 2 or more flowers; leaves entire or shallowly lobed; corolla blue or pink |
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13 | Corolla 7–9 cm long; sepals lanceolate, cuneate, much longer than broad |
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– | Corolla < 5 cm long; sepals ovate, cordate, c. twice as long as broad |
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14 | Corolla pink (rarely white or blue); sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; leaves entire or 3–5-lobed |
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– | Corolla blue with a white tube (drying pink): sepals ovate with an elongate apex, notably accrescent in fruit |
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15 | Base of sepals truncate or subcordate; leaves palmately lobed or entire |
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– | Base of sepals cuneate to rounded; leaves entire or 3-lobed |
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16 | Flowers in cymes of 3–5; stigma 3-lobed; capsule 15 mm wide, not enclosed by accrescent sepals |
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– | Flowers usually solitary, rarely 2–3; stigma bilobed; capsule subglobose, 20–25 mm wide, enclosed by accrescent sepals (near the sea) |
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17 | Leaves entire; bracteoles deciduous |
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– | Leaves 3-lobed; bracteoles persistent |
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18 | Abaxial surface of outer sepals with prominent longitudinal veins |
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– | Abaxial surface of outer sepals lacking prominent longitudinal veins |
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19 | Bracteoles prominent, persistent; veins on sepals denticulate; corolla pink |
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– | Bracts minute, deciduous; veins on sepals smooth; corolla white with a pink throat |
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20 | Annual herb; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long |
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– | Perennial herb; corolla 5.5–8 cm long |
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21 | Inflorescence with large boat-shaped, chartaceous, oblong-elliptic bracteoles 2–2.5 × 0. 5–1.2 cm |
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– | Inflorescence with small, inconspicuous, often caducous bracteoles |
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22 | Corolla glabrous |
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– | Corolla pubescent |
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23 | Sepals broadly (ob)ovate, elliptic or suborbicular, scarcely longer than broad |
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– | Sepals ovate, lanceolate or oblong, distinctly longer than broad |
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24 | Corolla hypocrateriform; anthers exserted (Panama) |
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– | Corolla funnel-form; stamens included |
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25 | Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; leaves lobed |
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– | Sepals oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate; leaves usually entire |
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26 | Sepals with prominent white hyaline margins |
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– | Sepals lacking distinct white hyaline margins |
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27 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); inner sepals 22–30 mm long (Mexico southwards) |
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– | Flowers several to many in cymes; inner sepals usually < 22 mm long (United States) |
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28 | Flowers blue; stem thinly pilose with long white hairs |
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– | Flowers pink; stem glabrescent (puberlous when young) |
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Inflorescence subcapitate, flowers in compact heads, never solitary; bracteoles usually persistent.
1 | Corolla pubescent, at least in bud; bracteoles somewhat chartaceous |
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– | Corolla glabrous, even in bud; bracteoles not chartaceous |
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2 | Corolla, stem, bracteoles and leaves sparsely hairy |
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– | Corolla, stem, bracteoles and leaves densely hairy |
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3 | Outer bracteoles ovate to suborbicular, 7–20 × 7–24 mm, pale green with darker veins |
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– | Outer bracteoles lanceolate to ovate, 20–25 × 5 mm, uniformly green |
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4 | Corolla white |
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– | Corolla pink or violet |
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5 | Bracteoles linear/filiform, < 1 m wide |
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– | Bracteoles expanded, ovate or oblong > 2 mm wide |
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6 | Leaves forming a spathe-like structure around the terminal inflorescence |
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– | Leaves not forming a spathe-like structure around the flowers; inflorescence clearly axillary |
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7 | Bracteoles up to 2.5 cm long; sepals 20–23 mm long (Mexico) |
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– | Bracteoles up to 10 mm long; sepals 11–20 mm (widespread) |
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Plants not in Keys B1–8 with pubescent, pilose or tomentose sepals, < 18 mm long.
1 | Small erect trees or shrubs |
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– | Perennial or annual herbs |
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2 | Flowers pink; sepals < 6 mm long, densely tomentellous |
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– | Flowers white; Sepals > 5.5 mm long, sparsely pubescent |
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3 | Corolla glabrous on the exterior |
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– | Corolla pubescent on the exterior at least when in bud |
|
4 | Sepals abruptly terminating in a distinct mucro; slender, usually annual herbs |
|
– | Sepals obtuse or narrowed into a terminal mucro, margin not clearly ciliate |
|
5 | Leaves dentate with conspicuous teeth |
|
– | Leaves entire |
|
6 | Leaf margin with numerous small teeth; sepals foliose, 1–4.5 cm long |
|
– | Leaf margin with few large teeth; bracteoles small, 3–7 mm |
|
7 | Sepals pilose with conspicuous long spreading hairs |
|
– | Sepals pubescent or very shortly pilose |
|
8 | Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, > 9 mm long; corolla pink or blue |
|
– | Sepals elliptic, obtuse, < 8 mm long; corolla white |
|
9 | Sepals glabrous in the upper half; leaves always entire; ovary bilocular |
|
– | Sepals hirsute to apex; leaves entire or lobed; ovary trilocular |
|
10 | Corolla blue, drying pink; sepals recurving, the tips strongly accrescent in fruit; leaves usually 3-lobed |
|
– | Corolla pink; sepals remaining erect, not strikingly accrescent in fruit; leaves entire or lobed |
|
11 | Pedicels 10–35 mm long, so inflorescence usually lax; leaves thinly pubescent |
|
– | Pedicels very short, < 12 mm, so inflorescence dense; leaves densely appressed white-pilose to tomentose abaxially |
|
12 | Corolla pink; flowers in cymes; stamens included |
|
– | Corolla pale blue; flowers solitary; stamens exserted (United States) |
|
13 | Leaves absent at anthesis; corolla white with pink midpetaline bands |
|
– | Leaves present at anthesis; corolla pink or lilac |
|
14 | Leaves polymorphic, some entire, some digitately 7-lobed |
|
– | Leaves all ± of the same shape, none digitately 7-lobed |
|
15 | Leaves slightly paler abaxially but essentially green on both surfaces |
|
– | Leaves distinctly discolorous; the abaxial surface whitish and strongly contrasting with the greenish adaxial surface |
|
16 | Leaves small, < 5 cm long and wide, margins undulate or dentate |
|
– | Leaves mostly > 5 cm long, margins entire |
|
17 | Sepals ovate, acuminate, subequal, all 12–13 mm long |
|
– | Sepals oblong to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, unequal, the outer 8–10 mm long |
|
18 | Sepals oblong-lanceolate three times longer than broad, < 4 mm wide |
|
– | Sepals ovate to elliptic, > 4 mm wide |
|
19 | Flowers in cymes of 3 or more flowers; seeds long-pilose |
|
– | Flowers solitary; seeds densely pubescent |
|
20 | Sepals with prominent white margins; leaves deeply 3-lobed |
|
– | Sepals lacking prominent white margins; Leaves entire or shallowly lobed |
|
21 | Perennial herbs; sepals with spreading hairs |
|
– | Lianas; sepals sericeous with appressed hairs |
|
22 | Outer sepals < 10 mm long, grey-sericeous |
|
– | Outer sepals > 10 mm long, shortly pilose |
|
23 | Corolla urceolate, the tube greenish with pinkish midpetaline bands; seeds densely woolly |
|
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, uniformly pink; seeds pubescent |
|
24 | Sepals 5–7 mm long; corolla 3–3.5 cm long |
|
– | Sepals 11–15 mm long; corolla c. 4.5 cm long |
|
25 | Bracteoles papery, persistent, 2.5–6 cm long; flowers several in cymes; sepals 12–16 mm long |
|
– | Bracteoles small, caducous; flowers usually solitary, rarely up to 3; sepals strongly accrescent to 4 cm in fruit |
|
Plants not in Keys B1–8 with glabrous sepals < 18 mm long; i.e. sepals without hairs, but some species may have fleshy teeth
1 | Prostrate seaside plant, rooting at the nodes; corolla white; flowers solitary |
|
– | Plants of various habits but if maritime, corolla pink, solitary or in cymes |
|
2 | Prostrate seaside plant with pink flowers and large somewhat fleshy rounded to retuse leaves |
|
– | Usually twining inland plants but if maritime, not as above |
|
3 | Corolla (buds) sericeous or pubescent |
|
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior even in bud |
|
4 | Leaves conspicuously white sericeous on lower surface (Panama) |
|
– | Leaves green abaxially |
|
5 | Corolla 6–8 cm long, pink; stem always lacking soft spines; flowers numerous; sepals often winged or muricate |
|
– | Corolla 2.5–4 cm long, bluish with white tube; stem often with scattered soft spines; flowers few; sepals abaxially smooth, occasionally with a few hairs |
|
6 | Sepals aristate with a long attenuate mucro up to 7 mm in length; corolla lilac or bluish, open at night; stem muricate with soft spines |
|
– | Sepals varied in shape, sometimes acuminate but not aristate; corolla pink or white, not lilac; stem not muricate with soft spines |
|
7 | Peduncles very short, < 1.5 cm long; corolla dark violet (or creamy); sepals elongate, with scarious margins |
|
– | Peduncles short or long, but if short, corolla not dark violet or creamy, nor sepals elongate with scarious margins |
|
8 | Pedicels very short, < 1.5 cm, calyx concealed or not by leaves or bracteoles |
|
– | Pedicels at least 1.5 cm long, usually much longer, the calyx exposed |
|
9 | Flowers in compact cymes with small, inconspicuous bracteoles |
|
– | Flowers solitary or, if numerous, with conspicuous large bracteoles |
|
10 | Leaves abaxially white, sericeous or tomentose |
|
– | Leaves abaxially green |
|
11 | Leaves entire |
|
– | Leaves deeply lobed |
|
12 | Bracteoles ovate to suborbicular, spathe-like, completely enclosing the calyx |
|
– | Bracteoles not spathe-like, calyx concealed by leaves or large bracteoles |
|
13 | Inflorescence pedunculate, axillary |
|
– | Inflorescence terminal on the branches, subsessile |
|
14 | Corolla white; flowers numerous |
|
– | Corolla pink; flowers in cymes of 1–4 |
|
15 | Corolla hypocrateriform; stamens exserted, flowers in cymes of 1–5 flowers |
|
– | Corolla funnel-shaped; stamens included; flowers solitary |
|
16 | Leaves partially enclosing the calyx; peduncle and petiole fused basally; leaves 1–6 cm long, acuminate |
|
– | Leaves distant from calyx; peduncle and petiole not fused; Leaves < 2 cm long, obtuse |
|
17 | Leaves rounded in outline, the margin with large teeth |
|
– | Leaves broadly ovate, margin entire or obscurely dentate |
|
18 | Leaves with large marginal teeth |
|
– | Leaves entire or lobed but lacking marginal teeth |
|
19 | Sepals very unequal in length |
|
– | Sepals equal or only slightly unequal in length |
|
20 | Flowers solitary (rarely paired); leaves strongly sagittate; corolla gradually widened from a narrow base |
|
– | Flowers several in cymes, rarely solitary; leaves varied in shape but, if sagittate, corolla not widened as above |
|
21 | Corolla funnel-shaped, 4–7 cm long; sepals oblong-elliptic, 3–7 mm wide, smooth |
|
– | Corolla very narrowly funnel-shaped, 6–10 cm long; sepals lanceolate to oblong, < 3 mm wide, muricate |
|
22 | Sepals up to 10 mm long, abaxially smooth |
|
– | Inner sepals 8–15 mm long; outer sepals often transversely muricate |
|
23 | Corolla pink; outermost sepal at least 5 mm long |
|
– | Corolla white; outermost sepal 2–5 mm long |
|
24 | Outer sepals < 3 mm long, obtuse to rounded; corolla 5–6 cm long |
|
– | Outer sepals 2–5 mm acute; corolla 3.5–4 cm long |
|
25 | Leaves ovate, sagittate; corolla pink 7–8.5 cm long |
|
– | Leaves subreniform, usually hastate; Corolla, white with dark centre or pale pink, 5–6 cm long |
|
26 | Aquatic plant rooting at the nodes; leaves usually hastate or sagittate |
|
– | Terrestrial plants, usually climbing, not rooting at nodes |
|
27 | Flowers solitary, rarely paired |
|
– | Inflorescence formed of cymes of 3 or more flowers |
|
28 | Sepals with dark blotches, ovate, 3–8 mm long |
|
– | Sepals lacking dark blotches, oblong or, if ovate > 12 mm long |
|
29 | Corolla 4–6 cm long, reddish-purple with pale tube |
|
– | Corolla 2.5–4.5 cm long, blue |
|
30 | Sepals oblong to oblong-obovate, < 10 mm long, abaxially smooth; corolla white or pale pink |
|
– | Sepals ovate, 12–14 mm long, abaxially often with a few teeth; corolla reddish-purple |
|
31 | Outer sepals scarious, papery in texture |
|
– | Outer sepals varied in texture, but not papery |
|
32 | Sepals oblong-deltoid, dark green with white margin; corolla blue with yellowish throat and white tube |
|
– | Sepals and corolla not as above |
|
33 | Sepals thin in texture, flat, conspicuously mucronate |
|
– | Sepals coriaceous, elliptic, usually obtuse and convex, inconspicuously mucronate |
|
34 | Flowers in a lax cyme |
|
– | Flowers in a subumbellate pedunculate inflorescence |
|
35 | Leaves palmately lobed |
|
– | Leaves entire |
|
36 | Corolla pink |
|
– | Corolla white |
|
37 | Sepals broadly oblong to elliptic, rounded, not more than twice as long as broad, usually < 8 mm long |
|
– | Sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 times longer than broad, usually 8–12 mm long |
|
1 | Erect undershrub, usually cultivated |
|
– | Trailing or twining herbs or lianas |
|
2 | Leaves pinnate |
|
– | Leaves entire, lobed or digitately divided into leaflets |
|
3 | Leaves borne on short brachyblasts, very small, <3 cm long |
|
– | Leaves not borne on brachyblasts, usually much > 3 cm long |
|
4 | Leaves digitately lobed (Cuba, Jamaica) |
|
– | Leaves reniform, bilobed, or some leaves trifoliate, the terminal leaflet bilobed (Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles) |
|
5 | Leaves divided into 3 leaflets; corolla red (Cuba) |
|
– | Leaves divided mostly into 5–7 leaflets; corolla with green tube and pale pink limb (Jamaica) |
|
6 | Corolla funnel-shaped (Virgin Islands to Barbuda) |
|
– | Corolla hypocrateriform (Puerto Rico) |
|
7 | Leaves palmately divided almost to or completely to the base, the leaflets free or joined only near the base |
|
– | Leaves entire, or shallowly lobed but, if palmately 3-lobed, divided to not more than three quarters of their length and bracteoles persistent, prominent |
|
8 | Sepals lanceolate, oblong, acute to mucronate, clearly longer than broad, not coriaceous |
|
– | Sepals elliptic to obovate, occasionally mucronate but never acute, about as broad as long, coriaceous |
|
9 | Corolla 4–5 cm long, pink |
|
– | Corolla < 3 cm long, pink or creamy yellow |
|
10 | Petioles usually with pseudo-stipules at base; leaflets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate |
|
– | Petioles lacking pseudo-stipules; leaflets linear to narrowly oblong (Cuba, Trinidad) |
|
11 | Corolla creamy yellow with dark centre; peduncle usually straight; sepals acuminate and mucronate |
|
– | Corolla pink; peduncle twisted and commonly coiled; sepals obtuse |
|
12 | Corolla white or greenish-white, sometimes with pale pink lobes |
|
– | Corolla pink or red |
|
13 | Leaflets filiform; corolla small, < 2 cm long (Hispaniola) |
|
– | Leaflets relatively broad oblong-elliptic, ovate or elliptic; corolla 3–5 cm long |
|
14 | Leaflets 7.5–14 cm long; leavesalways 3-lobed (Jamaica) |
|
– | Leaflets < 7 cm long, leaces 3–5-lobed (Hispaniola) |
|
15 | Corolla 2.5–4 cm; sepals 4–6 mm long; (Hispaniola) |
|
– | Corolla > 4 cm long; some or all sepals > 7 mm long |
|
16 | Sepals red-margined; leaflets oblong |
|
– | Sepals green margined; leaflets oblanceolate |
|
17 | Leaflets completely sessile or partially fused at base; plant cultivated or growing in disturbed places |
|
– | Leaflets with a short but distinct basal petiole; plants growing in natural situations |
|
18 | Woody liana, cymes commonly compound |
|
– | Trailing or climbing herb; cymes usually simple |
|
19 | Corolla 5–6 cm long; leaflets usually broadest towards the base or in the middle, mostly oblong-elliptic (Jamaica) |
|
– | Corolla 4–5 cm long; leaflets mostly oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, rather narrow and broadest near apex |
|
20 | Leaflets up to 6.5 × 2.2 cm long; peduncles stout < 4 cm long (Cuba and Bahamas) |
|
– | Leaflets up to 11 × 3.5 cm long; peduncles (Hispaniola) |
|
21 | Corolla pubescent on the exterior (best seen in bud) |
|
– | Corolla glabrous on the exterior |
|
22 | Weedy annual herb with subsessile cymes, the peduncles < 10 mm long; corolla 7–9 mm long |
|
– | Annual or perennial herbs, relatively robust in habit; inflorescence pedunculate; corolla > 2.5 cm long |
|
23 | Sepals 5–7 mm long |
|
– | Sepals at least 8 mm long, often much more in fruit |
|
24 | Sepals about as broad as long, uniformly pubescent; corolla pink, 6–7 cm long |
|
– | Sepals longer than broad, nearly glabrous but with a few scattered hairs; corolla blue with white tube, 2.5–4 cm long |
|
25 | Bracteoles caducous, absent at anthesis; corolla relatively large, > 5 cm long, usually much longer |
|
– | Bracteoles relatively persistent, conspicuous, 1.5–4 cm long; corolla < 5 cm long |
|
26 | Corolla white, cream or bluish; sepals narrowly ovate, much longer than broad; sepals and leaves usually glabrous (Jamaica) |
|
– | Corolla pink; sepals broadly ovate or ovate elliptic, not much longer than broad; sepals and leaves pubescent or sericeous |
|
27 | Woody liana; flowers solitary (rarely to 3); sepals strongly accrescent in fruit and enclosing the capsule |
|
– | Perennial herb; flowers usually in cymes of 3–5 flowers (sometimes more); sepals not strongly accrescent in fruit |
|
28 | Leaves borne in fascicles; flowers subsessile, borne on peduncles < 1.5 cm long |
|
– | Leaves solitary, petiolate; flowers in pedunculate cymes |
|
29 | Bracteoles papery, pale yellow-green; sepals 12–16 mm long, elliptic to obovate (cultivated or an escape) |
|
– | Bracteoles not papery, reddish to mauve in colour; sepals 18–25 mm, ovate to lanceolate (Cuba and Hispaniola) |
|
30 | Corolla 8–11 cm long; anthers at least weakly exserted |
|
– | Corolla < 8 cm long; anthers included or exserted |
|
31 | Sepals lanceolate, terminating in a long awn-like structure |
|
– | Sepals elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse, sometimes shortly mucronate |
|
32 | Sepals pubescent or tomentose; perennials with coriaceous, obtuse sepals and densely sericeous or pubescent leaves |
|
– | Sepals glabrous or, if hirsute, plants annual and weedy, leaves glabrous or pubescent; sepals acute to strongly mucronate |
|
33 | Corolla yellow-green; indumentum of stellate hairs (Hispaniola) |
|
– | Corolla pink or purple; indumentum of unbranched hairs (Cuba) |
|
34 | Stamens strongly exserted; corolla hypocrateriform |
|
– | Stamens included; corolla funnel-shaped |
|
35 | Plant leafless at anthesis; inflorescence of axillary clusters; sepals reddish, pubescent near base only (Cuba) |
|
– | Plant leafy at anthesis; onflorescece cymose; sepals uniformly tomentose, grey |
|
36 | Leaves basally subcordate; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, not foliose (Cuba |
|
– | Leaves basally cuneate; bracteoles obovate to oblanceolate, foliose (Cuba) |
|
37 | Leaves 3-lobed (Cuba) |
|
– | Leaves entire |
|
38 | Sepals pubescent only near base; flowers several in cymes (Cuba) |
|
– | Sepals uniformly tomentose; flowers solitary (Cuba) |
|
39 | Sepals elliptic to obovate, obtuse to rounded, coriaceous, glabrous; plants perennial |
|
– | Sepals varied, usually lanceolate, ovate or oblong, acute to acuminate, often mucronate, glabrous or hirsute; plants annual or perennial |
|
40 | Corolla greenish-yellow to white |
|
– | Corolla red, purple or pink |
|
41 | Leaves dentate, abaxially pubescent (Cuba) |
|
– | Leaves entire or lobed but not dentate; glabrous |
|
42 | Stamens exserted; leaves lobed with acute lobes (Cuba) |
|
– | Stamens included; leaves entire or variously lobed |
|
43 | Corolla 3.5–6 cm long; seeds with long marginal hairs |
|
– | Corolla 1.5–1.7 cm long; seeds uniformly pilose (Cuba) |
|
44 | Leaves ovate to ovate elliptic, rarely shallowly lobed (Cuba) |
|
– | Leaves usually deeply lobed or palmately divided into leaflets but if entire, ovate-deltoid (Hispaniola) |
|
45 | Leaves pubescent or sericeous |
|
– | Leaves glabrous |
|
46 | Leaves green, pubescent or pilose abaxially; sepals often reddish |
|
– | Leaves silvery sericeous abaxially; sepals not reddish |
|
47 | Leaves large, 4–16 cm long; peduncles 3–7 cm long |
|
– | Leaves small, 1.2–5.5 cm long; peduncles < 0.6 cm long |
|
48 | Leaves large 5–12 cm long, cordate, sericeous below but not silvery; sepals completely glabrous |
|
– | Leaves up to 6.5 cm long, cuneate to weakly cordate, silvery; sepals pubescent near base |
|
49 | Stamens included |
|
– | Stamens exserted |
|
50 | Stem, peduncles and petioles with conspicuous squamose glands (Eastern Cuba) |
|
– | Plant lacking conspicuous squamose black glands (Western Cuba |
|
51 | Corolla limb deeply divided into oblong lobes (Hispaniola) |
|
– | Corolla limb entire or undulate |
|
52 | Leaves oblong, mostly absent at anthesis; flowers in dense clusters (Cuba) |
|
– | Leaves of varied shape, present at anthesis; flowers in lax cymes |
|
53 | Leaves wedge-shaped (St. Eustatius) |
|
– | Leaves usually ovate, somewhat polymorphic (Cuba, Bahamas, Florida) |
|
54 | Corolla hypocrateriform; stamens exserted |
|
– | Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate; stamens included |
|
55 | Sepals c. 3 mm long with a subterminal awn of similar length |
|
– | Sepals 10–15 mm long, without a prominent subterminal awn (Jamaica) |
|
56 | Trailing plants rooting at the nodes growing in wet places near the sea or in and around cultivation |
|
– | Twining, climbing or trailing plants, not rooting at the nodes and not usually found in wet places or on sea shores |
|
57 | Leaves ovate, suborbicular, linear, oblong, rectangular or 5-lobed, not, or scarcely, basally cordate; seashore plants |
|
– | Leaves lanceolate, ovate, subreniform or suborbicular but with cordate or sagittate base, plants of freshwater or dry habitats |
|
58 | Leaves shortly oblong, linear, lanceolate or 3–5-lobed, small, 1.5–3 × 0.8–2 cm; sepals very unequal; corolla white, 3.5–4 cm long |
|
– | Leaves ovate to suborbicular, rounded or emarginate, 3.5–9 × 3–10 cm; sepals subequal; corolla pink, 4–5 cm long |
|
59 | Sepals strongly mucronate, usually ciliate or pilose; plant of cultivation or waste ground |
|
– | Sepals not mucronate, glabrous; plants usually of wetland |
|
60 | Sepals subequal, smooth; leaves acuminate, sagittate or hastate |
|
– | Sepals very unequal, often transversely muricate; leaves rounded, obtuse or acute, never acuminate |
|
61 | Sepals with prominent abaxial muricate ribs; bracteoles prominent, 8–20 × 3–15 mm |
|
– | Sepals abaxially smooth; bracteoles prominent or not |
|
62 | Annual herb; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long |
|
– | Perennial herb; corolla 5.5–8 cm long |
|
63 | Flowers grouped into bracteolate clusters |
|
– | Inflorescence clearly cymose, but, if clustered, bracteoles caducous |
|
64 | Corolla 2–3 cm long; stigma bilobed; capsule 4-seeded |
|
– | Corolla 5–6 cm; stigma trilobed; capsule 6-seeded |
|
65 | Sepals more than 10 × 10 mm in size, commonly reddish; plant a vigorous liana |
|
– | Sepals < 10 mm wide, not reddish; plant herbaceous |
|
66 | Sepals glabrous |
|
– | Sepals hirsute, or at least ciliate |
|
67 | Corolla white or cream, rarely bluish; sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate |
|
– | Corolla pink or blue; Sepals variable in shape |
|
68 | Corolla campanulate, 2.5–3 cm long; sepals oblong, nearly completely scarious, < 15 mm long |
|
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, 5–6 cm long; sepals oblong-ovate, scarious only on the margins, often exceeding 14 mm (Jamaica) |
|
69 | Sepals < 11 mm long, equal in length or nearly so |
|
– | Sepals > 12 mm long or if less, very unequal in length |
|
70 | Sepals lanceolate, acute but not mucronate, scarious-margined; corolla blue with white tube and yellowish throat (cultivated or an escape) |
|
– | Sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, conspicuously mucronate, not scarious-margined; corolla pink, often with a dark centre |
|
71 | Flowers usually solitary; leaves strongly sagittate to hastate |
|
– | Flowers usually several in cymes, very rarely solitary; leaves cordate or sagittate |
|
72 | Sepals lanceolate, 17–21 mm long, acuminate, subequal with prominent longitudinal veins (Netherlands Antilles) |
|
– | Sepals oblong-elliptic, rounded, < 12 mm long, unequal in size, not prominently veined |
|
73 | Corolla bluish; peduncles short, usually < 1.5 cm; sepals narrowly ovate acute to acuminate (Jamaica) |
|
– | Corolla usually pink or pale pink; peduncles 4–12 cm; sepals obovate to suborbicular, (Hispaniola, Trinidad) |
|
74 | Corolla white, yellow or cream, sometimes with a dark centre |
|
– | Corolla pink, blue or purplish |
|
75 | Ovary and capsule pilose; corolla white |
|
– | Ovary and capsule glabrous; corolla yellowish, sometimes with a dark centre |
|
76 | Corolla large, 3–4 cm long |
|
– | Corolla small, 1.5–2.5 cm long |
|
77 | Sepals obtuse, acute or acuminate but not mucronate; stigma 3-lobed; capsule 6-seeded, glabrous |
|
– | Sepals oblong or lanceolate, distinctly mucronate; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 4-seeded, often pilose |
|
78 | Corolla pink (rarely white or blue); sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; leaves entire or 3–5-lobed |
|
– | Corolla blue with a white tube (drying pink): sepals ovate with an elongate apex, notably accrescent in fruit |
|
79 | Corolla < 3.5 cm long; sepals < 2 cm long at anthesis, the tips recurving; peduncle very short |
|
– | Corolla 4–4.5 cm long; sepals c. 3 cm long at anthesis, the tips erect; peduncles long or short |
|
80 | Corolla < 2.5 cm long; plants annual, always slender |
|
– | Corolla > 2.5 cm long; plants perennial or annual, usually relatively robust |
|
81 | Sepals oblong, 5–6 mm long |
|
– | Sepals lanceolate, 10–14 mm long |
|
82 | Slender, 1–2-flowered herb with pubescent strap-shaped sagittate leaves (Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola, Mona Island) |
|
– | Slender or robust herbs, 1–many-flowered; leaves not strap-shaped, rarely sagittate, but, if so, completely glabrous |
|
83 | Sepals oblong-lanceolate; sepals chartaceous even at anthesis, unequal, the outer shorter than the inner |
|
– | Sepals obovate, ovate or elliptic; sepals not chartaceous at anthesis, equal in length or nearly so |
|
84 | Annual herb, not rooting at nodes; cymes always lax and few-flowered, never umbellate in form |
|
– | Perennial herb, often decumbent and rooting at the nodes; cymes compact, umbellate or subcapitate in form |
|
1 | Leaves pinnate |
|
– | Leaves simple or palmately lobed |
|
2 | Erect undershrub to c. 3 m; corolla pubescent |
|
– | Trailing or twining herbs; corolla glabrous except in. |
|
3 | Leaves 5-lobed to or near the base |
|
– | Leaves entire or shallowly 3-(5)-lobed |
|
4 | Woody liana; leaves lacking pseudo-stipules; corolla orange-red |
|
– | Twining herb; Leaves with cnspicuous pseudo-stipules; corolla pink |
|
5 | Corolla hypocrateriform, red, white or pale blue; stamens exserted or held at corolla mouth; twining plants |
|
– | Corolla funnel-shaped, pink, yellowish or white, stamens included; twining or prostrate plants |
|
6 | Corolla red; leaves usually shallowly lobed |
|
– | Corolla white or pale blue, usually entire |
|
7 | Sepals terminating in a prominent awn 5–12 mm in length; habitats with fresh water |
|
– | Sepals obtuse, sometimes mucronulae; saline habitats |
|
8 | Corolla yellowish, white or lilac tinged |
|
– | Corolla pink, sometimes with a dark centre |
|
9 | Corolla yellowish; capsule rostrate; twining anual herb |
|
– | Corolla white or lilac tinged; usually trailing perennial herbs |
|
10 | Creeping seashore plant, rooting at the nodes; leaves linear to oblong usually basally truncate |
|
– | Prostrate or twining plant of lava flows; leaves simple or lobed but characteristically cordate at base |
|
11 | Leaves rounded to retuse; creeping seahore species |
|
– | Leaves obtuse, acute or acuminate; plants of varied hábitats |
|
12 | Corolla pubescenrtin bud; leaves grey-tomentose when young, dotted with black glands beneath; sepals strongly accrescent and enclosing the capsule |
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– | Corolla glabrous; leaves eglandular, rarely grey-tomentose, not gland-dotted beneath; sepals not strongly accrescent in fruit |
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13 | Creeping freshwater aquatic herb |
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– | Twining or prostrate herb, but if creeping, not growing in freshwater aquatic habitats |
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14 | Stigma 3-lobed; sepals obtuse to acute but not mucronate |
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– | Stigma bilobed; sepals mucronate |
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15 | Flowers clustered in a subcapitate bracteolate inflorescence; pedicels very short |
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– | Flowers in lax cymes; pedicels > 10 mm long; bracteoles linear, inconspicuous |
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16 | Twining annual herb; corolla < 2.5 cm long |
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– | Perennial herb, usually prostrate; corolla > 2.5 cm long |
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17 | Flowers in subumbellate pedunculate clusters; sepals usually ciliate; plant often pubescent; cultivated or escaped from cultivation |
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– | Flowers in 1–3-flowered cymes; sepals and leaves glabrous or nearly so; native species of seashores or near the sea |
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Annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, lianas, shrubs or small trees, very varied in habit but, most commonly, twining, less commonly decumbent or erect; vegetative parts glabrous or variously hirsute. Leaves without true stipules, alternate, usually petiolate, entire, lobed or compound with separate leaflets; pseudostipules sometimes present. Inflorescence characteristically of axillary cymes, but sometimes very dense and subcapitate or reduced to single flowers or corymbose to foliose paniculate in form, or subterminal and racemose to spicate in erect species; peduncles variable in length, rarely absent; bracts usually indistinguishable from leaves except in species with a terminal inflorescence; bracteoles very small to large, persistent or caducous, scarious, chartaceous or foliaceous, occasionally forming an involucre; pedicels short or long, rarely absent; calyx of five equal or unequal sepals, very variable in texture, coriaceous, herbaceous, scarious, persistent, often enlarging in fruit; corolla ±often showy, small or (usually) large, commonly funnelform, sometimes hypocrateriform, campanulate or suburceolate, pink or white with 5 distinct darker midpetaline bands, the limb distinct from the tube; stamens 5, usually included, equal or unequal in length, dilated and glandular-pilose at base, inserted near base of corolla tube; anthers usually narrowly oblong; pollen spheroidal, pantoporate, echinulate, the grains relatively large; disc annular, ovary 2(–5) locular, 4 (–10)-ovulate, glabrous or pubescent; style simple, filiform; stigma subglobose, 2(–3)-lobed, rarely (
A mainly tropical genus, which is almost absent from temperate regions. In its widest circumscription (that is including
••• Clade A. (Species 1–233). This enormous clade includes over half the species found in the Americas. There is no obvious morphological character that unites the clade but it divides into three smaller clades. Species in the first two of these, Clade A1 (species 1–127) and Clade A2 (Species 128–215), appear always to have pollen with relatively few echinulae (Figure
•• Clade A1 (Species 1–127) is very heterogenous morphologically although notable for the absence of annual species and of species with a hypocrateriform corolla and exserted stamens. It includes a number of smaller clades, which are indicated in the text, as well as the following major, principally South American, radiation, which we refer to as the
• The
The radiation appears to be actively evolving and there are several clusters of species, which are difficult to delimit or are bridged by intermediates. To date molecular studies have not shed much light on these relationships or on species monophyly. Most species are unresolved with samples of some species, notably
ARGENTINA. Córdoba, Dept. Tulumba,
Perennial with napiform rootstock and usually trailing, rarely twining, lanate stems, which become sparsely pilose when old. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–11 × 2.5–8 cm, deeply palmatisect with 6–9 narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate crenate acute lobes, both surfaces tomentose to thinly pilose, base cuneate; petioles 2.5–4 cm, white-pubescent. Flowers 1–3 in axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 7–18 mm, pubescent; bracteoles deltoid. 2–3 mm long, caducous; pedicels 2–10 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 8–11 × 4–6 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, white-pubescent, the inner with glabrous margins; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous or with a few short hairs in bud, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules 15 × 15 mm, subglobose, rostrate; seeds 7–8 mm, long-pilose.
Endemic to the sub-Andean region of NW Argentina, growing on rocky mountains at around 1000 m, apparently most common in Córdoba.
The palmatisect leaves, lanate stems and pubescent sepals are distinctive.
ARGENTINA. Misiones, Dept. Candelaria, Gramajo,
Prostrate perennial herb; stems trailing, several metres long, pilose, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–17 × 3–20 cm, 3–7-palmatilobed, the segments elliptic to obovate, narrowed towards the base, apex obtuse and mucronate, base shallowly cordate, both surfaces thinly pubescent, the lower sometimes sericeous; petioles 1–11 cm. Inflorescence of 1–8-flowered, axillary, pedunculate often compounded cymes; peduncles 2–18 cm long; bracteoles 3–5 mm long, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–5 mm; pedicels 9–30 mm long; sepals 7.5–10 × 4–6 mm, subequal, ovate, acute and mucronate, sericeous, the inner with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 7–8 mm wide, glabrous; seeds not seen.
An uncommon plant of degraded cerrado in NE Argentina (Misiones) and neighbouring Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.
The palmatilobed pubescent leaves and sericeous exterior of the corolla help to identify this species.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, Manoel Viana,
Perennial twiner to 3 m, stems woody, grey-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, divided palmately to the base into five segments, 4–10 × 0.7–3 cm, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse and mucronate, the basal lobes sometimes only lobed, noticeably larger, both surfaces grey-tomentose; petiole 2–5 cm long, grey-tomentose. Inflorescence of compound axillary cymes; peduncles 2–13 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 3–6 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2.5 cm; pedicels 7–10 mm, tomentose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 10–12 mm, ovate, acute, grey-tomentose, inner 11–13 mm, the margins glabrous; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, sericeous, pink with purple throat, limb 5–6 cm diam. Capsules 11–12 × 10 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds black, shortly tomentose, 7–8 mm long.
Grassy pampa. Endemic to the area around Manoel Viana in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
This species is probably close to
BOLIVIA. Vallegrande, on descent to Pampa Negra,
Perennial herb, clambering over shrubs or, less commonly, decumbent; stems up to c. 3 m long, pubescent with long appressed hairs. Leaves petiolate, dimorphic; upper leaves and bracts 2.5–8 × 2–10 cm, diminishing in size upwards, entire, broadly ovate-elliptic to suborbicular, rounded, base shallowly cordate to truncate, margins undulate; lower leaves 7–13 × 7–14 cm, 3–5-lobed to about halfway (rarely unequally bilobed), the lobes oblong, obtuse to acute, base shallowly cordate; both leaf forms adaxially dark green, pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 2.5–7.2 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes usually with 7–8 flowers, mainly near the branch tips, somewhat proliferating; peduncles (0.5) –3–4.5 cm, pubescent, often somewhat bent or twisted, diminishing in length towards apex; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.5–2 cm; pedicels 13–20 mm, pubescent, often bent; sepals subequal, 8–9 × 5–6 mm, oblong-elliptic, densely pubescent, outer rounded with narrow scarious margins, inner with rounded or retuse with broader scarious margins; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink, pubescent, limb c. 4 cm diam.; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
A narrow endemic restricted to seasonally very arid spiny bushland on descent to Pampa Negra in Vallegrande Province in Bolivia between 1650 and 1800 m.
A scrambling or decumbent species with dimorphic leaves and stems which distinctly proliferate.
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul, Urucúm,
Vigorous twining perennial to 3 m; stems stout, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 3–8 cm, mostly 3-lobed to half way with acute lobes but some leaves ovate with one or two marginal teeth, base broadly cordate, apex shortly acuminate and mucronate, adaxially glabrous apart from veins pubescent near base, abaxially paler, pubescent especially on the veins; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2–5 cm, stout, glabrous; bracteoles c. 5 mm long, oblong, muconate, papery, caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 0.8–1.5 cm; pedicels 5–10 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 15–20 × 10–12 mm, ovate, narrowed to an obtuse apex, minutely puberulent, pale green; inner sepals 18–22 × 12 mm, elliptic, acuminate to an obtuse apex, sericeous, palid; corolla 7–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink, pubescent in bud, limb 5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 15 × 10 mm, glabrous, brown, enclosed by sepals; seeds 11 × 6 mm (possibly immature), brown, pilose with very long marginal hairs.
A narrow endemic restricted to the Bolivia-Brazil border around Corumbá and Puerto Suárez at the edge of the Pantanal where it is locally common on scrubby roadsides around 100–150 m.
A very distinctive species because of its large corolla, acutely 3-lobed leaves and large pale green sepals.
Based on
Perennial of a pale green colour from a woody xylopodium; stems erect to 1 m high, apparently unbranched, densely hirsute with somewhat rough mostly appressed hairs. Leaves sessile, 16–27 × 0.4–0.8 cm, narrowly oblong, slightly narrowed to a cuneate base, apex obtuse and mucronate, coarsely tomentose on both surfaces, abaxially prominently 3–5-veined. Inflorescence terminal, rather short and dense < 7 cm long, formed of (1–)3-flowered cymes in the axils of leaf bracts; bracts 2–6.5 cm long, diminishing in size upwards, apparently deciduous and absent from uppermost cymes; peduncles 2–4 mm, relatively stout, densely hirsute; bracteoles c. 3 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, almost hidden by the indumentum; pedicels 5–7 mm, densely hirsute; sepals 7–8 × 4–5 mm, broadly elliptic, densely hirsute, slightly unequal, outer obtuse, inner rounded to retuse with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, densely pubescent on mid-petaline bands, limb 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules glabrous; seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to Paraguay. In sabanas in the area north of Hernandarias, especially in the Reserva Tatí Yupí.
Distinguished from
ARGENTINA. Misiones, Dept. San Ignacio, Gob. Roca, 22 Nov. 1947,
Erect perennial herb or subshrub from a xylopodium, stems 0.5–1 m long, usually simple, distinctly angled, adpressed pubescent with t-shaped hairs. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3-fid from near base, lobes 7.5–15 × 0.2–1.2 cm, narrowly oblong, shortly mucronate, base attenuate, both surfaces adpressed-pubescent, abaxially prominently veined; petioles 1–1.5 cm. Inflorescence elongate (to 10 cm), terminal, formed of shortly pedunculate cymes from the axils of leaf-like bracts, these absent in the upper part of inflorescence; peduncles 0.4–1.5 cm, adpressed pubescent; bracteoles ovate, caducous; pedicels 3–8 cm, adpressed pubescent; sepals equal, 6–8 × 4–6 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse and often mucronate, subsericeous; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, adpressed pubescent. Capsules 7–10 × 7–8 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 6 × 4 mm, blackish-brown, margins lanate.
Almost endemic to the province of Misiones in Argentina where it grows in seasonally flooded grassy pampa. There appear to be no recent records from Paraguay or Brazil.
The T-shaped hairs are difficult to observe but are distinctive.
Based on
Erect subshrub to at least 50 cm; stems woody below, ± glabrescent; above herbaceous, softly white-tomentose. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 2.4–7 × 3.2–5 cm, ovate, oblong or oblong-elliptic, acute and mucronate, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, both surfaces softly pubescent, abaxially more densely so, paler, adaxially somewhat glabrescent on very old leaves; petioles 0–4 mm, densely pubescent to villous. Inflorescence usually of solitary, pedunculate axillary flowers forming a long terminal raceme; occasionally of axillary cymes with up to five flowers from the uppermost leaf axils; bracts leaf-like except the uppermost of which are much reduced; peduncles 0.8–4 cm, densely white-pubescent; bracteoles 6 mm long, linear filiform; pedicels 0.6–7 cm, densely pubescent; sepals with a dark gland near base, somewhat unequal, outer 9–15 × 2–4 mm, narrowly to broadly ovate, acuminate or acute and mucronate, tomentose, inner similar bur with broad scarious margins; corolla 6–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules c. 1.2 × 0.8 cm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, blackish, glabrous.
Figure
Endemic to Paraguay and growing in forest clearings (fide
Characterised by the relatively long acuminate or acute and mucronate sepals usually around 12 mm in length combined with the softly tomentose indumentum and ovate-elliptic leaves. In the type the leaves are silvery beneath but this is less obvious in the other cited collections.
Specimens of
• Speces 9–18 form a complex in which
ARGENTINA. Misiones, Dept. San Ignacio, Gob. Roca,
Erect undershrub 0.5–1.5 m from a woody rhizome, stems glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, sparingly branched, often simple. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.5–11 × 0.6–2.2 cm, oblanceolate, acute or rounded and strongly apiculate, cuneate at base, adaxially glabrous to thinly adpressed pilose, abaxially adpressed pilose, veins prominent on both surfaces, esp. abaxially; petioles 0.5–1 cm long, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence long, terminal, raceme-like, formed of mostly2–3-flowered cymes, commonly reduced to single flowers; bracts leaf-like but diminishing in size upwards; peduncles 0.2–3 cm long; bracteoles 3–4 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–10 mm, pubescent; sepals 5–8 mm, ovate, acute to obtuse and apiculate, sericeous to pubescent, inner sepals similar but obtuse and with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 3.5–5.5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous on midpetaline bands, limb 2–2.5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules c. 8 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds long-pilose.
Photographs of
Flooded plain in the Paraná basin in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.
Plants from Argentina are relatively uniform but in Paraguay they are more variable, the leaves sometimes strongly apiculate and/or the inflorescence rather lax and few-flowered.
PARAGUAY. [Central], Luque,
Erect undershrub to 1.2 m, stems below woody, glabrous, reddish above herbaceous, densely puberulent. Leaves petiolate, lower leaves 9–10 × 2–4 cm, entire, ovate obtuse to acute and mucronate, base cuneate, upper leaves (2–)3-lobed with the laterals much shorter than the central lobe which is usually lanceolate, acuminate, the uppermost leaves noticeably smaller and with narrower lobes, both surfaces finely tomentellous, abaxially paler; petioles1–2.5 cm, puberulent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate cymes from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 2–4 (–9) cm, puberulent; bracteoles 3–4 × 1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 0.7–1.8 cm; pedicels 6–10 mm, puberulent; sepals subequal, tomentellous, outer 7–9 × 5–6 mm, ovate, acute to obtuse, inner similar but with scarious, less hirsute margins; corolla 4.5–6.5 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped; limb 3–5 cm diam., entire. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figures
Photographs of
Endemic to the area around Lago Ypacaraí in Central and Cordillera departments in eastern Paraguay.
Although this species is clearly closely related to
BRAZIL. [Rio Grande do Sul, between Rio Santa Bárbara and Alegrete],
Erect (rarely decumbent) undershrub to 50 cm; stems puberulent, rootstock tuberous. Leaves shortly petiolate, numerous, mostly 3–5(–7)-fid to near base (some lower leaves entire and up to 2.5 cm wide), lobes 4–9 × 0.15–1.5 cm, oblong to narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse and mucronate, tapering at base, abaxially (greyish-)sericeous to pubescent only on the veins; petioles 0.2–1.5 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate cymes, from the upper leaf axils,these often reduced to solitary flowers in many populations; peduncles 0.7–2.5(–4)cm, glabrous or puberulent, rarely glabrous; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm, puberulent or glabrous; sepals somewhat unequal, outer (5–)7–8(–10) × 3–6 mm, ovate, obtuse to subacute, thinly to very densely pubescent, inner sepals elliptic, rounded, very slightly shorter, pubescent but with scarious glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, thinly pilose, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules 1.3 × 0.7 cm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 5 mm, blackish, glabrous.
Figures
Cerrado and cerrado-like pampas in NE Argentina, southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and Uruguay, probably declining in frequency throughout its range.
None of the syntypes of
PARAGUAY. San Pedro, Río Corrientes,
Erect herb to 0.75 cm from a xylopodium; stems adpressed pilose. Leaves subsessile, mostly trifurcate but occasionally simple above, base cuneate, segments (and simple leaves) 4–10 × 0.5–1.7 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, acute, mucronate, adaxially with scattered long, appressed hairs, abaxially the veins and margins pilose with white appressed hairs, the intercostal areas glabrous; petioles 0–6 mm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of solitary pedunculate flowers from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 0–35 mm, diminishing in length upwards, adpressed pilose; bracteoles early caducous, not seen; pedicels 4–5 mm, very constant in length, adpressed pilose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 9–15 × 3–4.5 mm, ovate, acute, adpressed pilose, inner similar but with broad, glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 7–9 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb 5–6 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Scrubby cerrado. Probably endemic to Canindeyú and neighbouring parts of San Pedro departments in Paraguay.
The exact location of Apepú is uncertain. The name refers to a citrus fruit and appears as a place name for a number of different locations.
PARAGUAY. Caaguazú, Estancia Primera, April 1927,
Perennial herb, stems erect or decumbent, glabrous, to 50 cm long. Leaves subsessile, (1–)3 partite almost to base, segments linear, acute, 3–7 × 0.1–0.2 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary, long-pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 6–10 cm, glabrous; bracteoles 1.5–1.7 cm, linear, caducous; pedicels 10–16 mm, relatively stout; sepals subequal, outer 20–23 × 6–8 mm, broadly lanceolate, acute, glabrous, inner slightly narrower; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, the limb 4 cm diam., unlobed; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Paraguay. Known only from the type.
Outstanding for the large sepals and glabrous vegetative parts. It is only distinguishable from the following, unnamed species by the very long sepals.
Erect perennial undershrub from a xylopodium; stems several, below woody, glabrescent, above, herbaceous, thinlysoftly pilose. Leaves shortly petiolate, mostly 3-lobed almost to base but a few lower leaves entire, base cuneate, segments 4–13 × 0.2–0.6, linear-oblong, obtuse to acute, shortly mucronate, both surfaces thinly pilose to subglabrous; petioles 2–10 mm. Inflorescence of solitary pedunculate axillary flowers; peduncles 2.5–10 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 10–15 mm, slightly thickened upwards; sepals subequal to unequal, outer 8–15 × 5–6, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, thinly pubescent to subglabrous, inner larger, 11–16 mm, ovate to elliptic, mucronate, more densely pubescent but with broad, glabrous margins; corolla 6–8 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb 4–6.5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Caaguazú in Paraguay and recorded as growing in cerrado.
This plant comes from the same region as
PARAGUAY. March 1931,
Perennial herb from a woody base; stems 30–40 cm long, probably erect, woody below, subglabrous but with a few adpressed trichomes arranged bifariously. Leaves subsessile, lamina subdigitately divided into (3–)5(–7) linear segments 2–7 × 0.1–02 cm, apex acute (apiculate), both surfaces glabrous (or abaxially pubescent on midvein and margins); petioles 2–4 mm long, glabrous (thinly pubescent). Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 2.5–3.8 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 3–7 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6–7 × 3.5–5 mm, ovate-elliptic, slightly convex, apex obtuse, mucronulate, the margins glabrous, inner elliptic-suborbicular, mucronate, rounded, 7–8 × 3.5–6 mm. pubescent in central area, margin glabrous, scarious; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, pink or white, funnel-shaped, densely pubescent in bud; limb 3.5–4 cm diam., unlobed; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to Paraguay, where it grows in cerrado grassland on the border area between Itapúa and Caazapá.
This species resembles
PARAGUAY. Río Alto Paraná, Ñucañy, Feb. 1908,
Perennial from a xylopodium, stems erect, 30–60 cm high, pilose. Leaves with very short internodes, subsessile, divided into 5–7 segments, segments 2–4.5 × 0.1–0.3 cm, linear, acute, pilose, strongly inrolled; petioles 0–1 mm. Inflorescence of solitary, shortly pedunculate, axillary flowers, peduncles 2–3 mm; bracteoles 4 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 3–7 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 9–11 × 4–4.5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, pubescent with white hairs, inner sepals c. 5 mm wide, oblong-ovate, obtuse, densely white-piloset, the margins slightly scarious; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentose with long white hairs outside, limb 4.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, c. 10 mm wide, glabrous; seeds glabrous.
Figure
A rare species endemic to eastern Paraguay.
This species is distinguished by its linear, almost filiform leaf segments, shortly pedunculate axillary flowers and the white-pilose indumentum of the corolla and inner sepals.
BRAZIL. Goiás, 16 km N of Alto Paraíso
Perennial herb to 40 cm from a tuberous rootstock, apparently unbranched or branched near the base only; stems erect, asperous-pubescent. Leaves sessile or very shortly petiolate, 1–7 segments radiating out from the base, segments 0.8–5 × c.0.1 cm linear, acute, 1-veined, thinly pilose to ±glabrous; petioles 0–2 mm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence terminal consisting of single flowers or compact few-flowered cymes from the uppermost leaf axils; peduncles 1–9 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 3 × 1.5–2 mm, oblong, rounded to retuse, thinly pubescent, margin scarious, caducous; pedicels 3–7 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 5–8 × 5–6 mm, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, pubescent except for the scarious margins, outer sometimes mucronulate, reddish, margins narrow, inner more rounded with broader scarious margins; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., somewhat lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Campo húmedo at relatively high altitudes in the Chapada dos Veadeiros.
This species is often identified as
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul, Serra de Maracaju, 17 Feb. 1970,
Slender twining liana of unknown height; stem woody, c. 2–3 mm thick, pale brown, shortly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into 5–7 free leaflets; leaflets 5–9 × 0.15–0.4 cm, linear, attenuate to a mucronate apex, basally tapered, margin inrolled; adaxally glabrous, midvein strongly impressed; abaxially white-tomentose, the midvein prominent, nearly glabrous; petioles 8–13 mm, thinly pubescent;. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 7–9 mm, very thinly pubescent with scattered hairs; bracteoles c. 1 mm long, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 8–10 mm long, very thinly pubescent with scattered hairs; sepals subequal, 8–10 × 6–7 mm, ovate to elliptic, acute to shortly mucronate, sericeous with narrow, scarious, glabrous margins, inner sepals white-sericeous with wider scarious margins; corolla 5–6 cm long, pink, sericeous in bud, funnel-shaped from a short basal cylindrical tube, limb c. 2 cm diam., lobes rounded. Capsules ovoid, apiculate, c. 10 mm long (immature), glabrous, ±enclosed by the sepals; seeds not known.
Figure
Apparently endemic to the Serra de Maracaju in Mato Grosso do Sul, where it grows on sandstone rock outcrops.
This species is almost certainly related to
PARAGUAY. Dept. Cordillera, Valenzuela, Jan. 1900,
Trailing perennial with densely coarsely hirsute stems. Leaves shortly petiolate, 5–12 × 2–5 ovate, ovate-deltoid to oblong-elliptic (rarely shallowly 3-lobed), acute, base cuneate to rounded, densely hirsute on both surfaces, abaxially paler; petioles 5–13 mm, hirsute. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–11 cm, hirsute; bracteoles filiform, 5–12 mm, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm, hirsute; sepals 14–18(–20) × 4–8 mm, slightly unequal, ovate, caudate, densely hirsute, inner with subglabrous, slightly scarious margins; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, densely pubescent, limb 4.5–5 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules 11 × 8 mm, ovoid, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds 6 × 3.5 mm, ovoid, blackish-brown, glabrous.
Endemic to Paraguay where it grows in cerrado-like vegetation.
We have not seen specimens of the type nor of
This species is characterised by its decumbent habit, coarsely hispid indumentum and long, caudate sepals. It is similar to
ARGENTINA. Misiones,
Decumbent (rarely climbing) perennial with stems to 4 m long; stems thinly hispid. Leaves shortly petiolate, 5–11 × 1–10, elliptic to obovate in outline, 3-lobed to about halfway, base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse to rounded, strongly mucronate, both surfaces thinly to densely hispid; petioles 0.5–2.5 cm, hispid pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, compact axillary cymes with up to c. 8 flowers; peduncles 3–12 cm, hispid; bracteoles 5–15 × 0.5–1 mm, linear or lanceolate, acuminate, hispid, margins scarious; secondary peduncles very short or absent, up to 1 cm long; pedicels 3–8 mm, hispid; sepals subequal, 10–16 × 3–4 mm, lanceolate to ovate, finely acuminate, densely hispid-pilose; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pilose; limb c. 4 cm diam.; stigma bilobed with globose lobes. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Scattered over southern Brazil and neighbouring parts of Argentina and Paraguay.
Similar to
O’Donell’s concept of this species contained elements of
BRAZIL. São Paulo, Taubaté,
Perennial with prostrate to ascending, appressed pubescent stems, rootstock tuberous with subcylindrical tubers. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.5–6.5 × 0.8–3.5 cm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to rounded, mucronulate, base cuneate, usually 3-lobed to half way (occasionally entire, rarely 5-lobed more deeply), finely pubescent on both surfaces; petioles 0.1–1.2 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes, often reduced to solitary flowers; peduncles 0.3–6 (–13) cm, pubescent; bracteoles filiform, 4 mm, caducous; pedicels 5–10 mm, pubescent; sepals 7–12 mm, subequal, narrowly ovate, subacute to obtuse, pubescent, the inner with broad, scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 5–6 cm long, white or pale pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous, limb c. 3–4 cm diam. Capsules c. 11 × 7 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Endemic to Brazil, where it is recorded principally from cerrados in Paraná, São Paulo and Minas Gerais states but is perhaps most common in São Paulo and Paraná.
This species was aptly named
URUGUAY or SOUTHERN BRAZIL.
Trailing perennial (but appears to be able to climb fide Rambo collection labels); stems at least 1 m long, shortly crisped-pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 5–13 × 2.5–9 cm, ovate or ovate-elliptic, rounded, truncate or broadly cuneate, apex subacute and mucronate, adaxially pubescent, abaxially paler, more densely pubescent; petioles 1–4.5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence od long-peduculate (1–)3(–4)-flowered axillary cymes, very occasionally branched and compound; peduncles 5.5–16 cm long, pubescent; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 6–8 mm long; pedicels 6–30 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 10–12 × 5–7 mm, elliptic, acute and shortly mucronate, densely pubescent, inner sepals white tomentose with scarious subglabrous margins; corolla c. 5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb c. 3.5 cm diam., apparently lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Apparently restricted to southern Brazil and adjacent eastern Paraguay.
In choosing a lectotype for this species, we have selected the only extant
This species is characterised by the inflorescence that consists of long-pedunculate, usually 3-flowered cymes and by the large ovate leaves, pubescent to subtomentose on both surfaces.
PARAGUAY. Canindeyú, Ygatimí,
Trailing or climbing perennial; stems 1–2 m long, pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3.5–10 × 1.5–7 cm, ovate, obtuse to retuse, mucronate, base rounded to weakly cordate, adaxially green, pubescent, abaxially white-sericeous with long hairs, the veins prominent and mostly without hairs; petioles 3–23 mm, densely pubescent. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedunculate; peduncles (0.5–)3–8 cm, thinly pubescent; bracteoles 2 mm, lanceolate, pubescent, caducous; pedicels 4–13 mm, densely pubescent; sepals subequal, 9–12 mm, ovate or ovate-elliptic, subacute, mucronate, sericeous, base with a conspicuous gland, inner sepals more densely hairy centrally but margin scarious and nearly glabrous; corolla 6–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, midpetaline bands sericeous; limb 4–4.5 cm diam., somewhat lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Apparently endemic to Canindeyú in eastern Paraguay, where it appears to be very rare:
We have not seen specimens of the type or of the infraspecific taxa at Geneva, so have not made any lectotypification. The Geneva specimens may, in fact, serve as holotypes.
Resembles
ARGENTINA. Entre Ríos, weiden bei Concordia, 15 Feb. 1876,
Trailing perennial; stems 1–3 m long, glabrous to pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–18 × 1.5–17 cm, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-rhomboid, base truncate to cuneate, apex subacute to rounded, mucronate, both surfaces green, subglabrous, adpressed pubescent to sericeous; petioles 1.3–4.5 cm, glabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary, usually compounded cymes with up to 8 flowers; primary peduncles 1–11 cm, glabrous or pubescent; secondary peduncles 2.5–6.7 cm; tertiary peduncles sometimes present; bracteoles lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm, nearly glabrous to sericeous, caducous; pedicels 8–23 mm, glabrous or pubescent; sepals subequal, 8–10 × 5–6 mm, outer sepals ovate, acute, pubescent, inner sepals oblong-elliptic, obtuse, more densely pubescent with nearly glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–6.5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pubescent; limb 4–5 cm diam.,undulate. Capsules 10–13 × 9 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 6–7 × 3.5 mm, black, obscurely pubescent.
This species is divisable into two relatively well-marked geographical subspecies based principally on leaf shape and inflorescence development.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4.5–11 × 1–3.5 cm, base cuneate, both surfaces finely sericeous; inflorescence of 1–3-flowered cymes.
Apparently endemic to the Department of Entre Ríos in Argentina.
This subspecies is very localised and morphologically uniform.
ARGENTINA. Prov. Corrientes, Depto. Santo Tomé, 16 km N de Santo Tomé,
In “hilly” grassland in NE Argentina and adjacent parts of Brazil.
This subspecies is very variable in indumentum and the number of flowers per cyme but is never sericeous on both surfaces of the leaf and the leaves are characteristically elliptic-rhomboid. It might merit recognition as a distinct species.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Chiquitos, entrando hacia Motacú por San Juanama, near Santiago de Chiquitos,
Vigorous trailing perennial herb; rootstock, woody, forked; stems angled, obscurely bifariously puberulent, glabrescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–7.5 × 1–4.5 cm, ovate, elliptic to suborbicular, apex emarginate and mucronate, obtuse or rounded, base truncate to very shallowly cordate, margin entire, green and glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 3–9 mm, glabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence of (1–)3(–5)-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–9 cm, glabrous to very thinly pubescent; secondary peduncles (when present) 7–8 mm; bracteoles 1.5 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, obtuse, caducous; pedicels 3–10 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 11–12 mm long, outer sepals narrowly ovate, obtuse to subacute, puberulent to pubescent, inner sepals ovate-elliptic, thinly to densely pubescent, c. 1 mm longer, margins scarious; corolla 5 –7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, in bud pubescent, limb c. 7 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules c. 13 × 10 mm, ovoid, rostrate with mucro 1.5 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7 × 3.5 mm, oblong, brown, obscurely puberulent but appearing glabrous, minutely scaly on margin.
Figure
Endemic to Bolivia, where it grows in cerrado on sandy soil in two areas of Santa Cruz Department.
Resembles
PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná,
Trailing perennial; stems stout, densely tomentellous. Leaves petiolate. 5–11 × 2–8 cm, ovate to elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, margin entire to slightly undulate, base broadly cuneate to shallowly cordate, both surfaces sericeous-tomentose, the venation highlighted; petioles 2–5 cm,tomentose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate 3–5-flowered cymes; peduncles 5–19 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 9–10 × 2.5 mm, tomentose, caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 2–4.5 cm; pedicels 6–25 mm, densely tomentose; sepals subequal or interior slightly shorter, 10–14 × 8–11 mm, broadly elliptic to subglobose, obtuse and mucronate, tomentose; corolla 7–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentose, limb 5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Paraguay and only known from two collections. It grows in open cerrado.
Very distinct are the silvery sericeous leaves with highlighted veins. It is very like forms of
ARGENTINA. Misiones, San Ignacio, 31 March 1948,
Decumbent perennial with thick root tubers, stems 3–6 m long, densely lanate but eventually glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 1.5–4.5 cm, broadly to narrowly ovate-elliptic, usually simple, sometimes weakly 1–2-lobed, rarely 5-partite, obtuse to acute, base rounded to cuneate, both surfaces woolly, the lower surface densely so; petioles 1–2(–6) cm. Inflorescence of compact pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 4–12 (–20) cm, lanate; bracteoles 5–12 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, lanate, moderately persistent; secondary peduncles, if present, 2–4.5 cm; tertiary peduncles (if present) up to 2.5 cm; pedicels often short, 0 –13 mm, densely lanate; outer sepals 10–14 mm, elliptic, lanate, obtuse; corolla 5–8 cm long, pink, the tube purplish inside, midpetaline bands woolly, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules glabrous; seeds densely tomentose, black.
A very rare, possibly extinct species known from single locations in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. Not recorded from Paraguay since 1943 or from Argentina since 1949 despite search in the San Ignacio area by Hector Keller. Probably a cerrado species.
This species is characterised by the white lanate indumentum, very short, densely lanate pedicels and the moderately persistent, relatively large bracteoles.
PARAGUAY. In viciniis Caaguazú,
Perennial subshrub; root a woody xylopodium of unknown size but at least 2 cm thick and 8 cm long; stems decumbent or ascending, woody, pilose, glabrescent when old, 10–40 cm long. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1.5–9.5 × 0.5–5, oblong to ovate, obovate or elliptic, often trifurcate on the same plant, apex obtuse or acute, mucronate, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margin entire, both surfaces pilose, more densely so on the veins; petioles 2–9 mm, pilose. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers arising from towards the base of the stem; peduncles 2.5–6 cm, pilose; bracteoles 13–27 × 1–3 mm, linear-lanceolate, pilose, persistent; pedicels 3–11 mm, pilose; sepals slightly unequal, lanceolate, finely acuminate, outer 17–20 × 3–6 mm, abaxially pilose, inner up to 22 mm long, the central area pilose, the margins scarious, glabrous; corolla 8.5–9.5 cm long, ±funnel-shaped, gradually widened from base, midpetaline bands densely pilose; limb 5–6 cm, diam., unlobed. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figures
Only known from the Department of Caaguazú in Paraguay, where it grows in cerrado.
BRAZIL. Goiás, Mision of Duro, Oct. 1839,
Erect herb to about 40 cm with a large woody tuberous root, the whole plant densely pilose with rather stiff white hairs swollen at the base. Leaves subsessile, 3–8 × 1–3.5 cm, oblong–obcuneate, obtuse, base cuneate, both surfaces pilose, green; petioles 0–2 mm. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired), pedunculate axillary flowers arising from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 1–4 cm; bracteoles 10–25 × 1–1.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, caducous; pedicels 3–6 mm; sepals slightly unequal, narrowly ovate, acuminate, pilose, 13–16 × 4 mm, inner sepals similar but with broad, glabrous margins; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, gradually widened from base, pink, pilose, the hairs with dark bases, limb c. 5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules 12 × 5 mm, narrowly ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 2–3 mm, dark brown, glabrous except for shortly pilose angles.
Figures
Widely distributed in the cerrados of Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia but nowhere very frequent.
A very distinct species because of its erect habit, subsessile leaves and stiff spreading hairs, which cover almost all parts of the plant including the corolla.
BRAZIL. Goiás, Rasgão, Corumbá [de Goiás],
Erect, usually branched perennial from woody xylopodium 20–40 cm high, stem asperous-pilose especially when young. Leaves subsessile, 3–6.5 × 0.5–2 cm, lanceolate to narrowly oblong-ovate, obtuse and mucronate, cuneate at base, densely adpressed asperous pilose on both surfaces. Flowers 1–3 (often solitary) in shortly pedunculate, dense axillary cymes from the uppermost leaf axils, all parts densely hirsute; peduncles 0.5–2 cm; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, acuminate 8–20 × 2–3.5 mm, persistent; pedicels 0–2 mm; sepals subequal, 8–10 mm, ovate, obtuse, densely pilose with stiff golden hairs, inner more obtuse, the margins glabrous, scarious; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, densely stiffly adpressed pilose; limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to Brazil, growing in cerrado in and around the Distrito Federal and neighbouring parts of Goiás.
Similar in general facies to
BRAZIL. Goiás, Serra dos Pyreneus,
Erect subshrub to c. 30 cm from a woody xylopodium, stem densely asperous-pilose. Leaves subsessile, 2.5–5 × 0.3–0.7 cm, narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, base narrowly cuneate, apex acute and mucronate, thinly but roughly pilose on margin and veins of both surfaces; petioles <2 mm long. Inflorescence congested, terminal, the flowers solitary, subsessile, from the uppermost leaf axils; peduncles 0–4 mm; bracteoles 7–8 mm, linear-lanceolate, thinly pubescent, ±equalling the sepals; pedicels absent; sepals subequal, 8–10 × 4 mm long, ovate, acuminate, appressed-pilose, inner obtuse to subacute and mucronate, the margins scarious, subglabrous; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, appressed pilose, limb c. 2 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to the Serra de Pireneus in Goiás State, Brazil, growing at relatively high altitudes of 1000–1300 m.
Somewhat similar to
Based on
Erect undershrub to 80 cm with tuberous rootstock, stems densely pubescent, glabrescent, branched at base but otherwise simple. Leaves subsessile, 2–6 (–9) × 0.5–2 (–3.5) cm, broadly oblong to oblong-elliptic, subacute (sometimes mucronulate), entire or undulate, base broadly cuneate, thinly to densely pubescent on both surfaces but especially below; petioles 0–3 mm, pubescent. Flowers in a leafy terminal raceme, solitary or in 2–3 flowered cymes, peduncles 2–6 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 1–3 mm long, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 4–7 mm, pubescent; sepals 7–12 mm, almost equal, lanceolate to oblong, obtuse to subacute, tomentose, the inner with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, deep pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous in bud and on midpetaline bands, limb unlobed, 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules 9–10 × 6 mm long, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm long, lanate with reddish marginal hairs.
An uncommon cerrado species from south-central Brazil.
This species resembles
Two collections from Santiago de Chiquitos in Bolivia (
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Velasco, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, la meseta, camino al Camp. Huanchaca 2,
Erect or ascending herb to 50 cm, rootstock a woody xylopodium with small tubers, stem adpressed pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–6 × 1–3.5 cm, ovate to elliptic, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex obtuse to rounded, minutely mucronate, margin entire, both surfaces densely pubescent with slightly asperous hairs, abaxially paler with prominent dull red veins; petiole 2–5 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes, commonly reduced to 1–2 flowers; peduncles 1–15 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–3 × 1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–4 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, outer 6–7 × 4–5 mm, ovate, acute to obtuse, mucronulate, pubescent, inner 6 × 4–5 mm, ovate-suborbicular, obtuse, mucronulate, pubescent, margin narrow, scarious; corolla pubescent in bud, somewhat glabrescent, white (rarely very pale pink), 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, limb c. 3 cm diam, indistinctly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Open cerrado (
A relatively distinct cerrado species with the characteristically shortly petiolate leaves of an erect or ascending species. It is similar to
The Rondônia collection,
Subshrub 1–1.5 m high; stems adpressed pubescent. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 4–15.5 × 1.5–7 cm, ovate to ovate-elliptic, apex obtuse and shortly mucronate, base broadly cuneate, both surfaces thinly pubescent, green, abaxially slightly paler; petioles 0–5 mm, puberulent. Inflorescence of axillary cymes, occasionally compounded or reduced to single flowers; peduncles 0.8–3.8 cm, stout, puberulent; bracteoles 1–2 mm long, ovate, caducous, puberulent; secondary peduncles 0.3–1.8 cm; pedicels 4–14 mm, puberulent; sepals subequal, ovate-elliptic, outer 6–7 × 3.5–4 mm, obtuse and shortly mucronate, puberulent with narrow scarious margins; inner c. 1 mm longer, rounded, pubescent with broad, glabrous, scarious margins; corolla c. 6 cm long, pink, funnel-saped, pubescent in bud; limb 4–4.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Only known from a single collection.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa,
Erect or decumbent subshrub with woody xylopodium, stems somewhat woody, pubescent to pilose, eventually glabrescent. Leaves subsessile, ±imbricate, 4–10 × 0.1–1 cm, linear or oblong, acute, mucronate, base broadly cuneate, adaxially thinly pubescent to glabrous, abaxially thinly pubescent, veins somewhat prominent; petioles 1–3 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate cymes from the upper leaf axils, these often reduced to single flowers; peduncles 2–15 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 1–2 mm, triangular, acute, caducous; pedicels 3–9 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, 8–11 × 3–4 mm, oblong-ovate, finely acute, thinly pubescent, inner with scarious margins, pubescent along midrib only, strongly mucronate; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb c. 2 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A cerrado species of central Brazil, apparently rare and with few modern collections.
In designating a lectotype of
This species is distinguished by its linear to oblong, acuminate, mucronate leaves and distinctly acute sepals. The type of
The type of
BRAZIL. Goiás, 5 km Alto Paraíso, Chapada dos Veadeiros, 1450 m,
Procumbent perennial herb, stems thinly pubescent, to 50 cm; rootstock a knotted woody xylopodium. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2–6 × 0.3–1.2 cm, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, base rounded, apex subacute to obtuse, very shortly mucronate, margin entire to undulate, glabrescent, the very young leaves pubescent; petioles 1–4 mm, puberulent. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired), axillary flowers borne on slender peduncles; peduncles 1.4–3.2 cm, slender, puberulent; bracteoles 3 × 1 cm, ovate, acuminate, relatively persistent; pedicels 5–6 mm, thinly puberulent; sepals subequal, outer 6–7 × 2.5–3 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, glabrous, inner similar but narrowly oblong-ovate, 7–8 mm long, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent centrally; corolla 3–4 cm long, pink, very sparsely pubescent on midpetaline bands, funnel-shaped, limb 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to Goiás State in central Brazil. It is one of several
BRAZIL. Goías: only known from the type collection.
Notes. Similar to
This has the appearance of a nearly glabrous prostrate form of
BRAZIL. Distrito Federal, Loc. Gama, BR 60, ca. 8.2 km do Tevo, DF-180 SO, disturbed campo sujo, dispersed locally, 15.5756S, 48.1059W, 1030 m, 26 Feb. 2015,
Perennial herb; rootstock a woody xylopodium; stems up to 80 cm long, 2 mm diam., decumbent, weakly ascending or, fide field notes, climbing, pubescent with relatively long, often twisted spreading and appressed hairs. Leaves shortly petiolate, 4–10 × 0.3–0.7 cm, narrowly oblong, entire, apex acute and shortly mucronate, base cuneate, both surfaces thinly pubescent but more densely abaxially; petioles 3–7 mm long, pubescent. Inflorescence of lax, compounded axillary cymes from the middle and upper leaf axils; cymes up to 15 cm long, rather narrow, diminishing in size upwards, irregularly racemose in form; peduncle 2–7 cm long, often extending into a rhachis, pubescent; primary bracteoles foliose, 9–12 × 1–3 mm, linear, acuminate, persistent; secondary peduncles 0.5–2 cm long, thinly pubescent; ultimate bracteoles 4–7 × 0.5–1 mm, linear lanceolate, finely acuminate, persistent; pedicels very short, 3–5 mm long, a few scattered hairs present; calyx ovate in outline; sepals subequal, 11–14 × 4–5 mm, ovate with distinct truncate base and long-attenuated acuminate apex, glabrous, the inner very slightly longer than outer sepals; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or reddish-purple, pubescent on the midpetaline bands, limb c. 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules 13–15 × 8 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 3.5 mm, ellipsoid, blackish-brown, glabrous except for pubescence along the angles.
Figure
Endemic to the Distrito Federal and Goiás State in Brazil, where it appears to be a rare species of cerrado.
The attenuate sepal tips raise doubts about this tentative placement as this shape is atypical of species in this clade.
Based on
Erect subshrub to 1.5 m of grey appearance, stem woody, white-villous above, pubescent below. Leaves sessile, numerous, imbricate, sometimes appearing opposite or verticillate, 2.5–6 × 0.5–2 cm, oblong to oblanceolate, base cuneate, apex acute and mucronate, adaxially minutely tomentellous, abaxially shortly silvery-grey tomentellous. Flowers aggregated above into a terminal racemose inflorescence simple or branched, 5–15 cm long, flowers solitary or in few-flowered pedunculate cymes, peduncles 0.5–2 cm long, tomentellous; bracteoles 4–6 mm, ovate, acute, deciduous; pedicels 3–6 mm, grey-tomentellous; sepals nearly equal, 7–8 × 3–6 mm, ovate to elliptic, grey-tomentellous, inner sepals similar but with broad scarious margins; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb lobed, c. 2 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 5–9 mm long, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds c. 5 × 2.5 mm, black with long silky marginal hairs.
Figure
Almost endemic to the Distrito Federal and Goiás State in Brazil. It appears to grow always in campo rupestre from around 800 m to over 1100 m. It is recorded from Mato Grosso in
BRAZIL. Goiás, 17/1/1829,
Erect undershrub to 1.5 m, stem woody, hispid-pilose with multicelular hairs, roots tuberous. Leaves subsessile, 3–6 × 1.2–2 cm oblong-oblanceolate, apex rounded and mucronate, base cuneate and slightly asymmetric, adaxially densely grey-pubescent, abaxially hispid-hirsute and gland-dotted; petioles 0–5 mm. Inflorescence terminal, simple, short to somewhat elongate, formed of shortly pedunculate cymes from the uppermost leaf axils; peduncles 0.5–1 cm, diminishing in size upwards; bracteoles up to 6 × 2 mm, linear-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 3–5 mm so cymes congested; sepals 5–7 mm, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, grey-tomentellous, similar, slightly accrescent in fruit; corolla c. 4 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, appressed pilose, limb c. 3 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules c. 10 × 6 mm, narrowly ovoid, glabrous; seeds woolly.
Scattered through the cerrados of central Brazil (most common in Mato Grosso), extending west to a single location in eastern Bolivia.
Close to
BOLIVIA. “Cochabamba”,
Erect perennial to 2 m, branched towards the apex, stems woody, tomentellous. Leaves subsessile, mostly 3–6 × 2–4 cm, oblong-obovate, apex rounded and apiculate, base rounded to truncate, slightly asymmetric, adaxially dark green and thinly pilose to subglabrous, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 0–4 mm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate cymes from the uppermost leaf axils forming a terminal panicle of raceme-like branches ; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles 9–12 × 1–2 mm, lanceolate, acute, ± persistent; pedicels 2–5 mm (so cymes very dense); sepals subequal, 7–9 × 3–4 mm, oblong-ovate, acuminate to shortly apiculate, grey-sericeous; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink with a darker centre, pubescent outside, the limb 2.5–3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not known.
Figure
Locally common in cerrados in Santa Cruz Department in Bolivia and adjacent areas of Mato Grosso extending sporadically eastwards to Minas Gerais.
The cited type locality of “Cochabamba” must be wrong as this is a plant of lowland cerrado vegetation, not inter-Andean dry valleys.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais,
Ascending or erect undershrub from a woody xylopodium, stems woody, somewhat lanate. Leaves sessile, 3–7 × 2.5–5 cm, broadly ovate to narrowly elliptic, obtuse and apiculate, broadly cuneate at base, adaxially pubescent, abaxially whitish-floccose. Inflorescence of lax axillary cymes, forming an elongate terminal raceme, often somewhat compound below with branches to 7 cm in length, so appearing paniculate; peduncles 1–4.5 cm, villous; bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate, caducous; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, 8–12 mm, ovate, acute, grey-tomentose; corolla 3–6 cm long, subcampanulate to broadly funnel-shaped, white(?), densely pilose with appressed hairs, limb 2.5–3.5 cm diam. Capsules (immature) 6–7 × 3–4 mm, narrowly ovoid, glabrous.
Apparently uncommon in both the cerrados of Brazil and Bolivia. In Bolivia only known from a single collection and in Brazil from scattered collections, mostly old, from three states.
A little known species with a paniculate inflorescence distinguished from
Based on
Erect undershrub to 1.5 m, the whole plant tomentose. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–5.5 × 1–2.5 cm, diminishing in size upwards, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate, broadly cuneate to subtruncate at base, paler abaxially, tomentose on both surfaces; petioles 2–5 mm, tomentose. Inflorescence terminal, elongate, formed of dense, few-flowered pedunculate cymes from the middle leaf axils, often with solitary flowers from the upper axils; peduncles 1–6 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 5–12 mm, ovate, acute, persistent; pedicels 0–5 mm, densely tomentose; sepals subequal, 10–12 × 5 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute,submucronate, lanate, inner with paler hyaline margins; corolla 5–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pilose; limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Possibly endemic to Minas Gerais in Brazil, gowing in cerrado.
Meisner cited three syntypes,
This species is distinct because of the erect habit and the persistent ovate bracts, which almost clasp the calyx as the pedicels are very short.
BRAZIL. Goiás, P.N. Chapada dos Veadeiros, ca. 1100 m, perto da sede do parque,
Erect perennial subshrub to 1 m, rootstock unknown, presumably a xylopodium, stem densely tomentose with white hairs. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 2.5–11 × 1–3.5 cm, oblong to narrowly-oblong-elliptic, margin entire, base cuneate, apex acute, mucronate, the mucro often bent, adaxially green, tomentose, abaxially whitish, tomentose, veins prominent; petioles 2–5 mm, tomentose. Inflorescence terminal formed of shortly pedunculate, 3-flowered cymes arising in the axils of the reduced uppermost leaves; peduncles 1–5.5 cm, grey-tomentose; lower bracteoles 15–20 × 4–7 mm, foliose, elliptic, acuminate to a fine point and ±mucronate, tomentose, persistent; upper bracteoles similar, but slightly smaller; pedicels 0–11 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, outer 15–18 × 6–8 mm, ovate, acuminate, submucronate, tomentose, inner 14–15 × 5–7 mm, tomentose with broad glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentose in bud, limb c. 4 cm diam., entire. Capsules 9 × 5 mm, ovoid, muticous, comose with shaggy, somewhat deciduous hairs; seeds 6 × 3 mm, glabrous apart from the fine white marginal hairs c. 5–6 mm long.
Figure
Endemic to relatively high altitudes between 1000 and 1250 m in the Chapada dos Veadeiros in Goiás, Brazil, apparently growing in rocky cerrado.
BRAZIL. Distrito Federal, Cabeça do Veado, March 1961,
Relatively slender twining or trailing herb, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2 –5.5 × 2–5 cm, ovate to suborbicular, mucronate, cordate with narrow basal sinus, pubescent to subtomentose on both surfaces, paler beneath; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm, pubescent. Flowers in 1–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 2–3 cm; bracteoles linear, 6–10 mm, pilose, persistent; pedicels c. 5 mm, densely pubescent; sepals subequal, 12–16 × 4–6 mm, densely pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate, inner paler and less hairy on paler margins; corolla 5–6.5 cm long, pilose, pink, funnel-shaped, the tube purple within, limb 4 cm diam., slightly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A local endemic species of cerrado in the Brazilian planalto at around 1100–1200 m near Brasilia.
Afzelius cited
This species is distinguished by its relatively slender habit, suborbicular leaves, persistent bracteoles and lanceolate sepals 12–16 mm long.
Based on
Vigorous perennial, sometimes growing as a liana, stems pubescent to tomentellous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10(–15) × 4–10(–15) cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex rounded and mucronate to acute or very shortly acuminate, adaxially dark green and densely puberulent, abaxially white-tomentose; petioles 2–11 cm, densely puberulent or tomentose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate axillary cymes, usually 3–5-flowered; peduncles 3–20 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 5 mm long, ovate, caducous; secondary peduncles mostly 6–10 mm; pedicels 5–12 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, 9–11 × 6–7 mm, ovate, grey-tomentose, often with a dark gland at base, acute to obtuse, inner slightly shorter with scarious margins; corolla 4.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentellous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 8–10 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7–8 mm long, glabrous except sericeous angles.
Figures
Common in the Andean region of northwestern Argentina extending into the south of Bolivia. It is found from around 700 to 2000 m in scattered locations by roadsides and along forest margins.
This species resembles
BOLIVIA. Tarija, Prov. O’Connor, on descent from Caneletas to Narvaéz, on road from Tarija to Entre Ríos,
Very vigorous liana-like perennial to 5 m; stems relatively stout, thinly pilose with long white hairs, spinulose with short triangular spines on angles. Leaves petiolate, 9–11 × 8–10 cm, ovate, base cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute to shortly mucronate, margin entire, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially paler, veins pilose and highlighted with whitish hairs, intercostal regions glabrous; petioles 5–9 cm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, lax, compound cymes comprising 5–10 flowers; primary peduncles very long, 17–21 cm, thinly pilose and with a few scattered stalked glands and spinules; secondary peduncles 3–3.5 cm, pilose; tertiary peduncles 2–3 cm; bracteoles 1.5 × 0.5 mm, oblong, caducous; pedicels 12–23 mm, densely white-pilose, bearded below flower; outer sepals 10–11 × 7 mm, ovate, obtuse to retuse, dark green when fresh, pubescent at centre near base, glabrous upwards and at margins, the scarious margins thin; inner sepals 10–11 × 8 mm, broadly elliptic, glabrous except near base, scarious margins broad; corolla 7.5–9 cm long, gradually widened from base, pink, in bud pubescent, limb c. 5 cm diam., undulate to weakly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to the Andes in Tarija Department, Bolivia, where it is locally common between 1600 and 2100 m in scrub and forest relics derived from former moist Tucuman-Bolivian forest.
Based on
Erect undershrub from a xylopodium to c. 75 cm, stems strigose, woody, not usually branched. Leaves sessile, rather numerous, 1.5–12 × 0.2–0.5 cm, linear to narrowly oblong, base cuneate, apex acute and mucronate, adpressed pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, usually short (c. 5 cm long) with a distinct rhachis, somewhat compact; flowers solitary from the upper leaf axils or in very shortly pedunculate cymes; peduncles 0–5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles c. 2 mm, lanceolate, fugacious; pedicels 3–10 mm, pubescence more spreading than on peduncles; sepals subequal, 4–6 mm (accrescent to 7 mm in fruit), ovate to suborbicular, obtuse to subacute, densely pubescent, the inner c. 1 mm longer than outer, rounded with wide, glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, adpressed pilose, limb 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 5–7 mm long, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds not seen.
Figure
A characteristic cerrado species, which is quite common in central Brazil but very localised in Paraguay and Bolivia.
We have designated the NY specimen of
This species might be confused with
BRAZIL. Distrito Federal, próximo ao posto Colorado Chacara FTRC, Centro Oeste,
Perennial undershrub; stems erect, to 1.2 m, sparingly branched, grey-puberulent to subsericeous. Leaves subsessile, 4–12 × 0.1–0.5 cm, linear to narrowly oblong, obtuse, shortly mucronate, both surfaces grey-puberulent to subsericeous, abaxaially paler with one prominent longitudinal vein; petioles 0–3 mm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of few-flowered cymes from the upper leaf-axils, forming a terminal usually elongate inflorescence up to 15 cm in length; bracts formed of reduced leaves, caducous so inflorescence appearing naked; peduncles 1–4 mm, grey-tomentellous; bracteoles 1.5 mm, linear, tomentellous, caducous; pedicels 3–7 mm, grey-tomentellous; sepals subequal, 7.5–8 × 3–4 mm, broadly oblong, obtuse to rounded, grey-tomentose, the inner with broad glabrous, scarious margins; corolla c. 4.5 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped; limb c. 4 cm diam.; ovary conical. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to the Distrito Federal and Goiás State in Brazil, where it appears to be a rare species of cerrado.
Based on
Erect perennial herb or subshrub from a xylopodium; stems to 0.75 cm, unbranched or branched at the base, yellow-brown, woody and glabrous below, pubescent above. Leaves subsessile, 3–12 × 0.5–1.2 cm, oblong, base cuneate, apex obtuse and strongly mucronate with a deflexed falcate tip, shortly floccose on both surfaces, adaxially grey-green, abaxially paler, prominently 3–5-veined; petioles 0–2 mm. Inflorescence terminal, compact and subcapitate, 3–5 cm long, composed of 1–3-flowered subsessile cymes; bracts rarely present, linear, foliose, < 1.5 cm long, peduncles 2 mm, white-tomentose; bracteoles 2 × 1 mm, obovate, retuse, papery, caducous; pedicels 4–5 mm, denselytomentose; sepals subequal, 7–7.5 × 7 mm, suborbicular to broadly elliptic, rounded, densely white tomentose; corolla 4–5 cm long, pink, broadly funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb 5 cm diam., unlobed.
Endemic to the Sierra de Amambay.
The oblong, shortly floccose, abaxially prominently veined leaves with deflexed mucronate apex, compact terminal inflorescence with tomentose suborbicular sepals are distinctive.
PARAGUAY. Canindeyú, Ipé hú, Yerbales, Sierra de Maracayu, Oct. 1898,
Erect undershrub to 1 m with a stout stem, the whole plant densely grey-tomentose. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 10–14 × 3–6 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, obovate or narrowly elliptic, subacute, very shortly mucronate, cuneate at base; petioles 2–3 mm. Flowers solitary, arising in the upper leaf axils; peduncles 2.5–5 cm; bracteoles 1.5–3.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, born below the calyx; pedicels absent or nearly so; sepals subequal, 18–22 mm, narrowly ovate to elliptic, obtuse, densely villous-tomentose; corolla 7–9 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pilose on midpetaline bands, limb 6 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Eastern Paraguay and neighbouring parts of Brazil in “campo”. There have been no records from Paraguay for about a hundred years.
This species is distinguished by the dense floccose indumentum, obovate –oblanceolate leaves, and the long pedunculate solitary flowers lacking pedicels.
BRAZIL. “Rio de Janeiro”,
Trailing perennial herb; stems asperous-hirsute, at least 80 cm long. Leaves shortly petiolate, 4–10 × 2–4 cm, broadly oblong, less commonly ovate, apex obtuse and mucronate, base broadly cuneate to rounded, both surfaces roughly pubescent, abaxially whitish; petioles 0.6–1.6 cm, hirsute. Inflorescence of rather compact, pedunculate cymes arising in the axils of leaf-like bracts towards the apex of the stems; bracts resembling small leaves diminishing markedly in size towards the tips; peduncles 0.5–9 cm, sometimes extended to form the rhachis of a racemose inflorescence; bracteoles 12–15 mm, linear, finely acuminate, persistent, hirsute with white or reddish hairs; secondary peduncles c. 5 mm; pedicels 5–12 mm, hirsute; sepals subequal, 12–18 × 4–5 mm, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, densely villous, outer densely brownish villous, inner paler the central hairs brownish, the marginal hairs whitish; corolla 4–5 cm long, white with dark centre, funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb c. 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Apparently endemic to Minas Gerais State in Brazil, where it grows in cerrado.
See
This species resembles
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Caldas,
Twining herb to 1 m, stems tomentellous and somewhat glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–6.5 × 2.5–5.5 cm, entire and ovate or 3-lobed to half way with the sides almost parallel, base weakly cordate or truncate with rounded auricles, apex rounded on central lobe, acute on laterals, strongly mucronate, adaxially thinly tomentose, greenish, abaxially densely white-tomentose with long appressed hairs; petioles 2.5–5 cm, densely pubescent. Inflorescence of moderately dense, few-flowered, axillary cymes, peduncles 4–9 cm, tomentellous; bracteoles 8–12 mm, linear to linear-lanceolate, tomentellous, somewhat persistent; pedicels 2–14 mm, tomentellous; sepals subequal, 9–13 mm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, densely softly pilose, inner with pale, glabrous margins; corolla c. 4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent; limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Apparently endemic to Minas Gerais State in Brazil.
Resembling
The Paris specimen cited above is ambiguously labelled but is probably an isotype.
PARAGUAY. Sierra de Amambay,
Erect perennial undershrub to 1 m, stems stout, white-lanate. Leaves subsessile, 4.5–12 × 1.5–2 cm, oblong, apex falcate, acute and strongly apiculate, base attenuate, softly tomentose on both surfaces, veins beneath prominent; pedicels 0–5 mm. Inflorescence terminal, elongate, up to 30 cm long, flowers in sessile or shortly pedunculate few-flowered cymes, (often solitary) in the axils of leaf-like bracts which diminish in size upwards; peduncles 0–0.7 cm; bracteoles 7–11 mm, linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, deciduous; pedicels 3–10 mm, densely tomentose; sepals slightly unequal, 9–12 × 6–7 mm, ovate, acute, mucronate, densely white-tomentose, inner sepals broader and slightly shorter; corolla 5.5–7.5 cm long, pink, densely pilose in bud and on midpetaline bands, limb c. 4 cm diam., entire. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A cerrado species endemic to the Sierra de Amambay.
Distinguished by the prominently mucronate, falcate (and bent down) leaf tips, oblong, tomentose laminas, and elongate inflorescence with shortly pedunculate flowers with short pedicels.
PARAGUAY. Amambay, Cabecera Estrella, Pedro Juan Caballero, Sept. 1933,
Subshrub with erect stems from a xylopodium to c. 60 cm, stems pilose with long soft hairs. Leaves subsessile, ovate to broadly elliptic, acute and mucronate, rounded to subcordate at base, prominently veined especially abaxially, both surfaces densely adpressed asperous-pilose, the hairs bulbous-based; borders highlighted, densely white-ciliolate; petioles 2–3 mm, pubescent. Flowers solitary from the upper leaf axils; peduncles suppressed or very short, 0–4 mm, pilose; bracteoles 6–7 mm, linear; pedicels 4–8 mm, pilose; sepals 10–13 × 4 mm long, subequal, ovate, acuminate, sericeous, similar but inner subacute and mucronate, c. 5 mm wide; corolla 6–9 cm long, pink, midpetaline bands sericeous, limb 4–6 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to the Sierra de Amambay in Paraguay, where it was probably found growing in cerrado. There have been no confirmed records for over eighty years.
Characterised by the subsessile, broadly elliptic leaves with highlighted ciliolate margins and the solitary axillary flowers, the peduncles nearly suppressed and the pedicels short.
PARAGUAY. Villarrica,
Erect subshrub from a woody rhizome, stems tomentose, eventually glabrescent. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 1.5–5 × 0.7–2.5 cm, oblong-elliptic or ovate-elliptic, mucronate, base rounded to cuneate, adaxially densely pubescent, green, abaxially silvery tomentose with long appressed hairs, veins moderately prominent; petioles 2–3 mm long. Inflorescence terminal, panicle-like formed of 1–3-flowered cymes; peduncles up to 1.5 cm; bracteoles 5–9 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–7 mm; sepals 6–8(–10 mm in fruit), ovate to suborbicular, obtuse, mucronate, tomentose, inner with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, tomentose, limb 3.5 cm diam. Capsules 10–12 × 7 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous seeds 5–6 × 3.5 mm, blackish, pilose on margins, the hairs c. 8 mm long, deciduous.
Figure
Endemic to cerrados in Paraguay and recorded from three departamentos but apparently rare.
Characterised by the discoloured elliptic leaves.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Vallegrande, Guadalupe, 350 m de la represa sobre senda a La Estancia Collana,
Perennial herb, stems decumbent or ascending, 0.5–1.5 m long, relatively stout and slightly woody, densely white-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 5–11.5 × 2.5–7 cm, ovate to subrhomboid, acute and shortly mucronulate, base truncate to broadly cuneate, adaxially grey-green, densely pubescent with long hairs, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 0.5–2 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence subterminal formed of pedunculate 1–3(–5)-flowered cymes from the upper leaf axils; bracts similar to the leaves but smaller, diminishing in size upwards, peduncles 6–12 cm, white-tomentose; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; bracteoles 5–8 mm, linear to filiform; pedicels 5–12 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, 8–10 × 3–4 mm, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, outer densely tomentose, the inner similar but with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, in bud tomentose on exterior, at maturity somewhat glabrescent but with pubescent midpetaline bands, limb 5.5–6 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to the Vallegrande area in the Bolivian inter-Andean valleys where it is uncommon in open grassy scrubland on hillsides from 1900 to 2200(–2500) m.
This appears to be a rather isolated species morphologically. The subterminal inflorescence suggests it is essentially erect or ascending in habit, as indicated by most field notes, but it is unlike most erect species in South America in its broad leaves and Andean habitat.
BOLIVIA. Tarija, Prov. Aniceto Arce Ruiz, La Merced, 30 km de Padcaya hacia Bermejo,
Stout trailing or weakly ascending plant; stems lanate. Leaves petiolate, 7–10 × 6–10 cm, ovate, base cordate with rounded overlapping auricles, apex acute, adaxially appressed white-villous, abaxially densely white lanate-tomentose; petiole 3–6 cm. Flowers 1(–3) in pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 5–7 cm, lanate, straight or nearly so; bracteoles 2–3 mm, lanceolate, somewhat persistent; pedicels 8 mm; sepals subequal, 15 × 5 mm, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, obtuse, lanate; corolla 7–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, uniformly pink, tomentose at base and on midpetaline bands, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to Southern Andean Bolivia at around 2000 m; rare and only known from five collections.
This species bears a superficial resemblance to
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Gran Chaco, 10–20 km from Villamontes towards Palos Blancos,
Vigorous liana climbing over other plants to c. 3 m, stems woody, pale brown, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, slightly succulent and often transversely folded, 5–7 × 4–5 cm, broadly ovate, shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate to a mucronate apex, margin entire, both surfaces pale green and glabrous; petioles 2–3.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes with up to five flowers; peduncles 2–3.5 cm, rigid, glabrous; bracteoles 2–4 × 1 mm, lanceolate, boat-shaped, scurfy puberulent, caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 1–2.5 cm; pedicels (1–)2.2–3 cm, straight, glabrous below, upwards thickened, scurfy puberulent; sepals subequal, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, ovate, puberulent, each with two swollen glabrous appendages on each side towards the base, outer sepals acute to obtuse, mucronate, inner sepals obtuse to rounded, minutely mucronate, margins scarious, glabrous; corolla 6.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, uniformly pink, puberulent in bud, glabrescent at anthesis, limb 5 cm diam., undulate but not lobed. Capsules ovoid, 6 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds 1.6 × 1 mm. ovoid, obtuse, brown, glabrous.
Figures
Endemic to southern Bolivia where it grows in chaco scrub between Villamontes and Palos Blancos in the Andean foothills at 500–650 m.
This species shows some similarity to
BRAZIL. Ceará, Salvarão,
Vigorous liana-like twiner of unknown height; stems stout, herbaceous, glabrous to thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 10–12 × 8–13 cm, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, mucronate, base cordate with rectangular sinus and rounded auricles, margin entire to obscurely undulate; both surfaces glabrous or abaxial veins thinly pubescent; petioles 6–8.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes, sometimes compound, peduncles 1.3–7.5 cm, glabrous; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 2.5–8 cm; tertiary peduncles up to 6.5 cm; pedicels 6–26 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous or almost so, outer 8–9 × 5 mm, elliptic, mucronate, the margin narrow, scarious; inner 9–10 × 7–8 mm, the margins broad, scarious; corolla 11–12 cm long, pale pink with darker centre, funnel-shaped, pilose on the midpetaline bands, limb 8–9 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A rare species of northeastern Brazil.
Clearly part of the
ARGENTINA. Salta, Dept. Rivadavia, Pluma del Pato, 13 Feb. 2005,
Twining perennial liana to at least 3 m, stems glabrous or sparsely pubescent when young, becoming woody with corky bark when old. Leaves petiolate, 2–4 × 2.5–5.5 cm, broadly ovate to subreniform, abruptly acuminate, shallowly cordate, glabrous or very thinly pubescent, abaxially somewhat paler; petioles 2–4 cm, slender. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes, often raceme-like on short side branches; peduncles short, 1–2 cm, commonly somewhat woody; bracteoles 2 mm, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–10 mm; pedicels 10–16 mm; sepals subequal, outer 6–8 × 3–4 mm, ovate-elliptic, subacute, thinly pubescent, inner sepals c. 1 mm longer, rounded, the central part pubescent but with glabrous scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, sometimes with pink centre, pubescent in bud and on midpetaline bands, limb 3–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 8 × 6 mm, glabrous, rostrate, the style base persistent; seeds 5 mm long, long-pilose.
Figure
A western Chaco species found in NW Argentina, western Paraguay and southern Bolivia.
Some of the cited paratypes of this species including
“URUGUAY” (possibly south Brazil fide
Twining perennial herb reaching 2 m, stems thinly pubescent to subglabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 4–10 cm, broadly ovate, cordate, acute and apiculate, minutely scabridulous to thinly appressed pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially paler, often dark gland-dotted, sometimes densely appressed pilose and somewhat velutinous; petioles 2.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of long pedunculate, many-flowered, lax, compound cymes; peduncles 2.5–20 cm, glabrous to puberulent; bracteoles linear, 3–4 mm, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–5.5 cm; tertiary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; quaternary peduncles 0.5–1 cm; pedicels 3–5 mm long, puberulent; sepals subequal 5–7.5 × 3.5–4.5 mm, ovate, acute to shortly apiculate, the apex erect (often slightly bent backwards), tomentellous, often dotted with dark glands, inner elliptic, obtuse to subacute, the margins scarious; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, pale pink with a darker centre, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb 3–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 7 × 6 mm, rostrate with mucro c. 3 mm long, glabrous; seeds 4 × 2 mm, long pilose on margins with hairs to 8 mm.
Figures
This subspecies is distinguished by its leaves, which are abaxially glabrous to thinly pubescent. The sepals are relatively long, usually 6–7.5 mm in length.
Found around the north and east of the Chaco in Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil and, like a number of Chaco species, also present in NE Brazil. In Bolivia it has been mostly found at low altitudes along the line of the new road from Santa Cruz to Brazil and was notably more common immediately following its construction, becoming less common in subsequent years.
BRAZIL. Pernambuco. Tapera,
The principal variety in NE Brazil and the only variety in Venezuela.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Congonhas do Campo,
Twining perennial herb of unknown height, stems thinly pubescent to glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–13 × 4–10.5 cm, broadly ovate, cordate, acute or subacute and apiculate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, glabrous, thinly pubescent or puberulent on the veins only; petioles 2–9 cm, glabrous below, puberulent upwards. Inflorescence of pedunculate, many-flowered, lax, compound cymes; peduncles 2.5–9 cm, glabrous; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, spreading at right angles to the peduncle; tertiary peduncles 0.5–1.5 cm; pedicels 7–13 mm long, pubecent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6–7 × 3–4 mm, ovate, obtuse to rounded, thinly pubescent, inner 7–11 × 6–7 mm, obovate, rounded, nearly completely scarious, glabrous; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb 4–4.5 cm diam., unlobed, midpetaline bands ending in a point. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A rare species of Caatinga in the the Brazilian planalto.
Obviously part of the
BOLIVIA.
Vigorous twining species 3–4 m high, stems relatively stout, adpressed pilose; rootstock large tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 5–14 × 4–16 cm, 3-lobed to about half way, apex shortly acuminate and mucronate, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate to weakly cordate with rounded auricles, central lobe slightly narrowed to base, adaxially punctate with hair bases and scattered hairs, abaxially softly adpressed silvery-grey pilose, usually gland-dotted; petioles 2–11 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of lax pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2–10 cm, densely pubescent; bracteoles 2 mm, scale-like, silvery-pilose, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5 cm; pedicels 7–8 mm, densely silvery-pilose; sepals slightly unequal, sericeous, outer 10–11 × 4–6 mm, ovate, acute, grey-sericeous, the inner sepals c. 6 mm wide. oblong-elliptic, rounded to truncate, the margin scarious and glabrous; corolla 7–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, mauve, sericeous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not known.
Figures
Endemic to NW Bolivia. This is a local species of moist forest and forest relics in the Andean foothills below 700 m.
The syntype from Guanay (NY 00319205) is labelled as holotype but this is not correct. We have selected
This species is morphologically close to
COLOMBIA. Meta, El Mico airstrip, last savannah before Río Guajar, 6 Nov. 1949,
Climbing perennial herb of unknown height; stems densely pubescent to subtomentose. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–5.5 × 2.8–5 cm, ovate, entire or shallowly 2–3-lobed, apex acute, mucronate, base truncate to shallowly cordate, adaxially green, thinly adpressed-pilose, abaxially densely silvery-tomentose with rather long appressed hairs; petioles 2–3.8 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1.2–5 cm; bracteoles 12–20 × 1–7 mm, linear to oblanceolate-narrowly elliptic, foliose, variable in size and shape; secondary peduncles 6 mm; pedicels 5–6 mm; sepals subequal, densely appressed-pilose, outer 11–14 × 7–8 mm, ovate, acute, inner similar but obtuse and margins scarious, glabrous; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, white with pale pink centre, pubescent, funnel-shaped; limb c. 4 cm diam., entire; longer filaments c. 25 mm, shorter 12–14 m. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Only known from the plains below the Sierra de Macarena.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais,
Liana with thick stems. Leaves petiolate, 4–7 × 3.5–6.5 cm, ovate, broadly cuneate to ±truncate, obtuse and apiculate, adaxially green and thinly appressed pilose above, beneath grey-tomentose with long, appressed hairs; petioles 2.5–4.2 cm, densely pubescent. Inflorescence of dense compact pedunculate cymes; peduncles often short, 1–4 cm, usually grey-tomentose; bracteoles 5–10 mm long, filiform, grey-tomentose, somewhat persistent; secondary peduncles 0.5–1 cm; pedicels 3–8 mm, rather short; sepals subequal, 9–10 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, silvery-sericeous; corolla 6.5–7 cm long, pink, adpressed sericeous with long hairs. Capsules glabrous; seeds glabrous, shiny blackish-brown with long silky hairs on margins.
Endemic to the cerrados of the planalto of Brazil at c. 700–1000 m.
We have selected the Clausen collection at BR as the lectotype and this is duplicated in various other herbaria. We specifically exclude NY00319222 as it appears to be a mixed collection with
BRAZIL. Goiás: Colinas do Sul, arredores da Serra de Jipe, 500 m,
Liana of unknown height, stems thinly pubescent; leaves petiolate, 3–5 × 3.5–5.5 cm, ovate, apex obtuse and long-cuspidate (mucro c. 3–4 mm), base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially very sparsely pubescent to subglabrous, abaxially grey-tomentose, gland-dotted; petioles 2.5–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate lax axillary cymes; peduncles 7–11 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.3–2.2 cm; tertiary peduncles c. 10 mm; pedicels 4–5 mm; sepals unequal, outer 11–12 × 8–9 mm, obovate-elliptic, rounded, thinly tomentellous; inner 8–9 × 6 mm, densely tomentose in central part but with broad, glabrous scarious margins; corolla 5–5 cm long, appearing broadly tubular but not fully open, probably funnel-shaped when open, pale pink. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Cerrados of central Brazil but only known from the type collection.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Chiquitos, entre Limoncito y Roboré,
Trailing perennial; stem densely villous, glabrescent when old. Leaves petiolate, mostly 4–8 × 4–8 cm, shallowly cordate with the base broadly cuneate, auricles rounded, 3(–5)-lobed, the 4th and 5th lobes often poorly developed, lobes broadly ovate, elliptic or obovate, often overlapping, acute or obtuse and strongly mucronate wth mucro 2–3 mm long, densely grey appressed-pilose on both surfaces but abaxially paler; petioles 2.5–7 cm, softly pilose. Inflorescence of pedunculate, (2–)5-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 5.5–14 cm, pilose; bracteoles 3–7 × 1 mm, lanceolate, scarious, pilose, somewhat persistent; secondary peduncles 0.6–1.8 cm; pedicels 0.6–1.2 cm, pilose; sepals minutely gland-dotted on the exterior, unequal, outer 12–14 × 4 mm, broadly lanceolate, shortly acuminate, adpressed-pilose; inner 13–14 × 5 mm, oblong-obovate, rounded to acute, the central region pubescent, marginal part broad, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, the limb c. 5 cm diam., distinctly lobed with ovate acute lobes, densely pilose in bud but somewhat glabrescent, the midpetaline bands thinly pilose on open corollas. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
A species of the northern Chaco growing in somewhat degraded bushland in Bolivia and the extreme north of Paraguay.
PARAGUAY. Sierra de Amambay,
Trailing perennial, the whole plant densely sericeous-pilose, often silvery in colour; rootstock unknown but probably woody. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–13 × 2.5–15 cm, usually weakly 3–5-palmately lobed,(sometimes entire, broadly ovate), base broadly cuneate to subtruncate, lobes oblong-deltoid, the laterals often poorly developed, apex obtuse and mucronate; petioles 2–12 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate solitary or clustered, axillary flowers; peduncles 5–20 cm; bracteoles 1.5–2.5 cm long, usually filiform but sometimes lanceolate (to 4 mm wide) or, even, as in type, foliose, spathulate-elliptic, reaching 5 × 1.5 cm; pedicels 1–8 mm, the hairs more patent than on peduncle; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, 18–25 × 3–5 mm; corolla 7–10 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, pilose, limb undulate, 3–4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
A local species endemic to the Sierra de Amambay in Paraguay and neighbouring parts of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, apparently always growing in cerrado.
ARGENTINA. Salta, pasaje del Río Juramento,
Twining or, less commonly, trailing perennial, roots with small tubers, stems densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, mostly 2–8 × 3–10 cm, broadly ovate to suborbicular, shallowly cordate to ±truncate with rounded auricles, apex acute and apiculate, adaxially green and appressed pilose, abaxially grey, tomentose with long, appressed hairs; petioles 1–8 cm. Inflorescence of compact pedunculate cymes; peduncles 4–7(–11) cm, usually grey-tomentellous; bracteoles 1.2–2 × 0.1–0.3 cm long, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, grey-tomentose, persistent; secondary peduncles 0.3–4 cm; pedicels 0–10 mm, often very short, tomentellous; sepals subequal, 9–10 × 4–5 mm, broadly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, silvery-sericeous, the inner ovate with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 5–7 cm long, pale pink, adpressed-pilose, funnel-shaped, limb 3–4 cm diam., undulate to very shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 8–9 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds 6–7 mm long, long-pilose.
Figure
A species of the western Chaco in northern Argentina, western Paraguay and southern Bolivia. It is a lowland species of roadsides and disturbed bushy habitats, not found above 600 m. It is particularly common around the city of Santa Cruz in Bolivia. We have not traced the record from Brazil (
Distinguished from all similar species (
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Cordillera, Pie de la Muela del Diablo, Boyuibe-Camiri,
Robust twining perennial usually 2–5 m high, stems pubescent, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, 4–13 × 3–12 cm, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, terminating in a fine hair point, base shallowly cordate to truncate, margin slightly undulate, adaxially green, thinly adpressed-pubescent, abaxially grey, densely pubescent; petioles 3–10 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with 1–8 flowers, somewhat dense; peduncle 4.5–26 cm, usually rather stout, pubescent; lower bracteoles 2–2.5 × 0.2–0.8 cm, oblong to oblong-elliptic; secondary peduncles 1.5–4 cm; upper bracteoles 9–18 × 1 mm, linear-lanceolate, terminating in a long fine point, pubescent, somewhat persistent; pedicels 2–10 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 11–16 × 6–7 mm, ovate, acuminate to a fine point, grey-pilose with conspicuous spreading hairs, inner ovate-elliptic, acute, silvery-pilose with hairs weakly spreading; corolla c. 8 cm long, uniformly pink, silky pubescent on the exterior, funnel-shaped, limb 5 cm diam., shallowly-lobed. Capsules 10–11 × 10 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 3–3.5 mm, brown, glabrous apart from the 10 mmlong white marginal hairs.
Figures
Endemic to Bolivia, growing in dry chaco scrub woodland along the Andean foothills from Camiri south to the Villamontes area, between 500 and 1500 m, largely replacing
Similar to
ARGENTINA. Salta, Dept. Campo Santo, Juramento,
Trailing perennial herb, stems sparsely pubescent, somewhat stout and slightly fleshy, up to 2 m long, rootstock stout, often 10 × 10 cm or more, tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 3–7 cm, ovate-deltoid, ovate or suborbicular, obtuse to acute, base broadly cordate to subtruncate, the margin undulate to dentate, white-canescent when young but when mature adaxially dark green and glabrous, abaxially puberulent especially on the veins; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate 1–3-flowered cymes; peduncles 1–7.5 cm; bracteoles not known, fugacious; pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals slightly unequal, 8–10 × 6–7 mm at anthesis but accrescent to 13 mm in fruit, ovate-elliptic, pubescent, outer sepals subacute, inner sepals slightly longer, scarious-margined, obtuse to rounded, sometimes mucronate; corolla 4–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, densely adpressed pilose, limb 5–6.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 1.5 × 0.8 mm, ovoid, acute to rostrate, glabrous; seeds 9 × 4 mm, densely woolly.
Inter-Andean dry valleys of northern Argentina and southern Bolivia between about 650 m and 2600 m in small, scattered populations on open stony or sandy slopes.
Readily identified by its trailing habit, stout stem, thinly pubescent, undulate leaves, pubescent sepals and corolla. Although the leaves are variable in shape, there is no other similar species in the inter-Andean valleys.
PARAGUAY. [Concepción], San Luis,
Robust perennial reaching 6 m; stems trailing or twining, glabrous, usually slightly winged, the wings muricate. Leaves petiolate, 5–11 × 5–9 cm, ovate, base broadly cordate to subtruncate, apex shortly acuminate, margin entire to undulate, often denticulate near base, adaxially glabrous, abaxially puberulent especially on the veins, sometimes glabrescent; petioles 3–10 cm, slightly winged below. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles often erect, straight, subglabrous, 3–10 cm; bracteoles minute, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles stout, 2–8 cm; pedicels 1–3 cm; sepals subequal, glabrous to very sparsely pubescent, margins scarious, outer sepals 10–12 × 7–9 mm, broadly ovate or elliptic, obtuse to rounded; inner sepals 11–13 × 8–9 mm, accrescent to 15 mm in fruit elliptic or suborbicular, rounded to retuse (sometimes mucronulate), with broader scarious margins; corolla 9–11 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent in bud and at tips of midpetaline bands, limb 4–5 cm diam., weakly lobed; stamens included, slightly unequal, very short, c. 8–10 mm long, style biglobose. Capsules 15–16 × 11–12 mm, ovoid to ellipsoid, very shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 6–11 × 3–4 mm, pilose on the angles.
Figure
Fairly common in the Andean foothills of the Chaco region of Bolivia below 1000 m, most commonly near the town of Camiri, but with a single collection from northern Paraguay.
This species has been the source of much confusion in Brazil and elsewhere.
Based on
Vigorous climbing perennial; stem somewhat woody, pubescent, rootstock a swollen tuber. Leaves petiolate, 6–13 × 5–10 cm, ovate (rarely irregularly lobed to halfway), shortly but finely acuminate, mucronate, base subtruncate to cordate with rounded auricles, glabrous above, abaxially glabrous to tomentellous; petioles 7–9 cm, thinly to densely pubescent. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate cymes with mostly 3–5(–10) flowers; peduncles 4–8 cm, relatively stout; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 1.2–1.8 cm; pedicels 1–3 cm, thickened upwards, puberulent, with tendency to recurve; sepals subequal, outer 8–13 × 4–7 mm, ovate to elliptic, acute or obtuse, uniformly puberulent to tomentellous, occasionally nearly glabrous, inner sepals more obovate to sunorbicular, rounded, the central area more densely hirsute and the wide margins scarious and glabrous; corolla (7–)9–11 cm long, pink, sericeous in bud and on midpetaline bands, narrowly funnel-shaped, limb undulate, c. 6 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 10–14 × 9–10 mm, glabrous; seeds 8–10 × 4 mm, brown, densely pilose to woolly, hairs white, 5–12 mm long, of different lengths.
An extract from the roots is used medicinally.
UNITED STATES. In maritimis Georgiae et Floridae, (lectotype P00625543, designated here).
Vigorous trailing perennial of sea shores; stems puberulent, rootstock a stout tuber. Leaves petiolate, 4–18 × 4.5–17 deltoid in outline, 3-lobed or (less commonly) entire, obtuse to shortly falcate-acuminate, base truncate and then cuneate onto the petiole, margin undulate to serrate, adaxially minutely punctate, thinly pubescent, glabrescent, abaxially grey-tomentellous; petioles 1.5–9.5 cm, pubescent and sometimes muricate. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes, flowers often solitary; peduncles 1.3–10 cm, tomentose, glabrescent; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 7–24 mm; pedicels 10–30 mm, thickened upwards; sepals obtuse, sometimes mucronate with a broad point, tomentellous, unequal, outer oblong-lanceolate, 13–15 × 4–5 mm, inner oblong-ovate, 14 –16 × 6–7 mm, the margins glabrous, scarious, strongly accrescent in fruit to 22 × 10 mm; corolla 10–11 cm long, white with a pink throat, tomentellous on mid-petaline bands, tube cylindrical and only slightly widened for c. 5 cm, then abruptly flared and funnel-shaped, limb c. 8 cm diam., apparently entire. Capsules 15–20 × 12–15 mm, ovoid with short persistent style, glabrous; seeds 12 × 5 mm densely lanate with hairs 10–15 mm long.
Figure
Endemic to the south eastern coasts of the USA from North Carolina to Florida and west to Mississippi.
In designating a lectotype, we have chosen the only original specimen at Paris with a corolla.
A coastal species resembling
MEXICO. Nuevo León, Monterrey,
Perennial with woody, tuberous rootstock; stems probably trailing. Leaves petiolate, polymorphic, young leaves up to 7 × 4 cm, ovate-deltoid, obtuse, base very broadly cuneate so some leaves subrhomboid; older leaves up to 12 × 14 cm, digitately 7-lobed to just halfway, the central lobe oblong-elliptic, the inner four oblong, the outermost two ovate with a broad, basal appendage, base subcordate and cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially thinly punctate, abaxially tomentose when young, glabrescent; petioles 2–6 cm, glandular-tuberculate near base of older leaves. Inflorescence of solitary (or paired) pedunculate flowers arising in the axils of foliose 7-partite bracts; peduncles 3–5 cm; bracteoles scale-like, caducous; pedicels 1.5–2 cm; sepals subequal c. 8 5 × 5 mm, ovate, rounded, canescent; corolla 5–7 cm long, pubescent in bud, purple, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to north east Mexico, apparently only known from the type.
The shape of the mature leaves is very distinct as is the tuberculate lower part of the petiole.
MEXICO. Tamaulipas, Jonmave Valley,
Trailing or twining perennial from woody enlarged rootstock, stems thinly pubescent, eventually glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, small, 2–5 × 2–5 cm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, cordate-hastate with relatively large, rounded, acute or shallowly bifid auricles, margin often undulate, pubescent, especially beneath; petioles 1–4 cm. Inflorescence of solitary flowers; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles minute; pedicels 7–15 mm; sepals slightly unequal, oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtuse, puberulous, outer 8–10 mm, inner 10–13 × 6–8 mm with scarious margins; corolla 6–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pubescent, limb 6 cm diam., bluish-purple. Capsules globose, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 8 × 5 mm, ellipsoid, densely lanate.
Arid rocky slopes and cliff faces, NE Mexico and adjacent parts of Texas.
This species is characterised by the small pubescent leaves with undulate margins, solitary flowers and oblong puberulous sepals.
MEXICO. Coahuila, Sierra de la Paila,
Trailing or twining perennial; stems woody, glabrous or thinly pubescent at nodes. Leaves petiolate, 3.8–4.5 × 3.5–4.5 cm, ovate to subtrilobate, apex obtuse or acute, margin sinuate, base cordate and cuneate onto the petiole, the auricles rounded, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2.8–5.4 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–2.2 cm, glabrous or pubescent basally; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 18–23 mm; sepals equal, 13–16 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, outer with a few minute appressed hairs, inner with scarious margins; corolla opening at night, 4.5–6 cm long, hypocrateriform, tube purple inside, limb white c. 4 cm in diam., pilose on midpetaline bands; stamens exceeding corolla but not reported as exserted. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Only known from the type collected from the slopes of an arid inselberg at 1400 m.
Reported as related to
MEXICO. Guerrero, Mun. Mochitlán, Agua de Obispo,
Twining perennial from a tuberous rootstock, stem somewhat woody, tomentellous, up to 3 m long. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–6.5 × 0.7–2.5 cm, oblong to narrowly elliptic, acute, base cuneate, adaxially green, obscurely tomentellous, abaxially white-sericeous to tomentellous; petioles 5–12 mm. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired) axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–4 cm, obscurely sericeous; bracteoles 5–10 mm, linear; pedicels 10–15 mm, sericeous; sepals subequal, 14–20 × 3–5 mm, narrowly ovate, finely acuminate, white-sericeous, the inner with sericeous margins; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or bluish, sericeous, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules globose, glabrous; seeds unknown.
Mixed oak and pine forest on stony soil at 1100 m.
The Bourgeau collection differs somewhat from the type in its narrower leaves and slightly shorter sepals but in other ways conforms to this very distinctive species, which is characterised by the sericeous or tomentellous indumentum, persistent linear bracteoles and relatively large, narrowly ovate, acuminate sepals.
The placement of this species is provisional. The pubescent corolla and calyx strongly support its placement in the
MEXICO. Oaxaca, near Reyes,
Vigorous twining or sprawling liana to 4 m; stems and all vegetative parts densely white-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 8–20 × 6–20 cm, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse or acute, base subtruncate to shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, densely white-tomentose on both surfaces but abaxially paler; petioles 4–35 mm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate 3–6-flowered cymes borne on side branches so appearing to form elongate bracteate racemes; bracts resembling small leaves; peduncles very short, 0.5–3 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 10–20 × 4–6 mm, oblong-elliptic, caducous; pedicels 2–3.5 cm, sulcate, thickened upwards, tomentose; sepals 15–20 × 7–10 mm at anthesis but strongly accrescent in fruit to 25 × 15 mm, ovate to elliptic, obtuse, densely tomentose; corolla 6–10 cm long, white, subhypocrateriform, tomentose, more densely so on midpetaline bands, limb c. 5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules 20–25 × 15–18 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 11–14 × 5–6 mm, black with long marginal hairs 12–20 mm long.
Figure
Dry deciduous forest and scrub, often on rocky soils below 1100 m from central Mexico south to Nicaragua.
This species was placed in the
MEXICO. Oaxaca, 10.4 miles W of Santiago Astata,
Woody vine; stems erect, eventually twining and twisted, 0.5–3 m long and up to 1 cm thick, villous when young but glabrescent when old, the stem base swollen and succulent. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 1.5–5 cm, broadly elliptic to subrhomboid, base cuneate, rounded or truncate, apex acute to acuminate, adaxially dark green puberulent, abaxially canescent; petioles 0.5–3.5 cm long. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal, bracteate pseudoraceme; flowers solitary in the axils of the petiolate bracts; peduncles absent; bracteoles triangular, stipule-like; pedicels 2–9 mm, puberulent; sepals subequal, 11–15 × 5–7 mm, oblong-elliptic, acute to obtuse, grey-green-canescent; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, urceolate, pubescent, basal cylindrical part 6–8 × 4–8 mm, greenish, then abruptly dilated for 2.5–3.5 cm. 1.5–2 cm wide, limb flared, lobed, 2.5–3 cm diam., midpetaline bands green between purplish petaline regions, stamens included. Capsules ellipsoid, 11–13 × 8–10 mm, glabrous; seeds 6–7 × 3.5 mm, puberulent and densely lanate from the marginal hairs.
Endemic to the Tehuantepec region of SE Oaxaca in southern Mexico.
Apparently very similar to
Based on
Woody liana from a rough, furrowed hypocotyl, stem with yellowish bark, pubescent and scabrous-pustulate. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–7.5 cm, ovate-rhomboid, acute, margin somewhat undulate, base subtruncate and cuneate onto the petiole (sometimes asymmetric), adaxially glabrous, abaxially grey-tomentose, puncticulate, veins prominent; petioles 2–5 cm, pubescent, sometimes pustulate. Inflorescence of short leafy axillary racemes, sometimes reduced to tight clusters; rhachis 2–8 cm long, densely pubescent; bracteoles c. 5 mm long, linear, fugacious; pedicels 3–4(–8) mm; sepals 5–8 mm, grey-tomentose, subequal, outer ovate, acute, inner elliptic, obtuse; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long, basal cylindrical tube 7–10 mm, then expanded, urceolate, tube cream with purplish veins, adpressed pilose, limb with short triangular lobes, c. 3 × 3 mm, yellowish-green. Capsules 15 × 8–10 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, blackish, densely woolly with hairs 2 cm or more long.
An uncommon endemic of southern Mexico.
A night-flowering, possibly bat-pollinated species.
The specimen at MO (
Based on
Usually trailing liana; stems stout, woody, pubescent to tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 9–17 × 5.5–14 cm, broadly ovate, acute to broadly mucronate, base shallowly cordate to truncate, often with a square sinus, margins often undulate, adaxially tomentellous, abaxially white-tomentose; petioles 9–10 cm. Inflorescence woody, long-pedunculate, formed of compound cymes, usually subcapitate; peduncle 20–42 cm, stout, often woody, white-felted to tomentellous; secondary, tertiary, quaternary peduncles often present, 1.5–4 cm diminishing in length and thickness upwards; bracteoles 10–26 × 7–11 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, acute to obtuse, somewhat boat-shaped and partially enclosing calyx, tardily caducous; pedicels 0–6 mm, tomentellous; sepals slightly unequal 13–15 × 8–10 mm, tomentellous, outer elliptic, obtuse, inner obovate-elliptic, pubescent but less so at scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, white to pale lilac, pilose, funnel-shaped; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules 10–12 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 6 mm, dark brown, long-pilose.
Endemic to Brazil and almost restricted to caatinga in the north east.
BRAZIL. Goiás: Rio Tocantins, Porto Imperial,
Subshrub with trailing stems, the whole plant softly tomentose to pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–7.5 × 0.4–2 cm, oblong, acute, mucronate, base truncate to cordate, margin often inrolled, adaxially green, pubescent, abaxially whitish, gland-dotted, densely pubescent especially on the veins; petioles pubescent, 2–9 mm. Inflorescence of dense, 1–3-flowered subsessile bracteolate clusters, often reduced to single flowers, forming a subterminal inflorescence; peduncles 3–10 mm densely hirsute; bracteoles 6–13 mm, linear, finely acuminate, pilose; sepals very unequal, outer 15–20 × 5–7 mm, oblong, ovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded and mucronate, long-pilose especially near base, pale green and somewhat foliose, inner 11–12 × 3–4 mm, ovate, acuminate, densely lanate but with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 5.5–7.5 cm long, very narrowly funnel-shaped, only slightly widened upwards, pink with white tube, pilose, the limb undulate, 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules c. 8 × 7 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, shortly pilose on the angles.
Figure
Endemic to the cerrados of north central Brazil.
The position of this species in the sequence is uncertain.
• The following species (84–127) of Clade A1 are not part of the
Icon, Jacquin, Stirp. Amer. Hort. Pl. t. 18 (1763), lectotype designated by
Erect (
Two distinct subspecies are generally recognised, sometimes as distinct species. The type subspecies is a twining liana with ovate, cordate, shortly acuminate leaves, whereas
Characterised by its climbing habit and ovate, shortly acuminate, almost orbicular leaves.
Distributed along the mountain chain from northern Peru to Mexico, this subspecies is perhaps most characteristic of dry woodland. We have seen no specimens from Brazil, the Guianas, Guatemala, El Salvador or Honduras and very few from the Caribbean Islands. Records from Bolivia (
Based on
Figure
Photographs of
Probably native in swamp and flooded pampas in eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina (Formosa, Corrientes), Eastern Paraguay and southern Brazil in the Pantanal and Rio Paraguay-Parana systems but also possibly so in seasonally dry swampy areas elsewhere. It is apparently rare or absent in the Amazon forest region, not being recorded from Pando in Bolivia or Rôndonia in Brazil and with few records from Brazilian Amazonas. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental in gardens up to at least 1000 m and it is not always easy to decide whether a population is spontaneous or planted. It seems that all collections from the Caribbean, the United States and probably Mexico are cultivated or recently naturalised plants.
Immediately recognised by the tall erect habit combined with the cordate, acuminate leaves. The tomentellous sepals are unexpectedly small.
• Species 85–93. These nine species form a clade in both the nuclear and chloroplast sequences. They are very heterogenous morphologically and it is difficult to see any common character.
BOLIVIA. Caranavi, Serrania de Bellavista, west side above Carrasco,
Liana, 15–20 m high, the flowers covering the tops of trees; stems when young green, minutely puberulous, weakly angled; when mature woody, grey, somewhat muricate; rootstock (juvenile) tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 5.5–14 × 3–8 cm, ovate, cordate, acuminate, both surfaces, minutely and densely puberulent, abaxially paler with rather prominent, raised veins; petioles 2.5–6 cm, minutely puberulent. Inflorescence of (1–)2–4(–7)-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–11 cm, minutely puberulent; bracteoles at base of cyme resembling small leaves, upwards caducous and not seen; secondary peduncles 0.5–4 cm; pedicels 1.5–3.5 cm, minutely puberulent; sepals slightly unequal, somewhat convex, outer 13–16 × 10 mm, inner 18–20 × 15–18 mm, elliptic to subovate, rounded, rigid, glabrous, pale green with scarious margins; corolla 9–9.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with pale pink throat or pure white, glabrous; limb unlobed, c. 6 cm wide; filaments unequal, 15–24 mm long, anthers 10 mm long; style 3 cm long; stigma biglobose. Capsules subglobose, 18 × 15 mm, glabrous; seeds 8 × 4 mm, pilose on the margins with hairs up to 12 mm long.
Figure
Endemic to moist hill forest with frequent cloud 1400–1500 m on the west side of the Serrania de Bellavista.
A very vigorous liana reaching heights unattained by most species of
Based on
Variable twining perennial or liana to 6 m, stems (and leaves) glabrous to tomentellous. Leaves petiolate, 4–12 × 4–12 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate, with rounded auricles, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glabrous, pubescent or tomentellous; petioles 2.5–5.5 cm. Inflorescence typically many-flowered, subcorymbose in form or a raceme of umbels; peduncles 2–9(–20) cm; bracteoles caducous, scale-like; secondary peduncles 3–5 cm; tertiary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 5–20 mm; sepals unequal, outer 7–8 × 3–4 mm, ovate, obtuse, scarious-margined, glabrous, inner 8–10 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, rounded to retuse, margins broad, scarious; corolla (3–)3.5–4.5 cm long, white, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 2.5 cm diam. Capsules 9–10 × 8–12 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 6 × 2–3 mm, pilose with long cilia c. 8 mm in length.
Figure
Common in scrub and woodland and on woodland borders in the São Paulo area extending north to Bahia and south to NE Argentina and Rio Grande do Sul. Records from Mato Grosso and Pará (
In much of its range this species is easily recognised by its creamy-white flowers arranged in subumbellate cymes. However it can only be distinguished from
COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander, región de Sarare,
Weak liana to 3 m, stems woody, glabrous to minutely scabridulous, often dotted with black glands. Leaves petiolate, 4–9 × 3–6 cm, ovate to suborbicular, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate, usually glabrous but sometimes scabridulous-puberulent, abaxially often minutely black-punctate; petioles 2.5–5 cm, scabridulous. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes, these often developing into a raceme or panicle-like structure 5–10 cm long; peduncles 1–4.5 cm, sometimes extended into a rhachis up to 3 cm long; secondary peduncles 0.5–1.8 cm long; bracteoles scale-like, caducous; pedicels very variable in length. 5–15 mm long, glabrous; sepals subequal, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, elliptic, obtuse, scarious-margined, inner obovate with very broad scarious margins; corolla 2.3–3.5 cm long, creamy-white with greenish midpetaline bands and (sometimes a dull violet centre), campanulate, glabrous, limb 2.5 cm diam., undulate; stamens held at corolla mouth. Capsules ovoid, 10–12 × 7–8 mm, glabrous; seeds 5 mm long, pilose.
Figure
Widely distributed in tropical America from Bolivia north to southern Mexico but becoming less common north of Panama. It is usually found in sub-Andean rainforest or in moister areas of seasonally dry forest in the Amazonian lowlands, rarely above 1000 m.
Plants cited from Mexico are similar in inflorescence structure and flower colour but the corolla is rather large and more funnel-shaped and the sepals appear coriaceous. They need investigation and may also belong to a different species.
BOLIVIA. Tarija, 1904,
Trailing herb, stems up to 2 m long, thinly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 5–11 × 5–11 cm, ovate to suborbicular, narrowly cordate with rounded, overlapping auricles, apex shortly acuminate, adaxially almost glabrous, abaxially bluish-grey with prominent, raised veins, scurfy-pubescent; petioles 3–6 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, 1–3(–5)-flowered, axillary cymes, peduncles 7–15 cm, straight; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 0.5–1.6 cm; pedicels 0.5–2.5 cm, scurfy-pubescent, slightly widened below calyx, often fracturing at summit; sepals subequal, 7–9 × 4–5 mm, broadly oblong, obtuse, thinly scurfy-puberulent, margins scarious, glabrous, inner c. 1 mm longer and broader with broad scarious margins; corolla 4.5–5 cm long, shortly funnel-shaped being flared from just above basal tube, glabrous, pale pink, limb c. 5 cm in diam., distinctly lobed with rounded lobes, stamens held at corolla mouth. Capsules ovoid, 2 cm long, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 6 mm long, densely lanate.
Figures
Endemic to Tarija Department in Bolivia, where it grows on open stony banks, in abandoned fields and in scrubby gullies around 2500 m, particularly on and around the Cuesta del Condor.
The stamens of
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Ñuflo de Chávez, El Cerrito,
Twining perennial to 2 m, completely glabrous in all vegetative parts; stems slender, trailing or twining; rootstock tuberous. Leaves petiolate, divided into 5 separate leaflets, base ± truncate, leaflets 1.2–3 × 0.2–0.6 cm, attenuate at both ends, apex acute, the basal pair narrowly oblong, the remaining three narrowly oblong-elliptic; petiole 1.2–1.5 cm, commonly straight. Inflorescence of 1–2-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles slender, 2.5–5 cm; secondary peduncles c. 1.5 cm; bracteoles 1.5 × 0.5 mm, strap-shaped, obtuse, early caducous; pedicels 1.1–2 mm; sepals equal, 7–8 × 3.5 mm, broadly oblong, rounded, margins broad, scarious; corolla 6–7 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 5–6 cm, unlobed, stamens included, stigma obscurely bilobed. Capsules 8 × 6 mm, obovoid, conspicuously 5-lobed, glabrous; seeds 4.5 × 3 mm, ±ovoid, pale brown, with deciduous white marginal hairs c. 3 mm in length.
Figure
Grows amongst Bromeliads in patches of vegetation on isolated granite inselbergs in eastern Bolivia, northern Paraguay and Brazil.
This species is related to
The Paraguay specimen resembles
BRAZIL. Piauí,
Glabrous twining herb to 3 m; stems relatively slender. Leaves petiolate, divided into 3 leaflets (reduced 4th or 5th leaflets sometimes present), leaflets 0.1–5.2 × 0.05–1.8 cm, unequal, the terminal usually larger than the laterals, lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, basally cuneate; petioles 0.4–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of lax axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1.5–5 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, linear, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–2cm; pedicels 2–5 mm; sepals 6–7 × 2–3 mm, unequal, outer oblong-elliptic to obovate, acute, scarious-margined, with subapical often tooth-like acute dorsal protuberance, inner broadly to narrowly oblong, obtuse, scarious with a blunt protuberance; corolla 5–6 cm long, pink, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules globose, 5–6 mm diam. glabrous; seeds 4 × 3 mm, the angles shortly pilose.
Figures
A characteristic species of caatinga, endemic to NE Brazil.
A slender fragile plant easily fracturing when dry. The leaves are usually with three oblong-elliptic leaflets, much broader than in
BRAZIL. Bahia, Morro do Chapeú, ca. 1 km após Lagoinha na Estrada para Cafarnaum,
Vigorous twining plant decumbent in open ground or climbing over bushes to several metres, stems stout, prominently winged, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–10 × 2–9 cm, ovate-deltoid, acute or obtuse, base shallowly cordate with a broad sinus and rounded to subacute auricles, margin undulate to slightly sinuate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler with prominent veins; petioles 1.3–5.5 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2–12 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2 cm; pedicels 3–5 mm; sepals subequal, glabrous, 13–15 × 7–10 mm, elliptic, obtuse or rounded; outer often reddish, inner with scarious margins; corolla (6–)8–9 cm long, glabrous funnel-shaped, tube white; limb 7–8 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 8–9 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, muticous; seeds 6 × 4 mm, dark brown, glabrous except for long white hairs on angles.
Figure
An endemic species of the Brazilian Caatinga/Cerrado interface.
Superficially distinctive because of its large corolla and winged stem, this species has been identified as
BRAZIL. Bahia, basin of the upper São Francisco River, 4 km N of Bom Jesus da Lapa on main road to Ibotirama, 43 24W 13 13S, 450 m, 20 April 1980,
Twining perennial herb to 2 m, stems reddish-brown, glabrous, slightly angled, weakly winged when young. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–6 × 1.5–4 cm (only seen on inflorescence), ovate-deltoid, shallowly cordate with rounded to subacute auricles, acute or obtuse, margin undulate to sinuate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 0.6–3 cm, fused with the base of the peduncle for up to 10 mm, slender, glabrous. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes, sometimes (?usually) compounded into complex branched axillary inflorescences; peduncles 2.5–6.5 cm, glabrous, sometimes extended into a rhachis up to 14 cm long; primary bracteoles petiolate, foliose, ovate-deltoid, 5–20 × 3–11 mm, deciduous and often absent; secondary peduncles 0.7–3 cm long; tertiary peduncles 3–6 mm; ultimate bracteoles c. 1–1.5 mm, ovate, caducous; pedicels 11–21 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous, oblong-ovate, outer 6–8 × 3–4 mm, obtuse, inner 8–9 × 5 mm, rounded, scarious except in the central area; corolla 7–7.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to Bahia in Brazil growing in secondary vegetation with caatinga and dry deciduous forest, 450–500 m.
Apparently unique amongst Brazilian species because the petiole is connate with the peduncle for part of its length.
MEXICO. Zacatecas or Nuevo León,
Rhizomatous perennial with a stout woody base; stems decumbent to at least 1 m, herbaceous, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 8–18 × 0.5–4 cm, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous; petioles 0.5–2 cm. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired), axillary flowers, peduncles 3–6(–16) cm; bracteoles c. 1 mm, elliptic, scarious, caducous; pedicels 13–21 mm; sepals very unequal, coriaceous, glabrous, margins scarious, outer 10–16 × 6–7 mm, oblong-elliptic, mucronate to retuse, inner 16–23 × 7–8 mm, obovate, rounded; corolla 6.5–11 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with pink throat, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., lobed with apiculate lobes. Capsules 2 × 1.5 cm, ovoid, rostrate, the mucro 3–5 mm, glabrous; seeds 11 × 5 mm, black, glabrous but except for the pilose margins with hairs 3–4 mm long.
Desert grasslands and dry oak woodland in northern Mexico and the United States Southwest.
• The remaining species in Clade A1 (Species 94–127) include two distinct clades (Species 98–108 and 117–126) inferred from a combination of molecular sequence data and morphology. All species (94–127) have a tendency towards woodiness, most obvious in the
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, Itati,
Perennial twining plant to 4 m, stems woody, grey-tomentose, somewhat glabrescent. Leaves long-petiolate, 7–23 × 6–22 cm, ovate, acute to acuminate, shortly mucronate, cordate, adaxially tomentellous, green, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 5–17 cm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of 1–8-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3–16 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles up to 4 cm; pedicels 10–30 mm, puberulent; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 10–13 × 8–9 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse, inner 14–17 × 12 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded or emarginate, margins scarious; corolla 5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, white with purple throat, limb c. 6.5 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds glabrous with long marginal hairs.
Endemic to southern Brazil in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina Stares growing on the borders of
Resembles
Its placement here is uncertain.
COLOMBIA. Meta, Villavicencio, road to Restrepo,
Twining perennial, the stems glabrous except some pubescence at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 3–10 × 2.5–11 cm, deeply 5–7–partite, segments oblong, 6–11 mm wide, acuminate and mucronate, scarcely narrowed at base, base shallowly and broadly cordate, adaxially thinly but shortly hispid–pilose, abaxially paler, nerves prominent puberulent; petioles 1.5–3.8 cm, thinly pubescent at base and apex, the abaxial surface pubescent on the veins. Inflorescence of few-flowered, axillary cymes, peduncles 3–3.5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles oblong, 12–15 × 3–4 mm, papery, caducous; secondary peduncles c. 2.5 cm long; pedicels 6–11 mm, pubescent; sepals somewhat unequal, papery, glabrous, the margins narrow and scarious, outer 16–18 × 7–8 mm, oblong-elliptic, subacute, mucronate, inner oblong, 4–5 mm wide; corolla 6 cm long, purple, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 4 cm diam., entire. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
On cliffs at low altitudes, apparently rare.
This species is distinguished by the large foliaceous sepals. Its placement here is uncertain.
There is also a record from French Guiana (
BRAZIL. Pará. Marabá, Serra dos Carajas,
Scrambling shrub to 1.5 m; stems woody, pubescent when young but glabrescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, 5–10 × 1–2.5 cm, oblong, apex obtuse, shortly mucronate, base broadly cuneate, adaxially shortly pubescent, abaxially paler, the veins highlighted with pale dense pubescence, the intercostal areas nearly glabrous; petioles 0.4–1.5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence elongate, formed of 1–5-flowered cymes in the leaf axils; peduncles 5–10 mm, pubescent; bracteoles caducous, subulate, c. 2 mm long; secondary peduncles 3–4 mm, often absent; pedicels 5–18 mm, less pubescent than peduncles; sepals subequal, 10–12 × 5 mm, oblong-elliptic, mucronate, outer, densely pubescent esp. towards apex, inner similar but with broad, glabrous margins; corolla vermillion, pubescent esp. on midpetaline bands, hypocrateriform, basal tube 3–3.2 cm long, 3–4 mm wide at base, 6 mm above, limb spreading, c. 3 cm diam., unlobed but midpetaline bands ending in hairy point, stamens exserted, anthers narrowly oblong c. 3.5 mm. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to NE Brazil, growing in scrub around rock outcrops principally on or near the Serra de Carajás.
A hybrid between this species and
BRAZIL. Pará, Marabá, Carajás, Serra Sul, 16 April 1986,
Erect or clambering shrub, rootstock moderately stout, spreading horizontally with a rhizome or similar structure, stems adpressed pilose or glabrous, woody at least below. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 5–12 × 0.3–2 cm, oblong or lanceolate, apex acuminate, obtuse and mucronate, base cuneate, glabrous (juveniles pubescent) on both surfaces, margins sometimes inrolled, abaxially paler the midrib and side veins highlighted by pubescence. Inflorescence of 1(–3)-flowered axillary cymes from the upper leaf axils, peduncles 2–4 mm, pubescent; bracteoles filiform, 3 mm, caducous; sepals subequal, 12–15 × 5–6 mm, ovate, obtuse, outer thinly pubescent; inner densely white-tomentose, rounded, the margins scarious but hirsute; corolla 6.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep lilac, densely pubescent on midpetaline bands; limb 3.5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5–8 mm, woolly on margins.
Figure
Perhaps endemic to the Serra dos Carajás in Brazil, although it is cited for Tocantins by
The correct spelling should be marabaensis. “marabensis” (sic) at the start of the protologue would be an error. It is the only occurrence (out of 11) in the paper where the spelling “
• Species 98–108 form a clade in the phylogeny inferred from 605 nuclear gene regions.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, near Arrasnaby,
Vigorous liana reaching 5 m, stems woody, subtomentose. Leaves petiolate, large, 4–16 × 5–14 cm, ovate to subreniform, apex rounded or retuse, mucronulate, base shallowly cordate to subtruncate, margin slightly undulate. adaxially grey-tomentellous, abaxially white-tomentose with conspicuous reticulate venation; petioles 1.5–5 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 3–5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 20 × 4 mm, oblanceolate, abaxially grey-tomentose, adpressed to calyx; secondary peduncles 10–15 mm; pedicels 2–7 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, 14–22 × 8–14 mm, oblong-obovate, rounded, densely white tomentose; corolla 6–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, densely sericeous, limb 7 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 2 × 1.5 cm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds pilose with long white hairs.
Figures
A rare plant of Brazil and Bolivia. In Bolivia it is characteristic of very dry forest between 1400 and 2000 m on the slopes of the Río Grande valley and its tributaries. Although large and conspicuous, there are few collections and it is clearly rare with a very restricted distribution. The only confirmed record from Brazil is the type collection.
A very distinctive species because of its liana habit, persistent bracteoles appressed to the calyx, large tomentellous sepals and pink flowers. The whole plant is subtomentose with whitish hairs. The very long sepals (14–22 mm in length) serve to distinguish it from other somewhat similar species, such as
BRAZIL. Goiás, Chapada de Veadeiros, 42 km N. of Alto do Paraíso,
Twining liana to c. 3 m; stem stout, somewhat woody, densely tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 5–11 × 4–9 cm, ovate, shallowly cordate to subtruncate with rounded auricles, margin undulate, apex obtuse and shortly mucronate, the mucro rather stout, adaxially yellow-green, tomentose, glabrescent when old, abaxially grey-tomentose, the veins highlighted; petioles 0.5–4 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of flowers borne on axillary bracteate branchlets; bracts 2–2.5 × 1–1.7 cm, ovate, tomentose; cymes 1–2-flowered; peduncles 1–6 cm, tomentose; secondary peduncles pedicel-like, 0.8–1.7 cm, pubescent, more slender than primary peduncles; bracteoles 2–2.3 × 0.8–1.4 cm, narrowly elliptic, obtuse, somewhat boat-shaped, tomentose, persistent and ± clasping the calyx; pedicels 1–4 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 11–13 × 5–7 mm, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, outer glabrous, margins scarious; corolla 6–7 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, deep pink. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Endemic to rocky cerrado (campo rupestre?) at 1250–1700 m in the Chapada de Veadeiros in central Brazil.
Although we have not been able to sequence this species,
ARGENTINA. Misiones, Dept. San Ignacio,
Perennial herb from a tuberous rootstock, stems stout, decumbent (occasionally twining at tips), densely tomentose with yellowish or whitish hairs. Leaves petiolate, 7–18 × 6–16 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex obtuse and mucronate, margins undulate, dentate or sinuate, adaxially yellow-green, tomentose, abaxially grey-tomentose, the venation highlighted; petioles 2–12 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 5–20 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 10–25 × 2–4 mm, linear-lanceolate, attenuate, tomentose, caducous; secondary peduncles, if present 20–27 mm; pedicels 5–20 mm, densely pilose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 12–16 × 7–9 mm, elliptic, acute and mucronate, densely pilose; inner 5–6 mm wide, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, margins broad, glabrous, scarious; central area pilose; corolla 8–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pilose with yellowish hairs; limb 5 cm diam. Capsules 11–13 mm long, ellipsoid to subglobose, glabrous; seeds 7–8 × 5 mm, densely tomentellous.
Figures
A plant of cerrado-like grassland, nearly endemic to Misiones and Corrientes provinces in NE Argentina. Records from Bolivia are errors.
A very distinctive species because of the dense yellowish indumentum that covers all parts, the tendency of the leaves to be undulate or sinuate-lobed and the trailing habit.
BRAZIL. Bahia: Barreiras, ca. 20 km W de Barreiras na estrada para Brasilia,
Erect subshrub to 1 m from a stout taproot at least 15 cm deep and up to 1.5 cm wide, stems slightly woody, pubescent, glabrescent when old. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 3–18 × 0.3–1.4 cm, but becoming clearly bract-like and much smaller (to 3.5 × 0.3 cm) towards the apex, linear to oblong, finely acuminate to a mucronate apex (rarely obtuse and mucronate), base cuneate to attenuate, margins sometimes inrolled, adaxially almost glabrous apart from a few hairs on the midvein, abaxially grey-green, pubescent, somewhat glabrescent; petioles 0–8 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, formed of shortly pedunculate 1–3-flowered cymes from the upper leaf (bract)axils, the cymes often reduced to single flowers; peduncles 0.4–1 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 3–11 × 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–12 mm, often very short upwards, pubescent; sepals subequal, outer 6–10 × 4–8 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to rounded, usually glabrous, margin scarious; inner sepals 1–2 mm longer, obovate-elliptic, truncate or retuse; corolla 4–7 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 3.5–5 cm diam., slightly undulate. Capsules and seed not seen.
Figure
A cerrado species from the extreme west of Bahia and neighbouring parts of Tocantins State. It has been found at altitudes of between 500 and 760 m.
This species is similar to most other erect cerrado species in having shortly petiolate, oblong leaves and a subterminal inflorescence in which the reduced leaves clearly function as bracts. It is most likely to be confused with
As understood here this is a variable species. All cited collections are ±hirsute on the stems, abaxial leaf surfaces and on the peduncles.
Two specimens from Minas Gerais are not cited above but may belong to this species. They differ in being completely glabrous and having somewhat granulose stems. Further collections may show that
BRAZIL. Goiás, Serra de Natividade, Feb. 1840,
Erect undershrub to 40 cm from a xylopodium, stems distinctly woody, villous when young but eventually glabrescent. Leaves sessile, imbricate, 5.5–12 × 0.3–0.5 cm, linear or narrowly oblong, acute, margins inrolled, thinly pilose, especially below and on veins, thinly punctate on both surfaces. Inflorescence terminal formed of small cymes and individual flowers from the upper leaf axils; peduncles very short, 1–5 mm, villous; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 3–10 mm; sepals subequal, shotly mucronate, but mucro somewhat caducous, outer 7–8 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to subacute, pubescent, inner 8–9 × 5 mm, elliptic, rounded, mucronate, margins scarious, only midrib puberulent; corolla 4–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3–5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figures
A rare Brazilian endemic species of cerrado.
This is close to
BRAZIL.
Erect undershrub, presumably from a xylopodium to at least 1 m, stem tomentose to pubescent, woody below. Leaves subsessile, imbricate, 1.5–6 × 0.5–2.5 cm, oblong, oblong-ovate, acute and mucronate, rounded to truncate at base, variably hirsute from grey-villous to pubescent, paler beneath; petioles 0–3 mm. Inflorescence a short terminal bracteate raceme, flowers solitary in axils of bracts; bracts ±distinct from leaves, typically half the size of the upper leaves; peduncles 1–2 mm; bracteoles linear-lanceolate,15–20 × 3 mm, densely villous; pedicels 1–2 mm, villous; sepals subequal, 15–17 × 2–4 mm, lanceolate with a finely attenuate apex, villous; corolla 5–7 cm long, pink, pubescent, funnel-shaped; limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Endemic to cerrado in Brazil where it is restricted to Bahia and Goiás.
In choosing a lectotype we have designated the specimen at BR as it is the only syntype from Martius’ herbarium with the location included on the label.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, 13 km W of Januária on road to Serra das Araras, 575 m, 19 April 1973,
Liana reaching at least 10 m, stems twining, woody, tomentose, latex white. Leaves petiolate, 8–28 × 7–22 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute or obtuse and shortly mucronate, margin slightly undulate, adaxially green, roughly tomentellous, abaxially grey-tomentose with highlighted veins; petioles 5–11 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of axillary cymes wth up to seven flowers; peduncles 2.5–10 cm, tomentose; bracteoles (8–)12–18 × 4–7, oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, glabrous, caducous; secondary peduncles 4–23 mm, thinly pubescent; pedicels 10–30 mm, thickened upwards, glabrous; sepals subequal, 12–19 × 9–12 mm, accrescent in fruit to 25 × 14 mm, elliptic to obovate, rounded, glabrous on the exterior but scurfy-pubescent on the interior, inner with narrow scarious margins, slightly larger; corolla 8–12 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink on exterior, darker inside tube, glabrous, limb 6–8 cm diam.; anthers and style included. Capsules c. 21 × 12 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 12 × 6 mm, pilose on angles with long white hairs up to 20 mm in length.
Figure
Centred on Bahia State, Brazil this species is widespread on the borders of scrub and woodland at the transition from the cerrado to caatinga biomes. There is a smaller disjunct population on the borders of Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul state.
Resembling a giant form of
The populations from Paraguay and neighbouring Mato Grosso do Sul are poorly known but seem indistinguishable from the larger populations further north in Brazil.
BRAZIL. Bahia, Mun. Caetité, Faz. Baixa Grande,
Liana with white latex reaching 10 m; stems woody, asperous-pilose, bark pale grey. Leaves petiolate, (7–)11–20 × (7–)14–20 cm, ovate, cordate with right-angled sinus and rounded auricles, apex acute, mucronate, sometimes retuse, adaxially thinly pubescent, abaxially paler, densely pubescent, the venation prominent with denser indumentum; petioles (4–)12–13 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, bracteolate, axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–8 cm, asperous-pilose; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.6–1.3 cm, often, boat-shaped, oblong-elliptic or narrowly obovate, base cuneate, apex obtuse, pilose with long white hairs; secondary peduncles (if present) 1–2 cm; pedicels 0.6–1.5 cm, more densely pilose than peduncles; sepals somewhat variable in size, shape and indumentum but generally unequal, outer 18–24 × (9–)14–16 mm, oblong-elliptic, elliptic, obovate, obtuse to rounded, glabrous or with some long white hairs along midrib on the exterior especially near base but glabrous and glandular on the interior, inner 17–18 × 7 mm, obovate, obtuse to rounded, glabrous; corolla 5–6.5 cm long, glabrous, broadly funnel-shaped to subcampanulate, tube, c. 2 cm wide from just above base pale pink with a dark centre and whitish limb; limb c. 3.5 cm diam. Capsules 2 × 1.5 cm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 5 mm, densely white-pilose on angles with hairs to 15 mm long.
Figure
Dry scrub with scattered trees in cerrado or caatinga usually on sandy soil in northeastern Brazil.
Distinguished by the relatively long bracteoles, the distinctive white, asperous-pilose indumentum, which is particularly prominent on the inflorescence, and by the characteristically compact inflorescence.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz. camino Algodonal a Masicurí,
Liana reaching at least 5 m in height, stems woody, glabrous, obscurely ridged, bark pale brown. Leaves petiolate, 6–12 × 5.5–11 cm, ovate, obtuse and muconate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially green, thinly pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose with highlighted veins; petioles 3–5 cm, puberulent. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–3.5 cm, glabrous except for hairs apically; secondary peduncles 1–1.4 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 10–14 × 8–10 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, pubescent, deciduous; pedicels 8–12 mm, markedly widened upwards, hirsute below, glabrous upwards; sepals subequal, 15–18 × 10–14 mm, broadly elliptic-obovate, rounded, glabrous, margins scarious; corolla 9–10 cm long, white with pink centre, funnel-shaped with cylindrical basal tube c. 12 mm, glabrous, midpetaline bands ending in a small tooth, limb c. 5–6 cm diam.,very shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 20 × 15 mm, glabrous; seeds 10 × 6 mm, flattened ellipsoid, dark brown, long-pilose, the marginal hairs up to 20 mm.
Figure
Endemic to forest and forest relics in areas of the Andean foothills in Santa Cruz Department in Bolivia.
Based on
Very robust prostrate perennial, stems tomentellous. Leaves petiolate, deeply divided into linear-oblong segments, usually 7–9 in number, the two basal pairs free to an attenuate base, the terminal 3 forming a 3-lobed leaflet, leaflets 5–9 × 1–1.5 cm, apex obtuse and mucronate, softly adpressed-pilose to tomentellous on both surfaces but abaxially paler, the veins highlighted with denser indumentum; petioles 2.5–4.5 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired), axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–4.5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 3–5 × 2.6 –3.5 cm, oblong-obovate, obtuse, mucronate, prominently veined, adpressed pilose, enclosing pedicel and calyx, the margin white-ciliolate; pedicels 5–7 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, obovate, outer 20–23 × 10–11 mm, obovate, abruptly narrowed to a broad mucronate apex, pilose but with broad glabrous, scarious margins, inner sepals 15 × 6–7 cm, broadly oblong, rounded and mucronate, pubescent centrally but with broad scarious glabrous margins; corolla 9–10 cm long, pink or red, narrowly funnel-shaped, pilose; limb 5–6 cm diam., lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figures
Endemic to the Cerrado region of central Brazil.
A remarkable plant because of its large sepals and corolla and the deeply divided leaves with up to nine linear-oblong segments.
Based on
Vigorous twiner or a liana to 5 m high; stems white-tomentose when young but sometimes glabrescent on older parts. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–10 × 3–9 cm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, base shallowly to deeply cordate, adaxially dark green, tomentellous, abaxially white-tomentose, the veins often highlighted; petioles 1–4.5 cm, white-tomentose. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate few-flowered, compact axillary cymes; peduncles 1–5 cm, white-tomentose; bracteoles 1.8–2.2 cm, oblong-boat-shaped, papery, tomentose, caducous; pedicels often less hairy than peduncles, glabrous to (
Figure
We formally recognise two varieties that were previously treated as distinct species. Both occupy much the same geographical range and habitat in NE Brazil.
Distinguished by the glabrous or at most thinly pubescent pedicels, sepals and exterior of the corolla
Distinguished by the tomentose pedicels, sepals and exterior of the corolla.
A common and characteristic species of the caatinga in NE Brazil.
VENEZUELA. Yaracuy: Sierra de Aroa, 1480 m,
Twining liana of unknown height; stem thin, cream-coloured, glabrescent. Leaves petiolarte, 7–13 × 5.3–10 cm, ovate-deltoid, apex acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin often with a distinct angle, adaxially nearly glabrous, abaxially puberulent on the veins, venation prominent; petioles 4.5–7 cm, thinly puberulent. Inflorescence of 1–4-flowered pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 1–4(–8) cm, puberulent; bracteoles 4–8 × 1 mm, linear, deciduous; secondary peduncles c. 10–15 mm; pedicels 10–25 mm; sepals subequal, obovate, mucronate, adpressed puberulous near base, outer 23–31 × 12 mm, inner sepals slightly smaller; corolla c. 7 cm long, creamy-yellow with purplish tube, funnel-shaped, thinly pubescent; limb c. 5–6 cm diam. Capsules 2–2.5 cm, subglobose, rostrate, the persistent style base c. 2 mm long; seeds 10 × 5 mm, tomentose and with long silky marginal hairs up to 14 mm long.
Endemic to the coastal Andes of Venezuela, growing in evergreen forest around 800–1200 m.
This species is placed here because of its large pubescent sepals and puberulent corolla but its position is uncertain.
ECUADOR. El Oro, below Zaruma,
Twining perennial; stems relatively stout, thinly pilose with pale hairs, latex white. Leaves petiolate, 10–17 × 7–13 cm, ovate, acute to shortly acuminate, cordate, both surfaces appressed pubescent to ±glabrous, the venation spreading at a wide angle, prominent; petioles 4–11 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate compact axillary cymes with up to 9 flowers; peduncles 2–3.7 cm; bracteoles 7–15 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, relatively persistent; secondary peduncles 8–10 mm; pedicels 3–5 mm, puberulent to pilose; sepals 11–14 × 4–5 mm, subequal, oblong-ovate, obtuse to subacute, densely pubescent; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped from a very short greenish basal tube, glabrous, white, limb angled but not lobed, 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
A rare species of Ecuador and northern Peru growing in thickets and on rocky slopes between 600 and 1800 m.
The placement of this species is provisional. The pubescent corolla and calyx strongly support its placement in Clade A but a final decision cannot be made until this species has been successfully sequenced.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Pochutla, Mu. San Miguel del Puerto, copalitilla, cascadas del río, 30 July 1999,
Robust twining perennial of unknown height; stems glabrous, somewhat sharply angled. Leaves petiolate, 8–12 × 7–10, shallowly 3-lobed, base cordate, apex acute, both surfaces glabrous, minutely white-punctate, abaxially paler, minutely white-punctate and with prominent white veins; petioles 5–8 cm, pseudo stipules arising at their base. Inflorescence of compact, shortly pedunculate, axillary cymes with up to 10 flowers; peduncles 5–6 mm; lower bracteoles c. 10 × 3 mm, broadly lanceolate with petiolar base, acuminate, persistent; secondary peduncles 1–2 mm, upper bracteoles c. 5–6 × 1 mm, linear, acute, persistent; sepals very unequal, very pale whitish-green with darker veins, outer 5–6 × 2–2.5 mm, ovate, apiculate, inner 10–11 × 5 mm, broadly oblong-oblanceolate, rounded or retuse; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, glabrous, limb c. 2–3 cm wide. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to Oaxaca in Mexico, where it was found by a stream in semi-evergreen forest at 320 m. Only known from the type collection.
The exact relationships of this species are unclear. Molecular sequencing using
HONDURAS. Dept. Morazán, Río de la Orilla,
Perennial liana of unknown height, stems glabrous or with a few dispersed trichomes. Leaves petiolate, 8–20 × 5–15 cm, ovate, acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles, glabrous, abaxially paler, sometimes black-dotted; petioles 4.5–10 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, dense, bracteolate axillary cymes; peduncles 0.6–1.5 cm; bracteoles 10–20 × 5–10 mm, elliptic, mucronate, obscurely pustulate, persistent; pedicels 1–5 mm; sepals subequal, somewhat similar in texture to bracteoles, 11–16 × 5–10 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse and mucronate, abaxially pustulate, margins paler; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube greenish, limb 5–6 cm diam., white, undulate; stamens included. Capsules 11–12 × 10 mm, subglobose, shortly rostrate with the basal part of the style persistent, glabrous; seeds 6–7 × 4 mm, with long marginal hairs.
A rare species of low altitude forest in Central America.
Distinctive because of the dense, shortly pedunculate bracteolate cymes and white flowers.
PERU. Amazonas: Luya, Camporredondo, Ishangas,
Subshrub to 4 m, reported to be succulent; stem densely white-tomentellous. Leaves petiolate, 6–18 × 5–15.5 cm, ovate, base cordate, apex rounded, mucronate, margin undulate, adaxially green, shortly tomentellous, abaxially white-floccose to sericeous, veins more densely hairy; petiole 6–11 cm, sericeous. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 10–12 mm, sericeous; bracteoles 18 × 8 mm, spathulate, obtuse, sericeous; pedicels 7–8 mm, sericeous; sepals subequal, sericeous, 22 × 15 mm, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, the inner more rounded; corolla pink, funnel-shaped, c. 12 cm long, the exterior densely pubescent, especially on the midpetaline bands. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
A very rare species endemic to northern Andean Peru only known from the type collection.
Appears to be rather similar vegetatively to
PERU. [Junin], Quebrada of Parahuanca,
Erect shrub to at least 1.25 m; stems stout, woody, all young parts densely white-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, small, 3–6 × 2–5 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially glabrous, abaxially white-tomentose, margins highlighted white-tomentose; petioles 0.7–1.8 cm, white-tomentose. Inflorescence subcorymbose, formed of compact cymes borne towards the apex of leafy axillary side shoots; peduncles 3–4.5 cm; bracteoles 11–16 × 2.5–3 mm, linear-oblong, acute, sericeous, papery, deciduous; secondary peduncles 7–10 mm; pedicels 0–10 mm; sepals subequal in size, narrowly elliptic-obovate, outer 14–16 × 4–6 mm, obtuse, tomentose externally, glabrous marginally, middle sepal with a line of hairs along the midrib, inner sepals rounded, truncate or retuse, glabrous; corolla 4.5–5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, sericeous in bud and on midpetaline bands. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A very rare species endemic to central Andean Peru apparently known from only the type.
Its placement here is unconfirmed.
PERU. Apurimac,
Erect shrub with abundant white latex, stems whitish on young parts, densely pubescent with crisped hairs. Leaves petiolate, 2–9 × 2–8.5 cm, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse, base subcordate to truncate, margins highlighted white, adaxially appressed puberulous, abaxially white-tomentellous; petioles 1.5–3 cm, densely puberulent. Inflorescence subcorymbose, compact, composed of compact reduced cymes borne at the apex of branchlets up to 15 cm long; peduncles 2–4 mm; bracteoles 1.5–2.5 mm, ovate, caducous; pedicels 8–14 mm, sericeous; sepals unequal, outer 5–7 × 4–5 mm, broadly oblong, rounded, glabrous, margins scarious, inner 9–10 × 6–7 mm, suborbicular to obovate; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, colour not known, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to the Apurimac valley in southern Peru at 1100 m.
Distinguished by the densely pubescent stems, very unequal, glabrous sepals and glabrous corolla.
Although included by
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca, Prov. Zudañez, Joya Charal, ANMI El Palmar, una hora de la comunidad en el sector denominado Almendras, “ladera expuesta al cerro Mojocoya con presencia de Harrisia, Capparis y Caesalpinia, suelo rocoso con musgos secos en el suelo. Especie creciendo sobre ramas de Leguminosa”,
Liana with white latex to 6 m, stems glabrous with pale brown bark; young plants multi-stemmed, but non-climbing stems eventually dying off. Leaves not present when plant flowering, petiolate, 4–5.5 × 2.5–4.5 cm, ovate, apex usually acute to shortly acuminate but occasionally rounded, minutely mucronate, base shallowly cordate to subtruncate, glabrous, abaxially paler, with prominent reddish-brown lateral veins; petioles 1–3 cm, very slender, glabrous. Inflorescence on raceme-like side branches towards the branch tips; peduncles short, 3 mm, woody, glabrous; bracteoles resembling very small leaves; secondary pedicels 2 mm; pedicels c. 7 mm, widened upwards, glabrous; sepals subequal, 11–13 × 8–9 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded, glabrous, the margins scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, glabrous, shortly funnel-shaped, white with dark red throat, limb 5.5–6.5 cm diam., unlobed; longer stamens held at corolla mouth, shorter included, anthers c. 5 mm; stigma biglobose. Capsules (immature) ovoid, c.15 mm long, glabrous; seeds (immature) pilose on the margins.
Figure
Endemic to Bolivia where it is known from xerophytic bushland and dry forest in the Río Grande Valley between 1250 and 1600 m.
Resembling species in the
• The
Small trees, large shrubs or lianas, copious white latex usually present. Leaves entire, large, the base cordate or truncate, often absent at anthesis. Flowers appearing when plant mostly leafless, few, often clustered on a reduced branchlet forming a subracemose structure; peduncles short, commonly much shorter than the pedicels; bracteoles small, caducous; sepals subequal, large, usually 10–30 mm long, coriaceous, ovate, obtuse, mucronate. Corolla rather large, campanulate to funnel-shaped, white, sometimes with dark purple throat, glabrous or, commonly pubescent on the midpetaline bands; anthers included. Seeds with long white hairs on the angles. Some or all species may be bat pollinated (
The species in this clade are not very well-defined but appear to be more easily recognised in the field than in the herbarium. They can be separated by the following key which includes
1 | Sepals 14–28 mm long; all vegetative parts densely villous at least when young; cymes usually 1-flowered |
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– | Sepals 5.5–21 mm long, vegetative parts glabrous to pubescent; cymes mostly 2–5-flowered |
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2 | Corolla conspicuously tomentose at least in bud, 4–6 cm long; leaves usually tomentose |
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– | Corolla glabrous or inconspicuously pubescent on the midpetaline bands only, at least 5 cm long; leaves glabrous or pubescent on veins beneath |
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3 | Leaves linear, mostly < 1 cm wide |
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– | Leaves lanceolate to ovate, > 1 cm wide |
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4 | Sepals 5.5–13 mm long |
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– | Sepals 11–21 mm long |
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5 | Sepals abaxially glabrous; leaves glabrous; stem glabrous |
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– | Sepals abaxially pubescent; leaves pubescent at least abaxially at base of midvein; stem glabrous or, when young, pubescent |
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6 | Liana; stigmas globose; flowers borne on completely leafless, slender apical branchlets, < 3 mm wide |
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– | Tree; stigmas cylindrical; flowers axillary and terminal, borne on stout, leafy stem |
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7 | Liana; adaxial surface of sepals with bulbous-based hairs; stamens 10–13 mm long |
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– | Tree; adaxial surface of sepals with tiny hairs, not bulbous at base; stamens 12–28 mm long (low altitude species) |
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8 | Leaves pubescent on both surfaces |
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– | Leaves glabrous or thinly pubescent on veins beneath |
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9 | Multi-stemmed shrub; leaves rather small, < 6 cm long |
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– | Tree or shrub with a single main trunk; leaves usually > 5.5 cm long |
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10 | Shrub; sepals pubescent or glabrous externally; stamens 13–28 mm long |
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– | Tree; sepals glabrous externally; stamens 30–40 mm long |
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MEXICO. Oaxaca,
Tree or more commonly shrub to 7 m, variable in habit, with arching branches, often near leafless when flowering, stems glabrous, bark light brown, latex present, white. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 2.3–6 cm, ovate, finely acuminate and mucronate, truncate to very shallowly cordate, glabrous; petioles 1.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, 1–3-flowered cymes often borne on small axillary side branches; peduncles 0.2–3 cm; bracteoles 3 mm, oblong, caducous; pedicels 20–32 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent, the margins scarious, outer 9–11 × 6–8 mm, oblong-ovate, acute, often mucronate, inner sepals similar but scarious margins broader; corolla 5–7.5 cm long, white, broadly funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube commonly reddish inside, limb 7 cm diam., undulate; stamens 9–12 mm long; stigmas cylindrical, c. 2.5 mm long. Capsules 18–22 × 10–12 mm, ellipsoid glabrous; seeds 10–11 × 5 mm, glabrous apart from the pilose margins, the hairs white c. 9–12 mm long.
Figures
Seasonally dry deciduous woodland mostly between 1000 and 2600 m from southern Peru north to southern Mexico.
The record of
MEXICO. Guerrero,
Climbing or trailing liana to at least 4 m, stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–13 × 3–9 cm, narrowly ovate, acuminate, base truncate to weakly cordate, usually abaxially pubescent at base of midvein; petioles 2.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary 1–5-flowered cymes borne on short branchlets; peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent; bracteoles ovate-deltoid, 2–4 × 1–1.5 mm; pedicels 1.5–3.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent; sepals subequal, 5.5–12 × 6–9 mm, ovate to suborbicular, acute or obtuse, abaxially glabrous or pubescent; adaxially pubescent with bulbous-based hairs; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, sparsely pubescent on the midpetaline bands (rarely glabrous), limb 7–10 cm diam.; stamens 10–13 mm, stigmas cylindrical. Capsules ellipsoid, 15–25 mm long; seeds long-pilose on the margins.
In scattered localities from southern Mexico south to Nicaragua.
Very similar to
MEXICO. Colima, Manzanillo,
Tree to 13 m, the trunk up to 30 cm wide and with milky sap, stems shortly puberulent or glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–15 × 2.3–9 cm, ovate, acuminate, very shortly mucronate, shallowly cordate to truncate at base, adaxially thinly pubescent to glabrous, abaxially pubescent to obscurely puberulent on veins; petioles 1.5–4.5 cm, slender, glabrous. Inflorescence usually pendent of single flowers or several borne on short branches, sometimes with reduced leaves, peduncles 1–4 mm; bracteoles 2–6 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 6–24 mm; sepals subequal, 6–12(–15) × 6–7(–8) mm, elliptic, obtuse, abaxially finely puberulent to almost glabrous, adaxially pubescent, margins somewhat scarious; corolla 5–6(–9) cm long, white with dark red throat, glabrous except pubescent tips of the midpetalline bands, limb 5–5.5 cm diam.; stamens 12–30 mm long; stigma globose to elongate. Capsules ellipsoid, 20 × 10 mm, glabrous; seeds 8–10 × 3–4 mm. long-pilose on margins. Reported to be a night flowering species.
Figure
Dry, deciduous forest in scattered disjunct locations from Peru through Central America to southern Mexico at relatively low altitudes of 50–900 m,
MEXICO. Jalisco,
A small tree to 10 m, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 7–14 × 3–5.5 cm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, base truncate to shallowly cordate, glabrous or thinly pubescent abaxially near base of midrib; petioles 3–9 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of axillary or terminal 1–3-flowered cymes often borne on short branchlets; peduncles 0.4–2 cm, glabrous; bracteoles 3–6 × 1–2.5 mm, ovate to elliptic; pedicels 2–5 cm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 13–19 × 7–13 mm, ovate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent; corolla 5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous or thinly pubescent on midpetaline bands, white with greenish tube, limb 5–7 cm diam.; stamens 3–4 cm long; style globose to slightly elongate. Capsules 2–2.5 cm long, ellipsoid; seeds with long marginal hairs.
Endemic to dry scrub in central Mexico, mostly found in Jalisco but also reported from Zacatecas, Nayarit and Michoacán.
Similar to
MEXICO. Hidalgo, Mun. Zimapan,
Shrub to 3 m, trunk grey-green to 20 cm thick, glabrous or white-puberulent, much branched at base. Leaves petiolate, 5.5–16.5 × 1.5–5.5 cm, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, mucronate, base rounded to subcordate, glabrescent; petioles 2–6 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered cymes from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 0.8–2.6 cm, glabrous or puberulent; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 10–30 mm, thicker than peduncles; sepals equal, 11–21 × 6–13 mm, ovate, margin scarious, glabrous or puberulent; corolla 4.5–10 cm long, campanulate to broadly funnel-shaped, white, glabrous. Capsules 15–20 × 12–15 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 11–14 mm long, ovoid, brown with long white hairs.
Endemic to central Mexico, where it grows in dry scrub on steep limestone rock slopes between 700 and 2000 m.
This species is very close to
MEXICO. Chihuahua, Quasaremos,
Shrub 2–5 m high, stems glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 5–20 × 0.7–1.3 cm, elongate, oblong, slightly falcate, acuminate at both ends, glabrous; petioles 8–13 mm. Flowers apparently solitary, axillary; peduncles 6–18 mm; bracteoles not seem; pedicels 1–2.5 cm; sepals subequal, 12–17 × 7–9 mm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent, outer ovate, acute, mucronulate; inner elliptic, obtuse, with scarious margins; corolla 8–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with purple throat, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., entire. Capsules 15–18 × 12 mm, shortly rostrate; seeds pilose on margins with hairs c. 10 mm long.
Endemic to the Sierra Madre Occidental in NW Mexico at 1000–1800 m on “high arid crags” in oak and pine forest.
Rather distinctive because of the narrowly oblong, falcate leaves.
MEXICO. Sonora, Mun. Guaymas, 1 km N. of Bahía San Carlos,
Multi-stemmed shrub to 4 m, stems erect, or, upwards, sinuous or spiralling, pubescent, glabrescent, old bark whitish. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1.5–8 × 0.5–2 cm, lanceolate to ovate, apex obtuse to emarginate, base cuneate to truncate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2–12 mm. Inflorescence of 1–3 flowers on short shoot-like peduncles 0–5 mm long; bracteoles 5–8 mm, oblong-lanceolate, resembling tiny leaves, caducous; pedicels 8–22 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly unequal, 12–17 × 6–8 mm, abaxially thinly to densely puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, margins scarious, outer sepals ovate, acute, inner broadly ovate to elliptic, obtuse with broad glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 4–6 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped with tube 3.5 cm long and c. 1.5 cm wide at mouth, glabrous, white with yellowish midpetaline bands, maroon inside at base of tube, limb c. 6 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Lower slopes of Sierra El Aguaje in desert scrub on rocky slopes near sea level in NW Mexico.
The holotype was cited as deposited in UA, a non-existent herbarium code. It was apparently intended to refer to the University of Arizona (ARIZ).
Based on
Tree 5–15 m high, trunks often 50–70 cm diam., bark pale grey or yellowish (
Dry forest and scrub, mostly below 1000 m in western and central Mexico.
The Berlin holotype of
A rather variable species in which a number of varieties have been recognised.
A cultivated plant “e horto valentino” (whereabouts unknown).
Tree to 13 m high, trunk to 40 cm diam., white latex abundant, stems floccose with white hairs. Leaves petiolate, 9–20 × 1–7 cm, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, base broadly cuneate, usually villous or pubescent when young, somewhat glabrescent; petioles 1–6 cm, tomentose, glabrescent. Inflorescence terminal or from upper leaf axils, laxly corymbose in structure; peduncles 0.3–2 cm, villous; bracteoles ovate, obtuse 10–15 × 5–10 mm, caducous; pedicels 1.5–5 cm, thickened upwards, more densely tomentose than peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, 14–28 × 9–20 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse to subacute, white-tomentose, the inner slightly shorter but more densely tomentose; corolla 6–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with dull red throat, villous; limb c. 5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules 2–2.5 cm long, oblong-ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 12 × 5 mm, pilose on the margins with hairs 10–15 mm long.
Dry scrub and open deciduous woodland from 600 to 2400 m from central Mexico south to Guatemala.
Perhaps the most distinct of the
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Teotitlan Dist., Tambor, 17 miles W of San Antonio,
Small tree with grey trunk to 5 m high, stem and branchlets woody, tomentose with white hairs, eventually glabrescent. Leaves rather shortly petiolate, 2–5 × 1.4–5.7 cm, suborbicular, cordate, rounded to retuse, tomentose on both surfaces, adaxially grey-green abaxially white; petioles 5–16 mm, tomentellous. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 0–1 mm; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, ovate, deciduous; pedicels 4–15 mm, tomentose; sepals subequal, 11–16 × 7–10 mm long, the outer ovate, acute, abaxially tomentose, inner elliptic obtuse, only the midrib tomentose, the margin scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale yellow, glabrous. Capsules narrowly ovoid, glabrous; seeds with long, lanate hairs.
Endemic to Oaxaca and neighbouring Puebla in Mexico, recorded as growing on steep sandstone slopes.
MEXICO. Guerrero: Chilpancingo de los Bravo: a 2 km al sur del poblado de Acahuizotla, 807 m, 17°21'17.6"N, 99°27'27.4"W, 27 Aug. 2014 (fl.)
Perennial climber, root woody; stems 2‒5 m long herbaceous, sparsely puberulent, green, 3-winged, the wings 2‒3 mm wide. Leaves petiolate, 11‒17.5(‒21) × 13‒19(‒27) cm, 5(‒7) palmatilobed, the base cordate, the lobes unequal, basal lobes 5.8‒13(‒15) × 2‒6 cm, elliptic, lateral lobes 9.2‒16.7(‒21.5) × 2.2‒7 cm, elliptic, central lobe 9.5‒19.8(‒22) × 3.2‒9 cm, obovate, membranous, margins entire, weakly revolute, the apex acuminate-mucronate, both surfaces puberulent, adaxially green, abaxially light green to whitish, the midvein winged, sparsely puberulent; petioles 5‒13.5 cm × 1‒2.2 mm, sulcate, puberulent, winged, the wings ca. 0.4 mm wide. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with (1‒)3‒6 flowers; peduncles 0.8‒1.1 cm, puberulent, weakly winged, not accrescent in fruit; bracteoles 1.5‒2.3 × 0.9‒1.3 cm, coriaceous, obovate, keeled, mucronate, exterior puberulent, pinkish-green; secondary peduncles 3.2‒4.3 mm; pedicels 8 mm, thickened upwards in fruit; sepals subequal, 21‒24 × 8.3‒11 mm, oblong, coriaceous, puberulent, the midvein slightly elevated, base truncate, apex obtuse and mucronate, the central part pinkish-white, the margin whitish-green; corolla c. 6.5 cm long, campanulate above a narrow, cylindrical basal tube, puberulent, white, becoming magenta upwards, the interior with magenta spots and vertical lines, the basal cylindrical tube 1.5‒2 long, the expanded part 3.7‒4 × 3‒3.5 cm, the limb 5.5‒6 cm diam., subentire, weakly 10‒lobed, magenta, glabrous. Capsules 1.4‒1.6 × 0.9‒1 cm, ellipsoid, puberulent, dark brown, the base of the style persistent, ca. 0.5 mm long, 4-seeded; seeds ca. 9.5 × 5 mm ellipsoid, the apex acute, dark brown, minutely reticulate, glabrous except for the up to 8.5 mm long marginal hairs.
Endemic to Guerrero at around 800 m in semi-deciduous tropical forest.
•• Clade A2 (Species 128–215) is the second major clade within Clade A. It consists of perennial herbs and woody climbers or lianas. Most species are climbing plants but there are a few erect species. The leaves are sometimes absent at anthesis, particularly in the lianas that flower in the dry season. Although leaf shape is often a useful character, many mainly entire-leaved species sometimes present with 3-lobed leaves. The most distinctive feature of the clade lies in the rigid, subequal coriaceous sepals, which are usually glabrous (except in most species in the 128– 143 sequence). The corolla is glabrous (except
The species in this clade are not always well-defined or easy to distinguish.
The clade is well represented through most of the Americas but is particularly diverse in the Caribbean, providing all but two of the species endemic to that region. It is less common towards the north of its continental range and is almost absent from the United States.
• Species 128–131 comprise an informal group of erect Mexican species with solitary axillary flowers. They are unusual in the clade for having hirsute sepals and pubescent corollas (except
MEXICO. Chihuahua,
Perennial herb to 50 cm, similar in general habit to
Endemic to northern Mexico where it appears to be rare in rocky grassland.
This species differs from other erect species with ovate-elliptic leaves from Mexico in its hirsute vegetative parts.
MEXICO. Zapatecas, near Berriozabal,
Decumbent or erect perennial herb or subshrub 10–50 cm high, stem densely sericeous-pubescent, base woody, rootstock very stout and woody. Leaves subsessile, 0.6–1 × 0.2–0.4 cm, oblong-elliptic or obovate, acute or obtuse, apiculate, base narrowly cuneate, white-sericeous to tomentose on both surfaces. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers, becoming crowded upwards; peduncle 2–3 mm; bracteoles 1 mm, scale-like; pedicels 4–7 mm, thicker than peduncles, pubescent; sepals subequal, 7–10 mm, ovate, obtuse, outer tomentellous, inner tomentellous in central area but with broad scarious glabrous margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, reddish-purple with a white tube, pubescent in bud at apex, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds dark brown with short white marginal hairs.
Rare and endemic to central Mexico, principally Guanajuato, growing at around 2000–2300 m on stony slopes with low xerophytic scrub and open pine woodland.
An erect species with white, sericeous to tomentose vegetative parts and very small leaves. Very similar to
MEXICO. Durango,
Subshrub to 1 m, much branched at base, stems grey-tomentellous with crisped hairs, rootstock a woody xylopodium. Leaves subsessile, 2–3.5 × 0.4–1.5 cm, oblong, base cuneate, apex rounded to obtuse, grey-tomentellous on both surfaces, whitish when young; petioles 2–4 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 0–1 mm; bracteoles linear, filiform, 5–10 mm long, caducous; pedicels 3–10 mm, tomentellous; sepals subequal, 12–16 × 2–3 mm, but accrescent in fruit to 22 × 5.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, whitish tomentose; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink with the lower part of the tube cream, sericeous in bud and on mid-petaline bands, limb 4 cm diam. Capsules 12–15 × 8–10 mm, ovoid, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 4 × 4–5 mm, pubescent on margins.
Endemic to northern Mexico, principally Durango, in dry, open grassy habitats at altitudes of 1900–2100 m.
Very distinctive because of the oblong, subsessile leaves and solitary axillary flowers with suppressed peduncles. The acuminate sepals should be noted.
MEXICO. Querétaro, Hac. Ciervo,
Erect perennial subshrub to 80 cm from a tuberous rootstock, stem densely tomentose, often much branched from base. Leaves imbricate, shortly petiolate, 4–10 × 2–5 cm, elliptic, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate, densely white-tomentose on both surfaces but paler beneath; petioles 3–5 mm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–2 cm, densely pubescent; bracteoles 14–16 mm long, linear spathulate, tomentose; pedicels 4–9 mm; sepals subequal, 15–23 mm, lanceolate, attenuate, white-tomentose; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, pubescent, limb entire to undulate. Capsules 8–10 × 6–8 mm, conical, glabrous; seeds glabrous except for white marginal hairs c. 3 mm long.
Dry spiny xerophytic scrub at 2000–2250 m. Endemic to central Mexico.
Resembles
MEXICO. Querétaro, San Juan del Rio,
Twining perennial herb from a tuberous rootstock, stems somewhat woody, glabrous to thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 1.7–2.5 cm, ovate, apex long-caudate, base cordate to subtruncate and shortly cuneate onto the petiole, auricles rounded, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2–4.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary (very rarely paired), pedunculate flowers, peduncle 0.5–4 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 1 mm, deltoid, caducous; pedicels 20–40 mm, stouter than peduncles and thickened upwards, nearly glabrous; sepals subequal, glabrous 12–14 × 5–7 mm, ovate, shortly mucronate, outer with scattered fleshy teeth on abaxial surface, inner without teeth but with scarious margins; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules 8–10 × 5–6 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 4–6 mm long, subglobose, brown, puberulent.
Endemic to central Mexico, where it grows in dry pine and oak woodland on rocky hillsides and in rough pasture derived from woodland, mostly between 1000 and 2300 m.
The plate accompanying the protologue is incorrect and shows
MEXICO.
Twining perennial herb to c. 2 m, stems woody below, white-pubescent; root tuberous, resembling a small turnip. Leaves petiolate, small, 2–4.5 × 1.8–3.5, ovate-deltoid, pubescent, glabrescent; petioles 0.6–4.3 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary flowers (rarely in cymes with up to 3 flowers); peduncles 2.5–16 cm, glabrous or pubescent; bracteoles early caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles (if present) 1–3 cm; pedicels 10–30 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly to very unequal, scarious-margined, outer 6–8 × 2. 5–3 mm, oblong to narrowly elliptic, obtuse, abaxially hispid with bulbous-based hairs (rarely glabrous), inner 7–9 × 3–4 mm, oblong-obovate, obtuse, rounded or retuse, with broader scarious margins, glabrous; corolla 4.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with lavender flush, (sometimes pink), glabrous, limb 4–7 cm diam. Capsules 7–12 × 6–9 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds black, 7–8 mm long, shortly pubescent on the angles.
Figures
Endemic to central Mexico, where it grows in scrub and rough grassland at around 2000–2100 m.
• Species 134–141 are all Mexican species with white flowers and similar morphology although phylogenetic relationships between species have not been determined. Most but not all have hirsute sepals
MEXICO. Michoacán, Mun. Penjamillo,
Robust trailing or twining liana; stems to 14 m, canescent when young but glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 7–14 × 4–10 cm, base truncate or cordate, apex acuminate, adaxially green, thinly to densely pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose with some hairs reported to be branched; petioles 2.5–11 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary 1–3(–5)-flowered cymes, sometimes developing on short branchlets; peduncles (0.5–)1–5.5 cm, densely grey-canescent or subtomentose, somewhat glabrescent; bracteoles lanceolate, 2 mm long, grey-canescent; secondary peduncles c. 1 cm, noticeably less hairy than peduncles; pedicels 0.5–2.5 cm, densely puberulent; sepals somewhat unequal, coriaceous with pale scarious margins, glabrous; outer 5.5–8 × 4–6 mm, obtuse, inner 8–12 × 6–9 mm, truncate; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with purple throat, glabrous, limb shallowly lobed, c. 4–4.5 cm diam. Capsules 10–17 × 8–12 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 7–12 mm long, glabrous apart from the pilose margins with brownish hairs 10–14 mm long.
Figure
Endemic to central Mexico and apparently uncommon to dry forest mostly between 1000 and 2000 m.
Although Carranza and McDonald place this species in the
MEXICO. Sinaloa, Tapolobampo,
MEXICO. Baja California Sur, Cape region,
Grey prostrate or twining perennial to 2 m, stems subglabrous, pubescent to subtomentose. Leaves petiolate, variable in form, 2–8 × 1.5–7.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, acute, cordate to truncate and cuneate onto the petiole, often shallowly 3-lobed, sometimes deeply 3-lobed with suborbicular to rhomboid lobes that are contracted below, margin somewhat undulate, both surfaces thinly to densely pubescent with simple and branched hairs, especially on the veins; petioles 1–6 cm, nearly glabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence of lax 1–5-flowered cymes; peduncles 1–3.8 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, filiform, caducous; pedicels 15–35 mm, sometimes winged, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, somewhat coriaceous, outer sepals 5–8 × 3–4 mm, oblong to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate, pubescent, the margins scarious, glabrous, inner 9–13 × 6–7 mm, broadly obovate-elliptic, rounded, mucronulate, scarious except for central area; corolla 6–9 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, white with bluish centre, limb 6–8 cm diam., midpetaline bands ending in a mucro; anthers usually included. Capsules 10 × 10 mm, subglobose, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 7 mm, densely pilose on the margins with hairs to 8 mm.
Figure
Growing amongst rocks at low altitudes in northwestern Mexico.
The specimen of
This species is rather variable in leaf size and shape, indumentum and corolla size. Entire leaves are deltoid and basally truncate, but the deeply 3-lobed leaves have the terminal leaflet somewhat rhomboid in form. The indumentum is quite variable in its density and the branched hairs are not easily discerned even with a microscope.
MEXICO. Jalisco, La Huerta, Est. Biologia, Chamela,
Twining perennial, stems woody and wiry, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–6.5 × 2–7 cm, ovate or, more commonly, 3-lobed, acute or obtuse, mucronate, basally cordate to subtruncate and then cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially thinly adpressed pubescent, abaxially silvery, adpressed pilose; petioles 1–4 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–2.7 cm, pubescent; bracteoles linear c. 4 × 0.5 mm; pedicels 10–23 mm, pubescent; sepals unequal, outer 3–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, thinly pubescent, inner larger, 6–7 × 2–4 mm, obovate-elliptic, retuse, the margins broadly scarious; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, salverform the tube 2–2.5 cm long, glabrous, cream, opening at night; stamens equal, very short; anthers and style included. Capsules 9–11 × 7 mm, glabrous, ovoid, muticous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, long-pilose on the margins with hairs up to 12 mm long.
Almost endemic to the Chamela region in dry deciduous forest at low altitudes.
This species is distinguished by the white salverform corolla and 3-lobed leaves, but is otherwise very similar to
Based on
Perennial climbing herb with tuberous roots, stem pubescent but somewhat glabrescent, woody. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–4.5 × 1–4.5 cm, ovate, entire or shallowly 3-lobed, acute to acuminate, mucronulate, base truncate to shallowly cordate, adaxially thinly pubescent, glabrescent, abaxially pubescent to grey-tomentose; petioles 3–4.5 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate 1–6 flowered axillary cymes, sometimes developing on leafy side shoots; peduncles short, 0.3–1 cm puberulent; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 5–10 mm; pedicels 10–20 mm, densely tomentellous, slightly thickened upwards; sepals slightly unequal, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse or rounded, coriaceous, glabrous, margin scarious, outer 5–6 × 4–5 mm, inner 6–8 × 5–6 mm; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, glabrous, limb 5–6 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, c. 10 mm, glabrous; seeds 7–9 mm, dark brown, with long white, marginal hairs.
Figure
Oakwoods in the mountains of south-central Mexico at 1800–2500 m.
A poorly understood species characterised by the white corolla, truncate, pubescent, usually shallowly lobed leaves and shortly pedunculate cymes often arising on leafy side shoots. There is some variation in indumentum, specimens from Oaxaca having pubescent pedicels and sepals, whereas they are glabrous in the Temascaltepec specimens,
This species is very close to
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Pochutla, Mun. Santa Maria Huatulco,
Twining perennial herb 6–10 m high, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 6.5–12 × 4–10 cm, ovate, sometimes 3-lobed to nearly halfway, acuminate, mucronate, base truncate and briefly cuneate onto the petiole, glabrous except for the pilose margin; petioles 2–8 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate compound axillary cymes; peduncles 10–28 cm, glabrous; bracteoles 1.5–4 mm, ovate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–4 cm; tertiary and quaternary peduncles slightly shorter; pedicels 17–30 mm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous, coriaceous, outer 5.5–6.5 × 2.5–4 mm, oblong-elliptic, convex, obtuse, scarious-margined, inner 7–9 × 4–6 mm, elliptic-obovate, truncate or retuse; corolla c. 5 cm long, hypocrateriform, the tube subcylindrical, 4–5 cm long, white, glabrous, the limb lobed, stamens exserted; Capsules 11–13 × 8 mm, ellipsoid, the style base persistent; seeds 5–7 × 3 mm long, the margins pilose with hairs 10 mm long.
At low altitudes below 200 m near the coast in the coffee zone in Pochutla region of Oaxaca,
This species is very close to
The following specimens from central Mexico are identical with
MEXICO. Jalisco, 6.5 miles NE of Autlán,
Liana, stems up to 5 m long, woody, pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves usually absent at anthesis, not certainly known. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary clusters of reduced cymes; peduncles 0.2–3 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–4 mm, deltoid, caducous; secondary peduncles 0.5–4 mm, glabrous; pedicels 5–17 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly to very unequal, suborbicular, obtuse, rounded or retuse, convex, coriaceous, glabrous or thinly comose at the apex, outer 2.5–4 × 3–4 mm, inner 4–6 × 6 mm, the margins scarious; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, glabrous; limb 3.5–6 cm diam.; stamens included. Capsules ovoid, 12–13 × 6–7 mm, glabrous; seeds 6 × 4 mm, long pilose on the margins with hairs 7–9 mm long.
Endemic to central Mexico on dry scrub-covered hills between 900 and 1500 m.
Distinguished from other similar species by the glabrous, funnel-shaped white corolla, very short peduncles and short, glabrous sepals. The type and all the specimens cited above are leafless so it is very difficult to characterise this species reliably.
MEXICO. Guerrero, Casa Verde to Xochipala,
Liana to 5 m, stems tomentose, eventually glabrescent. Leaves unknown, absent at anthesis. Inflorescence of compound axillary cymes borne towards the tips of branches; peduncles 0.2–0.6 cm, sericeous; bracteoles caducous, unknown; pedicels 2–9 mm, thickened upwards, sericeous; sepals subequal, ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse and sometimes mucronate, coriaceous, sericeous, outer 5–6 × 3–4 mm long, inner 6–7 × 5 mm, the margins broad, scarious; corolla 6.5–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with reddish midpetaline bands, sericeous, limb 4.5–7 cm diam., unlobed; stamens included. Capsules 12–15 mm long, oblong-ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds pilose on the margins.
A little known species, apparently endemic to Guerrero State in Mexico.
The large, nearly white, sericeous corolla, the subequal sericeous sepals and the included anthers distinguish this species, which is leafless when flowering. There is one leaf on
Based on
Perennial night-flowering liana to 5 m, stems relatively stout, woody below, bristly white-pilose, latex white. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 3–8.5 cm, ovate, acute to shortly acuminate, shallowly cordate to truncate, occasionally 3-lobed, thinly hispid-pilose on both surfaces, eventually somewhat glabrescent, abaxially paler; petioles 1.5–5.5 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, sometimes leafy, many-flowered, compound cymes; peduncles 5–14 cm, hispid-pilose; lower bracteoles foliose, 10 × 2 mm, lanceolate; upper bracteoles 2 mm, filiform, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; tertiary peduncles c. 5 mm; pedicels 8–14 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 5–8 × 3 mm, oblong-ovate to elliptic, obtuse, convex, densely hispid-pilose, especially near margins, inner 7–8 × 4 mm, obovate, with prominent broad, glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 5–7 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped above a subcylindrical basal tube, white (night flowering), glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 10–12 mm long, conical, rostrate with persistent style, glabrous; seeds 6–9 mm, glabrous apart from long deciduous marginal hairs.
Deciduous dry forest and thorn scrub on mountains of Central America and southwestern Mexico, 0–1900 m.
Distinguished by the stiff, spreading white hairs of the calyx and stems combined with the narrow white corolla, which is funnel-shaped above a long basal cylindrical tube. The peduncles are often long and the sepals very short, often c. 5 mm long.
Some specimens have hirsute stems but glabrous sepals and may be intermediate with
BRAZIL. Maranhão, Mun. Tuntum, Palmerinha, 74 km de Tuntum,
Twining perennial herb to 1.5 m, stem and all vegetative parts hirsute with rather stiff, whitish, spreading bulbous-based hairs. Leaves petiolate, 4–13 × 3.5–11 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, margin entire to slightly undulate, apex abruptly acute, both surfaces hirsute but abaxially paler; petioles 1.7–7.5 cm, hirsute. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes, usually with 5 flowers; peduncles 2.5–8.5 cm, hirsute, appearing somewhat flexuose; bracteoles 3–4 × 0.5 mm, linear, acuminate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.3–2.3 cm; pedicels relatively long, 1.6–3.6 cm, slightly more hirsute than peduncles; sepals subequal, 12–15 × 8–9 mm, coriaceous, convex, elliptic-obovate, outer obtuse, abaxially hirsute when young, but hairs somewhat deciduous on the upper part when old, inner sepals rounded, glabrous except for a few hairs near base; corolla 6.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Rocky ground in seasonally semi-deciduous forest. Endemic to Amazonian Brazil.
Readily recognised by the long, somewhat stiff, spreading bulbous-based hairs that cover all vegetative parts including the outer sepals. The pink flowers and relatively long sepals distinguish it from
Twining perennial of unknown height; stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 6–13 × 3–7.5 cm, oblong-ovate, base cuneate, margin entire to slightly undulate, apex acuminate and strongly mucronate, adaxially green, pilose with bulbous-based hairs, abaxially grey-tomentose with dense, soft appressed hairs; petioles 2–3.5 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate, often compounded cymes; peduncles 4–7 cm, thinly pilose; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 1.6–2.8 cm; tertiary peduncles 0.6–1,1 cm; pedicels 0.9–2.5 cm, thinly pilose; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, 7–9 × 3–4 mm, outer obtuse to subacute, glabrous but pilose near base, inner glabrous, margins scarious; corolla not seen. Capsules 6–7 × 5 mm subglobose, rostrate with persistent style 3–4 mm, glabrous; seeds 4 × 2.5 mm, blackish, glabrous apart from long marginal hairs c. 6 mm in length.
Endemic to Mato Grosso.
Distinguished from
• Species 144–171 form the core of this clade, all with glabrous corollas and sepals, only the first and last somewhat uncertain in their placement.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, Tio Hugo,
Twining perennial; stems woody, tomentellous, glabrescent; latex white. Leaves petiolate, 8–15 × 6–10 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, acute to acuminate and mucronate, tomentose on both surfaces; petioles 5–11 cm. Inflorescence of lax, axillary cymes; peduncles 1–22 cm, tomentose or glabrescent; bracteoles linear or lanceolate, deciduous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 5.5 cm; pedicels 4–22 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, outermost 6–9 mm, ovate to broadly elliptic, emarginate, inner 9–12 mm, suborbicular to obovate, obtuse, minutely mucronate; corolla c. 6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, throat dark pink, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules 10–12 × 9–10 mm, ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 6–8 mm long, glabrous apart from the long white marginal hairs.
Recorded from southern Brazil and neighbouring Argentina growing in deciduous forest margins and scrub.
The placement of this species is uncertain.
BRAZIL. Bahia,
Twining perennial to 4 m, stems usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–11 × 2.5–8 cm, ovate, weakly cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate to an acute apex, occasionally slightly undulate-denticulate or weakly 3-lobed, glabrous or, rarely, pubescent, lower surface paler, often dotted with glands or minute hair bases; petioles 2–7 cm, characteristically slender. Inflorescence of lax pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 3–10 cm; secondary peduncles 1.5–3 cm; bracteoles filiform, 4 mm, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm long; sepals subequal, coriaceous and somewhat convex, 6–8(–10) × 5 mm, broadly oblong, rounded, usually glabrous, margins narrowly scarious; corolla 4–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, inflated above a narrow basal tube, then gradually widened, pink or, less commonly, white, glabrous, limb 5–6 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 8 × 6 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, rostrate; seeds pilose on the margins with long white hairs.
Figures
Photographs of
A widespread species of moist tropical forest at altitudes below 900 m from northern Bolivia and Brazil north to central Mexico but largely absent from the Amazonian lowlands.
Plants are usually glabrous and the leaves often dotted beneath with hair bases/glands. Occasional densely pubescent plants occur such as
Four South American specimens are distinctive because of their large sepals (up to 15 × 10 mm). Three are from Brazil:
ARGENTINA. Jujuy, [Dept. Tumbaya], Volcán, Toma de la Laguna, 2200 m,
Twining perennial herb with tuberous roots; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 6.5–8.5 × 5–7 cm, ovate-deltoid (often shallowly 3-lobed), subtruncate with rounded auricles, long-acuminate, mucronulate, margin somewhat undulate, glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 3–8 cm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 4–14 cm, relatively stout; bracteoles fugacious; secondary peduncles 1–2 cm; pedicels 20–35 mm; sepals subequal, convex, coriaceous, obtuse, glabrous, outer 6–8 × 4–6 mm, inner 8–9 × 6 mm, slightly larger, suborbicular; corolla 6–7 cm long, deep pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 3–3.5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
In moist Tucuman-Bolivian forest in Andean Argentina and Bolivia at around 1500–2100 m.
Very similar to
BRAZIL. Paraná, Mun. Paranagua, Pico Torto, 15 Jan. 1970,
Vigorous climbing perennial of unknown height, glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, generally large, 10–22 × 9–16 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, acute to shortly acuminate, margin slightly undulate to subsinuate, sometimes with a distinct tooth above the auricle, glabrous on both surfaces but abaxially paler with prominent venation, the main veins with distinct pale margins; petioles 8–16 cm. Inflorescence of lax, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3–10 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, linear-oblong, margins scarious, caducous; secondary peduncles 2–3.5 cm; tertiary peduncles (if present) c. 1.5 cm; pedicels 10–18 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, rounded, outer 9–12 × 6–7 mm, obovate; inner slightly wider, broadly elliptic with scarious margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, tube pale, limb deep pink, somewhat lobed, c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to moist Atlantic forest below 300 m in Southern Brazil.
Distinct from
This has been identified as
BRAZIL. Goiás, Serra de Santa Brida,
Twining perennial liana to 6 m; stems rather thin but slightly woody, usually completely glabrous but sometimes appressed pilose or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–12×3–10 cm, ovate-deltoid, obtuse and mucronate, both surfaces glabrous or pubescent, adaxially dark green, abaxially very pale with prominent venation; petiole rather short, 1.5–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of subsessile, clustered cymes; peduncles 1–6 mm, glabrous; bracteoles scale-like, caducous; pedicels 0–7 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 6–9(–11) mm, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, convex, coriaceous, glabrous, whitish-green when fresh, inner sepals with scarious margins; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, gradually widened from base, glabrous, tube white, limb deep pink, weakly lobed, 2–2.5 cm diam. Capsules (immature), subglobose, glabrous.
Figure
A characteristic species of the cerrado biome in Brazil and Bolivia; apparently not very common and absent from southern Brazil.
When Wood and Scotland designated the lectotype for
A very distinctive species in the field because of its discolourous leaves, very short peduncles and funnel-shaped corolla with a white tube and pink limb. Herbarium specimens are usually easily identified by the subsessile, clustered flowers with coriaceous, convex sepals.
This species is quite variable in indumentum and glabrous (as in the type of
ARGENTINA. Salta, Oran, San Pedrito, senda a Astillero,
Robust twining liana reaching at least 6 m in height, commonly leafless when flowering, roots tuberous, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, mostly 3–8 × 1.5–4 cm, oblong-ovate, acute and mucronate, basally broadly cordate to truncate, margin slightly undulate, glabrous, adaxially green, abaxially somewhat glaucous and with prominent veins; petioles 1–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate simple or compound cymes often developing on axillary branchlets, sometimes very dense and floriferous or panicle-like; peduncles 0.5–5 cm long; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm; pedicels 3–8 mm, thickened upwards; sepals slightly unequal, coriaceous, glabrous, outer sepals 5–6 mm, convex, elliptic, obtuse with scarious margins, the inner 7–8 mm, suborbicular, rounded; corolla 5–6.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 3 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules glabrous; seeds pilose on the angles.
A characteristic species of open woodland in the Inter-Andean dry valleys and Bosque Serrano Chaqueño between (200–)850 and 2100 m in southern Bolivia and extreme northern Argentina.
Very similar vegetatively to
BOLIVIA. “Caupolican”, fide note on sheet at Kew,
Liana, glabrous in all parts, stems pale brown, woody. Leaves 4–9 × 4–8 cm, ovate, acute, base cordate to subtruncate, glabrous, abaxially paler, gland-dotted with pale whitish glands. Inflorescence of small cymes, often aggregated into a terminal panicle-like inflorescence; bracts resembling small leaves; peduncles 1.3–2 cm; secondary peduncles 10–15 mm; bracteoles 2–3 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, deciduous; pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals reddish, slightly unequal, outer 6–7 mm, ovate, obtuse, inner 8–9 mm, narrowly obovate with scarious margin; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, tubular but somewhat inflated in the middle to 10–12 mm in width, fuchsia-red, limb 5–lobed, 4–5 mm diam., dark red; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules 10–12 × 5 mm, ovoid, style persistent; seeds oblong in outline, c. 5 × 2 mm, long-pilose.
Bolivian endemic restricted to dry forest between 750 and 1200 m in the inter-Andean valleys north of Apolo in the Madidi National Park.
Very similar to
BRAZIL. Bahia, Mun. Muritiba, Faz. Velo-Vale,
Woody climber to 2 m; stems glabrous, grey, the petiole base persistent and subaculeate, possibly facilitating climbing. Leaves petiolate, 3–5 × 0.7–2.5 cm, oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate, acute and shortly mucronate, basally cuneate, glabrous, abaxially paler and somewhat glaucous; petioles 5–10 mm, often dark red, glabrous. Inflorescence of many-flowered complex, often compact axillary cymes usually forming a subcorymbose inflorescence on short branchlets; peduncles stiff, woody, often curved, 0.9–4 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 3–9 mm; pedicels 4–13 mm; sepals coriaceous, convex, scarious-margined, glabrous, subequal, outer 5–6 × 3–4 mm, elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, inner 8 × 5 mm, obovate, rounded; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, distinctly but shortly lobed with lobes up to 5 mm long; limb 3.5–4 cm diam.; stamens held at mouth. Capsules 12 × 6–7 cm, ovoid, glabrous, shortly rostrate; seeds long-pilose.
Figure
Characteristic of Caatinga thorn scrub in NE Brazil.
A woody climber with glabrous stems somewhat similar to
This species has sometimes been confused in herbaria with
BRAZIL. Bahia, Andaraí, Serra das Tres Barras,
Liana with tuberous suborbicular rootstock, all vegetative parts glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–10.5 × 3–5 cm, obovate, apex rounded to emarginate, base attenuate, venation actinodromous with secondary main veins; petioles 0.7–1.8 cm. Inflorescence of axillary, often compounded, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles ovate, c. 2 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2 cm; pedicels 1–2.5 cm; sepals subequal, 7–8 × 5 mm, coriaceous, ovate, rounded, the inner with scarious margins; corolla 4–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, limb weakly lobed. Capsules ellipsoid, 10–12 × 7–10 mm, glabrous; seeds 6 mm long, pilose on the margins.
Endemic to the eastern part of the Chapada Diamantina between 450 and 1200 m in Bahia.
Differs from
BRAZIL. Bahia, Ibícoara,
Liana with tuberous roots, all vegetative parts glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–6 × 1–2.3 cm, lanceolate to ovate, attenuate to a mucronate apex, base cuneate; petioles 0.7–1.8 cm. Inflorescence of compound, axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–3 cm; bracteoles c. 1 mm, ovate, caucous; seconday peduncles 1–3 cm; pedicels 1–1.5 cm; sepals slightly unequal, 4.5–6 × 3–5 mm, ovate, convex, rounded, the inner slightly larger and with scarious margins; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, hypocrateriform to suburceolate, pink, glabrous, the limb entire, 2–3 mm long. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, 11–12 × 7 mm; seeds 5–6 mm long, pubescent, the hairs up to 12 mm long, more dense on the angles.
Figure
Apparently endemic to Caatinga and Mata Atlântica in Bahia.
Differs from
BRAZIL. Bahia, Barrhiña, 7–8 June 1915,
Liana to 3 m; stems woody, white-canescent, peeling off to show glabrous pale brown under-bark. Leaves usually absent at anthesis, petiolate, 2–6 × 1.5–3.5 cm, ovate, base subtruncate with glands, apex often retuse, densely white-canescent on both surfaces; petioles 1.5–2.5 cm, white-canescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate corymbose clusters; peduncles 0.4–4 cm, white-canescent, appearing branchlet-like; secondary peduncles 0.5–1 cm, pubescent; pedicels 6–18 mm, thinly pubescent, glabrescent; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, glabrous, outer 7–8 × 4 mm, elliptic, obtuse, inner obovate, 5 mm wide, rounded, margins scarious; corolla 3.7–4 cm long, suburceolate, deep pink, glabrous, limb reduced to short teeth, 3–4 mm long; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules ovoid 15 × 7 mm; seeds long white-pilose.
Figures
Endemic to NE Brazil, principally Bahia State growing in caatinga.
A very distinctive species because of the suburceolate, tubular corolla with exserted stamens combined with the white-tomentose stem and leaf indumentum. Leaves are mostly absent at anthesis.
BRAZIL. [Bahia], Rio São Francisco,
Erect subshrub c. 2 m high, stems stout, woody, reddish, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–5(–7) × 0.7–1.5(–2.5) cm, oblong, oblanceolate, rounded to retuse, cuneate at base, glabrous; petioles 4–7 mm. Inflorescence of few-flowered cymes from the upper leaf axils, often reduced to single flowers; peduncles 4–13 mm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 7–15 mm, usually longer than peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, elliptic, convex, rigid, outer 5–8 × 4–5 mm, obtuse, inner 8–11 × 6 mm, obtuse, margin very narrowly scarious; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, white to pale lilac, glabrous, narrowly funnel-shaped, limb c. 3 cm diam.; stamens held at mouth. Capsules ellipsoid, 13–14 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds c. 5 mm long, dark brown with long brownish marginal hairs 10 mm in length.
Endemic to Brazil growing around Maracas on granite outcrops at 850–900 m in the Rio São Francisco valley.
• Species 156–161 form a group of similar species with palmately lobed leaves.
Cultivated from seed sent by Cooper from the banks of the Río Plata, apparently not preserved, lectotype t. 433 of the Botanical Register 4 (1818), designated here.
Perennial with stout tuberous roots, stems glabrous, or, less commonly, pubescent, decumbent, erect or twining. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 2–9 cm, palmately 5–9-lobed nearly to the base, the lobes 20–55 × 2–10 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, margin entire to undulate, base truncate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 1–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1–7 flowers in pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 1–4 (–13) cm, glabrous; bracteoles 3–4 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm, thickened upwards, glabrous; sepals 6–10 mm, slightly unequal, obovate to broadly elliptic, obtuse, glabrous, the inner suborbicular and with scarious margins; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., entire; stamens short. Capsules 7 × 8 mm, subglobose, glabrous, rostrate; seeds tomentose with longer hairs on margins.
Figures
Essentially a plant of swampy areas principally along the Paraná-Pilcomayo river systems but also occurring in dry inter-Andean valleys at around 2000 m in Salta.
This species is very variable in the number of leaf segments.We have received reports from Mario Giorgetti and seen photographs of this species growing between 2000 and 2500 m in the Calchaqui valley in Salta (Argentina), for example at Cerro Negro, Angastaco at 2060 m. This is at a much higher altitude and more arid habitat than is otherwise known for
Plant, reputedly from Maurice (Mauritius) cultivated in Vienna, probably not preserved; possible type tab. 200 in Hort. Schoenb. (Jacquin 1797).
Vigorous creeping or climbing perennial, stems somewhat woody, sometimes winged when old, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 5–14 × 6–16 cm, 5-lobed to about two thirds, base shallowly cordate to truncate and cuneate onto the petiole, lobes elliptic, narrowed at both ends, apex obtuse, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 2–6 cm, usually glabrous. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary, occasionally compound cymes; peduncles 3–13 cm, glabrous or puberulent; bracteoles c. 6 mm long, linear, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present) 5–15 mm; pedicels 5–22 mm, puberulent; calyx subglobose in outline, the sepals slightly unequal, elliptic, convex, coriaceous with a very narrow scarious margin, glabrous or puberulent near base, 7–10 × 5–6 mm, the outer obtuse, the inner rounded; corolla 5–6 cm long, inflated above a narrow basal tube, pink, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 10–15 × 6–10 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 6 mm long, lanate.
Figure
Pantropical in distribution but preferring equatorial regions. Scattered and rather uncommon in the neotropics, perhaps more common in the Guianas than elsewhere in the New World.
There are several syntypes of
PERU. Amazonas, Bagua Province, Imaza District, Com. Yamayakat,
Liana of unknown height, apparently glabrous in all parts; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 5.5–10 × 7–8 cm, 3–5-lobed to near the base, the 4th and 5th lobes often only partially developed, lobes oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm wide, acuminate; base truncate, abaxially paler; petioles 4–6 cm. Inflorescence of compounded axillary cymes 20–30 cm long; peduncles 9–12 cm long; 2–6th degree peduncles 1–4 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, oblong, scale-like, caduous; pedicels 7–11 mm; sepals subequal, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, elliptic, coriaceous, convex, outer rounded, minutely mucronate, inner ±scarious, rounded; corolla c. 4 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous; limb c. 2.5 cm diam., the midpetaline bands ending in teeth. Capsules 6 × 4 mm, ovoid with a slender persistent style, glabrous; seeds (possibly immature) 3 × 1.5 mm, pilose with long white hairs on the margins.
Figure
“Transitional Primary Forest” in the Marañon Valley in northern Peru.
This species has been identified as
ARGENTINA. Salta, Dept. Rosario de la Frontera, Las Termas,
Twining perennial 2–5 m in height, stems wiry, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–6(–10) × 5–7(–10) cm, 5–7-lobed to just above the base, base truncate or broadly cordate and cuneate onto the petiole, lobes oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, apex obtuse and mucronate, usually glabrous but pubescent in the Tarija area; petioles 1–4(–8) cm. Inflorescence of usually compound, axillary cymes of 1–5(–7) flowers; peduncles 2–8 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2 mm, oblanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.3–2.2 cm; pedicels 7–18 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, elliptic, convex, coriaceous with a very narrow scarious margin, glabrous or puberulent near base, the outer 6–10 × 3–5 mm, obtuse, inner 5–7 mm wide, rounded; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules 10 × 8 mm, ellipsoid to subglobose, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm long, dark brown, woolly.
Scattered in occurrence in northern Argentina, western Paraguay, southern Bolivia and the extreme west of Brazil. Essentially a species of the western and northern Chaco fringes. It is usually a species of the dry inter-Andean valleys and chaco lowlands but sometimes grows in seasonally swampy areas suggesting its ecological requirements are not as distinct from those of
Similar to
BRAZIL. [Bahia], Serra de Açurua, Rio São Francisco,
Twining perennial herb, stem bifariously pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–6 × 4–7 cm, 3-lobed to slightly more than halfway (the lateral lobes sometimes shallowly lobed), base broadly cordate, apex obtuse and mucronate, glabrous; petioles 3–7 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 5–20 mm; bracteoles not seen; secondary peduncles, if present, 2–4 mm; pedicels 6–18 mm; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, elliptic, obtuse, glabrous, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, inner similar but with scarious margins; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, red, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 2.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Mostly dry forest or caatinga in northeastern Brazil.
Part of the
A specimen at P (
BRAZIL. Goiás,
Trailing or climbing perennial, stems thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–6 × 2.5–8 cm, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin somewhat undulate, 3-lobed to about half way, lobes acute to shortly acuminate, central lobe elliptic, narrowed at base, laterals broadly ovate, both surfaces pilose, abaxially paler; petioles 1.5–3 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of mostly 3–5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3(–11) cm, glabrous or thinly pilose; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 2–4 mm; secondary peduncles 1–4.5 cm; pedicels 6–20 mm, glabrous or, rarely, thinly pilose; sepals unequal, coriaceous, convex, glabrous, margins scarious, when fresh pale green, shiny; outer sepals 6–7 × 4 mm, elliptic, obtuse, inner 10–11 mm, obovate, obtuse; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink with dark centre, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., lobed. Capsules 7–8 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 4–5 × 2.5 mm pale brown, glabrous apart from lanate angles with hairs c. 10 mm long.
Figure
An uncommon plant of the Cerrado biome in Bolivia and Brazil, growing in campo cerrado and on granite rock outcrops.
Very similar to
In designating a lectotype of
• Species 162–165 are characterised by the presence of stellate hairs. These are completely absent in a few forms of
Cultivated plant grown from seed collected by Tweedie at Buenos Aires (lectotype K00612912, designated by
A very variable trailing or, more commonly, twining perennial to at least 3 m in height, roots stout, tuberous, stems becoming woody when old, sparsely or densely roughly hirsute with stellate hairs. Leaves petiolate, usually 3–9 × 3–9 cm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, entire or commonly 3–5-lobed to about half way or margin sinuate, adaxially dark-green, asperous, stellate-pubescent, abaxially grey, stellate-tomentose; petioles 1–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, 1–10-flowered, axillary cymes, sometimes becoming racemose in form; peduncles 2–8 cm, stout, asperous-stellate-hirsute; bracteoles scale-like, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–3.5 cm; pedicels 2–10 mm (very rarely more); calyx globose in outline, sepals slightly unequal, coriaceous, convex, obtuse, usually glabrous, the margins scarious, outer 5–8 × 4–5 mm, elliptic, inner slightly broader and longer; corolla 4–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules narrowly ovoid, 11–12 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds 5–7 mm long, pilose with hairs 10 mm long.
Figures
Photographs of
Abundant in much of Paraguay, the Chiquitania of Bolivia, parts of southern Brazil and Misiones in Argentina but scattered and less common elsewhere in Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay and Brazil. We have not traced the record from Peru (
The synonomy of the infraspecific taxa of the very variable
PARAGUAY. Amambay,
Decumbent or twining perennial, stems hispid with prominent, relatively long stellate hairs. Leaves petiolate, polymorphic, 3–11 × 2.5–10 cm, ovate to subreniform, entire, obscurely to deeply 3-lobed or lyrate-dentate with acute teeth, apex obtuse, base truncate to narrowly cordate, densely and roughly stellate hairy on both surfaces; petioles 1–5 cm, hispid-stellate-pilose. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 3–12 cm, hispid-pilose; bracteoles 4 × 1 mm, lanceolate, obtuse, caducous; secondary peduncles 3–17 mm; pedicels short, 3–12 mm, glabrous or nearly so; sepals coriaceous, glabrous or thinly stellate hairy, 8–11 mm long, outer sepals elliptic, obtuse and mucronate, inner sepals obovate, obtuse with scarious margins; corolla 5–9 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., unlobed; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Nearly endemic to eastern Paraguay with a single record from a neighbouring area of Brazil.
Clearly related to
ARGENTINA. Salta, Dept. Orán, San Andrés,
Vigorous twining perennial, stems thinly to densely pubescent with stellate and simple hairs. Leaves petiolate, 4–15 × 2–9 cm, ovate-deltoid (rarely 3-lobed to half way), shortly acuminate and mucronate, base shallowly cordate to truncate and broadly cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially thinly pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 1–7 cm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of lax, axillary, often compound, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3–11.5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 5–10 mm, filiform, tomentose, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–2 cm; tertiary peduncles slightly shorter; pedicels 0.5–2 cm, pubescent to tomentose; sepals coriaceous, somewhat unequal, outer sepals 6–11 × 5–7 mm, elliptic, obtuse, convex, entirely glabrous or pubescent in the lower half only, margins scarious; inner sepals 7.5–12 mm, slightly broader and rounded; corolla 4.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., shallowly lobed; stamens and style included. Capsules 14–15 × 12–13 mm. suborbicular, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, long-pilose.
Figure
Serrano Chaqueño and Tucuman-Bolivian woodland between about 650 m and 2300 m extending along the eastern Andean slopes from just south of Santa Cruz through the Departments of Chuquisaca and Tarija to Orán in Argentina.
Both indumentum and leaf shape vary considerably in this species as in the related
BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca, Prov. Luis Calvo, 14 km E of Monteagudo, on pass before descent to Timboy Pampa
Liana to 6 m; stems sometimes pendulous from overhanging branches, woody below, somewhat wiry above, thinly pilose, glabrescent when old, sometimes leafless when flowering. Leaves petiolate, 6–14 × 5–10 cm, mostly ovate, sometimes suborbicular, occasionally shallowly 3-lobed or with a single lateral tooth, base cordate to subtruncate with rounded auricles, apex acute, margin entire to obscurely undulate, adaxially dark green, appressed pubescent with long hairs, abaxially grey-matted-tomentose with some stellate hairs mixed with unbranched hairs; petiole relatively short, 3–4 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of compact many-flowered, axillary cymes, often subracemose in form; peduncle 5–11 cm, commonly twisted, shortly pilose; bracteoles oblong, caducous; secondary peduncles 6–10 mm, glabrous; pedicels 2–10 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 9–11 × 4–6 mm obovate-elliptic, coriaceous, convex, glabrous, margins narrow, scarious; outer sepals minutely mucronate; inner sepals slightly wider than the outer, rounded; corolla 5–5.8 cm long, completely glabrous, hypocrateriform, the basal subcylindrical tube 3.5–3.8 × 0.5–0.9 cm, brownish, the limb 1.5–2 cm long, spreading, lobed, dark pink; stamens and style exserted 5–8 mm. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to Bolivia in Bosque Serrano Chaqueño between 400 and 1400 m. from the Santa Cruz area south to the Villamontes area.
Similar to
Both
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Santa Cruz da Barra, banks of Río Paraguay,
Vigorous twining perennial of unknown height but reaching at least 50 cm, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–7 × 1.3–5.5 cm, ovate-cordate (sometimes shallowly 3-lobed or repand), obtuse and strongly mucronate, base subcordate or truncate and briefly cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially green-tomentose with long hairs, abaxially densely silvery-sericeous-tomentose with dense long whitish hairs; petioles 6–22 mm, pubescent, the base often with filiform pseudo-stipules. Inflorescence of lax, axillary, pedunculate cymes, these sometimes paired; peduncles 0.7–8 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 3–11 mm, linear-filiform, pubescent, tardily deciduous; secondary and tertiary peduncles (if present) 7–23 mm; pedicels 0.3–1.2 cm, pubescent; sepals subequal, coriaceous, convex, outer 6–8 × 3–4 mm, elliptic, acute or obtuse, thinly pilose; inner sepals c. 1 mm longer and wider, obovate-elliptic, broader and rounded, glabrous; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 2.5–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 7 × 5 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, slender, persistent style 2–2.5 mm; seeds (immature) oblong, 5 mm, angles long pilose with dirty white hairs.
Figure
Endemic to Amazonian Brazil, growing in cerrado and on rocks in forest:
Rather distinct because of its densely pubescent indumentum with long weakly appressed hairs, persistent linear bracteoles and generally compact inflorescence. The type is atypical in the sense that it has a relatively long, compound inflorescence.
BRAZIL. Goyas et Piauhy:
Erect perennial, stem stout and somewhat woody, often simple, white-tomentose, 0.3–1 m high. Leaves subsessile, 2.5–10(–14) × 2–3.5(–5.5) cm. broadly oblong to oblong-elliptic, acute and sometimes mucronate, cuneate to rounded at base, densely sericeous or tomentose on both surfaces, adaxially greenish, abaxially grey; petioles 0–5 mm. Inflorescence terminal, formed of sessile or shortly pedunculate compact cymes from the upper leaf axils, cymes commonly single-flowered but sometimes with 2–10 flowers; peduncles 0–2.5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles linear-lanceolate to ovate, up to 10 × 5 mm, hirsute, somewhat persistent; pedicels 1–3 mm; sepals subequal, 7–9 mm, elliptic, obtuse, coriaceous, convex, brown when dry, the outer villous but glabrescent, inner glabrous; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., distinctly lobed. Capsules glabrous, ellipsoid, 8 × 6 mm, very shortly rostrate; seeds c. 3 mm, long-pilose.
A characteristic species of cerrado in Brazil extending to Paraguay, Brazil and to the llanos of Venezuela and Colombia.
A very distinct species because of its erect habit, subsessile silvery leaves and lobed corolla.
Despite its distinctiveness this species is quite variable and this is reflected in our molecular results which suggest that it is not monophyletic although it is difficult in the present state of our knowledge to reconcile molecular results with morphology. The majority of the specimens including the lectotype have leaves dull green adaxially and grey abaxially (
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Cuyaba,
Erect herb to c. 0.75 cm, usually unbranched, stems pubescent, often leafless below, rootstock an elongate tuber. Leaves sessile, numerous, imbricate, 0.5–6(–13) × 0.1–0.5(–1.2) cm, diminishing in size upwards, linear-oblong, base narrowly cuneate, apex acute, mucronate, margins commonly inrolled, both surfaces densely softly pilose or pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, ±racemose in appearance, up to 30 cm long, formed of cymes, which are often reduced to solitary flowers arising in the axils of the leaf-like bracts; peduncles 0–3 cm (often absent), erect; bracteoles 3–10 mm, linear, pilose, deciduous; pedicels 2–6 mm; sepals 5–7 mm, subequal, elliptic, usually truncate, rigid, convex, the outer pubescent, acute, the inner subglabrous; corolla 5–6 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules globose, 4–5 mm diam., glabrous, apex shortly rostrate, the dead style remaining till the fruit matures; seeds c. 3 mm, long-pilose.
A characteristic cerrado species of Bolivia and Brazil found from around 200 to 900 m.
In designating a lectotype of
Very distinctive because of its imbricate leaves which diminish in size upwards. It is occasionally confused with
GUYANA.
Glabrous perennial herb with xylopodium and erect, somewhat succulent stems to 50 cm. Leaves sessile, 4–16 × 0.1–0.3 cm, linear, somewhat glaucous, tapering at both ends, acute. Inflorescence ± terminal, up to 30 cm long, but usually much less, formed of pedunculate cymes from the uppermost leaf axils; peduncles 0–5 cm, diminishing in length upwards; bracteoles filiform, up to 10 mm long, caducous; pedicels 5–13 mm; sepals subequal, coriaceous, somewhat convex, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, elliptic, outer acute to obtuse, c. 1 mm shorter than inner, inner rounded, slightly scarious on margins; corolla c. 4.5 cm long, pink with a darker centre, glabrous, limb weakly lobed, c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Scattered on seasonally flooded plain at low altitudes in South America from the Guianas, Venezuela and Colombia south to Bolivia. Most common in the llanos region of eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas. Rare elsewhere. Records from Paraguay are errors.
Readily distinguished by the herbaceous, slightly fleshy stems, linear leaves, subequal sepals, glabrous corolla and distinctive habit and habitat.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Cordillera, Cabezas,
Vigorous climber or liana to 4 m; stems stout, densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 × 2–8 cm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, margin undulate, cordate and cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially green, densely pubescent, abaxially grey-subtomentose; petioles 1–3 cm, subtomentose. Inflorescence of solitary bracteate flowers aggregated into dense cymes or racemes; bracts resembling small leaves; peduncles 1–3.5 cm, densely pilose to tomentose; bracteoles foliose, 1.2–2.5 × 0.5–0.8 cm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, narrowed to a cuneate base, persistent; pedicels 0–5 mm; sepals hidden by bracteoles, subequal, 8–9 × 4–6 mm, elliptic, obtuse, coriaceous, convex, somewhat pubescent when young, glabrescent and completely glabrous when in fruit; corolla 5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink with a darker centre, glabrous, limb 2.5–4 cm diam., undulate. Capsules enclosed by persistent bracts, 7–8 × 5 mm, glabrous, ovoid, rostrate; seeds 5 mm, oblong, long-pilose.
Figure
An uncommon Bolivian endemic growing in scattered populations below 500 m in scrub and on forest margins around the northern and western fringes of the Chaco.
A very distinctive species because of its persistent foliose bracteoles combined with the coriaceous, convex sepals.
Based on
Twining subshrub to 1.5 m; stems glabrous, woody when old, strongly warted. Leaves petiolate, dimorphic, 2.5–4 × 2–3 cm, ovate cordate or, more commonly deeply 3–5-lobed with apical lobe elliptic, much larger than the laterals, apex obtuse, lobes contracted at base, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1–2.2 cm. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, glabrous, slightly warted; bracteoles 1.5–2 mm, ovate, obtuse, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–7 mm; pedicels relatively slender, 7–10 mm; sepals subequal, 5–7 mm long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, glabrous, the inner ones with a rounded scarious apex; corolla 3–4.5 cm long, glabrous, hypocrateriform, the tube 2.5–3.3 cm, pale, limb 0.7–0.9 cm in diam., lobed, lobes deep red, 4–6 mm long, ovate, often reflexed; stamens exserted. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, c. 10 mm long; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm, pilose with long marginal hairs to 8 mm.
Endemic to NW Venezuela where it grows in xerophitic scrub up to 400 m, but usually near the coast.
The approximate position of this species is inferred from its morphology.
Based on
Slender twining herb, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, very small, 1.2–4 × 1.2–2.3 cm, ovate, obtuse and mucronate, shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially green, tomentellous, abaxially white-canescent. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 4–25 mm, pubescent; bracteoles filiform, c. 1 mm, caducous; pedicels 6–15 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 7–11 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, outer pubescent, inner glabrous, scarious, more rounded; corolla 3.5–5.5 cm long, pale pink, funnel–shaped, thinly pubescent, limb undulate, 3.5–4 cm diam.
Dry rocky hills at low altitudes in Venezuela and Guyana; apparently uncommon.
This species is anomalous in this clade because of the thinly pubescent corolla.
MEXICO. Chiapas, Mun. Tuxtla Gutiérrez,
Twining perennial, stems somewhat woody below, glabrous, often slightly winged. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 2–6 cm, ovate, finely acuminate, distinctly truncate to very broadly cuneate, glabrous, abaxially paler with prominent veins; petioles 1.5–2.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 2–7 cm, stout; bracteoles squamose, c. 1 mm; secondary peduncles sometimes present, 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 3–13 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, ovate to suborbicular, outer 4–6 mm, obtuse with narrow scarious margin, inner 7–12 mm rounded, mostly scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, orange or yellow, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam., shallowly lobed with oblong-ovate lobes. Capsules 15 × 6–9 mm, conical, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 10–12 × 4 mm, black with long white marginal hairs to 10 mm.
Low altitude forest from southern Mexico south to Costa Rica.
Distinct because of its yellowish corolla and small truncate leaves.
MEXICO. Morelos, Cuernavaca,
Liana; stems all woody, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 6–10 × 2.3–3.8 cm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse or acute, mucronulate, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 1–1.8 cm. Inflorescence of solitary flowers arising on short axillary shoots; peduncles 2–8 mm; bracteoles 15–26 mm, oblong or oblong-elliptic, acute, foliose, shortly petiolate (to 2 mm), persistent; pedicels 1–2 mm; sepals strongly coriaceous, glabrous, slightly unequal, outer 8 × 6 mm, elliptic, acute, convex, inner similar but 9–10 mm long; corolla 7–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, cream (?), glabrous, limb c. 3.5 cm. Capsules 15 × 7 mm, narrowly ovoid, glabrous, rostrate with mucro c. 7 mm; seeds 8 × 2–3 mm, pilose with long marginal hairs 10–12 mm in length.
Endemic to southern Mexico, where it grows in deciduous tropical forest up to 1000 m.
• Species 175–177. These three species form a group diagnosed by their woolly seeds and strongly discolorous leaves.
PANAMA. Prov. Panama, Cerro Jefe, 22 Sept. 1972,
Perennial liana to 8 m in height; stems woody, thinly pubescent, purplish-brown. Leaves petiolate, 7–15 × 6–11 cm, ovate, ovate-deltoid or suborbicular, truncate to very broadly cuneate with rounded auricles, apex very shortly acuminate and mucronulate, acute or retuse, margin entire to obscurely denticulate, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely and softly strigose, abaxially densely silvery-sericeous, punctate, the venation prominent; petioles 3.5–8 cm, terete, pubescent. Inflorescence of compact axillary cymes with c. 3–10 flowers; primary peduncles 0.8–2 cm, grey-sericeous; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.5 mm, linear, obtuse, somewhat scarious, puberulent, caducous; secondary peduncles 3–5 mm, puberulent; pedicels 5–15 mm, puberulent below, becoming glabrous and thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 5–7 × 4–6 mm, ovate to obovate, rounded, margins narrow, scarious, inner sepals 8–11 mm long and wide. suborbicular, rounded to retuse, the margins broad, scarious; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous on the exterior limb pale magenta, tube greenish with a purple-black base; limb c. 3.5 cm diam., apparently weakly lobed. Capsules 18–20 × 12–15 mm, ovoid, very shortly apiculate with persistent style base, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm, dark brown, broadly oblong in outline, densely lanate with matted brownish cottony hairs up to 15 mm long.
Figure
Endemic to eastern Panama in low altitude cloud forest, 300–1000 m.
Readily distinguished by the large ovate-suborbicular leaves, magenta corolla with a blackish throat and unequal sepals.
PANAMA. Cerro Campana,
Perennial climber or liana of unknown height but reaching at least several metres high, stems twining, somewhat woody below, herbaceous above, thinly pubescent when young, glabrescent, pale brown. Leaves petiolate, 5–12 × 7–12 cm, ovate in outline, 3-lobed to about half way, base ± truncate or subcordate and shortly cuneate onto the petiole, apex finely acuminate and shortly mucronate, central lobe oblong-elliptic (rarely ovate), 2–5 × 2–4 cm, laterals broadly ovate, margins entire or undulate, adaxially green, pubescent, abaxially densely silvery-sericeous with appressed hairs and scattered white glands; petioles 4–11 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of compact axillary cymes; primary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, stout, pubescent; bracteoles 2–7 × 0.5–1 mm, filiform to lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, tardily deciduous; secondary peduncles 3–5 mm; pedicels 3–8 mm, pubescent; sepals somewhat unequal, outer 4–5 × 2–3 mm, broadly oblong, truncate or slightly retuse, glabrous or with a few hairs at the base, inner 5–6 × 3–4 mm, obovate, usually strongly retuse with a broad sinus so appearing winged, margins scarious; corolla ±campanulate, white, glabrous on the exterior, 2–2.5 cm long; limb 2.2–2. 5 cm diam. Capsules 12–13 × 10–11 mm, ellipsoid to subglobose, very shortly apiculate with persistent style base, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds 6 × 1.5–2 mm, brown, broadly oblong in outline, densely lanate with matted cottony hairs up to 10 mm long.
Figure
A species with a remarkable disjunct distribution with one population in NE Brazil and the other in Panama, extending with some doubt to Costa Rica, from where fertile material has not been seen. It is a species of forest from around 100 to 1150 m.
This species differs from
For a discussion about confusion with
Based on
Perennial climber apparently with tuberous roots; stem pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–9 × 3.5–9, sometimes ovate but usually 3-lobed to about halfway or slightly less, lobes elliptic, narrowed at both ends, occasionally ovate or somewhat repand, acute or shortly acuminate, mucronate, base truncate to cordate, often cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially appressed pilose, abaxially softly adpressed silvery-grey pilose; petioles 2–8.5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles usually short, 1–5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 4–12 mm, filiform; secondary peduncles c. 5 mm; pedicels 5–12 mm, thickened upwards, pubescent; sepals unequal, outer 8–11 × 3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, often mucronate, tomentose, inner 11–14 × 4–5 mm, broadly oblong-elliptic, rounded to retuse, glabrous or pubescent in the centre but with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 7–10 mm, globose, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 4 × 3 mm, brown, lanate.
Figures
Endemic to Central America from Nicaragua north to Southern Mexico, growing at low altitudes, in various kinds of woodland including pine forest, secondary woodland and flooded forest.
Somewhat variable in the density of the indumentum. It differs from
BELIZE. Maskall,
Twining perennial or small liana to c. 4 m, stems glabrous, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, palmately divided into 5–7 lobes, the lateral 4 lobes sessile to shortly petiolate, the terminal lobe pedately trilobed, lobes 2–7 × 0.5–1.8 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse to subacute, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 3–5 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, cluster-like cymes, the cymes often paired; peduncles 0–12 mm; secondary peduncles 2–4 mm; bracteoles early caducous, not seen; pedicels 6–9 mm; sepals subequal, rigid and somewhat convex, glabrous, the margins scarious, outer 4–5 × 4 mm, obovate-elliptic, obtuse, inner sepals 5 × 5 mm, rounded to retuse; corolla 3–3.5 cm, funnel-shaped, white with pink-flushed limb, glabrous, gradually widened from base, tube whitish-green; limb c. 2 cm diam. Capsules 7 × 4–5 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous, the mucro 2–3 mm long; seeds 5–7 mm long, pilose with white marginal hairs.
Figure
Endemic to Central America in dry forest at very low altitudes.
The palmately lobed leaves and shortly pedunculate cymes distinguish this species. The distribution in Fl. Mesoamericana 4(2): 332 is completely wrong.
Based on
Perennial twining plant with wiry, pubescent stems up to 4 m high. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.5–6 × 2–3.5 cm, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, cuneate, apex acute and strongly mucronate, adaxially thinly pilose, green, abaxially densely adpressed silvery-pilose; petioles 3–11 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary or few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1 –3 cm, densely silvery-pilose; bracteoles 10–18 × 2–3.5 mm, oblanceolate, acute, tapering to a petiole-like base, caducous; pedicels 8–15 mm, glabrous to thinly pubescent, especially below; sepals unequal, coriaceous, glabrous with scarious margins, outer 5–7 × 3–4 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, rounded to obtuse, inner 9–10 × 5–6 mm, elliptic to obovate, rounded to retuse; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 3.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 12–15 × 6–7 mm, ovoid, acute, glabrous; seeds 8–10 mm, ovoid, pilose.
Deciduous woodland, flooded forest and mangroves at low altitudes in Central America; rather uncommon.
The oblong-elliptic leaves with long, silvery appressed hairs abaxially are distinct as is the habitat.
• Species 180–182 form a group of three Mexican species with a hypocrateriform corolla and a tendency to be leafless at anthesis.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Almoloyas,
Twining liana; stems woody with grey bark, white canescent when young. Leaves absent at anthesis, petiolate, 1.5–10 × 1–6.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, subrhomboid, panduriform or shallowly 3 –lobed, margin undulate, apex acute, obtuse or retuse, mucronate, base truncate and cuneate onto the petiole, pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially paler; petioles 0.5–6 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate compact corymbs; peduncle 0.3–2.8 cm, sericeous; bracteoles 2–3 mm, ovate-deltoid, sericeous, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–5 mm; pedicels 12–15 mm, thickened upwards, canescent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 5–7 × 3–6 mm, elliptic, obtuse, densely pubescent to canescent, greenish, inner sepals obovate, rounded, pubescent in the centre but with broad glabrous scarious margins; corolla 3–4.5 cm long, cylindrical-hypocrateriform, deep pink, glabrous or with a few hairs, somewhat rugose, limb 2–3 cm diam., lobed, stamens exserted. Capsules ellipsoid, 9 × 6–8 mm, glabrous: seeds 6 × 3 mm, pilose on margins with long white hairs c. 7 mm long.
Endemic to central Mexico, growing around 1200 to 2200 m in dry deciduous woodland and scrub; apparently uncommon.
Distinguished from related species by the relatively broad corolla limb, near glabrous corolla but canescent sepals and pedicels.
Based on
Climbing perennial; stems woody to 2 m, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 8–12 × 7–9 cm, broadly ovate, apex abruptly and shortly acuminate, base truncate and shortly cuneate onto the petiole, adaxially glabrous to thinly pubescent, abaxially tomentose, paler; petioles 5–7 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence a dense, many-flowered pedunculate cyme; primary peduncles 1–2.5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 3–5 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–4 mm; pedicels 4–12 mm, sericeous; sepals subequal, 7–8.5 × 3.5–4.5 mm, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, coriaceous, reddish, pubescent, the inner sepals more densely pubescent but with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla 3–4 cm long, tubular-hypocrateriform, dark pinkish-red, sericeous, limb lobed, the lobes 3–6 mm long, ovate, obtuse; stamens exserted. Capsules 22 mm long (fide Matuda), conical, glabrous; seeds 7–8 × 5 mm, densely pilose on the margins with white hairs c. 8 mm long.
Limestone rocks in scrub at c. 750 m. Endemic to southern Mexico.
Somewhat similar to
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Tehuantepec, camino al Arroyo de Las Minas,
Twining liana of unknown height; stems stout, woody, glabrous. Leaves deciduous before anthesis, petiolate, 5–11 × 3.5–8.5 cm, broadly ovate, acute, base truncate or subcordate and cuneate onto petiole, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 3–8.5 cm. Inflorescence a many-flowered, compact, complex cymose structure; primary peduncles 1–3 mm, glabrous; bracteoles caducous, not known; secondary peduncles 6–6.5 mm; pedicels 4–6 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, 4–4.5 × 2–3 mm, elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, reddish, glabrous, the inner slightly larger and with scarious margins; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, cylindrical-hypocrateriform, red, glabrous, limb 5-lobed, lobes 3–6 mm long and wide, recurved, stamens exserted. Capsules 9–13 × 6–7 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4.5 mm, pilose on angles with hairs c. 7 mm long.
Endemic to the area around Tehuanteptec where it prefers steep slopes in low deciduous forest up to 750 m.
Distinguished from
• Species 183–215 are endemic to the Caribbean region. Our 605 nuclear regions sequence data suggests they form a distinct clade but our sampling is too limited to confirm this with confidence. They form the nearest thing to an island radiation within
CUBA occ.,
Perennial twining herb, stem glabrous, pale brown. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2–7 × 1.5–3.5 cm, ovate to ovate-elliptic, sometimes shallowly lobed, apex shortly acuminate, acute, obtuse or, sometimes, retuse, base cordate to broadly cuneate, margin undulate, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 1–3 cm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–6 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 0.3–1.7 cm; pedicels 6–20 mm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, coriaceous, outer 10 × 5–6 mm, ovate to suborbicular, rounded, inner 9–11 × 6–8 mm; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, greenish-yellow, greenish-yellow with pink throat or pink, glabrous. Capsules 10–14 × 7–10 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5–7 × 3–4 mm, blackish with very long white, marginal hairs 6–10 mm long.
The most variable aspects of this species lie in the leaf shape. In the type of
Based on
Slender twining perennial to several metres; stems glabrous, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–8 × 3.5–8 cm, ovate, truncate to subcordate at base, entire or sinuately 3–5-lobed, glabrous, somewhat reticulate-veined. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 2–9 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 0.8–1.5 cm; pedicels 10–35 mm; sepals unequal, ovate, obtuse, margin scarious, outer 5–6 mm, inner 8–10 mm; corolla c. 5 cm long, white, tube narrow for 2–2.5 cm, then funnel-shaped, midpetaline bands ending in mucros, limb 4–5 diam., 5-lobed; stamens weakly exserted. Capsules 13 × 8 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds long pilose with hairs to 10 mm.
Endemic to woodland in western Cuba.
This is a puzzling and misunderstood species. It is essentially the same as
CUBA. Prov. Oriente [Holguín], Río Lebisa, Sierra de Cristal, 30 Dec. 1955,
Twining perennial liana, stems stout, woody, glabrous, but sometimes with lenticels. Leaves petiolate, 6–13 × 5.5–10 cm, ovate-deltoid, weakly cordate to subtruncate, finely acuminate, mucronate, margin entire, glabrous; petioles 2–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary, many-flowered compound cymes; peduncles 2–5 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 10–20 mm; sepals subequal, 4–5 mm, suborbicular, coriaceous, rounded; corolla 1.5–1.7 cm long, white, glabrous. Capsules ovoid, 11–12 mm long, glabrous; seeds ovoid, 6 × 4 mm long, densely pilose over the whole surface with hairs to 12 mm.
Endemic to eastern Cuba and perhaps restricted to the Sierra de Cristal.
This species is clearly related to
CUBA. Prov. Oriente [Holguín-Guantánamo], Sierra de Nipe, Río Canapú,
Twining perennial; stems pubescent with spreading white hairs. Leaves petiolate, 5–8 × 2.5–5 cm, ovate-deltoid to almost elliptic, base cordate, apex obtuse to rounded, apiculate, margin denticulate, both surfaces grey pubescent to tomentellous, abaxial veins prominent; petioles 1–4.5 cm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes borne on short leafy branchlets with up to 7 flowers; peduncles 0.9–1.5 cm, tomentellous; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals suborbicular, rounded, convex, outer 7–8 × 6.5 mm, inner 8–10 × 8 mm; corolla c. 8 cm long, white, glabrous, funnel-shaped, tube widened to 1.3 cm at mouth, limb 3 cm diam.; anthers unequal, included. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Eastern Cuba and only known from the type collection.
This species is distinguished by the pubescent, denticulate, leaves, the short peduncles and the white flowers.
CUBA. Prov. Oriente [Guantánamo], Sierra Maestra supra Daiquiri, c. 800 m, 28 Oct. 1916,
Twining perennial, stems somewhat woody, glabrous but covered in numerous flat black glands. Leaves petiolate, 5–9 × 3–6 cm, deltoid, acuminate, base truncate with rounded auricles, margin slightly sinuate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.5–4 cm, glandular. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–5 cm, glandular, glabrous; bracteoles lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles 6–10 mm; pedicels 16–18(–25) mm; sepals unequal, rather rigid, glabrous with prominent scarious margins, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, outer 6–9 × 4–6 mm, inner 10–12 × 6–7 mm; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pink, stamens shortly exserted. Capsules ovoid, 12 × 9 mm, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, long-pilose on the margins with hairs up to 12 mm.
Endemic to eastern Cuba in the Sierra Maestra. We have not seen any collections other those by Ekman.
Although O’Donell annotated specimens of this species as
CUBA. [Guantánamo], Sierra Maestra, Jiquarito Mountain, 2400 ft, 18 Sept. 1906,
Villous twining perennial. Leaves petiolate, 3–7 × 3–7.5 cm, broadly ovate, cordate, mostly 3-lobed (except leaves at extremities), auricles rounded, apex obtuse and mucronate, velvety-tomentose on both surfaces, abaxially paler and brownish; petioles 8–25 mm, tomentose. Inflorescence of compact axillary cymes; peduncles short, 0.7–1.7 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 6–8 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, tomentose; secondary peduncles 2–3 mm; pedicels 3–4 mm, densely hirsute; sepals subequal, 7–9 × 3–4 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, coriaceous, scarious-margined, pubescent at base, glabrous apically; corolla 4–5 cm long, campanulate to funnel-shaped, strongly ventricose above base, glabrous, deep pink, the limb 2–2.5 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 11–12 × 9–10 mm, dark brown, glabrous; seeds 3 × 2.5 mm; pubescent, the angles long-pilose with hairs c. 7–8 mm long.
Restricted to the Sierra Maestra in the east of Cuba and the island of Grand Cayman.
This species is distinguished by its 3-lobed leaves, which are abaxially velvety pubescent. The corolla is pink.
CUBA.
Perennial herb; stems adpressed pilose, becoming glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, often large, 5–12 × 2–6 cm, ovate, acute or acuminate, mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially green, pubescent, abaxially silver-sericeous; petioles 1–1.8 cm, subsericeous. Inflorescence of leafy, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1–1.8 cm, grey-canescent; bracteoles leaf-like, petiolate, 20–25 mm, narrowly ovate, acuminate, grey-canescent, deciduous; pedicels 4–6 mm, less canescent than peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, suborbicular, obtuse, mucronulate convex, coriaceous, glabrous, outer 6 × 5 mm, inner 8–9 mm; corolla c. 4 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules glabrous; seeds 5 mm, subglobose, pilose with hairs up to 10 mm long.
Apparently endemic to Eastern Cuba.
This species is characterised by its large, ovate, abaxially sericeous leaves, glabrous sepals and pink corolla.
CUBA. [Villa Clara], Santa Clara, Loma de la Gloria, Banao Mts, 30 July 1918, Bro.
Twining perennial, stems pilose, eventually glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, large, 4–16 × 2.5–8.5 cm, deltoid, sometimes 3-lobed, acuminate to an acute or obtuse, mucronate apex, base weakly cordate, appressed pilose on both surfaces, paler beneath; petioles 1.5–5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of usually 3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3–7 cm, glabrous; secondary peduncles 1–2 cm; bracteoles linear, 2–3 mm, caducous; pedicels 8–14 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, 9 × 6 mm, elliptic, obtuse to rounded, convex, reddish with white scarious margins, glabrous; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, subhypocrateriform, the tube cylindrical, expanded into a limb c. 1 cm long and 2–3 cm diam. at apex, dark red, glabrous. Capsules 9 × 5 mm, ellipsoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds long-pilose, c. 8 mm in length.
Endemic to mountains in central Cuba.
This species is distinguished by the pubescent leaves and glabrous, red corolla.
Twining perennial, largely leafless when flowering; stems wiry, grey, glabrescent. Leaves shortly petiolate,1.5–2 × 0.6–0.6 cm, oblong, obtuse, cuneate at base, glabrous, gland-dotted on both surfaces; petioles 3 mm. Inflorescence borne on short lateral woody shoots, ± racemose in structure, rhachis 1–2 cm, glabrous; bracteoles not seen; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, 5–6 mm long, glabrous, convex, coriaceous, outer elliptic, obtuse, inner suborbicular, rounded with broader scarious margins; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, ± cylindrical, the limb only c. 10 mm diam., dark red, glabrous. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, much exceeding calyx; seeds with long woolly hairs.
Endemic to the hills surrounding Holguin in eastern Cuba. Apparently very rare and known from very few collections.
A little-known species characterised by its glabrous oblong leaves. The plant is leafless when flowering and the corolla is subhypocrateriform.
CUBA. Isla de Pinos [Isla de la Juventud],
Perennial liana, stems woody, floccose. Leaves often absent at anthesis, shortly petiolate, 3.5–11 × 1–4 cm, thick in texture, oblong or obovate-oblanceolate, apex cuneate and with prominent stout mucro, base narrowly cuneate, densely tomentose on both surfaces, grey adaxially, white abaxially; petioles 8–20 mm, white-tomentose. Inflorescence on short leafy axillary branchlets 2–8 cm long; bracteoles 5–6 mm, linear-oblanceolate, tomentose, caducous; pedicels 5–14 mm, pilose to tomentose; sepals subequal, 10–11 × 6–7 mm, elliptic, obtuse, densely tomentose; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, hypocrateriform, basal cylindrical tube 3–3.5 × 0.5–0.6 cm, dark red, limb, 1.5–2 cm diam., red, glabrous, stamens exserted.
Endemic to Cuba, growing in woodland in the extreme east and extreme west of the island.
The sepals are obtuse, noticeably longer than broad and the inflorescence is borne on leafy side branches. The corolla limb is broader (2–2.5 cm) than in
It was recorded in error from Mexico (
CUBA. [Pinar del Río], Lomas de Rangel,
Twining perennial of unknown size; stems densely white-villous, somewhat glabrescent. Leaves absent at flowering, petiolate, 2.5–5.3 × 1.6–2.4 cm, ovate, cordate, apex rounded to retuse, mucronate, both surfaces tomentellous but abaxially grey; petioles 8–10 mm. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate, rather dense, up to 6-flowered cymes, often racemose in form, the peduncle forming the rhachis of the raceme; peduncles 4–20 mm (but < 7 mm to first bracteole), villous; bracteoles 7 × 1.5 mm, narrowly oblong, acute; secondary peduncles 2–3 mm; pedicels 7–10 mm; sepals subequal, suborbicular to broadly obovate, 7–8 × 5–7 mm, slightly enlarging in fruit, reddish, lanate below, glabrous above; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, red, glabrous, hypocrateriform with cylindrical tube; limb 1.5–2 cm. Capsules glabrous, ovoid; seeds 5–6 × 3–4 mm with long white marginal hairs.
Endemic to western Cuba, where it is characteristic of limestone mogotes.
The type of
CUBA.
Climbing perennial; stems tomentose, twining when young, eventually woody. Leaves petiolate, 0.8–4.2 × 1–1.8 cm, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse to retuse, mucronate, base truncate to cordate, adaxially green, tomentellous, abaxially white-tomentose; petioles 0.6–1.8 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of solitary flowers, usually developing on short dense bracteate lateral branches, the bracts resembling small leaves; peduncles up to 1–1.3 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 4–9 × 1–2 mm; filiform, tomentose; pedicels 2–4 mm; sepals 10–16 × 7–9 mm, broadly oblong-elliptic, obtuse, tomentose; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pale pink, limb shallowly lobed, 4 cm diam.; stamens unequal, included. Capsules c. 11 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5–6 × 4 mm, long-pilose with hairs to 10 mm long.
Endemic to Cuba and restricted to woodland in the west.
The corolla is larger and more funnel-shaped than in
For discussion about the use of the name
CUBA. “Occ.”, Wright 3097[1636] (holotype GOET000344, isotypes GH, HAC, K, NY, S, US, YU).
Perennial, probably twining herb; stems herbaceous, white-tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 2–4.3 × 0.7–1.8 cm, narrowly ovate, sometimes 3-lobed with long central lobe, apex acute to shortly acuminate and strongly mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially grey canescent, abaxially white-tomentose; petioles 7–14 mm, tomentose. Inflorescence of few-flowered, leafy axillary cymes; peduncles 1–2.8 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 4–5 mm, linear-lanceolate, tomentose; pedicels 6–9 mm, densely tomentose; sepals subequal, outer 8–10 × 5 mm, elliptic, obtuse, tomentose, inner, glabrous except for tomentose central area, the margins scarious; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, basal tube only slightly widened upwards c. 1 cm, dark red, limb broad, 2–3 cm diam., red, glabrous. Capsules ovoid, 10 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, pilose with long marginal hairs.
Endemic to CUBA, apparently only known from the type collection.
The leaf base is cordate to truncate and the leaves are sometimes 3-lobed. The corolla is longer than in
CUBA. provincia Oriente, “montibus Montecristo dictis alt. circ. 800 m s. m., solo “laterit” dicto, legi 27.1.68”,
Twining perennial; stems sericeous, somewhat woody, and wiry. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.3–6.5 × 0.8–3.2 cm, oblong-ovate, base cuneate to weakly cordate, apex acute and shortly mucronate, adaxially dark green, densely pubescent, abaxially densely grey-velutinous, shiny; petioles 3–8 mm, sericeous. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with up to 12 flowers; peduncles 1.4–3 cm, grey-tomentose; bracteoles linear, 3–6 × 1 mm, densely tomentose; secondary peduncles 3–12 mm, tomentose; pedicels 4–7 mm, thickened upwards and becoming less tomentose; sepals subequal, outer 5–6 × 3–4 mm, pubescent towards base, glabrescent, inner 6–8 × 4 mm, ovate, obtuse to rounded, reddish-brown, coriaceous, glabrous, margin narrow, palid; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, narrowly funnel-shaped; limb c. 1.5 cm diam.; stamens included. Capsules 10–11 × 5–6 mm, ovoid, glabrous, muticous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, blackish, with long marginal hairs up to 10 mm long.
Endemic to Eastern Cuba, perhaps limited to Guantánamo, where it grows on limestone mountains.
The combination of red corolla, near glabrous sepals and the shiny-silvery sericeous indumentum render this species relatively distinct.
CUBA. “Occ.”,
Slender twining herb, stems scabrous to pilose. Leaves petiolate, 1.2–5.5 × 0.4–2.2 cm, narrowly to broadly ovate-deltoid, acute, mucronate, base truncate to shallowly cordate, pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially much paler; petioles 0.3–0.5 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, few-flowered axillary cymes, sometimes aggregated into small panicles on short branchlets; peduncles 0.3–0.6 cm; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, coriaceous, glabrous, reddish-brown with scarious margins, outer 4–5 × 2.5 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse to rounded, inner similar but 5–6 mm long; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, salver-shaped, dark red, glabrous, the cylindrical tube slightly widened below limb, limb 2 cm diam. Capsules suborbicular, 5–6 × 4 mm, glabrous; seeds (immature) densely pilose with long hairs.
Endemic to western Cuba and apparently characteristic of limestome mogotes.
Plants treated as
CUBA.
Twining perennial herb with tuberous rootstock, apparently lacking white latex, stems glabrous, pale brown, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, polymorphic, 1–4 × 0.5–2.5 cm, usually broadly to narrowly deltoid, shortly acuminate, mucronate, basally truncate to subcordate, sometimes 3–5 lobed with lobes ±oblong, margin often undulate and sublobed, glabrous, abaxially paler and often with prominent veins; petioles 1–2.7 cm. Inflorescence of solitary or paired (rarely twice paired to 4 or more and becoming subracemose) pedunculate flowers; peduncles 1–2 (– 4.5) cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 5–10 mm; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous with broad scarious margins, coriaceous, outer 5 mm, obovate-suborbicular, rounded, inner 6 mm, broadly oblong-obovate; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, red, glabrous, tube subcylindrical but slightly widened upwards, often curved, limb c. 3.5 cm, diam., shallowly lobed; stamens exserted. Capsules ovoid, 5–12 × 5–10 mm, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 6 × 3–4 mm, pilose with long hairs up to 10 mm.
Figure
Common in dry woodland and secondary scrub in the Bahamas and Cuba and with isolated populations in Florida and on Mona Island, Puerto Rico.
Icon, t. 20 in Jacquin, Sel. Stirp. Amer. (1763), designated by
Twining liana to several metres; stems woody, glabrous, pale, reported to have abundant white latex. Leaves petiolate, 5–13 × 3–10 cm, deltoid, base rounded, truncate or cordate, apex acuminate, margin undulate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2–9.5 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–7 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 12–15 mm; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals subequal, 6–7(–8) × 4 mm, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse (outer) to rounded (inner), reddish, glabrous, the margins scarious; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, subcylindrical but slightly widened upwards, curved, red, glabrous, limb deeply divided with oblong, apiculate lobes c. 3–4 × 1.5 cm; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules ovoid, 14 × 8 mm, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 8 × 5 mm, shortly pilose on the margins.
Figures
Widely distributed from the eastern part of Hispaniola through Puerto Rico and south through the Windward Islands to Tobago. It grows in moist forest and around mogotes. Absent from Barbados and Trinidad.
Very similar to
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. St. Eustatius. Signal Hill, no collection cited; neotype. East boundary of Statia Terminals N.V., on the northwest side of Mary’s Glory, Oct. 27, 1994,
Robust liana to 8 m from a napiform rootstock with pendent glabrous stems. Leaves petiolate, 3–7 × 1–2 cm, oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse or truncate and mucronate, basally cuneate and attenuate onto the petiole, coriaceous, glabrous; petioles 1–1.5 cm. Inflorescence a simple or compound cyme with up to 5 flowers; peduncles 1–1.8 cm; bracteoles not known; secondary peduncles more slender, 5–20 mm; pedicels 20–30 m; sepals glabrous, pink, unequal, outer 5–7 mm, elliptic, inner 6–8 mm, ovate; corolla 2.2–2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, lavender, limb 2–2.5 cm diam., rotate, 10-lobate; stamens held at mouth. Capsules globose, 6–7 mm diam., glabrous; seeds 4 mm long, dark brown-pilose with hairs 7–8 mm long.
Endemic to the islands of St. Eustatius and (fide
Resembles
• Species 201–204. These four species are characterised by their small leaves which develop on brachyblasts.
CUBA. Camargüey, 2–7 April 1912,
Slender twining perennial; stems thin, wiry, woody, minutely asperous. Leaves petiolate, borne on small brachyblasts, 3-foliate, leaflets 3–10 × 1–5 mm, obovate-oblanceolate, apex obtuse to retuse, base cuneate, margin undulate, adaxially thinly hirsute, abaxially glabrous; petioles 2–8 mm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary, pedunculate flowers; peduncles short, 1–2 mm; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 4–6 mm, glabrous; sepals unequal, outer 4–5 × 3 mm, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, smooth, glabrous, margins scarious, inner 6–7 × 4 mm, elliptic, rounded; corolla pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, c. 3 cm long; limb 1–1.5 cm diam., stamens and style included. Capsules c. 9 × 6 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 4 × 2.5 mm, blackish, glabrous but with dense long marginal hairs 5–10 mm in length.
Figure
Endemic to Cuba growing in sandy plain near Camagüey.
This species has been identified as
U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS, St Thomas,
Twining herb; stems somewhat woody, glabrous, roots tuberous, turnip-like, white latex abundant. Leaves clustered on brachyblasts, petiolate, very small, 0.5–0.9 × 0.3–0.7 cm, reniform, bilobed or digitately 3-lobed with the apical lobe bilobed, base truncate, lobes obtuse, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 0.3–09 cm. Inflorescence of solitary flowers or several in a raceme-like inflorescence up to 2.5 cm long; peduncles 2–3 mm; bracteoles minute, caducous; pedicels 5–7 mm; sepals glabrous, slightly unequal, outer 4–5 mm, oblong-ovate, rounded, scarious-margined, inner similar but 5–6 mm; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, broadly funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube greenish, limb lilac or pink, 2.5–4 cm diam. Capsules 11–13 × 6–7 mm, ellipsoid, the style persistent as a mucro, glabrous; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm, pilose with long marginal hairs up to 10 mm.
Virgin Islands south east to Barbuda, in scrub near the shore.
Based on
Almost endemic to Puerto Rico but also present on a few small nearby islands and apparently in Haiti, although this is based on an old record that requires confirmation.
Based on
Twining perennial liana to 3 m; stems woody, grey, glabrous. Leaves borne on brachyblasts, sometimes clustered, petiolate, palmately divided into 5–7 leaflets, leaflets 1–2.5 × 0.05–0.7 cm, linear, oblong, oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse or retuse, tapered at base into petiole, paler and punctate beneath, glabrous; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm. Flowers solitary or paired,± terminal from the brachyblasts; peduncle very short, 1–2 mm; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 6–14 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous with broad scarious margins, outer 4–5 × 3–4 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, inner c. 7 × 4–5 mm, elliptic, obtuse; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube greenish, limb pale pink, 2–2.5 cm diam.; stamens held at corolla mouth. Capsules ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds long pilose.
A Jamaican endemic.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Climbing herb, stems grey-tomentose. Leaves unequal, borne in fascicles, shortly petiolate, 2–6 × 1–2.5 cm, oblong-elliptic, acute to emarginate, base cuneate to weakly cordate, both surfaces densely appressed canescent/tomentose, abaxially silvery; petioles c. 1 cm. Flowers in subsessile axillary clusters; peduncles 0–1.5 cm; bracteoles 8–20 mm, oblanceolate, obovate to elliptic, acute, resembling diminutive leaves; pedicels 0–3 mm; sepals 10–15 mm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, silvery pilose on both surfaces; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, subcylindrical, suburceolate, limb no wider than tube, 2–3 mm, long, toothed, purple, tomentose; stamens included.
Endemic to semi-dry forest in the Dominican Republic, apparently rare.
Distinguished by the tomentose, purple suburceolate corolla, the relatively large sepals and the tomentose leaves.
HAITI. Massif du Nord, Gros-Morne, Morne Chabre,
Twining perennial, stems somewhat woody, hirsute. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–5 × 0.7–3.5 cm, deltoid, ovate to broadly oblong, repand, sinuate or very shallowly 3-lobed, apex retuse and sometimes apiculate, base broadly cuneate to truncate, densely stellate-hairy on both surfaces, adaxially grey-green, abaxially grey; petioles 1–3(–7) cm, hirsute. Inflorescence of dense cymes, axillary and on leafy branchlets; peduncles 0.2–1.5 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 3–4 × 1 mm; oblong to lanceolate, deciduous; pedicels 6–8 mm, grey stellate-tomentose; sepals subequal, outer 5–6 mm, suborbicular, rounded, tomentose, inner c. 6 mm, pubescent, shiny; corolla 1.2–1.7 cm long, glabrous, greenish-yellow, campanulate, limb deeply lobed with lanceolate-elliptic lobes; anthers strongly exserted, the glandular base easily visible in the corolla mouth. Capsules 7–8 × 6 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 4–5 × 2 mm, pilose on the angles with long white hairs reaching c. 8 mm.
Endemic to the island of Hispaniola where it is frequent, often growing on serpentine deposits.
There are two sheets of
Very distinct because of the stellate hairs on vegetative parts. The inflorescence has very short hairy peduncles and short pedicels so inflorescence in axillary clusters. The corolla is yellow-green, broadly campanulate and with strongly exserted anthers.
HAITI. Monte Bienac,
Climbing perennial; stems glabrous, wiry, woody. Leaves petiolate, divided digitately into 5–7 lobes, the laterals sometimes pedate, lobes linear, 2.5–6.5 × 0.1–0.25 cm, often incurved, obtuse and mucronate; petioles 1.5–3 cm. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal leafy racemes 3–6 cm long; rhachis 1–6 cm, relatively stout; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 3–5 mm; sepals subequal, glabrous, coriaceous, 4–5 × 2 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, rounded, somewhat scarious, especially on the margins; corolla 1.5–2 cm long, greenish-yellow with pinkish lobes, glabrous, the tube 7–9 mm, the limb deeply lobed, the lobes oblong, up to 4 × 10 mm, stamens exserted. Capsules 10–11 × 5–6 mm, narrowly obovoid, style usually persistent, glabrous; seeds c. 3 mm long, long-pilose with hairs up to 8 mm long.
Endemic to Hispaniola, where it is common in dry forest.
This species is characterised by the deeply lobed corolla and obovoid capsules. The leaves are digitately lobed with linear lobes.
Icon in Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina 2: 91, t. 91 (1743), designated by
Scrambling liana; stems woody, glabrous, bark pale brown. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into 3–5 often very unequal, shortly petiolate leaflets, leaflets 2–6.5 × 0.7–2.2 cm, oblanceolate to obovate, acute, obtuse or retuse, tapering into a petiolar base, margin often undulate, both surfaces glabrous, somewhat coriaceous in texture; petioles 1.7–4.7 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 0.3–4 cm, often stout and woody and becoming brachyblast-like; bracteoles early caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 7–13 mm, mostly spreading at right angles to peduncle; pedicels 7–20 mm; sepals glabrous, coriaceous, margins scarious, slightly unequal, outer 6–8 mm, ovate, obtuse, inner 9–10 × 8 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, rounded; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale violet with a dark centre, glabrous, tube pale on the exterior, limb c. 3 cm diam., weakly lobed; stamens included. Capsules ovoid to ellipsoid, 10–14 × 8 mm, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm, long-pilose, the hairs up to 15 mm, principally marginal.
Figures
Growing in dry forest in the Bahamas and Cuba, probably most common in the latter.
This species is very distinct because of its digitately divided leaves with oblanceolate or obovate leaflets combined with a funnel-shaped corolla, which is pale violet with a dark centre.
HAITI. Furcy Mountains,
Liana; stems woody, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into 5–7 leaflets, leaflets 1.5–11 × 0.5–3.5 cm, variable in size in the same leaf, oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, acuminate to an obtuse, mucronate apex, base attenuate to a short petiole, glabrous; petioles 1.5–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of lax, much-branched axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–8 cm; bracteoles caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 1–5 cm; pedicels 11–17 mm; sepals 7–10 mm, obovate-elliptic, rounded, coriaceous, reddish, margins scarious, inner slightly exceeding outer; corolla 4–5 cm long, glabrous, pinkish-purple, funnel-shaped, the tube abruptly widened just above the base, limb very broad, 3–4 cm diam. Capsules 12–14 × 7 mm; narrowly ovoid to subconical, acute, the style somewhat persistent; seeds pilose.
Endemic to and common in moist mountain forests in Hispaniola.
This is the Hispaniola counterpart of
JAMAICA.
Liana climbing over scrub to 5 m; stems woody, glabrous, reddish-brown. Leaves petiolate, palmately divided into 3–5(–7) petiolate leaflets, the terminal leaflet larger, leaflets 2.3–12 × 1.5–5 cm, lanceolate to oblanceolate, obovate or elliptic, acuminate-caudate, mucronate, narrowed at base into a petiole 5–10 mm long, glabrous, abaxially paler with numerous lateral veins; petioles 1.6–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes with 3 to many flowers, primary peduncles 2–11 cm, stout, sometimes forming a rachis of a raceme; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 0.7–3.5 cm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal coriaceous, glabrous, suborbicular-elliptic, acute, obtuse or rounded, outer 5–10 mm, inner 10–12 mm; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pink; limb 3–4.5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds long-pilose with hairs to 12 mm.
Figure
Endemic to Jamaica where it gows in mountain woodland.
This is the Jamaica counterpart of
Plate 3315 In Bot. Mag., epitype. K000612699, designated by
Liana climbing to 10 m over scrub; stems woody, glabrous, often muricate with blunt warts. Leaves palmately divided into 5–7 leaflets, leaflets 4–14 × 0.8–3 cm, sessile or basally fused, oblong-elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, acuminate or obtuse, narrowly cuneate at base, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 3–7 cm. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes, which are often aggregated to form a many-flowered terminal panicle; peduncles and panicle rhachis 2.5–15 cm long; secondary peduncles, if present, 1.5–5 cm; bracteoles 3–4 mm, lanceolate with scarious margins, caducous; pedicels 10–15 mm; sepals coriaceous, slightly unequal, outer 7–8 × 5 mm, ovate, convex, obtuse with narrow scarious margin, inner 9–10 × 7 mm, elliptic, rounded with broad scarious margin; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, glabrous, usually dark red with paler tube, narrowly funnel-shaped, limb distinctly lobed, 3–4 cm diam., stamens held at mouth or slightly exserted. Capsules rostrate, glabrous; seeds with long brown marginal hairs.
Figures
Cultivated throughout the tropics. The following records are all of cultivated plants.
CUBA. Cienfuegos,
Our understanding of
Cultivated from material collected in Jamaica,
Robust liana to 16 m from a large root tuber; stem woody, glabrous, sometimes warted. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into three leaflets, leaflets 7.5–14 × 3.5–6.5 cm, obovate, abruptly narrowed to an acute, obtuse or retuse, mucronate apex, base cuneate with a distinct petiole 2–5 mm long, very coriaceous, fleshy and glossy, glabrous; petioles 2.3–7.2 cm. Inflorescence of several pedunculate flowers from the leaf axils, arising on stubby brachyblasts, sometimes cauliflorous on old plants; peduncles 5–12 mm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 30–38 mm; sepals glabrous, very unequal, elliptic, margins slightly scarious, outer 7–10 × 7–9 mm, rounded, inner 17–20 × 12–14 mm, obtuse; corolla c. 5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, the tube tinged red. Capsules ellipsoid, 15–18 × 12 mm glabrous; seeds pilose with long silky marginal hairs, 10–12 mm in length.
Endemic to Jamaica, growing on wooded limestone hills.
Based
Climbing perennial; stems glabrous, up to 4 m long. Leaves petiolate, usually small, digitately divided to or almost to the base into (3–)7 lobes, the lateral lobes often pedate, base truncate and broadly cuneate onto the petiole, lobes 0.7–6 × 0.2–1.5 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded, glabrous, abaxially gland-dotted; petioles 0.7–5 cm. Inflorescence of (1–)2–5(–10) flowers borne in short axillary cymes; peduncles 5–20 mm, glabrous; bracteoles 1 mm, scale-like, caducous; secondary peduncles c. 5 mm; pedicels 6–20 mm, straight, glabrous; sepals subequal, 4–6 mm, obovate-suborbicular, rounded, glabrous with scarious margins, the inner perhaps 1 mm longer than the outer; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped to subcylindrical, c. 7 mm wide, the tube only slightly widening upwards, red, glabrous, the limb 2.5 cm diam. Capsules 9–10 × 5–6 mm, oblong-ovoid, glabrous, much exceeding the calyx; seeds 4–5 × 2 mm, pilose with long white hairs.
Widespread in dry forests in Hispaniola, often on limestone, where it is endemic.
Some specimens from Haiti, for example
Icon in Plumier in Burman, Pl. Amer. 81, t. 92, f. 1 (1756), uncertainly designated by
Stout climbing perennial; stems woody below, usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, rather small, palmately 5–7-lobed generally to about two thirds, base truncate, lobes 1–2.5 × 0.2–0.7 cm, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to retuse, sometimes muricate, the laterals smaller and often pedate, margin entire, undulate or crenate, usually glabrous. Inflorescence of pedunculate 2–5-flowered axillary cymes; primary peduncles 2–6.5 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, deltoid, acute, deciduous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 1.5–2.5 cm; pedicels 5–11 mm; sepals subequal, 3–5 mm, suborbicular, obtuse or rounded, coriaceous, glabrous, margins reddish, the inner scarious; corolla 3–4 cm long, funnel-shaped from a very narrow base, pink, glabrous, limb c. 2 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules ellipsoid, 8–9 × 5 mm, glabrous; seeds 5–6 × 2 mm, long-pilose with white hairs c. 7 mm long.
Endemic to coastal forest on limestone hills in Hispaniola.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Slender woody twiner; stems pale brown, usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–7 × 1.5–6 cm, polymorphic, ovate-deltoid, entire or 3-lobed or palmately divided into 5 pedate, ovate to oblanceolate lobes, apex acute, obtuse or emarginate and mucronate, base truncate or weakly cordate and broadly cuneate onto petiole, abaxially paler, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.3–4.2 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles strikingly variable in length from 1–10 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, linear-lanceolate, scarious, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–13 mm; pedicels 3–15 mm; sepals subequal, glabrous, coriaceous, margins scarious, outer 8–10 mm, elliptic, rounded or obtuse, inner similar but 9–11 mm; corolla 3–5 cm long, abruptly widened above the short basal tube but not at limb, greenish-white, glabrous, limb weakly lobed, c. 2 cm diam.; stamens included. Capsules globose, glabrous; seeds with long woolly hairs.
Endemic to Hispaniola growing in scrub at low altitudes.
The type of each name represents a form with distinct leaves:
This variable species is in many ways a Hispaniola counterpart of the Cuban
• Species 216–217 are sisters to each other and sisters to the rest of Clades A1–2. They are very different in their calyx structure.
Icon, Ker Gawler, Bot. Reg. 4: t. 335, lectotype, designated by J.A.
Scrambling perennial herb, stems with soft fleshy trichomes and bluish-green bloom but otherwise glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 10–32 × 10–32 cm, mostly 3–7(–9)-lobed to about halfway but sometimes ovate-orbicular, apex shortly acuminate, obtuse and mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin irregularly dentate with scattered teeth, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 5–14 cm, armed with soft fleshy trichomes. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 5–15 cm, usually armed with soft fleshy trichomes; bracteoles 5–10 × 2 mm, oblong, mucronate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1.5–3 cm; pedicels 1–4 cm, markedly thickened upwards, glabrous or armed with soft fleshy spines, often purplish-brown; sepals subequal, 8–10 mm at anthesis (accrescent to 16 mm in fruit), ovate, acute, convex, glabrous or with soft fleshy trichomes, purplish-brown, the margins scarious; corolla 4–10 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 15 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7 × 5 mm, woolly, nearly black.
Widely distributed but scattered and never common throughout tropical America north to Mexico but apparently absent from Colombia and the Guianas and rare in Brazil.
1 | Leaves 3-lobed, rarely entire; sepals devoid of fleshy trichomes or almost so |
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– | Leaves 3–7-lobed; Sepals armed with fleshy trichomes |
|
2 | Corolla short, 5–6.5 cm; pedicel strongly swollen below calyx; peduncles and pedicels with fleshy trichomes |
|
– | Corolla 6–8 cm; pedicel only slightly widened below calyx; peduncles and pedicels without fleshy trichomes |
|
3 | Leaves 3-lobed |
|
– | Leaves 5–7-lobed |
|
Leaves 3-lobed. Sepals covered in fleshy trichomes. Corolla 6–9 cm long.
Essentially restricted to Central America where it occurs sporadically in bushy places and on forest margins.
Leaves 3-lobed. Sepals glabrous, lacking fleshy trichomes. Corolla relatively small, 5–6.5 cm long.
Figure
Essentially restricted to South America, but occurring occasionally elsewhere (Jamaica, United States) and in the Old World. It is sporadic and uncommon everywhere. It usually grows in disturbed bushy areas and appears to be most common in the Andean foothills on the border between Argentina and Bolivia.
In designating a lectotype for
The plants from northern Peru conform to
MEXICO. [Veracruz], Zacuapan,
Restricted to Mexico, where it occurs sporadically at low altitudes below 700 m in forest and on forest margins.
Stem and petioles pilose with fleshy trichomes. Leaves 3-lobed. Peduncles, pedicels and sepals devoid of fleshy trichomes. Corolla 6–7 cm long.
Disturbed lowland forest in the extreme south of Mexico and neighbouring Guatemala and Belize.
The BM specimen of
PERU. Loreto, Balsapuerto,
Twining perennial liana of unknown height; stems glabrous, somewhat woody. Leaves petiolate, 6–16 × 5–12 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate to a fine point, cordate, the auricles rounded or acute, margin undulate, sometimes 3-lobed to half way, often irregularly dentate, glabrous, paler beneath, thin in texture, main veins abaxially prominent; petioles 9.5–11 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of up to 7-flowered, axillary, pedunculate compound cymes, glabrous; peduncles 12–15 cm, stout, woody; bracteoles not seen, caducous; secondary and tertiary peduncles c. 2.5 cm; pedicels 2.3–6.5 cm, conspicuously thickened upwards; sepals slightly unequal, outer 18–22 × 10–12 mm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, mucronate, inner sepals very slightly shorter, pale green; corolla c. 10–11 cm long, glabrous, pale blue, narrowly funnel-shaped, the tube 2–2.5 cm wide for 5–7 cm; limb 5–6 cm diam., apparently lobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figures
Amazonian Peru and Bolivia and neighbouring Acre in Brazil. It appears to be scattered in disturbed tropical rainforest over a wide area but uncommon.
All parts of this species are glabrous, the inflorescence long-pedunculate and up to 7-flowered. The leaves may be entire or 3-lobed and the corolla is a characteristic pale blue.
•• Clade A3 (Species 218–233) comprises the
• The
Annual or perennial herbs; stems trailing and rooting or twining, never woody. Leaves ovate, entire or 3–5-lobed but never divided into segments. Flowers in pedunculate cymes (only solitary by reduction), the pedicels commonly relatively short compared to the peduncles; bracteoles small, usually caducous; sepals equal or somewhat unequal, membranous, often chaffy in fruit, lanceolate or oblong to ovate or obovate, margins glabrous or ciliate, hyaline, the central vein prominent, laterals sometimes present; apex mucronate to caudate. Corolla relatively small (< 5 cm long), campanulate or funnel-shaped, glabrous, white, pink or pale pink with a dark pink throat, the midpetaline bands often terminating in small teeth; stamens often rather short; filaments with basal hairs sometimes extending upwards; anthers included. Ovary and capsule glabrous or hirsute, 2-locular, 4-seeded; seeds glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
Based on their morphology several species including
Most species are poorly defined morphologically, although our extensive nuclear data retrieves most taxa as monophyletic. Plants intermediate morphologically are not uncommon and are difficult to assign to species so specimens misidentified even by experienced
Several species are more common near the sea or on islands, although not strictly maritime (
The species can be separated using the following key:
1 | Corolla < 2.5 cm long; plants mostly annual, always slender |
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– | Corolla > 2.5 cm long; plants perennial or annual, usually relatively robust |
|
2 | Outer sepals elliptic-obovate, 0–1 veined |
|
– | Outer sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3–5 veined |
|
3 | Capsules ovoid, usually pilose; leaves usually thinly pubescent |
|
– | Capsules compressed-globose, glabrous; leaves usually glabrous, occasionally very thinly pubescent |
|
4 | Sepals oblong, 5–6 mm long |
|
– | Sepals lanceolate, 8–13 mm long |
|
5 | Corolla white (very rarely pink); Capsules 10–15 mm diam |
|
– | Corolla pink (very rarely white); Capsules 6–9 mm diam |
|
6 | Sepals mostly 8–11 mm long (Brazil and neighbours) |
|
– | Sepals mostly 10–14 mm long (widespread, uncommon) |
|
7 | Sepals broadly obovate to suborbicular, usually white and papery; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long (Central America) |
|
– | Sepals oblong, lanceolate or obovate, always longer than broad; corolla < 4.5 cm long |
|
8 | Outermost sepal very short, 1–3 mm long; corolla pink; seeds long-pilose on margins...... |
|
– | Outermost sepal > 5 mm long; corolla pink or white; seeds glabrous or very shortly tomentellous |
|
9 | Slender, 1–2-flowered herb with pubescent strap-shaped sagittate leaves (Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola, Mona Island) |
|
– | Slender or robust herbs, 1–many-flowered; leaves not strap-shaped, rarely sagittate, but, if so, completely glabrous |
|
10 | Cymes 1–3-flowered; leaves somewhat fleshy, variable in shape, but characteristically with an obtuse to rounded mucronate apex and a very narrow basal sinus (coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans but absent from continental Africa and America) |
|
– | Cymes 1–many flowered; leaves not fleshy, usually lacking the characteristic shape described above; new world species unless cultivated |
|
11 | Sepals glabrous; perennial twining plant with clearly cymose inflorescence |
|
– | Sepals variously hirsute, but if glabrous, plant an annual weed or flowers clustered in a subumbellate inflorescence |
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12 | Outer sepals 6–10 mm long, ovate to oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, strongly mucronate, margins scarious; corolla pink; filaments pubescent almost to apex |
|
– | Outer sepals 5–6.5 mm long, oblong-obovate, rounded, mucronulate, not scarious; corolla white or pale pink; filaments pubescent at base only |
|
13 | Sepals oblong-lanceolate |
|
– | Sepals obovate, ovate or elliptic |
|
14 | Sepals chartaceous even at anthesis, unequal, the outer shorter than the inner, obscurely 1-veined |
|
– | Sepals not chartaceous at anthesis, equal in length or nearly so, obscurely 3-veined | |
15 | Annual herb, not rooting at nodes; cymes always lax and few-flowered, never umbellate in form |
|
– | Perennial herb, often decumbent and rooting at the nodes; cymes compact, umbellate or subcapitate in form |
|
16 | Leaves entire to 5-lobed but usually 3-lobed, the central lobe contracted at the base; pedicels muricate; seeds with short hairs on angles |
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– | Leaves entire (rarely 3-lobed, but if so, never with the lobe contracted at base); pedicels almost always smooth; seeds completely glabrous |
|
HONDURAS. Puerto Sierra,
Twining herb to 3 m, probably a short-lived perennial; stems glabrous, often winged. Leaves petiolate, 2–13 × 2.5–10.5 cm, ovate, occasionally undulate to shallowly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate, usually glabrous; petioles 1.5–4.5 cm. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3.5–15 cm, usually straight; bracteoles c. 1 mm, deltoid, scarious, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2.2 cm; tertiary peduncles c. 0.5 mm; pedicels 5–11 mm; sepals unequal, scarious, glabrous, outer 4–6 mm, orbicular, mucronulate, inner 7–10 mm, obovate, rounded usually minutely mucronate; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, the tube dark purple inside, limb 4–4.5 cm diam.; filaments thinly covered in short glandular hairs. Capsules 7–9 × 5 mm, ovate, glabrous; seeds 4–5 × 2.5 mm, glabrous apart from relatively woolly deciduous marginal hairs 3–4 mm long.
Figures
Scattered in forest areas of Central America from southern Mexico to Costa Rica.
Based on
Perennial twining herb, uniformly finely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–11 × 2–10 cm, ovate or, more commonly, 3–(5)-lobed, acute to acuminate, apiculate, base cordate, pubescent on both surfaces, occasionally glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 1.5–12.5 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of usually long-pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 3–26.5 cm, glabrous or, especially above, thinly pilose; bracteoles 1.5–2 × 1 mm, ovate, acute, scarious; secondary peduncles 0.5–4 cm; pedicels 3–7 mm, thinly pilose; sepals scarious, thinly pilose with only the central vein prominent, slightly unequal, outer 4–10 × 3 mm, elliptic or ovate, obtuse and mucronate, inner slightly longer; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, pink, glabrous, shortly funnel-shaped; limb 2.5–3.5 cm; nectary yellow. Capsules subglobose, 5–7 mm, glabrous or hairy; seeds 3–3.5 mm long, glabrous or nearly so.
Figures
Photographs of
Essentially Central American, mostly near the Caribbean coast, but absent from the Caribbean islands except Cuba and Trinidad. Records from Ecuador (
Based on
Creeping (rarely climbing) perennial herb rooting from the stem and developing storage roots; stems extending to cover several metres, glabrous to coarsely pilose, often stiut in cultivated and feral forms. Leaves petiolate, very variable in form but usually rather large, 3–15 × 5–12 cm, ovate or shallowly to deeply 3–5-lobed, cordate, shortly acuminate, both surfaces glabrous to coarsely pilose, abaxially somewhat glaucous and with prominent veins; petioles usually rather long, 4–15 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, axillary, dense umbellate cymes; peduncles 5–30 cm long, stout; bracteoles filiform, c. 2 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–15 mm; pedicels very short, 5–10 mm long; sepals 7–11 mm, unequal, margins often but not always ciliate, outer slightly shorter than inner, oblong-elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, abruptly mucronate with a hair point c. 2 mm long, prominently 1–5-veined, the inner sepals broadly elliptic, rounded and mucronate; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, pink, often with a dark centre, glabrous; ovary pubescent, rarely fertile so capsules and seeds usually absent.
Figure
The sweet potato is of American origin but is now cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world with greatest production reported from China. We have seen examples of cultivated plants from all parts of the Americas including Easter Island [
Although often claimed to be an illegitimate name,
Various apparently wild forms of
The plants described as
Two distinct forms come from Ecuador. One of these is represented by the type of
Another distinct form comes from around Esmeraldas in Ecuador. This is a glabrous or sparsely pubescent twining herb with unequal, chartaceous, obovate to obrhomboid sepals with a single prominent central nerve extended as a mucro, the outer sepals 5–6 × 3 mm, the inner 7–8 × 4 mm. This was identified as a tetraploid form of
Based on
Twining perennial herb to several metres in height, usually glabrous in all vegetative parts; stems woody below, herbaceous above. Leaves petiolate, 4–16 × 2.2–11 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate and mucronate (rarely retuse), base cordate with rounded (rarely acute or dentate) auricles, margin entire or (rarely) somewhat dentate, abaxially paler; petioles 1–13 cm. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1.5–8 cm; bracteoles ovate, c. 1 mm, caducous; secondary peduncles 0.2–1.5 cm; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous, outer 6–10 × 3–4 mm, ovate to oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, strongly mucronate, margins scarious, inner 9–11 × 4–7 mm, elliptic to obovate, obtuse and mucronate, scarious; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, pink often with a dark centre, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 4.5–5 cm, undulate but midpetaline bands ending in small teeth; filaments thinly pubescent for half their length. Capsules c. 8 × 9 mm, depressed globose, glabrous; seeds c. 4 × 3 mm, black, glabrous or shortly pubescent on the angles.
Figure
Secondary forest and disturbed bushland, usually within a few kilometres of the coast. In South American along the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts south to Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. On the Pacific only confirmed from the Choco in Colombia northwards. Widespread and frequent on the Caribbean Islands and on the Caribbean coasts of Central America north to Veracruz but less common on the Pacific side. Reported as naturalised in the Old World but most, probably all, of these records are errors for
Tropicos (
Records from Peru (
INDONESIA. Java,
Perennial trailing or (less commonly) twining herb, stems often rooting at the nodes, glabrous or with a few hairs. Leaves petiolate, 1–7 × 2–7 cm, somewhat coriaceous, usually ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, less commonly deltoid or sagittate with acute auricles, entire but sometimes angled or lobed, apex subacute, obtuse, rounded, or retuse, mucronulate, both surfaces glabrous, veins prominent abaxially; petioles 2.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes, often reduced to a single flower; peduncles sometimes paired in the leaf axils, 1–5 cm, usually much shorter than pedicels, glabrous; bracteoles 1.5 mm long, filiform, caducous; pedicels 10–25 mm, glabrous; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 6–10 × 3–4 mm, oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, mucronate, inner 8–12 × 7–10 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, mucronate, the margins thin and membranous; corolla 3–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pale pink with a dark throat; stamens short. Capsules globose or depressed globose, 6–7 mm long, glabrous; seeds 3.5–4 mm, glabrous.
Figures
Widely distributed on tropical sea shores through most of the Pacific and Indian oceans (
The leaves of this species are very variable in shape but are characteristically succulent, the apex is usually obtuse to rounded and the base cordate with a very narrow sinus so the auricles almost touch each other. The cymes consist of only 1–3 flowers unlike the somewhat similar
It is reported as being used as a vegetable in Polynesia (
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Ichilo, 2–20 km from Buenavista along road to El Huaytú,
Perennial twining herb of unknown height, latex white, stem glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 5–9 × 3.3–7 cm, ovate, base cordate and very broadly cuneate onto the petioles, auricles rounded, apex acuminate to a shortly mucronate apex, margin entire, glabrous except for an area of puberulence on veins and margin at base around point of insertion of petiole; petiole 2.2–6.8 cm, glabrous but thinly puberulent upwards. Inflorescence of long pedunculate, many-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 5–10 cm, glabrous, secondary peduncles 1.5–3 cm; bracteoles 1 × 1 mm, suborbicular, early caducous leaving a prominent basal scar; pedicels 8–14 mm, glabrous to slightly farinose; sepals glabrous or somewhat farinose, unequal, somewhat papery in texture, the margins slightly scarious but not conspicuously pale, outer 5–6.5 × 2.5–3 mm, oblong-obovate, rounded, the central vein prominent, slightly raised and terminating in a mucro, inner 7–8.5 × 5 mm, elliptic, rounded, minutely mucronulate with the mucro deciduous; corolla 3–4 cm long, broadly funnel-shaped and gradually widened from base, limb 2–2.5 cm diam., white or very pale pink with darker centre, glabrous; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to humid forest or forest relics in the Andean foothills of Bolivia and Ecuador between 200 and 1000 m.
The discovery of
UNITED STATES. Carolina, lectotype, Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 103. t. 87, f. 102 [103] designated by Staples in Staples and Jarvis in Taxon 55: 1022. 2006.
Slender twining annual herb, stems glabrous to thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 2–7 cm. usually ovate, acuminate and base cordate with rounded auricles but sometimes 3- or 5-lobed with shortly acuminate lateral lobes, subglabrous or more commonly with scattered long hairs; petioles 1–9 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate 1–3-flowered cymes; peduncles 0.6–6.5 cm, very variable in length, usually pubescent; bracteoles 2–4 mm long, filiform; pedicels 2–8 mm; sepals subequal, 10–14 × 2–4 mm, somewhat accrescent in fruit, narrowly to broadly ovate, acuminate to a long fine aristate tip, ciliate on margins and often also pilose; corolla 1.8–2 cm long, funnel-shaped, white or pale pink, glabrous, limb c. 1 cm diam., shortly lobed, the lobes mucronate. Capsules subglobose, 10–15 mm long and wide, pilose; seeds 5–6 mm long, dark brown, ellipsoid, glabrous.
Figures
A weedy species of the south eastern United States extending north to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Indiana and west to Texas and Missouri. Perhaps occurring as an ephemeral weed outside the United States, for example in Jamaica (
Distinguished by the small white corolla and relatively large capsule (> 10 mm wide, not less than 9 mm).
Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: t. 318, 1788, lectotype designated by
Twining annual herb similar to
Occurs sporadically, principally in the eastern United States and in Central America south to Ecuador and Brazil. It is also reported from the Old World, principally in Asia, but these records are of uncertain status and have not often been accepted in recent publications on Asian
A poorly understood entity considered by
Based on
Slender twining (occasionally trailing) annual herb, stems to 3 m, glabrous, thinly pilose with long white hairs or densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–8 × 1.5–6 cm, 3– 5-lobed, the central lobe narrowed at base (very rarely unlobed), narrowly cordate with rounded, entire or dentate auricles, apex shortly acuminate, mucronate, glabrous or thinly pilose on veins and margins or pubescent; petioles 0.5–5 cm, muricate. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate, umbelliform cymes, usually with 1–5(–9) flowers, and more lax than in
This species is apparently restricted to the United States and Mexico. In the United States it is more strictly southern than
As interpreted here this is an entirely Northern Hemisphere species that is almost restricted to the United States, where it is a common in the south east. The leaves are nearly always 3–5-lobed and the corolla deep pink with a dark centre. Plants named
Based on
Slender twining (occasionally trailing) annual herb, stems to 3 m, glabrous, thinly pilose with long white hairs or densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–8 × 1.5–6 cm, entire, ovate-deltoid or (very rarely) shallowly 3-lobed, narrowly cordate with rounded, entire or dentate auricles, apex shortly acuminate, mucronate, glabrous or thinly pilose on veins and margins or pubescent; petioles 0.5–5 cm, smooth. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate, umbelliform cymes, usually with 1–5(–9) flowers; peduncles 2–9 cm; bracteoles 5–7 mm, filiform, pilose, relatively persistent; pedicels 4–9 mm; sepals subequal, usually ciliate with stiff spreading hairs, occasionally glabrous, outer sepals 8–11 mm, ovate, gradually narrowed to an outwardly curved fine point, the central vein usually distinct, inner sepals 10–12 mm, obovate, abruptly or gradually narrowed to a mucronate apex; corolla (2.5–) 3.5–4.5 cm long, gradually widened from base, pink with a dark centre, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 7–8 mm, pilose; seeds brown, hemispherical, 3.5 mm long, glabrous.
Figures
Restricted to the Southern hemisphere where it is found in Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil, in the last of which it is apparently rare. Records from elsewhere require confirmation. It is a lowland species not usually found above 1000 m. See also
This is distinguished from
Figure
Specimens from Formosa e.g.
Icon in Sloane, Voy. Jamaica 1: t. 97, f. 1 (1707), lectotype, designated by
Annual herb, stems twining, thinly pilose to glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–8 × 1.5–4 cm ovate or, more commonly shallowly to deeply 3-(5)-lobed, acute to acuminate, apiculate, base cordate, adaxially thinly pilose, abaxially glabrous, paler, occasionally both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.2–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 3–5 cm, glabrous or thinly pilose; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.25 mm, filiform; secondary peduncles 0.2–0.5 cm; pedicels 3–7 mm, thinly pilose, sometimes muricate; sepals scarious-margined, ciliate on midrib and margins, subequal, 5–6 (–10) mm long, oblong-mucronate or oblong-caudate; corolla 1.5–2 (–2.5) cm long, campanulate, glabrous, pink; limb 1.3–1.6 cm diam. Capsules 5–6 mm diam., subglobose, bristly pilose (rarely glabrous); seeds 2.8–3 × 2 mm, brown glabrous.
Figure
Common on the Galapagos Islands and in the Caribbean, but rare elsewhere except as an introduced weed. It is apparently more frequent on islands than on the continent. This species is quite commonly reported as a casual or a weed in the Old World and its near complete absence from continental South America is, therefore, puzzling. It is possible that it has sometimes been confused with
There are two specimens of
We have included
Based on
Slender twining annual or possibly short-lived perennial herb, usually nearly glabrous in all parts but occasionally stems thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, mostly 3–5.5 × 2–4.5 cm, ovate or shallowly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded to obtuse auricles, apex shortly acuminate, mucronate, glabrous or adaxially with a few hairs; petioles 1.5–5 cm, glabrous or thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of long pedunculate axillary umbelliform cymes with 2–5 flowers; peduncles 2–10 cm; bracteoles tiny, triangular, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals subequal, oblong-obovate with broad scarious margins, rounded and mucronate, glabrous or with a few marginal cilia, outer sepals 3.5–6 mm,; inner sepals c. 1 mm longer; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, subcampanulate to shortly funnel-shaped, pink with a dark centre, glabrous, limb 1.5–1.75 cm diam., unlobed or shallowly lobed, sometimes dentate. Capsules 2–3 × 4 mm, depressed-subglobose, enclosed by sepals, glabrous, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 3 × 2.5 mm, ellipsoid, dark brown, glabrous or pilose on the angles.
Figures
Widely distributed in tropical America south to Argentina growing in the tropical lowlands and perhaps favouring areas with good rainfall but with a distinct dry season. Like
Records from Paraguay (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa,
Slender twining annual herb, nearly glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, mostly 3–5.5 × 2–4.5 cm, ovate or shallowly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded to obtuse auricles, apex shortly acuminate, mucronate, adaxially thinly pubescent or glabrous; petioles 1.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of long pedunculate axillary umbelliform cymes with 2–5 flowers; peduncles 2–10 cm; bracteoles tiny, triangular, caducous; pedicels 5–15 mm; sepals subequal, oblong-obovate with broad scarious margins, rounded and mucronate, usually glabrous but occasionally ciliate; outer sepals 3.5–6 mm; inner sepals c. 1 mm longer; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink with a dark centre, glabrous, limb 1.5–1.75 cm diam., unlobed, sometimes dentate. Capsules 3–4 × 4 mm, ovoid, exceeding sepals, glabrous or thinly pilose, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 3–3.5 × 2.5 mm, ellipsoid, dark brown, glabrous.
Figure
This species is known from scattered locations in Brazil and Bolivia but may be under-recorded. It is a plant of the Cerrado biome, usually below 700 m in disturbed places usually near settlements or around rock outcrops.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ángel Sandoval, 51 km S of Las Petas sobre el camino a Candelaria,
HISPANIOLA.
Slender herb, stems glabrous to bristly pilose. Leaves petiolate, small, 2–4.5 × 0.5–1 cm, strap-shaped, strongly sagittate, sometimes with a smaller side lobe, apex obtuse, apiculate, usually both surfaces evenly hirsute; petioles 0.7–1.5 cm. Flowers solitary or paired from the leaf axils; peduncles 1.3–3.5 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, filiform, tardily deciduous; pedicels 2–7 mm; sepals quite variable in indumentum and shape, outer sepals 5–7 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate and apiculate, pubescent, often ciliate, often spreading at maturity; inner sepals narrowly elliptic-obovate, obtuse, mucronate; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, deep pink, glabrous, limb c. 1–1.2 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 4–6 mm, the style somewhat persistent, pilose or glabrous; seeds 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous.
Figure
Centred on Cuba and extending north to Florida and east to the Island of Hispaniola. Recorded as growing in pinelands in Florida.
The lectotype in P-JUSS is not annotated by Choisy but is the only possible specimen that could be chosen as the type.
Easily distinguished by the strap-shaped, strongly sagittate leaves which are hirsute on both surfaces. The flowers are always solitary or paired. For a relatively slender plant the corolla is quite long reaching 3 cm.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Ichilo, 2–10 km from Buenavista along road to Huaytu,
Twining perennial or liana to 5 m, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, ovate-deltoid, mostly 4–10 × 2–7.5 cm, base broadly cordate to subhastate, the auricles usually acute, sometimes rounded, apex acuminate to an obtuse and mucronate apex, both surfaces glabrous; petiole 1–5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of rather dense, 3–15-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 5–12 cm, glabrous; bracteoles ovate, acute, c. 2 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles and pedicels short, 5–8(–13) mm, glabrous; sepals very unequal, glabrous, outer 1–3 mm long, suborbicular to elliptic, the margins scarious, inner 7–8 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded, margins broad, scarious; corolla 3.5–6 cm long, glabrous, funnel-shaped, tube lilac, limb unlobed, 3.5–4 cm diam., pink. Capsules 10–11 × 6–8 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, the style persistent as a long awn about as long as the capsule; seeds 6 × 3 mm, blackish with long white marginal hairs c. 6 mm long.
Figures
Locally common in NE Bolivia and present also in Colombia, Peru and Brazil, possibly frequent in the SW Amazonian region. In Bolivia it is a species of lowland forest, forest relics and drainage dykes, growing usually in seasonally flooded places.
This species is very similar morphologically to glabrous-leaved forms of
According to our molecular studies (
••• Clade B (species 234–338) comprises species mostly from Mexico and surrounding countries although it includes quite a few South American species. Like Clade A, there is no obvious morphological feature common to the whole clade. Species may be perennial or annual but there are no truly woody plants. Clade B divides into two large but morphologically ill-defined clades, Clade B1 (species 234–289) and Clade B2 (species 290–337). Within both B1 and B2, there are several small clades which are well defined morphologically. These are indicated in the text.
• Species 234–253 comprise the
Annual or perennial herbs, stems twining, often robust. Leaves entire or 3–5-lobed, commonly variable within the same species. Flowers in pedunculate axillary cymes (occasionally solitary), often reduced to bracteolate heads; pedicels characteristically shorter than peduncles and sometimes very short; bracteoles usually prominent, persistent and occasionally (
Species that probably belong to this clade can be separated by the following key.
1 | Corolla glabrous on th e exterior, even in bud |
|
– | Corolla pubescent or pilose on the exterior, at least in bud |
|
2 | Corolla hypocrateriform,; stamens exserted (Jamaica) |
|
– | Corolla funnel-shaped; stamens included in corolla tube |
|
3 | Flowers in compact bracteolate heads, the pedicels very short; sepals and bracteoles glabrous, puberulent or pubescent |
|
– | Flowers in a lax inflorescence, the pedicels > 10 mm long; sepals and bracteoles pilose with long, patent hairs |
|
4 | Bracteoles up to 3.7 cm cm long; sepals 20–23 mm long; peduncles up to 17 cm long (Mexico) |
|
– | Bracteoles usually < 10 mm long, rarely more; sepals 11–20 mm; peduncles < 9 cm long (widespread).... |
|
5 | Corolla 7–9 cm long; leaves 5-lobed; flowers solitary (United States) |
|
– | Corolla < 5 cm long; leaves entire or 3(–5)-lobed; flowers solitary, paired or in cymes |
|
6 | Stem and leaves glabrous; sepals finely acuminate to a mucronate apex (Brazil) |
|
– | Stem and leaves hirsute; sepals varied but never finely acuminate to a mucronate apex. |
|
7 | Sepals ovate, cordate, c. twice as long as broad; perennial with napiform root; cymes 1(–2)-flowered |
|
– | Sepals lanceolate or ovate, three or more times longer than broad, cuneate at base; annuals with fibrous rootstock; cymes usually with several flowers |
|
8 | Corolla pink (rarely white or blue); sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; leaves entire or 3–5-lobed |
|
– | Corolla blue with a white tube (drying pink): sepals ovate with an elongate apex, notably accrescent in fruit; leaves usually 3-lobed |
|
9 | Corolla < 3.5 cm long; sepals < 2 cm long at anthesis, the tips recurving; peduncle very short |
|
– | Corolla 4–4.5 cm long; sepals c. 3 cm long at anthesis, the tips erect; peduncles long or short |
|
10 | Corolla very large, 10–12 cm in length; leaves commonly lobed, discolorous |
|
– | Corolla < 9 cm long; leaves entire or lobed, not usually strongly discolorous |
|
11 | Bracteoles linear-filiform, < 6 mm long; leaves small, < 4 cm long |
|
– | Bracteoles varied in shape, > 10 mm long, but if narrowly linear, leaves large, exceeding 5 cm long |
|
12 | Leaves entire, often with a lateral tooth; sepals green, bristly white-pilose |
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– | Leaves 3(–5)-lobed without lateral teeth; sepals green with white margins, pubescent....... |
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13 | Corolla, stem and sepals pilose with long spreading hairs |
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– | Corolla, stem and sepals glabrescent, puberulent or pubescent with appressed hairs |
|
14 | Pedicels very short or absent; flowers in bracteolate heads, the bracteoles persistent, conspicuous |
|
– | Pedicels 3–10 mm long; bracteoles distant from flowers, deciduous and not very conspicuous; flowers solitary or up to 3 (Ecuador) |
|
15 | Outer bracteoles ovate to suborbicular, 7–20 × 7–24 mm, pale green with darker veins |
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– | Outer bracteoles lanceolate to ovate, 20–25 × 5 mm, uniformly green |
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16 | Corolla shortly pubescent to sericeous in bud, ±glabrescent at anthesis; bracteoles linear; corolla large, 7–9 cm long (Bolivia and Peru) |
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– | Corolla pubescent at anthesis; corolla < 8 cm long; bracteoles expanded, ovate to elliptic (Mexico and Central America) |
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17 | Corolla white; stamens exserted |
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– | Corolla pink; stamens included in the corolla tube |
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18 | Sepals glabrous; stem and leaves pubescent; slender plant with wiry stems and corolla 7–8 cm long |
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– | Sepals, stem and leaves retrorse-pilose or tomentose; stout perennial or liana with corolla 4.5–8 cm long |
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19 | Bracteoles caducous; corolla up to 8 cm long, indumentum retrose-pilose |
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– | Bracteoles persistent; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, indumentum tomentose at least on sepals and abaxial leaf surface |
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Based on
Twining perennial herb, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 5–15 × 5–15 cm, ovate or, commonly, shallowly 3-lobed, both forms sometimes on the same plant, apex acuminate and shortly mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially pubescent, abaxially paler, pubescent to grey-tomentose; petioles 2.5–10 cm. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate clusters, sometimes reduced to single flowers; peduncles 5–9 cm, pubescent; bracteoles ± persistent, pubescent, usually narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4–10 × 0.5–1 mm but sometimes oblong-elliptic, foliose and shortly petiolate, c. 15–30 × 4–15 mm; secondary peduncles 2–3 mm; pedicels very short, 2–7 mm; sepals subequal, 13–20 × 3–5 mm, narrowly ovate, finely acuminate, pubescent, often somewhat spreading at muturity; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep blue with violet midpetaline bands, drying pink, glabrous, limb unlobed, 4–5 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 8–10 mm diam., glabrous, 6-seeded; seeds black, 4–5 mm long, appearing glabrous but minutely tomentellous.
Figure
Photographs of
Widely cultivated as an ornamental and frequently naturalised throughout tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Of New World, perhaps Mexican, origin, it is not native in India despite its name. Most of the records cited below are of naturalised, wild populations, but some records may have been of cultivated plants. In some areas it is very common, the Caribbean islands, and Misiones Department in Argentina, for example, whereas in others it is surprisingly uncommon as in Bolivia and Ecuador. There is some evidence that it is more common on islands and is certainly on most islands in tropical America. It probably spreads in humid areas by cuttings and broken off shoots as a result of cattle grazing as seeds are not commonly formed.
The type of
Meisner cited various syntypes of
This species might be confused with
Based on
Liana to 6 m, stems woody, pubescent when young. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–10 × 3.5–11 cm, ovate in outline, 3-lobed to about half way, shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose, rarely glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 2.5–5 cm, very thinly to densely pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1.5–8.5 cm; bracteoles 3–12 mm, ovate, acuminate, pale green, caducous; pedicels 3–12 mm, noticeably more slender and more pubescent than peduncles; sepals subequal but inner slightly narrower, 10–14 × 2–4 mm at anthesis, oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate to caudate, pubescent, herbaceous, somewhat accrescent in fruit reaching 15 × 8 mm; corolla 5–7 cm long, glabrous, salver-shaped, the tube 4–5 cm long, subcylindrical and only slightly widened, dark purple, limb 4–5 cm diam., pentagonal, crimson to magenta, stamens exserted; stigma 3-lobed, exserted. Capsules 10 × 9 mm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 5 × 4 mm, blackish, densely covered in short erect hairs.
Figure
Endemic to Jamaica where it appears to be common in thickets, scrub and in forest relics on limestone hills.
This species appears to have evolved as an adaptation of
Based on
Trailing or twining herb, stems roughly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 3–14 cm, 3-lobed, the lobes typically ovate, abruptly narrowed to an acute or very shortly acuminate apex, base cordate, thinly to densely pubescent on both surfaces, paler beneath; petioles 1.5–7 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary compact cymes, sometimes reduced to 1–2 flowers; peduncles 0.5–18 cm, usually pilose; bracteoles 3–7 mm, filiform, relatively persistent; secondary peduncles 3–8 mm; pedicels 3–10 mm; sepals 15–32 mm, lanceolate tapering into a long linear point, densely pilose with bulbous-based hairs, especially near the base; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, limb blue, drying pink, 3–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 7–10 × 6 mm, subglobose, glabrous, style slender, persistent; seeds puberulent.
Figure
A pantropical weed of disturbed bushy places often near settlements. It is essentially a lowland species usually found below about 1000 m, although it is occasionally found growing to at least 2000 m. Although generally common, records are sparse from some areas, the northern Andes for example, and its presence is by no means universal.
The blue flowers, 3-lobed leaves and long, pilose sepals which taper from near the base make this an easily identified species except in North America, where it has commonly been misnamed
Plant cultivated in Vienna
Annual herb; stems twining, sparsely to densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 5–12 cm long and wide, usually 3(–5)-lobed, rarely entire, base cordate, apex acute to acuminate, both surfaces pubescent; petioles 3–12 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 5–10 cm; bracteoles lanceolate to elliptic, 5–8 × 2–3 mm, persistent; pedicels 3–7 mm; sepals 12–18 × 4–5 mm, lanceolate, abruptly narrowed from a broad base, apex long acuminate, often recurved, densely pilose, especially near base; corolla 2–3.7 cm long, funnel-shaped, light blue with a whitish tube, limb 1.5–5.5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules depressed-globose, 8–12 mm, glabrous, enclosed by accrescent sepals; seeds up to 4, 4–4.5 mm, pyriform, dark brown, densely puberulent.
Figures
A common species of disturbed bushy places in temperate regions of the USA and Canada, which extends uncommonly into northern Mexico. There are many records from elsewhere in the Americas in different databases and in the literature (
Very similar to
Some Specimens from Baja California Sur are intermediate with
Based on
Twining annual herb, stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 3–8(–15) × 3.5–8(–14) cm, ovate (rarely 3-lobed to half way), shortly acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles, both surfaces thinly to densely hispid-pilose; petioles 3–15 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of 2–5-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes, often umbellate in form; peduncles 1.5–7 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–8 mm, filiform, relatively persistent; pedicels 0.5–1.8 cm, pubescent but pilose apically; sepals subequal, 11–17 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute to subobtuse, hispid-pilose, more densely so in lower half, inner sepals with scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, tube white, limb usually pink, sometimes cream or bluish, glabrous, 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 9–11 mm, glabrous, 6-seeded; seeds 5 mm long, appearing glabrous but minutely tomentellous under a microscope.
Figures
Widely distributed throughout the tropics as an escape from cultivation or as a weed. It is abundant in the dry inter-Andean valleys of northern Argentina, Bolivia and Peru between around 1000 m and 2800 m and is similarly abundant in upland areas of Mexico. It is much less common in more humid lowland areas, there are few records from the Cerrado or Chaco biomes, and it is absent from much of Central America, the Guianas and the Caribbean. There is perhaps a scattering of records of cultivated plants amongst the following.
The plate (t.121b) in
Specimens with lobed leaves can be confused with
MEXICO. Zacatecas, Mun. Villanueva, Carr. 54 on Zacatecas-Guadalajara highway, c. 1 km S del desvio a Laguna del Carretero, 23 Aug. 1995,
Perennial herb from woody, xylopodium-like rootstock, much-branched at the base; stems prostrate, up to 1 m long, thinly pilose, reddish when young but woody, glabrous and muricate when old. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–3.5 × 0.7–2.4 cm, rather small, ovate, acute, base sagittate with acute auricles, the margin sometimes with a large tooth towards the base, both surfaces green, thinly pilose; petioles 0.4–1.9 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered pedunculate, axillary cymes, the flowers mostly solitary; peduncles 1–4.5 cm, thinly pilose; bracteoles 5–7 mm, linear, relatively persistent; pedicels 3–6 mm, thinly pilose; sepals subequal, 12–13 × 5–6 mm, ovate, finely acuminate, the base rounded to cuneate, bristly white-pilose; corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, funnel–shaped, deep pink with whitish tube, pubescent towards the apex. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Endemic to Zacatecas in Mexico, growing in dry grassland in open oak woodland with
The placement of this species is uncertain but it is provisionally placed here because it bears a superficial resemblance to
BRAZIL. Pará, Santarém, May 1850,
High twining perennial herb, stems glabrous, reddish. Leaves petiolate, 6–11 × 3–9, deeply 3-lobed (to about 3/4ths), shallowly cordate, the central lobes lanceolate 3–4 × 0.5–1 cm, acuminate to a fine point, the laterals slightly smaller, often shallowly lobed, glabrous, the lower surface paler; petioles 1.3–1.7 cm, glabrous. Flowers somewhat densely clustered at apex of a long peduncle; peduncles 2–11 cm, sparsely hispid-pilose with bulbous based hairs; bracteoles 6–15 × 2–3 mm, narrowly ovate, boat-shaped, finely acuminate, relatively persistent, hirsute; pedicels 5–15 mm, variable in length in the same cluster, hispid-pilose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 14–17 mm, ovate, finely acuminate, densely pilose, inner narrowly ovate, pilose with scarious, glabrous margins; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, dark pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules broadly ovoid, 6–9 × 5 mm, glabrous; seeds 4.5 mm, shortly and densely pilose with hairs c. 1 mm long.
Figure
Endemic to Amazonian Brazil, apparently very rare although several, apparently unsupported records from different states are included in
This species has a bilobed stigma (Figure
MEXICO. Querétaro, Cadereyta, Cerros calizos E. de Vizarrón, 13 Sept. 1994.
Twining perennial herb; stems dark reddish-brown, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–4 × 3–5 cm, 3-lobed (sometimes 5-lobed, fide field notes), central lobe oblanceolate, laterals with rounded auricles and forward-pointing tips, base broadly cordate, apex finely acute, shortly mucronate, margin undulate to obscurely dentate, adaxially dark green, glabrous, abaxially pale green, pubescent; petioles 2.5–5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of compact, long-pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 8–30 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–3 mm long, filiform; secondary peduncles very short, < 1 cm; pedicels 5–13 mm, pubescent; sepals unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shortly aristate, outer 10–11 × 2 mm, pubescent, dark green with white margins, inner 13–14 × 3 mm, glabrous, entirely scarious apart from a broad central green midrib; corolla c. 3–4 cm long, probably funnel-shaped, reddish-purple, pubescent. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Endemic to Querétaro in Mexico, where it grows in dry pine and oak woodland at 2200 m on rocky limestone soil.
The distinct 3-lobed, discolorous leaves, very long peduncles, acuminate, aristate sepals with prominent scarious margins and the reddish-purple pubescent corolla mark out this species. There is a strong, probably superficial, resemblance to
AMERICA. Sine data (holotype P-LAM00357477).
Low trailing or twining herb with slender stems, pubescent in all parts, rootstock a carrot-shaped tuber. Leaves petiolate, 2–6 (–8) × 2–6(–9) cm, ovate, with sinuate margins or, usually 3–5-lobed to near base, lobes oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, acute, shortly mucronate, laterals sometimes shallowly lobed near base, base cordate with rounded auricles, both surfaces densely pubescent; petioles 1–2(–5) cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary or, occasionally paired, axillary flowers; peduncles 1–4 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 4–8 mm long, linear, persistent, pubescent; pedicels 2–10 mm, pubescent; sepals unequal, grey-pubescent or pilose, outer 12–21 × 6–10 mm, ovate, acuminate, base cordate, inner lanceolate, 2–4 mm wide; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube flushed reddish, limb purplish, c. 2 cm diam., unlobed but midpetaline bands terminating in a tooth. Capsules subglobose, 8–12 mm long, glabrous, enclosed by sepals, 3-locular, up to 6-seeded; seeds 4–6 mm long, minutely tomentellous.
Figures
Amphitropical in its distribution occurring in the United States and Mexico and along the Andes from Peru south to northern Argentina with an isolated station in central Colombia. It is locally common in dry stony grassland between 2300 and 3900 m, reaching higher altitudes than by any other
The lectotype of
A usually very distinct species on account of its deeply-lobed, hirsute leaves and ovate, basally cordate, outer sepals. Rare entire-leaved forms occur, for example
The root is eaten fide
UNITED STATES. Texas, New Braunfels,
Trailing or twining herb, stem adpressed pilose from a tuberous rootstock. Leaves petiolate, 2–3.5 × 2–3.5 cm, palmately 3–5(–7)-lobed to just over half way, base cordate, lobes elliptic, acute or obtuse, narrowed at both ends, thinly adpressed pilose on both surfaces; petioles 1–3.2 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–8 cm, thinly pubescent; bracteoles 3–8 mm, linear, relatively persistent; pedicels 2–15 mm, densely pubescent to densely pilose; sepals subequal, 17–23(–32) × 4–6 mm, broadly lanceolate, finely acuminate, outer pubescent, inner scarious and glabrous except pubescent midvein and ciliate margin; corolla 7–9 mm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, pink with white tube, glabrous, midpetaline bands terminating in distinct teeth. Capsule and seeds not seen.
Figure
Uncommon in semi-desert areas of the eastern United States–Mexico border areas.
This species is characterised by its long-pilose, linear sepals and palmately lobed leaves combined with the solitary, narrowly funnel-shaped flowers.
BOLIVIA. [La Paz], Larecaja, Sorata,
Twining, probably annual herb, stems hispid-pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–7.5 × 2–8 cm, ovate, shallowly cordate and broadly cuneate onto the petiole, auricles rounded, apex shortly acuminate, both surfaces appressed pilose, abaxially paler; petioles 2–8 cm, hispid-pilose. Inflorescence of dense pedunculate axillary heads with 1–5 flowers; peduncles 2–12 cm, hispid-pilose; bracteoles 7–20 × 7–24 mm (but smaller inside head), ovate, acuminate, pale green with prominent dark green veins, persistent, forming an involucre round the flowers; pedicels 3 mm; sepals long-pilose, dissimilar, outer 13–14 × 4–5 mm, ovate, acuminate to an obtuse apex, inner linear-lanceolate, 9 × 2 mm; corolla 2–3.5(–5) cm long, pilose with very long hairs, narrowly funnel-shaped, tube pale with dark midpetaline bands, limb mauve, weakly lobed, c. 1.5 cm in diam. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds minutely puberulent.
Figure
This species is of very scattered occurrence in Andean Bolivia and Peru, the planalto of Brazil and central Mexico between 800 and 2400 m in areas of dry forest.
The holotype of
Very distinct because of the inflorescence of bracteolate heads, the strongly veined bracteoles forming an involucre around the flowers. However it is quite variable with bracteoles not always as well developed, so sometimes merely lanceolate, and the corolla sometimes up to 5.5 cm as in
ECUADOR. El Oro, Zaruma-Portovelo,
Twining perennial of unknown height, stems with spreading yellowish trichomes. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–17 × 3.5–14 cm, ovate, acute with a distinct acumen c. 1 cm long, cordate, appressed pilose with long hairs on both surfaces; petiole 1.5–10 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary, few-flowered compact cymes, sometimes reduced to single flowers; peduncles 2.5–6 cm, bearded; bracteoles 1–1.7 × 0.2–0.3 cm, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, pilose, deciduous; pedicels 5–10 mm, pilose; sepals very unequal, pilose with golden hairs externally; outer bract-like, 13–20 × 8–10 mm, ovate, cordate, acute, mucronate, middle sepal lanceolate, 11–13 × 4–5 mm, inner linear, c. 9 × 2 mm; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, blue-violet, pilose with stiff spreading hairs, limb apparently lobed. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Endemic to Ecuador, where it grows in low altitude cloud forest at 1000–1300 m.
Molecular evidence does not support the distinction of this species from
GUATEMALA. Huehetenango, near Jacaltenango,
Climbing perennial to 4 m, stem muriculate, densely pilose with brownish hairs. Leaves petiolate, rather large, 7–12 × 6–12 cm, orbicular to ovate, entire or weakly 3-lobed, acute to acuminate, base cordate, adaxially pubescent, abaxially whitish, densely pubescent; petioles 5–7 cm. Inflorescence subcapitate, formed of pedunculate, bracteate heads; peduncles 11–20 cm, villous; bracteoles 20–25 × 5 mm, narrowly oblong-ovate, acuminate, ±persistent; pedicels very short, 0–5 mm; sepals subequal, 16–22 mm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, villous; corolla c. 5 cm long, funnel-shaped, purple, villous on tube and lobes. Capsules and seeds not known.
A plant of forest and scrubby swamp below 1300 m over a limited area of Mesoamerica; apparently uncommon.
Probably closely related to
BOLIVIA. Cochabamba, Espirito Santo,
Vigorous liana to 7 m, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, very large. 11–20 × 7–20 cm, ovate (rarely shallowly 3-lobed), acuminate to a fine point, cordate with rounded auricles, thinly to densely adpressed pubescent on both surfaces; petioles 5–15 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, axillary, rather compact cymes; peduncles 8–30 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 10–11 mm, linear or filiform, finely acuminate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–1.5(–10) cm; pedicels 3–14 mm, pubescent; sepals very unequal, somewhat variable in shape and size, outer sepals 12–17 × 4–5 mm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, the tips usually recurved, pilose to glabrous, inner sepals 7–10 × 3–4 mm, oblong, obtuse or acute, sometimes mucronate, pilose to merely ciliate, margin scarious; corolla 7–9 cm long, mauve, funnel-shaped with broad tube, in bud pubescent but glabrescent later, limb 5–6 cm diam; stigma biglobose. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to moist Andean forest in northern Bolivia and southern Peru where it grows from 750 to 1900 m in the lower cloud forest region.
Somewhat resembling a large-leaved
MEXICO. Guerrero, Acapulco,
Liana with white latex, stem thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 9–14 × 8–14 cm, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate (often shallowly 3 –lobed), thinly hispid-pilose on both surfaces, abaxially paler; petioles 6–12 cm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 11–20 cm, stout, straight; bracteoles narrowly ovate, acuminate, pubescent, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2.5 cm; pedicels 6–22 mm, puberulent; sepals dissimilar, pubescent, 26–40 × 8–10 mm, outer ovate with an elongated obtuse apex, inner sepals narrower, slightly longer, with an elongate spathulate apex; corolla 6–8 cm long, subhypocrateriform with broad basal tube and spreading limb, white, opening at night, thinly pilose on midpetaline bands in bud, anthers exserted, filaments red, pubescent; stamens shortly exserted; stigma 3-lobed. Capsules broadly ovate, c. 2 cm long, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to Mexico growing in humid hill forest 650–2000 m.
Unique in the
MEXICO. Est. México, Temascaltepec district,
Liana resembling
Figure
Endemic to the Temascaltepec region of Mexico State at around 1200 m.
Essentially a locally evolved species related to
There is an unexpected record from Sonora (
MEXICO.
Climbing or trailing liana to 7 m, stems stout, densely hirsute. Leaves petiolate, 8–20 × 7.5–16 cm, large, ovate-suborbicular, shortly acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially thinly pubescent to strigose, abaxially densely grey-tomentose; petioles 2.5–4 cm densely pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered long-pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–20 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.5–1.5 cm, ovate to narrowly elliptic, obtuse, pubescent, persistent; secondary peduncles 0.5–3 cm; pedicels 5–15 mm, tomentose; sepals equal, 16–22 × 7–11 mm, oblong-ovate, tomentellous, obtuse, somewhat accrescent in fruit; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, pubescent, narrowly funnel-shaped, tube white, limb reddish purple, 5–6 cm diam.; stigma 3-lobed. Capsules subglobose, 1.2–1.5 cm, glabrous, six-seeded; seeds 5–7 mm, minutely puberulent.
Dry oak woodland below 1600 m from central Mexico south to Honduras.
Not unlike
MEXICO. Jalisco, San Sebastián,
Liana climbing to 8 m, stems brown, strigose. Leaves petiolate, 6–14 × 4.5–11 cm, ovate, cordate, apex acuminate, mucronate, adaxially glabrous or nearly so, abaxially paler, thinly pubescent; petioles 4–6.5 cm, subglabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate dense, few-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–17 cm, subglabrous to pubescent; bracteoles 23–37 × 12–18 mm, ovate-elliptic, acuminate, cuneate at base, whitish-green with prominent veins, persistent; secondary peduncles 1.8 cm, stout; pedicels 5–10 mm, widened upwards; sepals unequal, outer 20–22 × 8–10 mm, narrowly elliptic, acute and mucronate, veins prominent, glabrous, inner sepals 13–20 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, noticeably smaller; corolla 6–7 cm long, glabrous, funnel-shaped, widened abruptly above a broad whitish basal tube, limb 7 cm diam., somewhat lobed, deep pinkish-purple; stigma 3-lobed. Capsules subglobose, 10 mm wide, enclosed by persistent sepals; seeds not seen.
A forest species endemic to central Mexico at 1100–1250 m.
MEXICO. Nayarit, Tepic,
Perennial herb climbing to 4 m; stems thin, wiry, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 6–17 × 4–15 cm, ovate, often shallowly 3-lobed, base cordate with rounded to acute auricles and a narrow sinus, apex acuminate, abaxially paler, thinly pubescent; petioles 1–8 cm. Inflorescence of compact 2–4-flowered pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 1.7–15 cm; bracteoles 2–3.5 × 0. 5–1.2 cm, oblong-elliptic, boat-shaped, chartaceous; pedicels 5–15 mm, glabrous; sepals slightly unequal 15–20 × 10 mm, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous, the inner slightly shoerter and narrower; corolla 7–8 cm long, deep pink, funnel-shaped, thinly pubescent on midpetaline bands, limb c. 5 cm diam. Capsules and seed unknown.
A rare species of oak woodland in central Mexico between 1100 and 1300 m.
Very similar to
MEXICO. Jalisco, Río Blanco,
Climbing perennial, stems, leaves and other vegetative parts pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–4.5 × 3–6 cm, palmately lobed to near the base, lobes broadly to narrowly ovate-elliptic, acuminate to an acute apex, narrowed at base, leaf base cordate, abaxially whitish, sometimes sericeous; petioles 2–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 5–8 cm; bracteoles 12–14 mm, oblong-lanceolate, finely apiculate, deciduous; pedicels 4–7 mm, densely pilose; sepals unequal, outer 17–20 × 7–10 mm, broadly ovate with rounded to truncate base, apiculate, pilose, inner 15–16 mm, obtuse to retuse, pilose only along midrib, margins broad, scarious; corolla 10–12 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pilose, limb entire, c. 9 cm diam.; stigma biglobose. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to north western Mexico, growing in
This species is usually easily recognised by its large carolla and the palmately-lobed discolorous leaves. However, as with many species in the
Placement of this species in the
UNITED STATES. Arizona,
Twining or trailing perennial from a thickened woody tuberous rootstock like a xylopodium; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate; at least sometimes held at right angles to petiole, 1–5 × 2.5–6 cm, deltoid, finely acuminate and mucronate, margin undulate, base sagittate with basal auricles acute, sometimes bifurcate and leaves becoming ±5-lobed, thinly pilose on both surfaces; petioles 0.6–2.4 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 3–5 (–7) mm, sometimes muricate or with a few stipitate glands; bracteoles 1–2 mm, deltoid; pedicels 4–12 mm, thicker than peduncle and widened upwards; sepals equal, glabrous, 14–25 × 3–4 mm, narrowly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, mucronate, outer sometimes verrucose near base; corolla 5–9 cm long, flared, funnel-shaped, very gradually widened from a narrow basal tube, pale pink, glabrous, limb 5–6 cm diam.; ovary 3-locular. Capsules subglobose to ovoid, 6–7 mm, strongly rostrate with mucro 4–6 mm long, glabrous; seeds up to 6, c. 4 mm long, ovoid, dark brown, tomentellous.
A species with a strikingly disjunct distribution between Central America and the Sonora desert region that is very unusual and merits investigation. It is mostly found between 1100 and 1900 m in dry rocky areas in open oak woodland.
Very characteristic are the solitary, very shortly pedunculate flowers, the gradually widened flared corolla and the long, narrow sepals.
• Species 255–257 (and more distantly 258) form a small clade of closely related species.
ARGENTINA. Tucumán, Dept. Tafí, Cerro Aconquija,
Relatively weak, probably annual, twining herb, glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 2.5–7 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, acuminate to a fine point, margins undulate; petioles 3–8(–12) cm, somewhat warted. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes, often with only 2 fully developed flowers; peduncle relatively stout, 2–15 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, deltoid, fugacious; secondary peduncles 0.8–1.5 cm; pedicels mostly 20–30 mm, slightly swollen upwards; sepals subequal, 5–6 ×3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, dark green with white margin; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, yellowish inside, limb blue, c. 3 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 7 mm wide, 8 mm long, rostrate with a beak 3–5 mm long, glabrous; seeds 6–7 mm long, appearing glabrous but minutely tomentellous under a microscope.
Dry inter-Andean valleys of northern Argentina and southern Bolivia but scattered in occurrence and uncommon in both countries, growing between about 700 and 2000 m.
Very similar to and possibly conspecific with
UNITED STATES. Texas, near El Paso,
Twining annual herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–6 ×1.3–3.8 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, narrowed to an obtuse, mucronate apex, margin entire, both surfaces glabrous and green; petioles 1.5–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 1–3 mm on new shoots, up to 8 cm on older shoots, stout; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 12–14 mm, becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals subequal, 4–6 ×2–4 mm, ovate-deltoid, very acute, glabrous, margins scarious, white; corolla 2.5–2.7 cm long, funnel-shaped, blue drying pink with pale tube, glabrous, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules very large, ovoid, 10–12 ×8–12 mm, rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5–6 ×3 mm, shortly and finely puberulent.
In semi-desert in the United States southwest and northern and central Mexico.
Very similar to
This species is often confused with and sometimes treated as a synonym of
[cultivated plant from Mexico],
Twining annual herb, glabrous in all parts, stems robust and often thick (4–5 mm broad). Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 2–10 cm, ovate, cordate with rather angular, nearly rounded auricles, apex acuminate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.5–11 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3–20 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, oblanceolate, early caducous; secondary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm; pedicels 1.5–3 cm, spreading at a wide angle; sepals subequal, 5–7 × 3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, dark green with white margin, inner slightly longer than the outer; corolla 5–7.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, yellowish inside, limb blue, 4 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 7 × 3 mm, blackish, appearing glabrous but minutely tomentellous under a microscope.
Figure
Usually presumed to be of Mexican origin, but widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, even in temperate countries, and the following citations mix cultivated plants with garden escapes, adventives on roadsides and weeds of disturbed areas. It rarely appears truly native even in central Mexico.
USA, Texas,
Slender twining annual herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 × 3–9 cm in outline but usually small, palmately divided into 3 lobes, shallowly cordate to truncate and briefly cuneate onto petiole, the terminal lobe lanceolate acuminate, narrowed at base, the 2 lateral lobes forked or trifurcate, glabrous, both surfaces green. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate cymes, flowers often solitary; peduncles 1.5–5 cm, recurving in fruit; bracteoles 2 mm, linear-lanceolate, scarious with green midrib; pedicels 6–15 mm, lateral flowers often developing tardily; sepals subequal, 9–12(–15) × 2–3 mm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, densely covered in stiff bristles c. 3 mm long; corolla 1.6–2.3 cm long, the tube white, glabrous, the limb bluish-purple, c. 2 cm diam., unlobed but midpetaline bands terminating in a tooth. Capsules subglobose 9 × 10 mm, glabrous; seeds up to 6.5 × 2.5 mm, appressed pubescent often appearing glabrous, brown.
We formally recognise two varieties that were previously treated as distinct species.
Distinguished by the lanceolate sepals with stiff spreading bristles.
Figure
Distinguished by the narrow linear-lanceolate, glabrous sepals.
Locally common between 200 and 2400 m in the Sonora Desert of Southern Arizona, but uncommon and scattered in other semi desert areas of northern Mexico and the United States southwest.
• Species 259–267 form a small clade but lack any clear common morphological character. The presence of two species with an unusual ovary structure is noteworthy.
PANAMA. Upper valley of Río Chiriquí,
Liana 3–6 m high, stems glabrous, latex present, white. Leaves petiolate, 10–19 × 9–11 cm, ovate, abruptly shortly acuminate, cordate, glabrous; petioles 7–14 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes of 2–6 flowers; peduncles 8–10 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 2 cm; pedicels 30–50 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 7–10 × 5 mm, oblong-ovate, acuminate, inner 12–15 × 7–8 mm, ovate to broadly oblong, rounded, mucronate, margins broad, scarious; corolla 6–9 cm long, midpetaline bands terminating in a tooth, white, glabrous, limb 7–8 cm diam.; stamens at mouth. Capsules 1.5 cm long, ovoid, glabrous; seeds glabrous.
Apparently rare localised to western Panama and Costa Rica in moist hill forest around 1800–2000 m.
This species is characterised by the long-peduncled, few-flowered cymes of white flowers with broad oblong-ovate, mucronate, mostly scarious inner sepals.
MEXICO. [Jalisco], Zacoalco, Valley of Mexico,
Twining perennial to 1 m from a large root tuber, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–8.5 × 1–5.3 cm, ovate-panduriform to subreniform, base cordate to subsagittate, auricles rounded to subacute, somewhat spreading, apex acute to obtuse, mucronate, margin undulate or with 1–2 large lateral teeth or 3–5-lobed, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially paler; petioles 1.2–5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 2–5.2 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 2–4 mm, linear, tardily deciduous; pedicels 5–14 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, pubescent, strongly accrescent in fruit; outer 7–10 × 4–7 mm, ovate-deltoid with a broad truncate to subcordate base, acuminate, inner c. 1 mm longer, narrower and basally cuneate; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous but with a few hairs towards the apex of the midpetaline bands, tube whitish, limb deep pink, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 10–12 mm, globose, 5-locular with up to ten seeds; seeds lentil-shaped, 4 mm, densely pubescent with short stiff hairs.
Endemic to central Mexico growing in secondary
O’Donell annotated specimens of this species as
Based on
Twining perennial, stems pilose to glabrous, becoming muricate to spinulose when old. Leaves petiolate, 3–13 × 2.5–11 cm, ovate, entire or 3–5-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles and very narrow sinus, shortly acuminate or cuspidate, mucronate, usually pubescent or hirsute at least on the margins and abaxial veins, occasionally glabrous abaxially paler; petioles 2.5–7 cm, usually pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 2–15 cm; bracteoles 2–10 mm, filiform; pedicels 10–35 mm, commonly reflexed in fruit; sepals slightly unequal, lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, finely acuminate, shortly mucronate, glabrous, pubescent or villous, the margins white, scarious, outer (4–)11–18 × 4–5 mm, the inner usually slightly shorter, the scarious margins broader; corolla 5.5–7.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, the tube pale, midpetaline bands ending in a mucro, the limb purple, 5–6 cm diam. Capsules ovate, 10–13 × 6–8 mm, glabrous; seeds 4–5 mm long, rounded, puberulent.
Very variable in indumentum from glabrous to pubescent or hirsute in varying degrees. The sepals too vary from being subequal or the outer or inner slightly longer, the apex usually acuminate but sometimes obtuse. The leaves may be ovate or 3–7-lobed.
1 | Leaves 3–7-lobed |
|
– | Leaves entire |
|
2 | Leaves hirsute |
|
– | Leaves glabrous |
|
3 | Leaves with a distinctive cuspidate apex; inner sepals almos entirely scarious |
|
– | Leaves shortly acuminate; inner sepals with narrow scarious margins |
|
Stems, leaves and sepals hirsute. Sepals mostly > 10 mm long, with broad scarious margins, the outermost somewhat foliose. Leaves entire, cordate.
Figure
The common subspecies of scrubby hillslopes mostly between 1900 and 2500 m extending from central Mexico south to Honduras.
Based on
Principally in the drier areas of northern Mexico, especially the Sonora desert.
Based on
Extreme western Guatemala to the Mayan highlands of central Chiapas, growing mostly between 1500 and 2000 m.
Based on
Figure
Uncommon in central Mexico.
UNITED STATES. New Mexico, 9 km N. of junction of State Highway 152 and Forest Service Road 157,
Perennial twining herb with stems up to 2 m long from a tap root 1–6 cm long. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 3–7 cm, entire or 5–7-lobed, lobes elliptic 1–6 × 0.5–2 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate, glabrous apart from the pubescent veins; petioles 3–9 cm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers, opening at night; peduncles 0–7 cm; bracteoles linear, 5 × 1 mm, linear, persistent; pedicels 15–25 mm, becoming recurved in fruit; sepals subequal, 11–14 × 3–5 mm, somewhat accrescent by 2 mm in fruit, ovate, acute or acuminate, outer adpressed pilose with scarious margins, inner glabrous, scarious; corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, 6–7 cm long, tube white, limb pale blue, limb 6–7.5 cm diam.; stamens shortly exserted or at mouth. Capsules ovoid, c. 15 × 15 mm, glabrous, trilocular; seeds (4–)6, black, 4–6 mm long, glabrous.
Endemic to open forest of
A night-flowering species with pale blue flowers and shortly exserted stamens.
GUATEMALA.
Twining perennial to 4 m, stems silvery-canescent when young, somewhat glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 6.5–12 × 5.5–10 cm, ovate-orbicular, cordate with rounded auricles, apex obtuse but terminating in a mucro up to 5 mm long, margin undulate, sometimes lobed, adaxially thinly adpressed pilose, abaxially silvery-canescent; petioles 2.5–4 cm, grey-pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate, often dense, axillary cymes; peduncles 4–5(–10) cm, sericeous; bracteoles linear, 7–14 × 1–2 mm, sericeous, deciduous; secondary and tertiary peduncles 5–12 mm; pedicels 5–11 mm, grey-sericeous; sepals unequal, outer ovate 8–10 × 3 mm long, including a fine recurving mucro 3–4 mm long, densely tomentose, inner 10–13 × 4 mm, ovate, acuminate, the apex usually erect, margins scarious but thinly tomentose; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, purple, sericeous, limb 5 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules unknown.
Figure
Disturbed deciduous forest, 800–1200 m, in Central America, apparently uncommon.
HAWAII. Oahu,
Prostrate or twining perennial, stems slender, woody below, glabrous except for small green protuberances. Leaves petiolate, 4–7 × 4–6 cm, ovate, obtuse or acute and mucronulate, cordate, margin entire, toothed, sinuate or 3-lobed, green and glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 2.3–4.7 cm, false stipules sometimes present. Inflorescence of solitary pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 1–1.5 cm; bracteoles 5–6 mm, caducous; pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 7–8(–15) × 3–4 mm, oblong-elliptic, glabrous, margin scarious, becoming reflexed in fruit, inner 9–10(–22) mm, obtuse to mucronate with broad scarious margins; corolla white with lilac tinge, weakly salverform, the basal cylindrical tube narrow, 2.5 cm long and 0.75 cm wide, the limb 4.5–5 cm wide, glabrous, stamens included. Capsules ovoid-conical, glabrous; seeds trigonous, pubescent with woolly marginal hairs.
Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands where it grows on lava flows.
This Hawaian endemic is of considerable interest as molecular studies (
The floral dimensions in the protologue are much larger than in the specimens we have examined.
This is one of a number of species in which extrafloral nectaries have been reported (
Based on
Trailing or scrambling liana of unknown size, stems woody, glabrous to scabrid-pilose, sometimes postulate. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 × 2– 7 cm, ovate, abruptly narrowed to an acuminate, mucronate apex, base shallowly cordate, both surfaces adpressed pilose with whitish hairs to glabrous; petioles 4–6.5 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes, primary peduncle stout, slightly woody, 1.3–6 cm, roughly pubescent, secondary peduncles 0.3–1 cm; bracteoles 6 × 1 mm, linear, pubescent, caducous; pedicels 15–32 mm, pubescent or glabrous, slightly thickened upwards; sepals subequal, outer 6–8 × 5–7 mm, broadly ovate, acute and shortly mucronate, glabrous to pilose; inner sepals c. 1 mm longer, glabrous or a broad line of hairs along the middle, margins scarious; corolla tubular, ± hypocrateriform, glabrous, the tube 3.5–4.5 cm long, c. 7–8 mm wide, dark, limb 3.5–4.5 cm wide, unlobed, magenta, stamens shortly exserted. Capsules 7 × 8 mm, subglobose, glabrous, rostrate; seeds not seen.
We recognise two subspecies:
Sepals thinly to densely pilose on the abaxial surface. Young stems and abaxial leaf surface thinly to densely pubescent.
Figure
In cloud forest near streams in the coastal sierra of Venezuela between 1500 and 1800 m approximately.
COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca, Quebrada el Chico, al norte de Bogotá, 2700–2800 m, 30 Nov. 1952,
Figures
Photographs of
Cloud forest in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia.
This species has been confused with the rather similar
Based on
Trailing or scrambling liana, 2–4 m high, stems woody, glabrous or thinly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 2–10.5 cm, ovate, acute to shortly acuminate, shallowly cordate, thinly pubescent to glabrous on both surfaces, abaxially prominently veined; petioles 3–5 cm, pubescent or glabrous. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles stout, woody, 6–18 cm long, bifariously pubescent; bracteoles caducous, not seen; secondary peduncles 1–1.7 cm; pedicels 15–25 mm, slightly thickened upwards, glabrous to pubescent; sepals unequal, outer 7–9 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, inner 10–12 × 4–5 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse to rounded, the margins broad, scarious; corolla variable in shape from hypocrateriform to funnel-shaped, the tube 3.5–4.5 cm long, c. 7–8 mm wide, limb 3.5–4.5 cm wide, unlobed, deep pink or magenta, stamens included to shortly exserted. Capsules 10–13 mm, conical, glabrous, rostrate; seeds 7–8 mm, shortly pubescent.
Figure
This species can be divided into three subspecies based on corolla shape, exsertion of stamens and geographical distribution:
1 | Corolla tube cylindrical, scarcely widened upwards, < 7 mm wide at summit |
|
– | Corolla tube widened upwards, > 10 mm wide at summit |
|
2 | Stamens shortly exserted from corolla tube, corolla hypocrateriform, c. 15 mm wide at summit |
|
– | Stamens included in corolla tube; corolla funnel-shaped, > 2 cm wide at summit |
|
Corolla tube gradually narrowed upwards, the anthers and style weakly exserted from the corolla mouth. This is the type subspecies which is somewhat intermediate between the other two subspecies.
Figure
Hill forest between 1750 and 1900 m. Endemic to Oaxaca State in Mexico.
Based on
Figure
Hill forest in Guatemala and neighbouring Chiapas State in southern Mexico from (1000–)1700 to 2100 m.
Sacatepéuquez,
MEXICO. Guerrero, Mun. Chichihualco 2550 m, 16 Aug. 1985,
Figure
Endemic to hillforest between 2450 and 2700 m in Guerrero and neighbouring parts of Oaxaca in western Mexico, growing at higher altitudes than the other subspecies.
Records of
MEXICO. Jalisco, 5 miles SW of Santa Cruz de las Flores,
Prostrate trailing herb, stems coarsely pubescent with stiff, bulbous-based hairs. Leaves shortly petiolate, 0.8–3 cm long; rounded in outline, the lobes acute, basally cordate, margin dentate, adaxially glabrous or thinly pubescent, abaxially pubescent at least on the veins; petioles 0.6–1.8 cm. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedunculate; peduncles 1–22 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 1 mm, ovate; pedicels 2–15 mm, thickened upwards, pubescent; sepals unequal, outer 2–4 × 1–3 mm, inner 5.5–8.5 mm, ovate to elliptic, obtuse and sometimes mucronate, glabrous; corolla 6–7 cm, funnel-shaped, reddish-purple, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm wide. Capsules ovoid, 5–7 mm long, glabrous; seeds softly pubescent.
Endemic to Jalisco in central Mexico and recorded as growing in degraded woodland.
The inflorescence takes the form of a long leafy raceme. The position of this species here requires confirmation.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, NE of Putla,
Climbing perennial, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, mostly 5–13 × 3–8 cm, ovate, cordate, apex acuminate, glabrous but sometimes ciliate on margins with stiff hairs; petioles 0.5–7 cm. Inflorescence of compact, leafy sessile, axillary cymes, bracts resembling small leaves; bracteoles 1.5–3 × 0.75 cm, ovate; pedicels 3–4 mm, glabrous; sepals unequal, elliptic or obovate, acute or obtuse and mucronate, pubescent on margins, outer 6.5–9 × 2–2.5 mm, inner 11–13 × 5 mm; Corolla 5–7.5 cm, funnel-shaped, pink with whitish basal tube, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Oaxaca in southern Mexico.
Resembles
Based on
Liana to 5 m, stems woody subglabrous, striate. Leaves petiolate, 8–14 × 6.5–12.5 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, broadly cordate, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles sulcate, 4.5–8 cm. Inflorescence of 2–5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 6–8 (–19)cm, stout, glabrous; bracteoles 2 mm, filiform, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present) 3–5 cm, arching; pedicels 1–2.5 cm; sepals dissimilar, outer 18–25 × 12–16 mm, broadly obovate, convex, obtuse to rounded, glabrous, purple-brown, inner similar in size but truncate with broad scarious margins, all drying dark brown; corolla glabrous, hypocrateriform, tube 5–6 cm long, somewhat widened in middle to 12 mm, then narrowed to 6 mm, brown, limb 6–7 cm diam., deep pink, stamens exserted; pink. Capsules glabrous, 15 mm ovoid; seeds 8 × 5 mm, densely pilose with brownish hairs c. 5 mm long.
Figure
Hill forests at c. 700–1200 m in Venezuela and Panama. Its occurrence in Colombia is to be expected.
The very large sepals combined with the hypocrateriform corolla with exserted stamens make this species distinctive. Its placement here is provisional.
Based on
Annual or short-lived perennial twining herb to 7 m; stem rather stout and with scattered soft spiny projections, branches rigid. Leaves petiolate, 3–10 × 2–9 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex finely acuminate, abaxially paler, usually adaxially thinly pubescent, sometimes glabrous; petioles 3–5 cm, puberulent. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles stout, 3–5 cm; bracteoles 3 mm, linear-lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 4–6 mm; pedicels 15–22 mm, stout, thinly puberulent, spreading at a wide angle and often reflexed in fruit; sepals slightly unequal, broadly elliptic with wide scarious margins, outer 6–7 × 5 mm, obtuse and mucronate, abaxially with a few hairs, inner sepals similar but rounded and minutely mucronulate, glabrous; corolla sericeous in bud, 2.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, tube white outside, yellow inside, limb blue (drying pink), c. 3 cm diam., deeply lobed. Capsules 7–12 × 5 mm, glabrous, ovoid, acute above a small apical corona; seeds 6–7 mm, brown, glabrous.
Widely distributed in America from Mexico south to Bolivia but scattered in occurrence, generally uncommon and often of uncertain status. It is usually found on fences, field border and similar disturbed bushy places at altitudes below 1000 m.
A rather fleshy plant with a blue, lobed corolla limb, white tube and, usually, soft spines on the stem. The ripe fruit is held on a recurved peduncle. Dried specimens are superficially very similar to
• Species 271–274 form the small but distinctive
Based on
Vigorous annual climbing or trailing plant; stems stout, armed with soft herbaceous spiny projections. Leaves petiolate, 7–18 × 6–17 cm, ovate or, rarely, 3-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles, apex shortly acuminate, glabrous; petioles 3–15 cm. Inflorescence of 1–2(–5)-flowered, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 2.5–20 cm, usually long, but, if short, commonly with soft spines; bracteoles caducous; pedicels 1.5–4.5 cm, stout and strongly swollen upwards, becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals unequal, accrescent in fruit, glabrous, white with green midrib, outer 10–14 mm, narrowly ovate, attenuate into a point up to 7 mm long, inner 7–12 mm, broadly ovate, abruptly narrowed to an awn 3–4 mm long; corolla dark lilac, 5–6 cm long, glabrous, tube narrowly cylindrical below but widened to 10 mm below limb, limb c. 4 cm diam., spreading, unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 1.5–2 cm long and wide, glabrous, rostrate, the persistent style c. 3 mm long, the pedicel commonly reflexed; seeds 8–10 mm long, glabrous.
Scattered throughout the tropics but rarely abundant. It is usually found growing in disturbed bushy places at low altitudes.
Commonly confused with
Icon in Rheede, Hort. Ind. Malabar 11: t. 50 (1692), designated by
Vigorous scrambling or trailing plant, stems to 10 m, glabrous, sometimes armed with soft spiny projections, sometimes subtomentose. Leaves petiolate, 5–15 × 4–14 cm, ovate, sometimes-lobed to about one third, acuminate to a fine hair point, cordate at the base, auricles sometimes with broad teeth, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 3–18 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2–9(–20) cm, stout; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 5–15 mm, swollen below flower; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer sepals 15–25 × 4–6 mm, lanceolate with a long awn 5–12 mm in length, green with white margins inner sepals 12–20 mm including a 2–5 mm long awn, ovate, whitish with green midrib; corolla hypocrateriform, with a narrow cylindrical whitish-green tube 5–12 cm long and a spreading, white limb 4–5 cm in diam., glabrous. Capsules ovoid, c. 3 cm long, glabrous; seeds 11–13 mm long, glabrous.
Figures
A pantropical weedy species, not certainly known as a native anywhere but clearly of neotropical origin. Widely distributed in disturbed damp bushy places, particularly along shaded tropical streams, mostly below about 1600 m and probably native in this habitat in the Neotropics. It is also cultivated growing in gardens as high as Sucre (2800 m) in Bolivia as well as in gardens and conservatories in cool temperate countries.
McDonald, (1994: 13) designated Velloso (1829 69, t. 25) as the lectotype of
Herbert’s description of
Unmistakeable when in flower but fruiting material can be difficult to distinguish from
Based on
Perennial climber reaching 15 m, stems stout, glabrous, sometimes with occasional fleshy teeth. Leaves petiolate, very large, 15–20 × 12–18 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate, glabrous to thinly pubescent on the abaxial veins towards the base; petioles 10–20 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate axillary cymes with up to 12 flowers, usually in a cymose cluster but sometimes (as in the type) forked into two branches, appearing lax and racemose; peduncles 6–30 cm; bracteoles caducous, suborbicular, convex, with fine terminal mucro c. 2–6 mm long, c. 2–3 cm × 1.5–2.5 cm, membranous with prominent venation; secondary peduncles up to 6.5 cm; pedicels 1–2.5 cm, thickened upwards; sepals similar, 9–14 × 4–7 mm, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, glabrous; corolla white, glabrous, funnel-shaped, basal cylindrical tube 1.5–5 cm long, 0.3–06 cm wide, then abruptly swollen before gradually being widened to mouth, the whole tube 4–6 cm long, the limb 2–3 cm long and 4–5 cm wide,; stamens shortly exserted. Capsules 2.5–3 × 1.5 cm, conical, rostrate, glabrous; seeds glabrous, 10 × 6 mm.
Figure
Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. Disturbed woodland on stony ground, 800–1300 m.
The variations in inflorescence structure and corolla size are so great that it is difficult to believe only one species is involved.
COSTA RICA. San José,
Climbing perennial; stem glabrous but strongly muricate. Leaves long petiolate, large, 14–21 × 11–16 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate with narrow sinus and rounded auricles, adaxially with scattered hairs, abaxially paler, pubescent on the veins; petioles 16–24 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence with up to 4 flowers, somewhat racemose in structure; peduncle c. 30 cm, glabrous; bracteoles lanceolate, c. 11 × 2 mm, caducous; pedicels 1.5–2 cm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, long-aristate, glabrous with scarious margins, outer 10–14 mm with 5–6 mm long mucro, oblong-elliptic, inner 14–16 mm with 2–3 mm long mucro, ovate; corolla c. 13 mm long, white, funnel-shaped, the basal cylindrical tube c. 2 cm long, but limb c. 6 cm wide, buds and midpetaline bands pubescent. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to Costa Rica and only known from the type collection.
• Species 275–279 form another distinct small clade characterised by having pinnatifid leaves and a relatively large corolla. This clade is almost restricted to Mexico.
MEXICO. Hidalgo, Cumbre de Jacala,
Trailing or climbing plant, stems finely pilose, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–9 × 2.5–7 cm, ovate-deltoid, obtuse, base cordate and then cuneate onto the petiole with distinct rounded auricles, margin irregularly dentate, both surfaces green, abaxially paler, strongly reticulate, veins pubescent; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3 flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 10–15 cm; bracteoles 1–4.5 × 0.5–3.5 cm, ovate, petiolate, dentate, resembling small leaves; pedicels 14–22 mm, tickened upwards, pubescent; sepals subequal, 15–17 × 6 mm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, acuminate, margin scarious, outer sepals pubescent, glabrescent; corolla 5.5–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pinkish-purple with paler tube, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules and seed unknown.
Endemic to Hidalgo in Mexico and only known from the type.
The leaf shape suggests this species is intermediate between
Plant cultivated in Madrid, presumably of Mexican origin, lectotype MA475857, designated by
Perennial herb (reported sometimes to be annual), branched at base with many ascending stems to 1 m forming a small bush, stems woody below, crisped pubescent, rootstock tuberous, reputed to be poisonous. Leaves shortly petiolate 2.3–5.5 × 1.5–2.5 cm, oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse to truncate, base truncate and then broadly cuneate onto petiole, margin lyrate-dentate, both surfaces glabrous with scabrous veins and margins to pubescent with densely pubescent veins, abaxially with prominent venation; petiole 3–5 mm. Flowers solitary (rarely paired), axillary; peduncles 0.5–5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles variable sometimes linear-oblanceolate c. 5 mm long, sometimes foliose with lyrate margins and reaching 15 mm; pedicels 3–10 mm, thickened upwards, scabrous to pubescent; sepals unequal, glabrous to scabrous, margins scarious, outermost 7–12 × 6 mm, broadly to narrowly oblong-elliptic, obtuse, inner 10–16 × 8 mm; corolla 6–7.5 cm long, flared to funnel-shaped, purple, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules 14–16 × 11 mm, ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous, ±enclosed by sepals; seeds 6–8 × 4–5 mm, minutely puberulent.
Locally common in open pine forest, dry scrub and secondary vegetation, 1300–2700 m. Endemic to central Mexico.
Very variable in indumentum and size and shape of sepals and bracteoles. Very hairy plants with relatively short but broad sepals from Jalisco (
MEXICO. Michoacán, Tacámbaro,
Clearly resembling
Endemic to the Balsas depression area in Michoacán State in central Mexico.
Resembles a large vigorous form of
MEXICO. Chihuahua, below Pacheco,
Erect perennial herb or subshrub to 1.5 m, often much branched, glabrous in all parts. Leaves shortly petiolate, up to 11 cm long, ±pinnately divided into filiform segments 1.5–8 × 0.05–0.1 cm; petioles 0.5–0.8 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, solitary or paired axillary flowers; peduncles 5–11 cm long, usually straight and rather stout; bracteoles ovate-deltoid, 1–2 mm long, deciduous; pedicels 1–2 cm, in fruit widening upwards and becoming recurved; sepals slightly unequal, outermost 5–7 × 4.5–6 mm, broadly ovate to suborbuicular, rounded, with broad scarious margins; inner conspicuously larger 8–10 × 7–8 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded, margins broad, scarious but the midvein extending to apex; corolla 9–10 cm long. funnel-shaped, glabrous, white to pale pink, limb entire, 8 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 15–16 mm, glabrous; seeds 7–8 × 6 mm, glabrous.
Locally common in northern Mexico in the Chihuahua-Sonora border areas at around 1400–2000 m, where it grows in very dry oak woodland on rocky slopes. Endemic to Mexico.
Sometimes treated as a form of
MEXICO. San Luis de Potosí,
Bushy perennial herb to c. 1 m, plant entirely glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, short, 1.5–3.5 cm long, ±pinnately divided into linear segments 0.5–1.5 × 0.1 cm; petioles 0.2–0.7 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, long-pedunculate flowers; peduncles stout, 1–5 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 0.6–1.6 cm, widened upwards; sepals unequal, outer 5–7 × 3–4 mm, broadly or narrowly ovate-elliptic, obtuse, scarious-margined, inner 9–10 × 7 mm, obovate or broadly elliptic, rounded with broad, scarious margins and green centre; corolla 7.5–9 cm long, deep bluish-pink with a pale tube, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb unlobed, 4–7 cm diam. Capsules 10–18 × 8–10 mm, ovoid, rostrate, mucro c. 3 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm (possibly immature), pubescent.
Figure
Endemic to northern Mexico growing from 1600 to 2350 m on dry rocky mountains.
• Molecular sequence data suggests species 280–288 (and possibly 289) form a natural group but no obvious morphological feature seems to unite the whole clade although individual species clusters are readily discernible.
VENEZUELA. Guárico, Laguna de la Mesa de El Sombrero,
Prostrate herb, stems somewhat succulent, rooting at the nodes, glabrous. Leaves long–petiolate, palmately divided into 5–7 lobes, appearing to be formed of 3 leaflets, the central leaflet elliptic to lanceolate, 2–3.5 × 0.3–0.8 cm, basally attenuate, the lateral segments bipartite, sometimes with an additional simple lobe; petioles 3.5–7.5 cm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 0–2 mm; bracteoles 2–3 mm, obovate acute, scarious; pedicels very long, 3–15 cm; sepals similar, 3–3.5 mm long, oblong–elliptic, obtuse to emarginate, somewhat scarious, glabrous; corolla 2–3 cm long, funnel–shaped, pink with dark throat, glabrous, limb unlobed, c. 1.5 cm diam.
Seasonally flooded plain in the Llanos of Venezuela and the lower Magdalena in Colombia.
A very distinctive prostrate rooting herb with palmately divided leaves.
Sine loc, probably Colombia or Ecuador,
Twining annual herb, stems glabrous, sometimes muricate. Leaves petiolate, mostly 4–10 × 3–7 cm, ovate–deltoid (rarely 3–lobed), hastate to broadly cordate, auricles rounded or acute, apex acute and finely mucronate, margin entire or with a large marginal tooth, both surfaces usually glabrous but sometimes abaxially pubescent on veins near base; petioles 2.5–4(–8) cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2–8 cm, sometimes paired, glabrous or hirsute at base; bracteoles 2–3 mm, narrowly linear–lanceolate, acuminate, ±persistent; secondary peduncles short, 0.5–1 cm; pedicels mostly 1–1.5 cm, often recurved in bud; sepals slightly unequal, the inner slightly shorter than the outer, 5–6 mm, broadly ovate to elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate, pale green with prominent dark spots and pale margins, outer sepals sometimes muricate, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent; corolla 2–2.8 cm long, broadly funnel–shaped, glabrous, tube pale pink or white, limb pink (sometimes reported to be bluish), c. 2 cm diam. Capsules glabrous, ovoid, rostrate, the persistent style c. 2 mm long; seeds 5–6 × 2–2.5 cm, black, microscopically tomentellous.
Figure
This is a common species extending from Argentina north along the Andes through Central America to reach the southern United States. It is noticeably more common south of the Equator than further north. It is mostly found in disturbed bushy places and on woodland borders between 2000 and 3000 m but reaches at least 3500 m in Bolivia and Peru and is reported from low altitudes in the coastal deserts of Chile around Antofagasta and commonly from the coastal Lomas in Peru, suggesting that the presence of damp cloud and mist are significant in its distribution.
Although commonly misidentified, this species is readily identified in the field by its small pink (reported as pale blue in the northern hemisphere) flowers and pale green sepals with distinct dark spots. The sepals are usually completely glabrous but some specimens from Peru (
Cultivated plant from MEXICO, Guanajuato, Sierra Gorda near San Luis de la Paz,
Slender twining perennial herb, stems glabrous, roots reported to be tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–11 × 1.5–6 cm, ovate, cordate, the auricles sometimes incurved and almost touching, apex acuminate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of solitary (or paired) pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 2–6 cm, sometimes arising through the leaf sinus, commonly flexuose; bracteoles 2 mm, oblong–lanceolate; pedicels 7–15 mm, distinctly thicker than the peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, ovate to ovate–oblong, obtuse to rounded, glabrous, the margins scarious, abaxial surface with dark spots, outer 4–6 × 5 mm, inner 6–8 × 5–6 mm; corolla 2.5–4.5 cm long, shortly funnel–shaped and flared from the base, blue (?) drying purple, glabrous, limb 2–4 cm diam. Capsules 9 × 6–7 mm, ovoid, rostrate, glabrous; seeds up to 4, 5 × 3–4 mm, glabrous.
Endemic to central Mexico at altitudes of 1500–2500 m.
Rather similar to
This is the source of “Tampico Jalap”.
MEXICO. Tamaulipas, 7 km SW of Miquihuana,
Slender twining herb, stems glabrous, reddish. Leaves petiolate, ovate–deltoid, base cordate to sagittate with narrow acute to obtuse auricles, apex finely acuminate and mucronate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 0.5–3 cm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 1.2–3 cm; bracteoles minute, aristate; pedicels 3–11 mm; sepals unequal, ovate–oblong, obtuse to rounded, sometimes mucronulate, glabrous, dotted with dark glands, margins narrow, scarious, outer 3–4 × 2 mm, inner 4.5–6 × 3 mm; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel–shaped, reddish–purple with paler tube, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., subentire. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Apparently rare in pine forest at 2000–3200 m in NE Mexico.
The dark glands on the sepals and the high altitude habitat confirm the affinity with
MEXICO. Morelos, Sierra de Tepoxtlán,
Slender, probably twining perennial herb, stems glabrous, reaching 3 m. Leaves petiolate, 4–11 × 1–4.5 cm, narrowly ovate, long acuminate to a fine mucronulate point, base sagittate with acute, apiculate auricles, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially somewhat reticulate and somewhat glaucous; petioles 1.5–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely in 2–3-flowered cymes) pedunculate flowers; peduncles 8–12 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, squamose, caducous; pedicels 18–30 mm; sepals very unequal, outer 3–6 × 3–4 mm, ovate, obtuse, scarious-margined, dotted with conspicuous dark glands, inner 8–11 mm, broadly oblong, retuse, mostly scarious except at base; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, salverform with a basal tube c. 4 cm long, pink, glabrous, limb short, c. 2 cm diam., stamens exserted. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Endemic to seasonally upland pine and oak woodland in central Mexico.
Close to
UNITED STATES. Texas, near Puerto de Paysano,
Perennial herb from a thickened tuberous rootstock (like an elongated bulb), scrambling or twining, completely glabrous. Leaves petiolate, digitate with 5–9 (usually 8) linear, acute leaflets 1–6 × 0.05–0.25(–0.6) cm; petioles 5–35 mm. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, pedunculate; peduncles 1–5 cm, often bent at apex ; bracteoles 1–2 mm, filiform, tardily deciduous; pedicels 2–8 mm, thickened upwards, recurving in fruit; sepals unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, broader in fruit, outer 5–9 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, acute, mucronate, sometimes muricate abaxially, inner 7–14 × 3–4 mm, oblanceolate, rounded, shortly mucronate; corolla 3.5–10 cm long, with a long trumpet-shaped tube gradually widened in upper half to c. 1.5 cm, white, pale pink or purplish, glabrous. midpetaline bands terminating in a mucro, limb c. 2 cm diam.; stamens held at mouth of corolla. Capsules held on a recurved pedicel, compressed-globose, 6–9 mm diam., glabrous, rostrate with mucro up to 5 mm long; seeds 2.5–5 × 2–4 mm, ellipsoid, black.
Semi-desert areas of the United States Southwest and NW Mexico, mostly growing at altitudes of 1700–2200 m, but rather local and infrequently collected.
This species can be recognised by its distinctive subhypocrateriform corolla, the tube only expanding just below the limb. Yatskievich and Mason (1984) and
MEXICO. Chihuahua,
Perennial herb to 50 cm from a bulb-like tuber, stems ascending or decumbent, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1.5–5 × 0.3–4 cm, rhombic, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute and mucronate, cuneate at base, entire or with 2–4 small linear-oblong lobes from the base of the main lobe or ± palmately divided into 3 leaflets, glabrous; petioles 0.5–1.5 cm. Flowers solitary, rarely in pairs, axillary; peduncles 0.3–3.3 cm, usually glabrous; bracteoles 1–3 × 2 mm, filiform, moderately persistent; pedicels 4–11 mm, muricate; sepals subequal, narrowly ovate, acuminate, outer 6–10 × 4–6 mm, abaxially muricate, inner slightly larger, the midrib muricate, the margins glabrous, scarious; corolla 5–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, the limb purplish, 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules 3-locular, depressed-subglobose, 5–6 mm wide, glabrous; seeds c. 2 mm wide, densely puberulent.
Endemic to northern and central Mexico, growing in pine and oak woodland, 1600–2700 m.
The leaves are somewhat polymorphic varying from entire to palmately lobed, a feature that together with the muricate sepals suggests a relationship with
UNITED STATES. South Arizona,
Completely glabrous perennial herb with subterranean bulb-like root tuber; stems usually several, branched near base, decumbent or ascending, up to 30 cm long but often very short. Leaves petiolate, small, digitately divided into 5–7 segments, segments 3–30 × 1–3 mm, linear to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse and mucronate or (less commonly) simple, rhomboidal, basally cuneate but apically acute or 3-fid with acute lobes; petioles 3–15 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 5–12(–40) mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, filiform; pedicels 1–4 mm; sepals slightly unequal outer 5.5.–7 mm, oblong, acute to obtuse, muricate, inner similar but 7–8 mm and with broad scarious margins and green, central, sometimes muricate midrib; corolla 2–3 cm long, glabrous, funnel-shaped; tube dirty white, limb dark pink, c. 2 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 6–7 mm long, subglobose, glabrous, the slender style persistent, up to 6-seeded; seeds 3–4 mm, dark brown, minutely tomentellous.
Figures
Photographs of
A species with a disjunct distribution closely paralleling that of
There are several problems with the typification of the names listed above. The sheet with barcode GH00054464 (
In NW Mexico there occurs a relatively distinct variety with a nearly salverform corolla and a cylindrical basal tube 10–14 mm long. This can be recognised as
The root is eaten in some Andean communities (Gutiérrez-R, 2016).
Based on
Perennial herb with a subterranean elongate, bulb-like rootstock, similar to
Seasonally dry mountainous regions from the United States Southwest through Mexico and Central America to Peru, occurring mostly from 500–2000 m often at somewhat lower altitudes than
ARGENTINA. Jujuy, Dept. Capital, Lagunas de Yala,
Twining perennial to 6 m from a tuberous rootstock, stems pubescent to subhispid. Leaves petiolate, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles, thinly adpressed pubescent; petioles 2–10 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with up to five flowers; peduncle 5–15 cm, pubescent, stout; bracteoles 2–3 mm long, broadly lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 1–2.5 cm, thickened upwards, stout, pubescent, often deflexed at maturity; sepals slightly unequal, rounded and emarginate, usually mucronulate, the margins scarious, outer 6–8 × 5–6 mm, elliptic, obtuse, thinly pubescent, inner 7–8 × 8–9 mm, suborbicular, glabrous; corolla 6.5–9 cm long, funnel–shaped from a short basal tube, violet, glabrous or minutely puberulent on the midpetaline bands, limb 4.5–6 cm diam., undulate. Capsules 14–16 × 8–10 mm, ovoid, rostrate, the apex c. 4 mm long; glabrous; seeds 7 × 5–6 mm, blackish, tomentellous.
Figure
Scattered along the Andes from northern Argentina to Peru and southern Ecuador, mostly 1800 to 2500 m, but apparently absent from Bolivia.
Molecular studies indicate this species is an isolated species in Clade B. It is somewhat arbitrarily placed near
The record from Bolivia (
•• Clade B2 is composed of species 290–338. Although this clade is well supported by all our sequence data, no obvious morphological feature characterises the clade.
• Species 290–311 form a clade within B2. Although there seems to be no character uniting this clade, there are obvious species clusters such as species 290–294.
Based on
Perennial twining or trailing herb to 7 m, roots tuberous, stems often dark-red pigmented, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–12 × 3–8 cm, ovate, cordate to sagittate, the auricles rounded or acute, apex narrowly acuminate, mucronulate, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 2.5–6 cm. Flowers solitary or paired from the leaf axils; peduncles 4–8.5 cm long; bracteoles 2 mm long, lanceolate-deltoid; pedicels 10–20 mm, thickened upwards; sepals subequal, glabrous, ovate, acute, obtuse or emarginate and mucronulate, margins scarious, outer 3–8 × 3–4 mm, inner slightly larger, up to 10 × 7 mm; corolla hypocrateriform, 4–6 cm long, widened from the cylindrical base at about half way, glabrous, limb c. 5.5 cm diam., deep pink; stamens and style exserted up to 1 cm. Capsules conical, 7–9 mm long and wide, glabrous; seeds up to 4, 5–6 mm long, puberulent.
A local Mexican endemic centred on where Hidalgo, Puebla and Veracruz meet. It grows in montane pine and oak forest around 2000 m.
Similar to
The tuberous roots were much valued in the past as a “safe” purgative. Still sometimes cultivated (
Based on
Climbing perennial herb to 5 m with fibrous roots, stems glabrous, relatively slender, wiry. Leaves usually very shortly petiolate, 4–10 × 2–6 cm, ovate, acuminate to an obtuse mucronate apex, base cordate with rounded auricles and narrow sinus, thin in texture, glabrous, abaxial veins prominent, usually glabrous, occasionally puberulent; petioles 2–6(–50) mm long, puberulent or glabrous. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate, 1–5-flowered axillary cymes, the base often enveloped by the leaves; peduncles 0.2–4 cm, often briefly fused to the petiole and penetrating the leaf sinus, shortly pilose or glabrous; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate, caducous; pedicels 3–15 mm, glabrous or thinly and very shortly pilose; sepals unequal, glabrous with white scarious margins, outer 3–5 × 3 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse and mucronate, inner 8–12 mm, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate; corolla 5–7 cm long, glabrous, hypocrateriform with subcylindrical tube 4.5–6 cm long, slightly widening upwards, limb 3.5–4.5 cm diam., unlobed, deep reddish-purple to red, stamens exserted. Capsules 12–14 × 7–8 mm, conical, glabrous; seeds 4–5 × 4 mm, puberulent.
Widely distributed from Panama through Central America north to central Mexico. It is found at altitudes below about 1300 m in various kinds of disturbed and natural woodland but often in rather moist areas of otherwise dry woodland. The two records from Brazil are anomalous but appear correctly named.
The two records from Brazil are anomalous but the specimens appear correctly named. There is no evidence that
GUATEMALA. Altaverapaz,
Perennial twining herb to 5 m, stems glabrous, somewhat wiry. Leaves petiolate, 3–11 × 2.5–9 cm, ovate with long acuminate apex, cordate, glabrous, frequently enclosing the inflorescence; petioles 0.3–5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely in cymes of 2–3) axillary flowers; peduncles 0.3–5 cm, often penetrating the leaf sinus; bracteoles scale-like, c. 1 mm; pedicels 6–8 mm; sepals unequal, the outer 3–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, acute, the inner 7–9 × 3–4 mm, elliptic; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, flaring from near the base, lilac-purple, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules c. 12 × 10 mm, conical, rostrate; seeds 6–7 × 3–4 mm, puberulent and minutely ciliolate on margins.
Deciduous forest up to 2200 m from central Mexico south to Honduras.
Identical to
MEXICO. [Michoacán], Uruapan,
Perennial herb to 2 m, stems glabrous or pubescent, often reddish. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–7 × 3–5.5 cm, ovate, finely acuminate and mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, sometimes concealing petiole, adaxially glabrous to thinly pubescent, abaxially paler, minutely pubescent; petioles 1–3 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence of usually 1–3-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 1.4–3.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent; bracteoles 4–5 × 2 mm, oblong-elliptic; secondary peduncles, if present, much shorter than pedicels; pedicels 5–9 mm, glabrous or puberulent; sepals unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, outer 3–4 × 2 mm, ovate-deltoid, acute to obtuse, minutely mucronate, inner 7–9 × 3–4 mm, obtuse to emarginate and mucronate; corolla 3–4.5 cm long, hypocrateriform, red, glabrous, limb c. 1.5 cm diam., deeply lobed, the lobes deltoid, acute, 5–7 mm long, stamens weakly exserted. Capsules 11–12 mm, conical; seeds 6–10 mm, dark brown, puberulent.
Mexico. Moist hill forest around 1600–2000 m, many records are from around Uruapan.
Although
A little-known species somewhat similar to
Based on
Perennial herb to 3 m, stems woody below, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 1.5–7 cm, ovate, finely acuminate, adaxially pubescent, abaxially tomentellous; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm. Inflorescence of axillary cymes of 3–18 flowers; peduncles 1.5–5 cm, pubescent; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1 mm, somewhat persistent; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 1.5–3 cm, pubescent ; sepals unequal, coriaceous, often verrucose basally, glabrous or pubescent, outer 4–6 × 3–4 mm, ovate-deltoid, acute, inner 6.5–9.5 × 4–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to rounded, scarious marginally; corolla 5–6.5 cm long, hypocrateriform, yellow or orange, glabrous except apically, the cylindrical tube 4–6 mm wide, the limb deeply lobed, the lobes linear-oblong 15–23 × 2 mm, being more deeply lobed and spreading when mature, the apex comose; stamens exserted 5–10 mm. Capsules conical; seeds dark brown, long-pubescent.
Figures
Endemic to southern Mexico, where it grows in dry deciduous oak forest between 700 and 2100 m.
In Flora Mesoamericana,
GUATEMALA.
Slender liana to c. 5 m, stems woody, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 3–7 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex finely acuminate and mucronate, margin undulate to slightly denticulate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent to subglabrous with hairs only at intersection with petiole; petioles 1.5–7 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary, long-pedicellate, axillary, flowers, often arising on axillary branchlets; peduncles 2–5 mm, pubescent or glabrous; bracteoles 2 mm, deltoid, scarious, caducous; pedicels 2.5–3.3 cm, relatively slender, glabrous; sepals unequal, acute or ±oblong, obtuse mucronate, chartaceous with narrow, scarious margins and prominent longitudinal veining, glabrous, outer 18–21 × 4 mm, strictly oblong, inner 22–30 × 6–7 mm, oblong-oblanceolate; corolla 6–8 cm long, pinkish-purple, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 4 cm wide, shallowly lobed. Capsules 8–12 mm, globose, glabrous; seeds 7–10 mm, puberulent.
Figures
An infrequently collected species of Central America growing in disturbed forest, mostly at altitudes below 1000 m.
Very distinct because of the finely acuminate leaves, short peduncles combined with long pedicels, solitary flowers and long oblong, chartaceous, veined sepals.
MEXICO. Baja California Sur, Magdalena Island,
Perennial twining herb with tuberous roots to 2 m, stem glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–5.5 × 2–3 cm, broadly ovate, cordate, acute, margin weakly to strongly sinuate-dentate with broad irregular teeth, glabrous; petioles 1–3.5 cm. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1–1.5 cm; bracteoles c. 1 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 22–35 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 10–12 mm, lanceolate, acute, inner 16–22 mm, narrowly ovate, acute and apiculate; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped above a basal tube 1–1.5 cm long, glabrous, pale pink with a white throat, limb 4–4 cm diam., weakly lobed; stamens included. Capsules ovoid, 8–9 × 6 mm, glabrous; seeds up to 4, 5–7 mm long, shortly puberulent.
Endemic to the southern part of the Baja California peninsula, where it grows on rocky slopes in dry deciduous forest around 500–600 m.
Somewhat similar to
MEXICO. Baja California Sur, Sierra El Taste,
Liana to 10 m, stems woody, glabrous, twining; rootstock tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 3–7 cm, ovate, long-acuminate, cordate to sagittate, the auricles with deltoid teeth, margin usually with several large teeth, glabrous; petioles 2–5.5 cm, slender. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 20–45 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous but basally muricate, outer 16–30 × 3–5 mm, inner 26–37(–50) mm; corolla 9–12 cm long, white, glabrous, subhypocrateriform, the basal tube long, c. 6 cm in length, limb 5–8 cm diam., lobes mucronate; stamens inserted high in tube and shortly exserted. Capsules subglobose, 1.5–2 × 1.5 cm; seeds 9–12 mm long, puberulent.
Endemic to the southern part of the Baja California peninsular, where it grows in low deciduous forest at around 400 m.
The stamens are reported to be exserted but this is only visible in one specimen.
Based
Slender twining annual herb, stems shortly pilose or glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–6 × 1–3.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, narrowed to an acuminate and mucronate apex, base very narrowly cordate often with overlapping rounded auricles, margin often with a few teeth, ciliolate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, the veins puberulent; petioles 0.5–5.5 cm, glabrous to sparsely pilose. Inflorescence of 1–3(–6)-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncle 2.5–6 cm, puberulent, very slender, often curved, arising through the sinus of the leaf base; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, triangular-lanceolate; pedicels mostly 5–10 mm, very slender, glabrous; calyx lanceolate in outline; sepals subequal, often warted on exterior near base but otherwise glabrous, 3–5 × 1.5–2 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, dark green with pale scarious margin; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, campanulate, tube white, limb blue (drying pink), very shallowly lobed, 1.2–1.8 cm diam. Capsules glabrous, ovoid, the style often persistent as a rostrate tip; seeds puberulent.
Figures
Widely distributed through the Americas up to 2300 m, principally in the mountains of Central America (especially Nicaragua and Costa Rica) and the Andes but absent from both the very wet and the drier regions and never very abundant. It is a plant of shrubberies such as coffee plantations and disturbed scrubby places.
Readily recognised by the delicate habit, small blue flowers, warted sepals with white margins and, particularly, by the peduncle which passes through the sinus of the leaf base. It is commonly confused with
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Florida, bajando c. 3 km de La Yunga de Mairana, hacia el puesto de los guardeparques,
Twining perennial reaching 5 m in height, stems glabrous, pale brown. Leaves petiolate, 6–13 × 4–10 cm, ovate, deeply cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute to shortly acuminate, mucronate, margin denticulate with acute teeth, adaxially pubescent on the veins with scattered hairs on the intercostal areas, abaxially pubescent, veins prominent; petioles 3–8 cm, sparsely pubescent but the widened base strongly pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2.5–6 cm long, glabrous; bracteoles 1–2 × 0.5 mm, very narrowly lanceolate; pedicels 10–25 mm, notably thickened upwards and differing somewhat in texture from the peduncles, glabrous or with a few hairs at base of calyx; sepals subequal, outer 7 × 3–4 mm, lanceolate to ovate, acute or subacute, glabrous, margin scarious, inner sepals slightly larger, 8 × 4–5 mm, ovate to suborbicular, rounded, scarious except near base; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, tube white, limb blue, drying pink, c. 3.5 cm diam., shallowly lobed; stamens included. Capsules 16 × 13 mm, ovoid, glabrous, rostrate, the mucro c. 3 mm long; seeds 9 × 4 mm, oblong in outline, brown, glabrous.
Figure
A narrowly endemic species known only from the Yunga de Mairana in the Parque Nacional Amboró near Santa Cruz, Bolivia, where it grows in somewhat disturbed cloud forest around 2200–2300 m.
Readily distinguished from
BOLIVIA. La Paz, Prov. Tamayo, ANMI Apolobamba, camino Pelechuco-Apolo, entre Puente Coronara y Hac. Corapara,
Twining herb, possibly annual, stems thinly pubescent with spreading hairs when young, glabrescent when older. Leaves petiolate, 6–10 × 3–7 cm, ovate, acute and finely mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin entire to slightly undulate; petioles 1–7 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers (rarely a second, non-developing flower present); peduncle, 3–5.5 cm, pubescent, penetrating leaf sinus; bracteoles 1 × 0.25 mm, deltoid, obtuse, green with white margins; pedicels 6–12 mm, thickened upwards, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6 × 2.5 mm, acute, green, pubescent, the hairs with swollen bases, margins scarious, glabrous, inner sepals 7–9 × 4 mm, broadly oblong-elliptic, minutely mucronate, only the middle green and pilose, the margins and apex scarious, glabrous; corolla glabrous, c. 4 cm long, funnel-shaped with the rim of the limb recurved, pale blue with whitish tube and midpetaline bands, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed, midpetaline bands ending in a point. Capsules glabrous, ovoid, 14–15 × 11 mm; seeds 7 × 6 mm, flattened-ovoid, dark brown, superficially glabrous but minutely pilosellous under a microscope.
Figure
Endemic to Bolivia and only known from Yungas cloud forest with secondary vegetation between 2100–2300 m in the ANMI Apolobamba.
Closely related to
MEXICO. Oaxaca,
Trailing or twining perennial, stems slender, nearly glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.3–5.5 × 1–2 cm, deltoid, acuminate to an aristate point, base sagittate with elongate, lanceolate or ovate, acute, sometimes bifurcate auricles, margin entire, undulate or with a few broad teeth, both surfaces glabrous to thinly pubescent, abaxially paler; petioles 1–3 cm, thinly pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired) pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 5–48 mm, sometimes penetrating leaf sinus, thinly pubescent bracteoles 1–2 mm, deltoid; pedicels 3–19 mm, commonly bent at right angles to peduncle, thinly pubescent; sepals unequal, outer (5–) 8–9 × 2–2.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous but often muricate on dorsal surface, inner (8–) 9–11 × 3 mm, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, margins broadly scarious; corolla 6–10 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped with a long gradually widening paler tube, glabrous, midpetaline bands terminating in a distinct tooth, limb pink 3.5–4 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, glabrous; seeds 4, 6–7 × 4–5 mm, puberulent.
Low oak woodland and scrub, mostly between 1500 and 2500 m in southern Mexico and Guatemala.
The muricate outer sepals are rather distinctive. Some Querétaro specimens have large lateral teeth.
MEXICO. San Luis de Potosí,
Trailing or climbing herb, stems thinly pilose. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.5–4.5 × 2–4.5 cm, broadly ovate to suborbicular, base broadly cordate and cuneate onto the petiole, apex shortly acuminate, mucronulate, margin irregularly sinuate to coarsely dentate, thinly adpressed pilose on both surfaces, especially on the veins; petioles 1–3 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, pedunculate flowers; peduncles 1.5 –3 cm; bracteoles 3–7 mm, lanceolate, semi-persistent; pedicels 5–18 mm, noticeably stouter than peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, outer 8–12 × 3–4 mm, ovate, acute, thinly pilose, the margins scarious, inner similar but 1–2 mm longer, mucronate and with fewer hairs; corolla 5–6 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, pale pink, glabrous; stamens held at corolla mouth. Capsules conical, c. 10 mm long; seeds 6 × 5 mm, brown, puberulent.
Endemic to north east Mexico, apparently only known from the type.
MEXICO. Oaxaca, Las Sedas a La Carbonera,
A slender trailing or twining herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 1–5.5 × 1–6 cm, ovate, acuminate, mucronulate, base hastate, auricles rounded or angled, margin dentate with large teeth, strigose on both surfaces or glabrous adaxially; petioles 0.5–4 cm. Inflorescence of solitary or paired flowers from the leaf axils; peduncles 1.2–4.8 cm, erect; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 4–13 mm, thicker than peduncles, becoming reflexed; sepals unequal, glabrous, strongly muricate, outer 3–4 × 3–4 mm, ovate, acute or obtuse, often mucronate, inner 5–8 × 3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or purplish, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules 8 × 6 mm, conical, glabrous; seeds 5 × 4 mm, puberulent.
A rare Mexican endemic of dry deciduous forest at altitudes of 2000–2400 m.
Differs from
MEXICO. [Veracruz], Orizaba,
Trailing perennial herb, stems slender, glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, 1–2 × 1–2 cm, ovate to deltate or reniform, apex obtuse, mucronulate, base cordate, margins strigose; petioles 4–14 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 0.4–1.1 cm, glabrous or thinly strigose; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 4 mm, muricate; sepals unequal, oblong, outer 3–4 × 2 mm, acute, muricate, central vein prominent, inner 4–5 mm, acute or obtuse, smooth; corolla 5–7 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, purple with white tube, apparently glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
A rare species endemic to central Mexico, where it is recorded from Pine Forest at around 1800 m.
Somewhat similar to
Based on
Twining herb, possibly annual; stems slender, glabrous to thinly pubescent or pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–9 × 1.7–7.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, cordate with rounded auricles, apex acuminate, shortly mucronate; margin slightly undulate or with a broad triangular lateral tooth on either side above the rounded auricles, rarely shallowly 3 lobed, usually glabrous, sometimes adaxially thinly pilose; petioles 0.5–10 cm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of dense pedunculate axillary clusters, noticeably shorter than the leaves; peduncles 0.3 to 4(–8) cm, glabrous; bracteoles 7–25 mm, linear, thinly pilose, persistent; secondary peduncles 0–17 mm; pedicels 2–7 mm, glabrous; sepals subequal, herbaceous, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate with a partially recurved apical mucro, outer (12–)15–17 × 2 mm, accrescent to 20 × 4 mm, glabrous, thinly or densely long-pilose especially towards the base, inner sepals with thin scarious margins, c. 2 mm shorter; corolla 2.3–3 cm long, subcampanulate, the tube white but lobes blue, glabrous, limb 2 cm diam., entire. Capsules 6–8 × 5–6 mm, ovoid, rostrate with 4 mm long persistent style, scurfy puberulent; seeds 4 × 3 mm, tomentose.
Moist scrubby forest and disturbed bushy habitats, usually below 500 m, from northern Brazil and Peru to NW Mexico and the larger Caribbean Islands; apparently absent or rare in some areas including smaller islands, southern Colombia, Guatemala and Belize and very scattered in occurrence towards the limits of its range, especially in South America.
HONDURAS. Atlántica, La Fragua,
Twining or trailing perennial; stems slender, rugose, glabrous or pilose. Leaves petiolate; 6–15 × 4–12 cm, ±ovate-deltoid, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, margin sometimes with a single lateral tooth, base subhastate, apex obtuse and mucronate; petioles 6–12 cm. Inflorescence of 1–4-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 3–5 cm; bracteoles c. 6–8 × 2 mm, linear-oblong, relatively persistent; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, 12–14 × 3–4 mm, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate to apiculate, herbaceous, pilose with spreading hairs near base but glabrous towards the apex, the inner sepals narrower; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, the tube whitish, the limb blue. Capsules subconical, 2.5–3 cm long and wide, glabrous; seeds 3–4 mm long, rounded, puberulent, black.
Primary and secondary woodland at low altitudes in southern Mexico and Central America, locally common, for example in Veracruz, but perhaps overlooked, particularly in Central America.
Resembles
For a discussion about the application of the name
MEXICO. Guerrero, 3.6 miles N of turnoff to San Vicente de Benitezon road from Atoyac to El Paraíso,
A slender trailing or twining perennial to 8 m, stems becoming woody. Leaves petiolate, or subsessile on fertile branches, 2.5–10 × 1–7 cm, often somewhat dimorphic, ovate to broadly lanceolate, cordate, hastate or sagittate with rounded or acute auricles, sometimes with dentate lobes, apex acuminate, glabrous; petioles 1–6 cm. Flowers solitary or paired, axillary; peduncle 0.5–2 cm, often penetrating the leaf sinus; bracteoles minute, c. 1 mm long; pedicels 8–30 mm, often stouter than peduncle; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, margins white, scarious, outer 3–5 × 2.5–3 mm, inner 6 × 3 mm; corolla 4–6 cm long, pale blue, glabrous, subsalverform, flaring upwards, the basal cylindrical tube 1–1.5 cm long, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules conical, 11 × 7 mm, glabrous; seeds up to 4, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, minutely puberulent.
A rare species of disturbed areas on the southern slopes of the Sierra Occidental growing in moister areas than
Very close to
MEXICO. Guerrero, circa Acapulco,
Slender twining perennial with wiry whitish stems with flaky bark, reaching several metres in length, sometimes rooting at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 1–6 cm, lanceolate, acute and mucronate, base sagittate, cordate or subtruncate, the auricles up to 1 cm long, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, white-punctate, glabrous or puberulent; petioles 3–20 mm. Inflorescence of 1–5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–2 cm, often penetrating leaf sinus as in
A rare species of central Mexico, growing in disturbed deciduous forest between 400 and 1800 m.
In the type the leaves are densely white-punctate on the lower surface. These dots only occur obscurely in
Based on
Perennial climbing herb with root tubers, stems glabrous or pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–8.5 × 1.3–8 cm, ovate-deltoid to suborbicular, acute, base truncate to cordate, the auricles rounded to subacute, margin entire or undulate, abaxially paler, glabrous except at apex of petiole and on main veins beneath; petioles 1–7 cm, usually glabrous below but pubescent upwards. Inflorescence of long pedunculate, 1–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 6–20 cm, thinly retrorse-pilose, occasionally glabrous; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate, tardily caducous; pedicels 7–15 mm, retrorse-pilose; sepals unequal, outer 8–10 × 2–3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute to mucronulate, pubescent, green, inner 8–10 × 4 mm, ovate, obtuse and strongly mucronate, scarious apart from a green central area; corolla scarlet, glabrous, hypocrateriform with cylindrical tube 3–3.5 cm long and c. 0.5 cm wide, limb 3–5 cm diam.; stamens exserted. Capsules 6 × 5 mm, ellipsoid, enclosed by persistent sepals, glabrous; seeds 4 × 1.5 mm, glabrous.
Figures
Endemic to Peru, occurring principally in the coastal lomas near Lima, but ascending to at least 2700 m in the Canta district.
In choosing a lectotype we have selected the Mathews collection at Kew. This sheet has a copy of the Botanical Magazine plate pinned to it and it is obvious that the illustration and much of the protologue must have been based on this collection rather than the piece sent by W. Nation (K000612867) which lacks an open corolla.
ECUADOR. Loja, SW slope of Cerro Villonaco, 2100 m,
Twining perennial with stems pale brown, wiry, probably woody below, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–4.5 × 2–3 cm, ovate-deltoid, acute to acuminate, base subtruncate to very shallowly cordate, glabrous with prominent veins; petioles 0.5–2 cm. Inflorescence of very compact, shortly pedunculate, axillary cymes of up to 6 flowers, sometimes borne on short branchlets; peduncles 2–4 mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, deltoid, subscarious, caducous; pedicels 8–10 mm; sepals very unequal, outer 3–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, usually emarginate and mucronate, inner 7–8 × 4 mm, oblong to oblong–ovate, emarginate, margins broad, scarious; corolla scarlet, glabrous, salverform with cylindrical tube 2.5–2.8 × 0.6–0.8 cm, the limb 3.5 cm diam., slightly lobed. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Southern Ecuador and northern Peru, on mountain slopes between 1500 and 2000 m; known from one collection in each country and only one collection apart from the type.
Appears to be related to
PERU. Lima, Tornamesa,
Probably perennial twining herb with pilose to glabrescent stems. Leaves petiolate, 4–12 × 3–10 cm, ovate to suborbicular, acuminate to an acute or obtuse apex, mucronulate, base cordate with rounded auricles, sometimes with a lateral tooth, both surfaces nearly glabrous to pubescent; petioles 2.5–6 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate cymes, often subumbellate in form; peduncles 8–20 cm, pilose; bracteoles 3–5 mm, linear; pedicels 5–32 mm, glabrous to pilose, widened upwards; sepals 6–7 mm, lanceolate to oblong, finely obtuse to acute and submucronate, margin white scarious, glabrous to pilose; corolla 2.5–4 cm long, funnel-form, bluish-purple with white tube, sericeous to pilose in bud or glabrous (
Figure
A rarely collected plant of Peru and Ecuador, apparently growing in dry areas of the Andes below 2200 m.
A poorly known and rather variable species distinguished (in the type variety) by its hirsute corolla and by the pilose sepals, stem peduncles and pedicels. In Ecuador the glabrous
• Species 312–327. The
Species 321 to 327 are superficially very similar and have often been treated in the past as
This clade has long been accepted as a distinct group. Its most distinct features are the presence of an awn on the abaxial surface of the sepals and the 4-locular ovary.
1 | Leaves pinnatidifid, usually bearing pseudostipules |
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– | Leaves entire, bifid or palmately lobed; pseudostipules absent |
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2 | Corolla suburceolate, the limb reduced to five short teeth |
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– | Corolla not as above, the limb prominent, entire or lobed, not reduced to five short teeth |
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3 | Corolla red, yellow or orange; sepal awns 3–4 mm long; secondary peduncles c. 12 mm long |
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– | Corolla maroon; sepal awns 5–6 mm long; secondary peduncles to 25 mm long |
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4 | Corolla limb deeply lobed |
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– | Corolla limb unlobed, at most undulate |
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5 | Leaves palmately lobed to the base into 5–9 lobes |
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– | Leaves entire or shallowly lobed into 3(–5) lobes |
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6 | Leaves 3-lobed; corolla yellow, red or yellow with purple markings |
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– | Leaves entire, sagittate; corolla red |
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7 | Corolla yellow with purple markings, lobes 10–15 mm long |
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– | Corolla yellow or red, lobes 5–6 mm long |
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8 | Inflorescence corymbose, long-pedunculate, peduncles at least 10 cm long, usually much more |
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– | Inflorescence cymose, the peduncles usually < 10 cm long but occasionally to 20 cm |
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9 | Corolla limb 3–4 cm diam. |
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– | Corolla limb < 2.5 cm diam |
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10 | Leaves entire |
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– | Leaves 3–5-lobed |
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11 | Inner sepals very short, usually < 3 mm; Capsule always muticous |
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– | Inner sepals 4–6 mm long; Capsule rostrate, the style persistent |
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12 | Ovary and Capsule usually pubescent; awns on sepals 4–8 mm long; fruiting pedicels usually erect (Peru and Ecuador) |
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– | Ovary and capsule glabrous; awns on sepals 2–6 mm long; fruiting pedicels deflexed or (in |
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13 | Fruiting pedicels erect (Andean Argentina and Bolivia) |
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– | Fruiting pedicels deflexed |
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14 | Desert species of Mexico and United States Southwest; slender herb |
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– | Plants of other areas and habitat; plant relatively robust |
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15 | Leaves glabrous adaxially; sepal awns 2.5–6 mm long (United States) |
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– | Leaves glabrous to hirsute adaxially; sepal awns 2–3.5 mm long |
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16 | Seeds with hairs of different lengths, distributed unevenly over the seed; leaves ovate, usually glabrous (southern South America, usually below1000 m) |
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– | Seeds uniformly tomentellous; leaves ovate to lanceolate usually pubescent (Ecuador and Venezuela north to Mexico, above 700 m) |
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17 | Style persistent on capsule; inner sepals 4–6 mm long |
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– | Capsule muticous; inner sepals 2–3(–4) mm long |
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18 | Fruiting pedicel erect (Andean Argentina and Bolivia) |
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– | Fruiting pedicels reflexed (Mexico and United States) |
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INDIA. Herb. Clifford 66,
Twining annual herb, plant completely glabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate, often bearing pseudo-stipules, 1–7(–9) × 0.8–7 cm, ovate-elliptic in outline, deeply pinnatifid to the main vein, the segments linear, acute, mostly 8–15 pairs; petioles 0.5–3(–4.5) cm. Inflorescence of 1(–5)-flowered axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–5 (–14) cm; bracteoles elliptic, c. 1 mm long; pedicels 8–20 mm, swollen upwards; sepals slightly unequal, oblong-elliptic, obtuse and very shortly mucronate, the mucro < 1 mm long, margins scarious, the outer 4–6 × 2–3 mm, the inner c. 1 mm longer; corolla usually metallic red, hypocrateriform, the tube 2–3 cm long, widened upwards, the limb c. 2 cm diam., deeply lobed with acute lobes; stamens exserted. Capsules ovoid, 7–9 mm long, rostrate, glabrous; seeds c. 5 mm, hirsute with hairs in patches.
Figure
Widely cultivated and sometimes naturalised throughout the tropics. Most records cited below are of cultivated plants, but it is occasionally naturalised around villages particularly in the humid lowlands. It seems to be most common in the Amazon region, especially in Loreto (Peru) and Amazonas, Para and Mato Grosso in Brazil. It is of an uncertain New World origin but might come from the Amazon region given the existence of apparently natural populations in this region.
A unique species because of its pinnate leaves. The pseudo-stipules and vermilion flowers are also unusual.
In designating a lectotype for
A cultivated plant ex Herb. Collins (not found).
Although Rafinesque suggested it sometimes grew spontaneously, there are no other reports that this hybrid grows outside gardens. The following are records of cultivated plants:
The name
Based on
Woody liana, 4–6 m long, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–14 × 2–14 cm, deeply palmately and subpedately lobed nearly to the base, the lobes usually 5–9, 2–9 × 0.1–1.4 cm, linear to lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, entire, glabrous; petioles 2.8–10 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, many-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 20–50 cm long; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, deltoid, mucronate; secondary and tertiary peduncles 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 10–40 mm; sepals unequal, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse or retuse, carinate, glabrous, outer 2.5–3.5 mm with 1–3 mm long awn, inner 4.5–6 mm with 2–5 mm long awn; corolla, greenish-red, glabrous, hypocrateriform with a curved tube 2.5–3 cm long, the limb c. 3 cm diam., lobed with lobes ovate, 9–12 mm long; stamens and style exserted. Capsules ovoid, 8–10 mm long, glabrous, muticous; seeds shortly pubescent.
On limestone rocks at 1400–1450 m in central Mexico. Only known from the type.
The deeply palmately divided leaves with up to 7 leaflets are very distinct.
Based on
Somewhat woody climber (less commonly trailing), stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–14 × 3.5–13, palmately 3-lobed, lobes acute to acuminate, base deeply cordate with right-angled sinus, lateral lobes often with some marginal teeth, moth surfaces nearly glabrous but veins pubescent especially near the base beneath; petioles 2.5–11 cm. Inflorescence usually very long-pedunculate, corymbose, many-branched with 10–70 flowers; peduncles 0.5–40 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–1.5 cm, tertiary to ultimate peduncles1–2.5 cm ; pedicels 8–20 mm, slender; sepals, unequal, outer 2.5–4 mm, ovate, obtuse, the mucro 2–5 mm, often spreading, inner 4–4.5 mm, the mucro up to 5 mm long; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long, tube 1–2.4 cm, widened above a cylindrical base, the limb deeply lobed 1–1.5 cm, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, yellow or yellow with purple markings in throat, glabrous, anthers and style strongly exserted. Capsules ovoid, c. 9 × 8 mm, glabrous, erect, muticous; seeds irregularly hirsute.
Figures
River margins, swampy areas and similar moist scrub at low altitudes from Panama north to central Mexico.
In choosing a lectotype of
MEXICO. Veracruz, San Andrés,
Climbing herb, stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves ovate, petiolate, 7–12(–17) × 3–8(–13) cm, entire (
Figure
Endemic to central Mexico, where it grows in disturbed bushy places, especially in damp gullies and along streams between 1600 and 2300 m.
We have designated the specimen at Halle as lectotype of
O’Donell recognised
A specimen from Chinicuila (Michoacán)
MEXICO. Near Mexico City,
Twining, presumably annual herb, stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 8–10 × 7–12 cm, entire, ovate, or, more commonly, 3-lobed, base shallowly cordate with a broad sinus, lobes acuminate, mucronate, the central lobe narrowed at base, glabrous to pubescent; petioles 5–10 cm. Inflorescence a long-pedunculate corymb, with flowers clustered; peduncles mostly 10–25 cm long, corymbose branches short, mostly < 1 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate-deltoid; pedicels 7–20 mm; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse or truncate, glabrous or pilose, margins scarious, outer 2–3.5 × 2 mm, mucro 4–7 mm, inner slightly larger, 3–4 mm long, the mucro 4.5–7 mm; corolla red, 3–3.5 cm long, tube 2.2–2.5 cm long, subcylindrical and gradually widened from base, limb, 5-angled but not lobed, c. 10–12 mm wide, stamens exserted. Capsules globose, c. 7 mm diam., glabrous, style not persistent; seeds 3.5–5 mm long. tomentellous.
Figure
Endemic to south-central Mexico mostly between 700 and 1800 m, so often at lower altitudes than
GUATEMALA.
Endemic to woodland between 700–1500 m in the extreme south of Mexico and Guatemala.
Based on
Endemic to central Mexico occurring in and near the Sierra Manantlán at around 1500–2000 m where it grows seasonally moist pine and oak woodland.
Based on
Annual twining herb, stem usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 2.5–10, ovate or, more commonly 3-lobed to about half way, base cordate with rounded auricles, apex shortly acuminate, obtuse and mucronate, near glabrous but sometimes puberulent on the veins beneath, abaxially paler; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate axillary cymes appearing to form an elongate bifurcate secund raceme; peduncles (5–)10–16(–30)cm; rhachis above branching point, (2–)8–12 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, linear-lanceolate, moderately persistent; pedicels slender, 2–6 mm, longer below; sepals dissimilar, glabrous or, occasionally, thinly pilose, outer oblong-ovate, 2–3 × 1.5 mm with terminal awn 2–4 mm long, inner sepals with broader base, elliptic, 3–3.5 × 2 mm and awn 2–4 mm long; corolla tubular, curved, suburceolate,1.8–2.5 cm long, yellow, red or orange, limb formed of 5 small tooth-like lobes; stamens strongly exserted; style exserted. Capsules subglobose, 7 mm diam., glabrous; seeds 4 mm long, pubescent with hairs in patches.
Figure
This species is probably of Mexican origin but is widely cultivated and occasionally naturalised in the Americas. It is perhaps native in deciduous forest in south-central Mexico in and near the state of Guerrero. The following citations mostly represent cultivated plants–it is rarely naturalised.
Quite unlike other species of
MEXICO. Michoacán, 12 km W. of Aguililla on road to Dos Aguas,
Twining herb 5–6 m high, stems sparsely pilose. Leaves petiolate, 4–12.5 × 4–11.5 cm, ovate or shallowly 3-lobed, acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, glabrous or pilose on the veins; petioles 4–9 cm, pilose. Inflorescence a compound, long-pedunculate axillary raceme with 5–10 flowers; peduncles 21–28 cm, pilose; bracteoles 2–2.5 × 1.5 mm, ovate, apparently caducous; secondary peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, diminishing in length upwards; pedicels 3–6 mm, glabrous except for a few hairs at base; sepals subequal, 2–2.5 × 1.5 mm, ovate or elliptic, obtuse, but with an awn 5–6 mm long; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, maroon, glabrous, curved above a short basal cylindrical tube, suburceolate, limb reduced to 5 small teeth c. 1 mm long; stamens and style strongly exserted. Capsules and seeds unknown.
On roadsides around 1200 m in Michoacán in the same general area as
The corolla is suburceolate resembling that of
Icon in Plumier in Burman, Pl. Amer. 4: 82, t. 93, f. 2 (1756), lectotype designated by
Twining annual, stems glabrous or thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 2–12 × 2–11 cm, variable in shape, most commonly 3-lobed to about half way, sometimes very shallowly lobed so leaf coarsely 3–5-dentate, sometimes simply ovate, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, base cordate with obtuse auricles, glabrous to thinly pubescent; petioles mostly 1–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 5–15 cm long; bracteoles ovate, c. 1 mm, caducous; secondary peduncles 1–2.5 cm; pedicels 3–12 mm, remaining erect in fruit; sepals slightly unequal, oblong-elliptic, obtuse to rounded with a prominent awn, margins scarious, glabrous, outer sepals 1.5–3 mm with mucro mostly 2–5 mm long, inner slightly larger with broader scarious margins; corolla red, hypocrateriform, usually curved, glabrous, the tube 2–4 cm long, slightly widened upwards, limb 1.8–2.5 cm diam., very shallowly lobed to entire, weakly spreading, acute; stamens exserted. Capsules 5–7 mm, subglobose, lacking an apical mucro, glabrous; seeds 3–4 mm long, shortly tomentose.
Figure
Common in tropical America from the southern United States to northernmost Argentina; introduced but widespread and frequent in the Old World tropics. It is usually found in disturbed bushy places and secondary scrub below 1000 m (rarely reaching 1500 m). It is more strictly tropical than many widespread species being absent from the three southern states of Brazil, Uruguay and most of Paraguay as well as most of northern Mexico. It is also rare in the Venezuelan Llanos, the Guianas and the Amazon region and there are no records from Pando in Bolivia, Amazonas in Colombia or Acre and Amapá in Brazil, indicating that it tends to avoid the Amazon basin.
There appears to be no specimen at W of
In designating a lectotype for
We have designated the BM specimen of
A lowland species that can be recognised by the very short sepals and, in fruit, by the erect peduncle and muticous capsule. It has commonly been misidentified as
Based on
Slender annual twining herb; stems glabrous or pilose at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–10 × 1–7 cm, ovate, 3–5-lobed or, less commonly, entire, base cordate to subtruncate with rounded auricles, apex acute to acuminate, margin irregularly dentate, abaxially glabrous or pubescent; petioles 2–9 cm. Flowers 3–7 in axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3–10 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 5–14 mm, becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals unequal, oblong, rounded or truncate, outer c. 3 × 2 mm, often adaxially muricate, the subterminal arista 3–5 mm long, inner sepals 4–6 × 3–3.5 mm, the arista c. 3 mm long; corolla hypocrateriform, 2–2.6 cm long, red or orange-red, glabrous; the limb 1–1.5 cm diam.; stamens exserted. Capsules globose, 7–8 mm long; seeds 3.5–5 mm long, ovoid, blackish, tomentellous.
Figure
Dry, often semi-desert regions of the United States Southwest and northern and central Mexico. It grows in disturbed bushland and similar habitats up to about 2300 m, but appears to be rare below 1500 m.
Hallier cited various syntypes following his description of
This species is similar to
ARGENTINA. Cordoba, Dept. San Alberto, entre Mina Clavero y Nono,
Similar to
Figures
Endemic to scrubby banks in the dry inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia and northern Argentina, mostly growing between 1500 and 2700 m.
Based on
Common in southern Brazil and adjacent parts of Argentina and Uruguay but almost absent from the Andean region, being essentially a lowland species. It has possibly been confused with
The Bolivian population of this species is disjunct from the main population in southern Brazil and Uruguay, and grows at a higher altitude (to 1400 m). It has not been recollected for almost a hundred years.
MEXICO. Puebla,
Twining annual herb, stems glabrous to tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 1.5–3.5 cm, lanceolate, or ovate, acuminate, mucronate, base cordate to sagittate, strongly auriculate, the auricles rounded to acute, sometimes very shallowly bilobed, the margin entire or undulate, abaxially usually pubescent, but sometimes glabrous; petioles 7–35 mm. Inflorescence of lax. few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles usually long, 6–19 cm, angled, pubescent or glabrous; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate, persistent; pedicels 5–13 mm becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals unequal, outer c. 3 mm, oblong or oblong-ovate, rounded with a mucro 1–3 mm long, glabrous but veins muricate on dorsal surface, inner sepals 4–5 mm, elliptic, the mucro 1–2 mm long; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, narrowly hypocrateriform, red, limb 8–10 mm diam., shallowly lobed, stamens exserted. Capsules 6 × 6 mm, compressed-globose, rostrate with 3 mm long persistent style, glabrous; seeds 3 × 2 mm, minutely puberulent, appearing glabrous under a hand lens.
Figure
Frequent on mountains from 700 to 2700 m from Ecuador north to southern Mexico.
In designating a lectotype for
Apparently most common in Colombia and Mexico, this species grows at higher altitudes than its close relative
Based on
Prostrate, ascending or erect annual herb; stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2–7 × 1.5–5.5 cm, entire (rarely shallowly 3-lobed), ovate, cordate with rounded or angled auricles, apex finely acuminate, mucronate, margin entire or (rarely) undulate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially glabrous or pubescent, especially on the veins; petioles 2–7 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles (1.4–)3–7.5 cm, remaining erect in fruit, glabrous or pubescent; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate, acuminate; secondary peduncles 5–7 mm; pedicels 2–7 mm, often angled, glabrous or pubescent; sepals unequal, outer ovate with scarious margins, midvein sometimes extended to form a wing, glabrous or puberulent, 4–5 × 2–3 mm, terminating in a mucro 4–8 mm long, inner sepals 5–6 × 3 mm with a mucro 4–8 mm long; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, hypocrateriform, scarlet, glabrous, limb c. 1.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 5–6 × 6–7 mm, compressed globose, rostrate, the persistent style c. 3 mm long, pubescent or glabrous; seeds 4 × 2 mm, distinctly tomentose.
Endemic to Peru and Ecuador between 400 and 2700 m, most records from coastal and lower western semi-desert slopes of the Andes in the Lima area.
There appears to be no syntype at Madrid so we have selected the specimen at OXF as the lectotype as this is a more complete specimen than that at Paris.
Distinct because of the relatively large sepals with long erect awn-like mucros. The capsule is very unusual, being often pubescent. The short, angled or winged pedicels are also noteworthy.
Herb. Linn. No. 219.3 (LINN), designated by
Annual herb, stems glabrous except on nodes. Leaves petiolate, entire, 5–8 × 3–5.5 cm, ovate to coarsely dentate, acute and mucronate, cordate, usually sagittate with dentate auricles, glabrous except on the veins beneath; petioles 2.5–5.5 cm. Inflorescence of lax, few-flowered cymes; peduncles 1–13 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, broadly lanceolate; pedicels 5–15 mm, eventually becoming reflexed in fruit; sepals unequal, outer 3 mm, oblong to elliptic, rounded to obtuse, smooth, the mucro 2–6 mm, the inner c. 5 mm long, oblong, the mucro 2–5 mm; corolla tube 2–2.5 cm long, lobes 0.5–1 cm, virtually undivided, red or red or variegated with yellow, glabrous, stamens exserted. Capsules broadly ovate, muticous or shortly rostrate, c. 7 mm, glabrous; seeds uniformly tomentose.
Endemic to southeastern USA, where it grows on waste ground, roadsides, stream sides and in ditches, apparently with a preference for seasonally moist habitats.
The name
Some specimens from outside the eastern United States may be correctly named
• Species 328–334 form another well-defined small clade characterised by their palmately (sometimes pedately) lobed leaves and mucronate sepals. Most species are annuals. It is centred on Mexico and, following
UNITED STATES. Texas,
Slender annual herb, usually branched at base with decumbent or ascending branches, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; stems to 2 m long but usually much less. Leaves petiolate, small, 0.7–2.5 × 2–3 cm, variably palmatisect with 5–7 separate leaflets, the laterals pedate, leaflets 1–2.7 × 0.1–0.2 cm, linear-oblong, apiculate, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; petioles 0.2–3 cm. Flowers solitary (rarely paired), axillary, pedunculate; peduncles slender, 1.8– 5 cm, straight; bracteoles 1–2 × 0.25 mm, filiform, scarious-margined; pedicels 7–25 mm; sepals subequal, lanceolate to ovate, acute, mucronate, the mucro c. 1 mm long, glabrous or nearly so, margins scarious, outer 3–5 × 1–2 mm, often muricate along prominent midrib, inner up to 6 × 3 mm; corolla 1–1.2 cm long, funnel-shaped, purplish, glabrous. Capsules 4–5 × 4 mm, globose to ovoid, glabrous, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 3–3.5 × 2 mm, black, minutely tomentellous.
Figure
Dry scrub and deserts, principally in the United States Southwest and Mexico but of unknown status in Guatemala and apparently naturalised in Venezuela. It is found from low altitudes up to at least 2300 m.
In selecting a lectotype for
MEXICO. Jalisco, La Huerta, Arroyo Colorado, cerca de los Pozos, Est. Biologica Chamela,
Annual herb with slender twining glabrous stems. Leaves small, palmately divided into 6–10 linear, acute segments, apparently one central lobe and various secondary lobes arising on the two lateral lobes, glabrous. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary, pedunculate flowers; peduncles slender 0.7–2.5 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, deltoid, sessile, scarious; pedicels 6–12 mm, distinctly thicker than the peduncles; sepals slightly unequal, outer 4–5 × 1 mm, lanceolate, finally acuminate and apiculate, muricate along the midrib, glabrous, margins scarious, inner 6 mm long, abaxially smooth, the apex obtuse and apiculate; corolla 1.7–2.5 cm long, subcampanulate, yellow, glabrous, the midpetaline bands ending in a point. Capsules subglobose, glabrous; seeds black, glabrous or minutely puberulent.
Endemic to Mexico and apparently restricted to the area around La Huerta in Jalisco at low altitudes.
MEXICO. Guerrero. Agua de Obispo, 745 m, 31 Dec. 1965,
Completely glabrous climbing perennial; stems 5–6 m long, stout, slightly winged, reddish Brown. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–7 × 5–10 cm, 3-lobed, the central lobe broadly to narrowly oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, acuminate, mucronate, the mucro 2 mm long, lateral lobes shallowly lobed or, near base, bilobed, the upper lobe forward-pointing, the lower lobe spreading, base broadly cordate, margin entire, abaxially paler; petioles 4–5.5 cm. Inflorescence of lax, compound, long-pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 11–14 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, deltoid; secondary and subsequent peduncles 3–4.5 cm; pedicels 1–2.3 cm; sepals unequal, oblong-elliptic, terminating in a fine aristate point, the arista 2–3 mm long; outer 13–15 × 6 mm, the inner slightly longer and broader with broad scarious margins; corolla 6–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with tube yellowish-green inside, glabrous, the stamens held at the corolla mouth; stigma biglobose. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Endemic to Guerrero in Mexico, growing in a damp gully on alluvial soil at 745 m.
A very distinctive species because of the winged stem, deeply 3-lobed leaves, much-branched, almost paniculate inflorescence and the aristate sepals. The white flowers are reported to be aromatic. Molecular sequencing using
MEXICO. Jalisco, Cabo Corrientes,
Twining herb to 3 m, stems glabrous, woody. Leaves shortly petiolate, 0.5–2 × 0.7–2.5 cm, palmately divided into 5–7 segments, the segments with 1–3 pinnately arranged lateral lobes, all linear, acute, glabrous; petioles short, 2–12 mm, pseudo-stipules present at base. Inflorescence of 1–2-flowered, pedunculate, axillary cymes; peduncles 2–5.5 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 8–12 mm, noticeably thicker than peduncle; sepals unequal, oblong-ovate, mucronate, glabrous, margins whitish, outermost 3.5–5 × 2.5 mm, inner 6–7.5 mm; corolla 3–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with purple tube, glabrous, limb 2.5 cm diam. Capsules glabrous, 6–7 mm long; seeds 3 × 1.5 mm, minutely pubescent.
Endemic to Jalisco in central Mexico.
Like
MEXICO. Guerrero, Mun. Iguala de la Independencia,
Climbing or prostrate annual herb to 1 m, from a fibrous root, stem glabrous. Leaves petiolate, deeply palmatisect into 14–16 segments, segments 10–60 × 0.3–2.8 mm, diminishing in size outwards, linear or ensiform, acute and mucronate, glabrous; petioles 0.3–3.6 cm, often with pseudo-stipules arising from the base. Inflorescence of few-flowered, long pedunculate axillary cymes, sometimes reduced to solitary flowers; peduncles 5–13 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate, persistent; secondary peduncles (if present) 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 13–20 mm; sepals unequal, broadly lanceolate, mucronulate, green with scarious margins glabrous, outer 8–8.5 × 2 mm, inner 9–14 × 3–4 mm, the scarious margins wide; corolla 4.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4–6.5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 10 × 6 m, glabrous; seeds 4, 5.5 × 2.5 mm, puberulous.
Endemic to the Valle de Iguala in Guerrero (Mexico) growing in disturbed areas derived from dry forest between 500 and 1000 m.
Distinguished from similar species by the relatively long leaf segments and sepals (> 8 mm long). The pink corolla is also distinctive and the division of the leaves into 14–16 segments also serves to distinguish this species.
MEXICO. Yucatán,
Twining annual herb to 2 m, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–5 × 3–7 cm, pedately 5–7-lobed, lobes entire or basal lobes 1–3 lobed, lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous; petioles 2–3 cm. Inflorescence in 1–2-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 5–3.5 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 4–5 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 5–8 mm, ovate, cordate, with a reflexed lanceolate terminal mucro, abaxially with 3 prominent papillae (soft spines), inner 6–8 mm, ovate, with a 3–4 mm mucro, the margins scarious but abaxial papillae absent; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, white with a lavender throat, funnel-shaped, glabrous, stamens included. Capsules 5 × 4 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds unknown.
Endemic to dry forest bordering mangrove swamp near sea level in southern Mexico.
Similar to
MEXICO. Guerrero, Acapulco,
Trailing or climbing annual or perennial herb, stems and vegetative parts glabrous or thinly pilose with scattered hairs. Leaves petiolate, 1–8 × 1–6 cm, palmately divided to the base into 5–11 leaflets, the principal leaflets variable in shape, usually oblong-elliptic, acute, narrowed at both ends, the two basal lobes 3-lobed to near base with two lobes smaller, having 7–11 segments in total; petioles 1–3 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered (often solitary) axillary cymes; peduncles 1–6 cm; bracteoles 1 mm, narrowly deltoid, caducous; pedicels 6–18 mm; sepals subequal, 6–11(–14) × 2–3 mm lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acuminate to a fine point, bristly-pilose to subglabrous, margins white, scarious; corolla 1.5–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules depressed globose, 5–7 mm diam., glabrous, rostrate; seeds dark brown, 3-angled, 2–3 mm, puberulent.
Plants always twining. Longest leaf segments on mature branches < 4 cm long; sepals narrowly elliptic 5–9 mm; corolla 1.5–2.8 cm long. The basal cylindrical part of the corolla tube is usually < 5 mm long but in
Figure
Open dry forest in central Mexico extending in scattered locations into Central America. It is found at different altitudes up to 2300 m.
Two specimens each of
Based on
Essentially a plant of the Sonora Desert region of Arizona and NW Mexico with a few records from outside this area.
MEXICO. Guerrero, Acapulco,
Climbing herb to 4 m, stems glabrous or thinly pilose, slender or stout and woody. Leaves shortly petiolate, 3–6 × 0.7–3.5 cm, small, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, obtuse to acuminate, mucronate, usually glabrous; petioles 0.2–1.5 cm. Inflorescence of simple or compound axillary cymes from the leaves and/or in the axils of bracts (resembling reduced leaves) in a many-flowered raceme-like axillary inflorescence up to 20 cm long; peduncles 3–5 cm, usually passing through the sinus of the leaf blade; bracteoles 1–2 mm, linear-lanceolate, deciduous; secondary peduncles 4–6 mm; pedicels 5–8 mm; sepals subequal, 2–2.5 × 1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, margins white, glabrous; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, yellow, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb prominently flared and deeply lobed. Capsules 4–6 mm, globose, glabrous; seeds 2–3 mm, puberulent.
Scrub at low altitudes below 1000 m in central and southern Mexico and neighbouring parts of Guatemala.
There are three sheets of the type collection of
Based on
Annual herb; stems trailing, spreading from a central rootstock, pilose with white bulbous based whitish hairs, sometimes glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 0.5–2.7 × 2.5, broadly ovate to subreniform, abruptly and shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margins ciliate, both surfaces thinly pilose to glabrous; petioles 2–17 mm, pilose. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers or few-flowered cymes often appearing to form apparently terminal panicles at the branch tips; peduncles 1–3 cm, filiform, usually straight, often arising through the sinus at the base of the leaf, thinly pilose; bracteoles c. 1 × 0.25 mm, linear-lanceolate, glabrous; secondary peduncles, if present, 2–2.5 cm, glabrous; pedicels 1.5–6 mm, often recurved or bent at an angle to the peduncle, glabrous; sepals subequal, 2–3 × 1 mm, accrescent to 3.5–4 mm in fruit, lanceolate, acuminate, pilose, margins narrow, white; corolla 4.5–5 mm long, pale yellow, campanulate, glabrous. Capsules globose, muticous, c. 3 mm. glabrous; seeds 2 × 1.5 mm, rounded-trigonous, minutely puberulent.
Deciduous tropical forest in northern South America to northern Mexico, usually at low altitudes except in Mexico where it reaches 1600 m. Widespread but very scattered and rather uncommon.
Very distinctive because of the small yellow corolla and tiny sepals.
Based on
Procumbent perennial herb with woody rootstock, stems glabrous or hispid-hirsute, up to 4 m long. Leaves petiolate, 1–6 × 1–5 cm, suborbicular to reniform, shortly acuminate, mucronate, margin entire to slightly dentate, glabrous to thinly hispid-pilose; petiole 0.5–1.6(–5.8) cm. Flowers usually solitary, bracteate, the fertile leaves (bracts) folded so forming a spathe around the flower; peduncle not differentiated from the petiole; bracteoles 1 mm, ovate to suborbicular, mucronulate, apparently persistent; pedicels 2–3 mm; sepals somewhat unequal, glabrous to thinly pubescent, outer 3 × 1.25–1.5 mm, lanceolate, obtuse, minutely mucronate, inner 4–5 × 1.5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, margins scarious; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, gradually widened (flared) from a short narrowly cylindrical basal tube, reddish-purple, pink or white, glabrous, limb 3.5–4 cm wide. Capsules subglobose, 8–10 mm, glabrous, enclosed by bracts; seeds 6–7 mm long, rounded, blackish, puberulent.
Figure
Rock outcrops in open deciduous oak or pine forest, mostly between 1000 and 1700 m in central Mexico south to Guatemala.
Very distinct because of the leaf-like bracts folded to form a spathe around the very small calyx and small subglobose Capsules and the suppression of the peduncle by fusion with the petiole. The flared funnel-shaped corolla is also distinct.
MEXICO. Guerrero, Dos Caminos near Acapulco,
Vigorous liana; stems climbing or trailing to 7 m, glabrous, plant often leafless when flowering. Leaves petiolate, 2–8 × 2–7 cm, ovate to deltoid, acute or acuminate, mucronate, base shallowly cordate, glabrous or (
Figure
Endemic to Mexico but locally common in deciduous tropical forest below about 1600 m.
A very distinctive species with woody stems and a subcylindrical hypocrateriform corolla which is enclosed by a pair of showy bracteoles. As in
••• Clade C (Species 339–378) comprise a morphologically heterogeneous group of American and Australasian species, which contains a number of small, well-supported and morphologically distinct clades, which are indicated in the following sequence.
Based on
Vigorous trailing perennial; stems stout, glabrous, rooting at the nodes, up to 30 m in length; latex present. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–9 × 3–10 cm, coriaceous and somewhat succulent, ovate to reniform or suborbicular, apex emarginate to shallowly bilobed (rarely rounded), base truncate to weakly cordate, abaxially paler, prominently veined and with glands near base of midrib; petioles 2–10 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5–14 cm; bracteoles 2–3.5 mm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, caducous; pedicels 1.5–2.7 cm, thickened upwards; sepals slightly unequal, pale green, coriaceous, suborbicular or broadly ovate, outer 5–12 × 6 mm, elliptic, mucronate, inner 7–11 × 7–9 mm, slightly larger, suborbicular with scarious margins; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaded, pink, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules 1.5–2.2 cm, subglobose, glabrous, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 6–8 mm, “pea”-shaped, black, shortly tomentose; pedicel often persistent on fallen capsule so aiding dispersal in the sea.
Photographs of
Pantropical on sand near the sea; a characteristic seashore plant, also occurring rarely in saline conditions inland.
Molecular data suggests this species is most closely related to a small clade of Australian species. It is widespread on tropical sea shores. Its total world distribution is given in detail by St John (1970).
We have been unable to trace any publication data for the combination.
PARAGUAY. Banks of the Pilcomayo,
Somewhat succulent twining or trailing perennial, completely glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, 2–8(–12) × 2–8-(10) cm, ovate, sometimes broadly so, usually constricted in the middle to form a tapering acuminate apical portion, base cordate with rounded auricles, abaxially slightly glaucous; petioles 1–10 cm. Inflorescence of lax to rather dense, many-flowered, pedunculate, simple or compound cymes; peduncles 1–5 cm; bracteoles 1–3 mm, lanceolate to ovate, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–20 mm; pedicels 0.8–2.5 cm; sepals slightly unequal, coriaceous, glabrous, outer 4–6 × 3–4 mm long, ovate-elliptic, convex, obtuse and shortly mucronate, inner 5–7 × 4–5 mm long, broadly oblong-elliptic to obovate, rounded, with broad scarious margins; corolla 2–5.5 cm long, pale lilac to pink with dark centre, glabrous, funnel-shaped, the limb 2.5–3.5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 7–12 × 6 mm, conical, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5–7 × 2.5–4 mm, reddish brown, the surface minutely tomentellous, the angles densely pilose.
We recognise two subspecies, which intergrade in the region around the Pantanal and perhaps elsewhere.
Inflorescence of usually rather dense axillary cymes; peduncles 1–5 cm; outer sepals 4–5 mm long, inner sepals 5–5.5 mm long; corolla 2–3 cm long, pale lilac with dark centre, the limb 2.5–3 cm diam; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm.
Figures
This subspecies has an amphitropical distribution being found in the southern United States and South America. In South America it is most common as a species of dry Chaco scrub near the Andes in western Argentina, western Paraguay and southern Bolivia but penetrates the Andean cordillera along dry river valleys. It also occurs in dry areas of NW Peru and neighbouring parts of Ecuador and in the upper Magdalena valley in Colombia. In the United States it is perhaps introduced and is most common in the Rio Grande region of Texas. No records from Mexico have been traced.
There are two sheets of
In the field
Based on
Figure
This subspecies seems to prefer seasonally flooded swampy ground both in Bolivia, Paraguay and the Brazilian Pantanal.
• Species 341–343 comprise a small clade with distinctive ribbed sepals
Mauritius. Culta in Hort. Bot. Pamplemousse, 1839,
Twining annual herb, young stems glabrous, older stems setose. Leaves petiolate, 4–9 × 3–5 cm, narrowly (to broadly) deltoid, base sagittate to hastate, auricles acute to obtuse, glabrous, abaxially paler; petioles 2–7.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1(–2)-flowered axillary, pedunculate cyme; peduncles 0.5–3.5 cm; bracteoles 8–15 × 3–5 mm, ovate, acuminate to apiculate, membranous, pale green, moderately persistent; pedicels 1–2.5 cm; outer sepals 13–20 × 7–10 mm, ovate, apex finely mucronate, base truncate, abaxially 3-winged, the wings smooth or (especially below) dentate, inner sepals c. 5 mm shorter, unwinged; corolla 2.5–3.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c.5 cm diam., shallowly lobed, the lobes acute. Capsules 12–15 × 12–14 mm, ovoid, glabrous, enclosed by the sepals; seeds 5–6 mm long, minutely tomentellous.
Pantropical in distribution but scattered in occurrence, the populations usually small and impermanent, growing in lowland areas besides lakes, ponds and similar disturbed moist habitats; perhaps most common in the New World around the fringes of the Chaco and in the Llanos of Colombia and noticeably less common in Central America and Mexico.
Deroin suggested that Bosser and Heine had lectotypified
The type material of
This species is similar to
GUYANA.
Trailing or twining herb, stems often roughly hirsute with stiff hairs. Leaves petiolate, 4–14 × 3–11 cm, ovate-deltoid or subreniform with wide-spreading obtuse or rounded auricles, base broadly cordate, apex obtuse, emarginate and mucronate, less commonly acute or acuminate, glabrous, lower surface paler, reticulate-veined; petioles 1–8 cm, glabrous but often with scattered tubercles. Inflorescence of pedunculate, 1–3(–5)-flowered, axillary cymes peduncles (0.3–)3–5(–8) cm, sometimes tuberculed; bracteoles 1.2–2 × 0.6–1.5 cm, ovate, long-mucronate, persistent, pale green, convex, concealing the pedicel bases; pedicels 8–28 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer sepals 15–22 × 10–15 cm, elliptic, acute, finely aristate, abaxially 5-winged, wings smooth or, often, softly tubercled, inner sepals c. 15 × 6 mm shorter, ovate, pale, unwinged; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules ovoid, 10–12 mm long and wide, often enclosed in slightly accrescent sepals; seeds 7–8 mm, minutely pubescent.
Widely distributed in tropical America and Africa and apparently more permanent everywhere than
Distinguished from
BRAZIL. Bahia, Casa Nova, estrada para a Fazenda Santarém,
Twining perennial herb reaching 3.5 m; stems slightly woody, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 1–4 × 1–4 cm, ovate to suborbicular, abruptly narrowed to an acute or shortly acuminate apex, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin slightly undulate; abaxially paler; petioles 0.6–2 cm. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 2.2–8.5 cm, noticeably thicker than the secondary peduncles and pedicels; bracteoles 3 × 0.5 mm, somewhat scarious, caducous; secondary peduncles 0.8–2.5 cm; pedicels 1–3 cm long; sepals unequal, ovate or ovate elliptic, acute and mucronate, glabrous, outer 15–27 × 8–11 mm, dark green, prominently 5-ribbed, the ribs sometimes muricate; inner 12–18 × 6–8, pale green with scarious margins, the longitudinal veins many, the midvein terminating in a fine, fragile mucro; corolla 10–10.5 cm long. funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 9 cm diam., entire. Capsules enclosed by the persistent sepals, 13 × 7 mm, narrowly ovoid, muticous, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, blackish, minutely scabridulous.
Figures
Endemic to Brazil and apparently restricted to the area round Petrolina on the borders of Bahia and Pernambuco States in locations under the influence of the Rio São Francisco.
Obviously related to
• Species 344–347 comprise a distinct clade characterised by the very unequal sepals, which are transversally muricate.
BRAZIL.
Undershrub to 2 m, stems ascending or arching stems (rarely (?never) climbing), stout, glabrous, woody. Leaves petiolate, large, coriaceous, 6–14 × 4–9, oblong-elliptic, elliptic or suborbicular, retuse and mucronulate, base broadly cuneate, both surfaces usually glabrous, rarely abaxially tomentellous; petioles 0.4–1 cm. Inflorescence often somewhat “wizened” and scarred, formed of small, pedunculate, somewhat umbellate cymes from the uppermost leaf axils or arising on short lateral branches; peduncle 1–5 cm, stout, often woody; bracteoles triangular, acuminate, 2(–5) mm, moderately persistent; secondary peduncles often present, short, < 10 mm long, woody; pedicels 10–22 mm, relatively slender but widened below calyx; sepals very unequal, glabrous, outer 6–8 × 7 mm, ovate, rounded, muricate, inner 13–16 mm, obovate-elliptic, rounded, somewhat scarious, nearly smooth; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, gradually widened from base, pink, glabrous, limb 3.5–7 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules 13 × 8 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Endemic to the Cerrado biome in the Planalto of Brazil at about 1000 m and almost restricted to Goiás.
A vigorous woody subshrub which differs from
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, 1845,
Decumbent, ascending or erect plant with xylopodium, stems somewhat woody, glabrous or, especially on young stems, shortly pubescent. Leaves very shortly petiolate, 2.3–6.5(–14) × 0.6–5.5 cm, very variable in size and shape fom plant to plant, lanceolate, ovate, narrowly or broadly oblong, apex retuse, obtuse or rounded and mucronulate, base broadly cuneate to rounded, slightly asymmetric, both surfaces usually glabrous, veins prominent abaxially; petioles 3–8 mm. Inflorescence of pedunculate, 1–3-flowered cymes from upper leaf axils; peduncles 2–30 mm, glabrous to densely pubescent; bracteoles 4–5 mm, narrowly deltoid; pedicels 5–20 mm, longer than peduncles, sometimes muricate; sepals unequal, outer sepals 7–13 mm, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate to obtuse and mucronate, muricate; inner sepals 11–18 × 4–6 mm, lanceolate to ovate, obtuse and mucronate; corolla 6–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
A characteristic cerrado species of the planalto of central Brazil extending to Bolivia and Paraguay.
Although rather variable in habit and in leaf and sepal shape this species is usually recognised easily by the shortly petiolate, oblong to ovate leaves with a cuneate base and the distinctive muricate outer sepals.
The type of
Based on
Erect, twining or trailing herb, glabrous in all vegetative parts; rootstock stout and somewhat tuberous; stems slightly succulent, often rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, sagittate, often strongly so, the auricles linear to lanceolate, acuminate or less commonly, rounded, 2–4 × 0.2–6 cm, the blade (excluding auricles) 2.5–7.5 × (0.1–) 1.7–1.9 cm, lanceolate, narrowly to broadly oblong or oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse and mucronulate, green on both surfaces but somewhat darker adaxially; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, axillary cymes, often reduced to a single flower; peduncles 0.5 –3.5 cm; bracteoles 1–1.5 × 0.2 mm, deltoid, caducous; pedicels 8–15 mm; sepals very unequal, outer sepals 4–7 × 3–3.5 mm, oblong, obtuse to rounded, mucronate, the mucro deciduous, dark green, often transversely muricate, margin scarious, inner sepals much larger, 8–14 × 5 mm, broadly oblong-obovate, rounded or retuse and mucronulate, the mucro deciduous, conspicuously pallid and subscarious; corolla 7–8.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 4–5 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 8 × 8 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 4.5 × 3 mm, blackish, minutely puberulent.
Figures
Common in Bolivia on seasonally flooded lowland plains in parts of the Beni, the Río Paraguá basin around the Noel Kempff Park and in Brazil in the Pantanal. It is also extends along the Río Paraguay into Paraguay and occurs in Minas Gerais and Bahia states in Brazil as well as in Venezuela and north to Costa Rica. It may be more widespread that the following records suggest.
This species has usually been included within
Various forms of
Based on
Trailing glabrous perennial rooting at the nodes, stems much branched, stout, angled, fleshy. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–8(–9) × 3–9(–11) cm, reniform, suborbicular, obtuse to rounded, base truncate to shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, usually folded when pressed, veins radiating from base, glabrous; petioles 2.5–9 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with up to 10 flowers, flowers often solitary, but sometimes umbellate from apex of peduncle; peduncles 0.5–7 cm, angular; bracteoles 1–2 mm, deltoid; pedicels often rather short, 5–25 mm; sepals unequal, elliptic, obtuse to emarginate and mucronate, outer 5–9 × 4 mm, often somewhat muricate, inner 9–15 × 6–7 mm, elliptic, ±scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, yellow-green or pink with darker centre, glabrous, limb 3.5–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules glabrous, suborbicular, 10–12 × 8–10 mm, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 5–7 × 4 mm; minutely tomentellous (appearing glabrous under a hand lens).
Widespread in the Americas, West Africa and Asia, but apparently absent from east and South Africa, Madagascar and China and many areas of the Americas. It grows in disturbed wet places, often near the coast or inland near large rivers; it is sporadic in occurrence.
In designating a lectotype of
The folded reniform leaves are very characteristic.
Records from Bolivia (
Erect branched undershrub, stems glabrous, yellowish, rootstock massive, spindle-shaped, woody. Leaves subsessile, 3.5–10 × 0.2–0.6 cm, narrowly oblong, obtuse and mucronate, base cuneate, glabrous; petioles 2–6 mm. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 0.5–3.5 cm, rather stout; bracteoles 1–3 mm, deltoid, caducous; pedicels 7–15 mm, thickened upwards and of different texture to peduncle; sepals unequal, outer 5–8 mm, ovate, obtuse with scarious margins, inner similar but 10–12 mm, broadly elliptic and more rounded; corolla 5.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous, pink, limb entire, 4.5–7 cm diam. Capsules 14 × 14 mm, subglobose, rostrate with 6 mm long mucro, glabrous, much larger than calyx; seeds 10 × 4 mm, brown, tomentellous.
Figure
Prairie region of Midwest United States extending into northern Mexico. It is usually found in short grassland on sandy or gravelly soil mostly between 1000 and 1900 m.
Differs from
Based on
Glabrous twining perennial. Leaves petiolate, 2–6 × 0.7–2.5 cm, broadly to narrowly ovate-deltoid to rhombic, truncate, rounded to cuneate at base, widest near base, acuminate, mucronate; petioles 0.8–3 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 0.5–6 cm; bracteoles 2–3 mm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, somewhat persistent; pedicels 5–12 mm; sepals unequal, outer ovate, obtuse and mucronate, ribbed, 8–9 mm, inner 11–12 mm, oblong-ovate, pale and ± scarious, acute to apiculate; corolla 5–8 cm long, broadly trumpet-shaped, gradually widened from base, pink, glabrous, the tube 3.5–4.5 cm, limb undulate c. 6–7 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
A local endemic found on the borders of Oklahoma and Texas.
Based on
Trailing or twining perennial herb; stems glabrous to puberulent, rootstock an enlarged, woody tuber. Leaves petiolate, 2–14 × 1.8–9.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, sometimes weakly to strongly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate, both surfaces glabrous or puberulent, especially on the veins, abaxially paler often with reddish veins; petioles 1–6 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence of usually short, few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 0.6–5(–14) cm, glabrous; bracteoles 2–11 × 0.5–6 mm, linear, oblong or oblong-obovate, papery, deciduous; secondary peduncles c. 10 mm; pedicels 5–11 mm; sepals unequal to almost equal, outer sepals 10–15(–20) × 4–7(–9) mm, oblong–ovate, obtuse, abaxially usually with prominent raised vertical veins, the base subtruncate, inner 15–18(–22) × 5–7 mm, oblong-ovate, rounded; corolla 4–7 cm long, white with dark pink centre, glabrous, campanulate to funnel-shaped, limb 5–6 cm diam., undulate or lobed, the midpetaline bands terminating in small teeth. Capsules 10–15 × 6–10, narrowly ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, pilose with brownish hairs c. 5 mm long.
Figure
Photographs of
Widespread in the eastern United States extending west to Texas, Kansas and Illinois and just entering Canada (Ontario). It is a plant of open grassy places, roadsides, woodland margins and remains of prairie grassland at low altitudes.
We have selected the Michaux collection from Knoxville, Tennessee at P as lectotype of
Very variable particularly in the leaf shape (entire to deeply lobed) and in the relative and absolute sizes of the sepals as also in the size of the corolla and leaves, although the leaves are usually small (c. 5 cm long).
Distinguished by the white corolla with a pink throat and the prominently veined sepals.
ALGERIA. Souk,
Glabrous, perennial trailing or twining herb, stems slender. Leaves petiolate, deltoid-sagittate, the central lobe lanceolate, acuminate to a mucronate point, 2–6.5 × 0.2–1.5 cm (excluding auricles), the two auricles similar in shape but slightly shorter than the main part of blade, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, apex finely acuminate; petioles 1–4.2 cm. Inflorescence of solitary (very rarely paired), axillary flowers; peduncles 5–12(–26) mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate, acute, caducous; pedicels 13–16(–20) mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, outer 7–8 × 3–5 mm, oblong-elliptic, rounded, mucronate, margins narrow, scarious, inner 9–12 × 5–7 mm, oblong-elliptic, rounded, mucronulate, subscarious; corolla 4–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4.5–6 cm diam., entire. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Salt marsh and coastal grasslands. Coastal USA, from North Carolina south to Florida and along the Gulf coast to Mexico and thence south to Belize and Guatemala; also on Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas and Bermuda: apparently absent from the Caribbean proper. It also occurs rarely inland, by saline lakes and streams as in Coahuila. It is apparently native or an ancient introduction on coasts in the Old World around the Mediterranean Sea.
Distinguished by the strongly sagittate leaves, the auricles nearly equalling the blade, the oblong-elliptic unequal sepals and solitary flowers.
Based on
Liana to 10 m; stems thick, woody, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 7–13 × 7–12 cm, broadly ovate, shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute or shortly acuminate, shortly mucronate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent (
There are two collections by Parker labelled
A vigorous liana reaching at least 10 m in height, this species is usually easily identified by its woody stems (and peduncles), abaxially pubescent leaves and relatively small corolla. The elliptic, rounded, often reddish sepals are especially distinctive. It is most likely to be confused with
BRAZIL. Amapá.
Twining perennial, stem tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–9 × 3–7 cm, ovate-deltoid, obtuse and mucronate, base cordate with narrow sinus and rounded auricles, margin slightly undulate, softly tomentose on both surfaces, abaxially grey; petioles 1–2 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence a dense cluster of up to 10 flowers at apex of a long peduncle; peduncles 3–10 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 5–18 × 2–4 mm, ovate-rhomboid, tomentose, persistent; pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals tomentellous, accrescent in fruit, unequal, outer 8–12 × 5–8 mm, oblong-ovate, acute, base subcordate, inner 5–8 mm, oblong-ovate with broad scarious margins; corolla magenta, 5–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, glabrous except for a few hairs at apex of midpetaline bands in bud, limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 10–15 × 4–5 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds reported as usually one, oblong-ellipsoid, c. 10 mm long.
A rare species of seasonally flooded lowland areas in the Amazon basin in Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia. It may be more common in the Amazonian regions of both Bolivia and Brazil than the few collections suggest.
Very distinctive because of its rather small velvety leaves and oblong-cordate velvety sepals and persistent bracteoles.
[HAITI], “Sainte Dominique”,
Liana, stems woody below, bark very pale, appressed sericeous when young. Leaves petiolate, 1–5 × 2–3.2 cm, ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, cordate, adaxially subglabrous to pilose, abaxially paler, pilose or sericeous; petioles 1.5–3.2 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of axillary or terminal pedunculate cymes; peduncles 6–20 cm; bracteoles 1.5–4 cm, linear-lanceolate to oblong elliptic, coloured reddish to mauve, sericeous when young; pedicels 5–40 mm; sepals subequal, resembling the bracteoles, 18–25 × 7 mm, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, mucronulate, sericeous, glabrescent; corolla 3.5–5 cm long, salverform, limb 4 cm wide, red, purple or lavender, pubescent, stamens exserted, reddish. Capsules ovoid, apiculate; seeds usually 1, shortly pilose.
Figure
Endemic to the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola, growing in disturbed scrubby forest.
The placement of this species is uncertain as we have been unable to sequence any example successfully. It is one of two Caribbean endemics that do not belong to Clade A2, the other being
Based on
Creeping (rarely twining) perennial herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–6 × 1–2 cm, deltoid, acute and apiculate, base sagittate with wide-spreading, usually acute auricles to hastate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler, somewhat reticulate; petioles 1–3 cm. Inflorescence of 1(–2) shortly pedunculate flowers; peduncles 0.6–1.7 cm; bracteoles minute, filiform, caducous; pedicels 2.2–4 cm, prominently nerved; sepals subequal, 17–21 × 4–5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate to a fine aristate point, glabrous, chartaceous, veins prominent, inner sepals with scarious margins; corolla 7–8 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 6–7 cm diam. Capsules ovoid, 9–10 mm long, glabrous; seeds 4–5 mm long, shortly pubescent.
Figures
An indicator of very arid scrub, occurring in disjunct areas of South America, perhaps most common in the caatinga of the Brazilian state of Bahia.
A very distinct species quite unlike any other, and easily recognised by the elongate, lanceolate, finely acute sepals which are very prominently veined.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
Trailing or twining herb from central tap root, stems glabrous to thinly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 3–5 × 1–5 cm, narrowly ovate-deltoid, acute, sagittate or cordate, the auricles acute to obtuse (rarely rounded), green on both surfaces, glabrous or, rarely thinly pubescent; petioles 1–2(–3.5) cm. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate, 1–3-flowered cymes; peduncles 0.5–4.5; bracteoles minute, c. 1 mm long, deltoid, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present) 7–17 mm; pedicels 5–21 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 5–8 mm, broadly oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, greenish-scarious, 3-veined; inner 9–12 mm, oblong-oblanceolate, rounded and often mucronulate, with broad scarious margins; corolla 4–6 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3.5–4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 12 × 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 6 × 2.5 mm, blackish, tomentellous.
Locally abundant in open, dry sandy and rocky cerrado and campo rupestre but especially characteristic of rock outcrops; northern Argentina, eastern Paraguay, eastern Bolivia and scattered locations in Brazil.
This species is stored in many herbaria under the name
It is a relatively slender plant, not unlike a robust specimen of
It is commonly confused with
COLOMBIA. Huila, Natagaima,
Glabrous trailing perennial with woody tap root, resembling
Endemic to the dry Upper Magdalena valley where it grows around 500 m.
Similar in facies to
BRAZIL. Tocantins, Mun. Tocantinopolis, km 18 estrada vecinal á Ferrovia Norte Sul,
Slender trailing perennial; glabrous in all parts. Leaves shortly petiolate, 0.8–2.5 × 0.1–0.4 cm, sagittate, appearing subequally trilobed, the central lobe linear to very narrowly oblong, acute, the two linear acute auricles, resembling, ±equalling or slightly shorter than the central lobe, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 0.6–3 cm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary pedunculate flowers; peduncles 15–20 mm, commonly bent at a sharp angle at apex; bracteoles scale-like c. 1 mm long; pedicels 6–13 mm, slightly thickened upwards; sepals unequal, lanceolate, finely acuminate, glabrous, outer pair unequal 4.5–8 × 2–2.5 mm; inner 13–14 × 3 mm; corolla 6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 4.5 cm diam., the midpetaline bands ending in a tiny tooth. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Scattered in the Cerrado biome of Brazil, eastern Paraguay and NE Argentina.
Clearly related to to both
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Germán Busch, Rincón del Tigre, portón de la entrada a la Misión, sobre el camino hacia Carmen Rivero Tórrez,
Glabrous trailing herb, probably perennial, stems to 1.5 m long. Leaves petiolate, narrowly deltoid, 1.5–3.2 × 0.4–1 cm (measured above intersection with petiole), apex obtuse and minutely mucronate, base strongly sagittate, the auricles deltoid, lanceolate, acute, basally asymmetric, 1–2.5 × 0.2–0.6 cm so leaves sometimes appearing 3-lobed, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 1.1–2.7 cm. Inflorescence of solitary or paired, axillary, pedunculate flowers; peduncles 2.6–4 cm; bracteoles 2–3 × 1 mm, ovate, acuminate, caducous; secondary peduncles (when present) 10 mm; pedicels 6–16 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate to a fine aristate point, outer shorter, 11–12 × 2–2.5 mm, inner 15–16 mm; corolla 7–8 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped with a long narrow basal tube, glabrous, tube deep pink inside, limb 5–6 cm diam., pale pink, unlobed, the midpetaline bands terminating in a fine point 5–6 mm long; Capsules (immature) ovoid, 7 × 6 mm, glabrous; seeds not known.
Figures
A characteristic species of seasonally flooded campo around the Pantanal with several records from Mato Grosso do Sul and eastern Bolivia.
BRAZIL. Paraná, Ponta Grossa,
Trailing perennial herb, glabrous in all parts; rootstock, thick, fleshy. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–7 × 2–4.5 ovate to suborbicular, rounded, obtuse or retuse, sometimes mucronulate, base cordate with rounded auricles, abaxially veins prominent; petioles 1–2.5(–4) cm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 0.5–8 cm; bracteoles 2–4 mm, lanceolate-filiform, apiculate; pedicels 0.5–3 cm, thickened upwards, sometimes rugose; sepals unequal, outer sepals 10–15 × 5–6 mm, broadly or narrowly ovate or elliptic, acuminate, inner sepals similar but larger, 15–28 × 7–8 mm; corolla 6–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 5–6 cm diam., apparently unlobed; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
A grassland species of southern Brazil and adjacent areas of Argentina.
This species is most likely to be confused with
URUGUAY. Pr. Calderón,
Slender twining or perhaps trailing herb; all parts glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–3.5 × 0.2–0.8 cm, oblong, auricles 9–12 × 3–5 mm, sagittate, often bilobed, apex acute, margins undulate, base broadly cordate and briefly cuneate onto the petiole, glabrous, abaxially slightly paler; petioles 7–14 mm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–2.8 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, lanceolate, apiculate; pedicels 8–10 mm; sepals unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate to an apiculate point, outer 10 × 3 mm, inner 15–16 × 3.5 mm; corolla 6.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, limb c. 3.5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Known from two collections from Uruguay and southern Brazil, presumably growing in grassland.
A poorly known species apparently related to
URUGUAY. “Tacuarembó, Valle Edén, region Tambores, febrero”,
Decumbent perennial, stems angled, muricate, glabrous, at least 50 cm long. Leaves shortly petiolate, 4–11 × 0.2–1(–2) cm, narrowly oblong or very narrowly lanceolate, acuminate and mucronate, base hastate to sagittate, glabrous; petioles 8–12 mm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles 0–2 mm; bracteoles 3–6 mm, filiform; pedicels 5–12 mm; sepals unequal, glabrous; outer sepals 10–12 × 5 mm, oblong-ovate, acute, shortly mucronate, inner 15–19 × 8 mm, ovate, acuminate, mucronate, the apex often bent; corolla 5.5–7 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous; limb c. 3 cm diam. Capsules 11 × 8 mm, ovoid with persistent style, glabrous; seeds tomentellous.
Apparently very rare in “campo”, presumably some kind of grassland in the border region of Uruguay and Brazil.
In selecting lectotypes, we have designated
This species is sometimes treated as a synonym of
Based on
Erect undershrub from a xylopodium to c. 1 m, stems very woody, somewhat ridged, glabrous; plant drying blackish. Leaves shortly petiolate, (2–)4–6 × (0.2–)0.5–1.5(–3) cm, linear-oblong, oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, obtuse to acute and apiculate, cuneate at base, glabrous; petiole 0–5 mm, poorly defined. Inflorescence racemose, terminal, typically elongate to 40 cm, sometimes branched but sometimes much reduced, often dense, formed of shortly pedunculate cymes from the upper leaf axils; peduncles 0–1.5 cm, erect; bracteoles fugacious (not seen); secondary peduncles c. 2 cm, often rhachis-like; pedicels 3–8 mm; sepals very unequal, obovate-elliptic, rigid, glabrous, outer 2–4 × 2 mm long, obtuse, white-margined, inner 5–7 × 3–4 mm, rounded, margins scarious; corolla 2–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, white or lilac, glabrous, limb c. 2.5–3 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figures
A typical cerrado species, which is locally common in Brazil but known elsewhere only from a single location in eastern Bolivia.
In designating a lectotype of
Distinctive because an erect subshrub with white or pale lilac flowers, the leaves at least 0.5 cm wide and the sepals very unequal. It flowers late in the rainy season unlike most cerrado species.
Although most specimens are readily assigned to either
BRAZIL.
Wiry perennial of cerrado, occasionally leafless, rootstock a xylopodium, stems glabrous, woody, often simple and erect to 1.5 m but sometimes branched and then branches spreading or twining apically. Leaves sessile, very variable in length 2–14 × 0.1–0.3 cm, linear-filiform, acute, glabrous. Inflorescence of 1(–5)-flowered axillary cymes from the upper leaf axils, sometimes clustered apically but more commonly forming a long narrow raceme-like inflorescence up to 30 cm long; peduncles 0–8(–21) mm; bracteoles caducous, scale-like, secondary peduncles (if present) up to 4 mm; pedicels 7–10(–15) mm; sepals coriaceous, convex, very unequal, glabrous, outermost 2–6 mm, elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse to rounded, often minutely mucronate, inner 7–12 mm, oblong to elliptic, obtuse to rounded, margins broad, scarious; corolla 3–4.5 mm long, glabrous, pink, gradually widened from base, the limb 3–3.5 cm diam., undulate, the midpetaline bands ending in teeth. Capsules glabrous; seeds reported to be pilose.
Figure
A characteristic species of the cerrado, which is locally common in central Brazil extending to a single area in Bolivia.
In habit, very unequal sepals and the form of its inflorescence resembling a linear-leaved form of
BRAZIL. Goiás, Fazenda Agua Fria, Alto Paraíso de Goias, cerca 10 km en direção a Teresina de Goias, 14 04 217S, 47 30 336 W, 1448 m, 20 Feb. 2001,
Completely glabrous, slender, probably clambering perennial herb, stems thin, wiry, slightly woody. Leaves sessile, 2.5–5.5 × 0.05–0.1 cm. linear-filiform, acute, minutely apiculate. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 8–18 mm; bracteoles deltoid, 1mm long, caducous; pedicels 6–8 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, 5–6 × 2 mm, broadly lanceolate, acute and mucronate, margin narrow, scarious; inner 7–9 × 2 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, margins broad, scarious; corolla 3–3.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 2.5–3 cm diam., undulate, the midpetaline bands ending in acute points; stamens included. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
High altitude endemic of campo limpo úmedo at 1400 m, only known from the type collection.
Similar to
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais,
Prostrate or decumbent (rarely twining) herb from a woody xylopodium, glabrous or nearly so in all parts, stems somewhat woody. Leaves shortly petiolate, 4–11 × 0.2–1.5 cm, narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, acute, base attenuate, cuneate, broadly cuneate or rounded; petioles 5–10 (–25) mm, straight and relatively stout. Inflorescence of solitary or (rarely) paired, pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 0.3–3.5 cm, very variable in length, often short; bracteoles 2–3 mm, ovate, caducous; pedicels 7–16 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, scarious-margined, somewhat accrescent in fruit, outer 6–11 × 4–5 mm, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute to obtuse and mucronate, inner 12–15 × 5–6 mm, oblong-elliptic, acute to obtuse; corolla 5.5–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, gradually widened from a narrow base, pink, glabrous, limb unlobed, c.3.5 cm diam. Capsules 13–15 × 7 mm, ovoid, shortly apiculate, glabrous; seeds 8 × 4 mm, minutely tomentellous.
Locally common in cerrados and pampas, possibly stimulated by burning. NE Argentina, eastern Paraguay, Noel Kempff Park in Bolivia and central and southern Brazil.
Distinguished by the linear or oblong leaves which are usually cuneate at the base, rarely subtruncate but never cordate or sagittate.
We agree with
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Mun. Santana de Riacho,
Glabrous ascending or erect subshrub to 60 cm, with woody, tuberous xylopodium; stems glabrous, somewhat woody, bark pale brown. Leaves petiolate, 3–7 × 1–2.8 cm, broadly oblong to oblong-elliptic, obtuse and mucronate, base broadly cuneate, margin undulate to crenate, abaxially paler; petioles 0.4 –1.7 cm. Inflorescence of leafy branched, axillary, few-flowered cymes, in erect plants mostly arising in the upper leaf axils; peduncles 0.5–3 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, triangular, caducous; secondary peduncle 2–6 mm, often scabrid; pedicels 0.5–2.5; sepals unequal, outer 7–11 × 4–5 mm, ovate-elliptic, rounded to retuse, mucronate, margins scarious, inner 9–14 mm, broadly oblong, obtuse to retuse, margins scarious; corolla 4–6.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4–5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules (immature) ovoid, apiculate, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Cerrado and campo rupestre between 1000–1380 m, endemic to the planalto of central Brazil.
This species holds together despite the varied habit because of its broadly oblong to oblong-elliptic leaves which are usually undulate to crenate on the margins and because of the usually branched inflorescence. In related species the flowers are solitary–very rarely paired in
PARAGUAY. [Canendiyú], Ipe hú [Ypé Jhu], Sierra de Maracayú,
Undershrub from a xylopodium; stems erect, slender, wiry and somewhat woody, pale brown, glabrous, granulose, 10–15 cm high. Leaves subsessile, imbricate, 4–11.5 × 0.3–2.2 cm, linear, oblong or ovate, acute and mucronate, base tapering, cuneate, truncate to subcordate, glabrous, abaxially veins prominent; petioles 2–3 mm. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 0–2 mm, almost suppressed; bracteoles caducous, ovate, c. 1 mm; pedicels 4–10 mm, slightly thickened upwards, sometimes granulose; sepals slightly unequal, ovate, acute, (obtuse and mucronate in type), outer 10–14 × 3–6 mm, inner 13–16 × 8 mm, broader and slightly longer, margins scarious; corolla 6–8 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3–4.5 cm, the midpetaline bands ending in a small tooth. Capsules (immature), ovoid, apiculate, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Cerrados of eastern Paraguay and central Brazil.
Extraordinarily variable in terms of leaf shape (linear to ovate) and leaf size (3–4 cm long v. > 10 cm) as also in sepal size (6–7 mm v. 13–15 mm) and apex (finely acuminate to rounded). However the differences are not geographically marked and each of the three populations is variable within itself. The species is held together by the combination of granulose stems, subsessile imbricate leaves, very short peduncles, slightly unequal sepals and glabrous corollas. Molecular studies suggest this species is very closely related to and perhaps not distinct from
PARAGUAY. Villarrica,
Liana climbing to at least 5 m, rarely trailing; stems rea; glabrous in all vegetative parts. Leaves petiolate, coriaceous, 4–10 × 3–7.5 cm, ovate, base shallowly cordate, apex acute and shortly mucronate, both surface glabrous; petioles 2–4.5 cm. Inflorescence often borne on leafy axillary shoots, c. 8–12 cm long; peduncles 0.2–5.5(–14) cm; bracteoles resembling tiny leaves; secondary and tertiary peduncles 8–12 mm; pedicels 2–3 cm, thicker than peduncles; sepals subequal, 13–17 × 6–10 mm, inner slightly longer, oblong elliptic, rounded, transparent, margins scarious, somewhat accrescent in fruit; corolla c. 6 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, dark pink, glabrous; filaments inserted c. 8 mm above the base, 10–13 mm long, only slightly unequal, anthers 5 mm; style white, c. 2.3 cm long, ovary glabrous. Capsules 15–20 × 7–10 mm, ovoid to ellipsoid, acute, angled, 4-seeded; seeds 5–10 × 4 mm (immature), the angles with silky hairs10–12 mm long.
Figures
Seasonally moist forest in scattered locations from Paraguay, the São Paulo region of Brazil and the Santa Cruz area of Bolivia north to Colombia and Venezuela.
Most collections from Amazonian Peru and Brazil have sepals with very prominent scarious margins.
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Lima Duarte, P.N. Estadual do Ibitipoca, prov. Rio do Salto, 21°42'80"S, [43°47'W] (longitude missing from label), 1200 m, 9 March 2003, fl., fr.,
Twining perennial of unknown height, glabrous in all vegetative parts. Leaves petiolate, 3–4 × 1.3–2.2 cm, deltoid, finely acuminate, shortly mucronate, base truncate to cordate with rounded auricles, margin denticulate, abaxially paler with prominent veins; petioles very slender, curved, 9–17 mm. Inflorescence of solitary pedunculate, axillary flowers; peduncles 10–15 mm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels noticeably stouter than peduncles 12–15 mm; sepals subequal, elliptic, glabrous, margins scarious, outer 8–11 × 4–6 mm, obtuse, inner 9–12 × 6–7 mm, rounded, usually c. 0.5 mm longer and 1 mm wider than outer sepals; corolla c. 5.5 cm long, pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb 3–3.5 cm diam. Capsules 13 × 6–7 mm, conical, glabrous, strongly rostrate, the apex 4–5 mm long, persistent.
Figure
Endemic to the area of the type locality in the P.N. Estadual do Ibitipoca in Minas Gerais.
Almost certainly related to
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Caldas,
Perennial, liana-like climber reaching many metres, stems glabrous, woody. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–9 × 1.5–4 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, subtruncate to shallowly cordate, glabrous, abaxially glaucous; petioles 1–4 cm, slender. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes, often laxly racemose in form and pendulous; peduncles 1–4 cm, very slender; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 1.5–2.5 cm, often exceeding peduncles; sepals unequal, glabrous, scarious-margined, outer sepals 6–9 × 4 mm, elliptic, obtuse, inner 9–10 × 4–5 mm, broadly elliptic, rounded; corolla 4–5 cm long, lemon-yellow, glabrous, abruptly widened above base so appearing inflated, limb c. 3 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 12–13 × 7–8 mm, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, pilose with reddish hairs 6–8 mm long.
Atlantic forest and Paraná forest relics; southern Brazil and neighbouring parts of Paraguay and Argentina.
None of the original syntypes in LE, K, M and S are very satisfactory, either lacking corollas or with badly eaten leaves. The lectotype selected here is probably the best from a not very high quality selection of specimens.
This is a distinctive species because of the very lax inflorescence and the pendulous, yellow-green campanulate corollas which are abruptly inflated at the apex of the calyx.
MEXICO. Est. México, Temascaltepec, Nanchititla,
Climbing herb, glabrous or with a few hairs at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 5.5–17 × 4.5–12.5 cm, ovate, cordate, finely acuminate, terminating in a long hair-point, adaxially with a few appressed hairs, abaxially glabrous; petioles 3.5–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 2–6 cm, winged; bracteoles 1–3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 3–4.5 mm; sepals glabrous, outer 2.5–3 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse and mucronate, abaxially with three wings terminating in mucros c. 3 mm long, inner 3–3.5 mm, elliptic, obtuse with a single wing terminating in a mucro, middle sepal 2-winged; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, funnel-shaped, tube white, shallowly lobed, lobes probably purple, glabrous. Capsules subglobose, > 3 mm wide, rostrate, glabrous; seeds not known.
Endemic to central Mexico, occurring in a few scattered localities between 1000 and 2000 m.
The strongly winged peduncles are very distinct as are the dentate (sometimes described as winged) sepals. The latter suggests a connection with
BRAZIL. Rio São Francisco, Salgado, Minas Gerais,
Slender, probably annual, glabrous twining herb. Leaves petiolate, divided into 5 separate leaflets, leaflets 3–6 × 0.2–0.7 cm, linear, apiculate, acuminate at both ends; petioles 1.5–2 cm. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncle slender, 1–4 cm, often coiled and often bent 90° at apex; bracteoles 2 mm, linear; pedicels 5–7 mm; sepals unequal, outer sepals 7 mm, ovate, acuminate, margin strongly fimbriate below, base abruptly truncate to sagittate; inner sepals not seen; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped with narrow tube, c. 0.5 cm diam., glabrous, pink. Capsules globose, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Endemic to the semi-arid NE of Brazil, where it appears to be uncommon.
The coiled, or at least sharply bent, pedicels suggest a close relationship with
Based on
Twining annual herb, plant completely glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, divided into 5–7 separate sessile leaflets, leaflets 3–7 × 0.3–1 cm, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; petioles 2.5–5.5 cm. Flowers solitary (rarely paired), axillary, pedunculate; peduncles slender, flexuose and sometimes coiled, 3–6 cm long; bracteoles minute, c. 1 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 5–8 mm, stouter than peduncles; sepals subequal, 5–7 mm, scarious-margined, outer 4–5 × 2.5–3 mm, ovate, obtuse, abaxially slightly muricate, inner 5–6 × 3 mm, broadly oblong, rounded; corolla 1.7–2.2 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 1 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 7 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5 × 2.5 mm, tomentose.
Figure
Widely distributed throughout the neotropics but scattered, often ephemeral, never very common and unrecorded in some areas, for example Colombia, where it might be expected to occur. It seems to favour dry parts of islands and seasonally dry areas such as the Brazilian Caatinga and the Chaco region.
Distinguished from other species with 5-foliolate leaves, by the annual habit, small flowers and slender flexuose peduncles.
The plant from which the type of this species was drawn appeared amongst cultivated material in the Calcutta Botanic Garden (
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Cachoeira Dourada do Rio Paranaiba em Ituiutaba, 9 May 1948,
Slender twining or trailing herb, probably annual, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3(–5)-foliate with distinct truncate(and very briefly cuneate) base, lateral lobes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse with a basal obtuse to acute auricle/lobe, central lobe narrowly oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, glabrous to thinly pilose, esp. on veins; petioles 3–5 cm, thinly pilose with multicellular hairs. Flowers solitary (rarely paired); peduncle very short, 0–3 mm, glabrous; bracteoles 5–8 mm, filiform, persistent; pedicels 5–15 mm, thinly pilose; outer sepals 13–20 × 8–10 mm, ovate, acute, base cordate and auriculate, inner similar but smaller, both glabrous to thinly pilose; corolla c. 2.5 cm long, white, glabrous. Capsules subglobose, 9 mm, glabrous, the style somewhat persistent; seeds unknown.
Endemic to the Brazilian planalto found very locally in cerrado.
Very distinct because of the truncate base to the 3-lobed leaves.
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Norte, Felipe Guerra, Cachoeira do Roncador, -5,57943333S, -37,67805556W, 56 m., 21 Apr 2016,
Endemic to Rio Grande do Norte where it is found at low altitudes on the Chapada de Apodi and at the Cachoeira do Roncador in Felipe Guerra.
This species was originally published as the first record of
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul, Mun. Corumbá, Fazenda Nhumirim, caminho para o Caronal, Nhecolandia, 90 m,
Slender herb, probably perennial; stems sometimes creeping and rooting at the nodes, sometimes ascending and twining up to c. 30 cm, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, sometimes dimorphic; petioles 0.8–3 cm, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; lamina glabrous or thinly pubescent, abaxially pale green, base cuneate, occasionally ovate-deltoid, 1 –5.6 × 1.7–4.5 cm, acute, more commonly digitately 3–5-lobed to near the base with lobes 1–4.8 × 0.1–0.6 cm, linear or lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence of solitary axillary flowers; peduncles 1–3 cm; bracteoles persistent, 4 × 0.5 mm, ciliate; pedicels 1–3 cm, often dark red, thinly pilose; sepals very unequal, outer sepals 15–24 × 3–6 mm, deltoid, acute to shortly mucronate, base truncate with a simple or notched lateral tooth, margin ciliate, inner sepals 10–18 × 3–4 mm, similar in shape but lacking the distinct lateral teeth, abaxially pubescent in the central area, margins glabrous; corolla 3.8–5.5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous; limb c. 2.5 cm diam., the lobes apiculate; stamens included; ovary glabrous. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figures
Known certainly from a few collections from the Corumbá region but perhaps also in Piauí.
Very distinctive when both leaf forms present but also easily distinguished by the truncate base of the outer sepals.
A specimen from Piauí, Castelo do Piauí,
GUYANA.
Twining perennial herb, completely glabrous in all parts. Leaves petiolate, divided into 5(–7) separate sessile leaflets, leaflets 2. 5–6 × 0.1–0.4(–0.7) cm, linear to narrowly oblong, apiculate, acuminate at base; petioles 0.5–5 cm. Inflorescence of 1(–3)-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles slender, 0.8 –1.8 cm, often flexuose; bracteoles 1.5 mm, deltoid, caducous; pedicels 1–1.5 cm, stouter than peduncles; sepals subequal, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, ovate, shortly apiculate, pale green; corolla 4–6 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 12–14 cm long, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm, dark brown, nearly glabrous.
Widely distributed in wetlands in tropical South America from Colombia and the Guianas south to northern Argentina but usually in small quantity in scattered populations; also present on the Isla de Juventud [Pinos], Cuba, perhaps an ancient introduction by birds. Characteristic of small streams with moving water in open areas below 500 m.
Usually easily recognised by the very short sepals combined with the 5-foliolate leaves and relatively large glabrous flower.
••• Clade D (species 379–388) comprises a small clade of entirely American species. All species are herbaceous but show no other obvious common character.
BRAZIL.
Trailing or climbing perennial herb to 1.5 cm, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 0.8–5.5 cm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate and mucronate, base cordate with rounded to acute auricles, glabrous or puberulent, abaxially pale green; petioles 0.5–2 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered, dense, pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 0.5–4(–12) cm long, often very short, puberulent or glabrous; bracteoles 1.5–6 × 0.5–1.5 mm, ovate, acute, scarious except for green midrib, caducous; pedicels 3–7 mm; sepals unequal, somewhat variable in structure, glabrous, fleshy, white or pale green with darker spots and green apex, abaxially often with a prominent tooth-like appendage; outer sepals 6–7 × 3 mm, obovate or elliptic, obtuse, inner 9–10 × 4 mm, suborbicular-obovate, rounded to truncate with prominent angles, margin scarious; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, white, lilac or pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb c. 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 7–8 mm, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 5 × 3 mm, lanate on margins, pubescent on faces.
Figures
BRAZIL. Para,
Twining perennial herb or small liana, stems glabrous to thinly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, ovate, shortly acuminate, usually cordate with rounded to obtuse auricles, sometimes sagittate with acute auricles, glabrous except on the veins to subtomentose (
Figure
Widely distributed in the neotropics and characteristic of moist lowland forest from southern Mexico south to Bolivia and Brazil at around 16°S.
The unequal scarious-margined sepals distinguish this species from all similar species except
Although most specimens of
GUATEMALA.
Entirely glabrous, twining perennial or liana; stems often granulose. Leaves petiolate, 3–8 × 1.5–6 cm, oblong-ovate to ovate, acute, base cordate, the auricles acute or rounded, abaxially paler; petioles 2–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of rather dense axillary pedunculate cymes; peduncles 5–10 cm; bracteoles ovate, c. 2 mm, caducous; pedicels short, 0.5–1.7 cm; sepals unequal, outer 1–3 × 2–3 mm, suborbicular to elliptic, the margin scarious, inner 7–8 × 3–4 mm, oblong-elliptic, rounded; corolla 5–6 cm long, funnel shaped, white with a purple tube, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., the midpetaline bands terminating in small teeth. Capsules ovoid, 8–9 × 6–7 mm, glabrous, rostrate, the persistent style 4–5 mm long; seeds 7 × 4 mm, densely white-pubescent.
Lowland forests in Central America south to northern Peru.
Very close to
We have been cautious in accepting South American records of this species, which may have been confused with
Based on
Glabrous twining herb. Leaves petiolate, 2–11 × 1.5–8 cm, ovate-deltoid, shortly and often abruptly acuminate or acute, cordate, auricles rounded to acute, often with a distinct tooth and sometimes shallowly bilobed, abaxially with prominent venation; petioles 1–8 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered, somewhat congested, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1–6 cm, often stout and somewhat swollen upwards, sometimes warty; bracteoles 2–3 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 2–5 mm, sometimes warty; sepals slightly unequal, 5–10 × 3.5–7 mm, the margins white, outer ovate, acute to mucronate, usually conspicuously warty but otherwise glabrous, inner obtuse and mucronate, smooth, slightly larger; corolla 2–3 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or white, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., the midpetaline bands terminating in mucros. Capsules 9–10 mm, subglobose, rostrate with prominent persistent style, glabrous; seeds 5.5 mm long, grey, long-pilose.
In South America this species extends in an arc from Bolivia through Peru to southern Colombia and then eastwards to Guyana and north east Brazil where it is especially common. There is an isolated record from Costa Rica. In Africa it is widely distributed across the Sahel region from Senegal and Sierra Leone east to Sudan and Ethiopia. In India it has recently been discovered in Gujerat (
Molecular studies (
This species is sometimes confused with
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Morro do Lobo,
Slender herb climbing to 70 cm, possibly annual, stems thinly pilose. Leaves petiolate, 3–4 cm long, 5-lobed to near base, base broadly cuneate, segments oblong to obovate, narrowed at base, minutely retuse and mucronulate, glabrous, punctate abaxially at least when young; petioles 3–4.5 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of solitary or paired, axillary flowers; peduncles 2–5 cm, glabrous; bracteoles 2 mm, filiform; pedicels notably thicker than peduncle, 10–15 mm; sepals nearly equal or inner slightly longer, 6–11 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate or oblong, finely acuminate, mucronate, glabrous or with a few spreading trichomes and spinules near base, margin narrowly scarious; corolla 2–3 cm long, cream with lavender centre, funnel-shaped to subcampanulate, glabrous; limb 2.5 cm, obscurely lobed, midpetaline bands ending in a tooth. Capsules 7–8 mm, glabrous, subglobose, slender style shortly persistent; seeds densely shortly pilose.
Relatively frequent in the Caatinga region of NE Brazil; elsewhere rare and very scattered in occurrence both in other parts of Brazil, as well as in Guyana, Bolivia, Venezuela, Cuba and the Dominican Republic, and known from single records in four of these countries.
An apparently easily overlooked annual herb distinguished by the palmately-lobed, abaxially punctate leaves, the yellowish corolla with a dark centre and the acuminate, mucronate sepals.
BRAZIL. Tocantins, Mun. Itacajá, Reserva Indígena Krahó, Aldea Pedra Blanca, 9 May 2000,
Slender twining herb of unknown height; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2–3.5 × 1–3 cm, 3-lobed with the central lobe lanceolate, entire, the laterals 2–3-lobed, the first second lobe bent forwards and the third lobe bent backwards, base truncate, apex finely acuminate; petioles 0.7–2 cm. Inflorescence of solitary, axillary flowers; peduncles very short, 0–3 mm, thinly pubescent; bracteoles, 1–3 mm, relatively persistent, thinly ciliate; pedicels 6–12 mm, thickened upwards, pubescent; sepals subequal, 11–12 × 1.5–2.5 mm, narrowly lanceolate, finely acuminate, mucronate, outer pubescent, inner pubescent with broad glabrous margins; corolla c. 2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, midpetaline bands terminating in a prominent tooth, c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 5 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 5 × 2 mm, dark grey, minutely tomentellous.
Figure
Only known from the type. Locally abundant in disturbed ground on sand.
Very distinct because of the unusual leaf shape, solitary flowers with suppressed peduncles and narrowly lanceolate, pubescent sepals.
Based on
Erect or decumbent perennial from an often somewhat tufted woody rootstock with several stems from base, stems glabrous or obscurely pubescent, sometimes rooting at the nodes. Leaves petiolate, 4–12 × 0.2–0.7 cm, linear or linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, acute, apiculate, base cuneate to subrounded, glabrous; petioles 0.5–2.5 cm long, glabrous to sparsely pilose. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired) flowers from the uppermost leaf axils, or apparently terminal; peduncles 0.5–4 cm; bracteoles filiform, 2–5 mm; pedicels 7–10 mm; sepals subequal, 4–7 mm long, lanceolate, finely acuminate, glabrous, margins scarious; corolla 3–4 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped from pale tube 10–15 mm long, glabrous, limb c. 3 cm diam. unlobed but toothed at tips of midpetaline bands. Capsules 7–8 mm, glabrous, globose, usually 2-seeded; seeds 4.5 × 3 mm, minutely pubescent.
French Guiana and Amapá State in Brazil. On granite outcrops and inselbergs in savanna.
A very unusual species because of the finely acuminate, linear to linear-lanceolate leaves, subequal, lanceolate filiform sepals and glabrous corolla. The placement of this species is uncertain.
Based on
Perennial twining herb to 2 m, stems scabrous, pubescent or pilose, the hairs swollen at base. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2–8 × 1.5–5.5 cm, entire or 3-lobed, lanceolate to ovate, slightly constricted above base, apex acute to finely acuminate, mucronate, base cordate to sagittate with narrow sinus, auricles acute to rounded, sometimes shallowly bifurcate, both surfaces thinly pubescent to tomentose but pubescence denser on veins and margins, abaxially paler; petioles 1–7 cm, pubescent to densely pilose. Inflorescence of 1–4-flowered clusters at apex of long, axillary peduncles; peduncles 2.5–15 cm, pubescent to pilose; bracteoles 10–21 × 1–4 mm, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, pubescent, persistent; pedicels very short, 1–6 mm, thinly pilose; so bracteoles ±appressed to the calyx; sepals slightly unequal, pilose and ciliate, outer 2–3 mm longer than inner, 13–16 × 3–5 mm, lanceolate to ovate, finely acuminate, inner 10–11 × 2–3 mm, lanceolate, margins scarious; corolla 3.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pilose on midpetaline bands, limb 2.5–5 cm diam., undulate. Capsules globose, 7–8 × 7–8 mm, glabrous; seeds 4.5 × 3 mm, obovoid, minutely scabrous.
Figures
An uncommon species of swampy grassland at low altitudes principally in Brazil, but also found in Bolivia and Colombia, occurring in scattered populations around the edges of the Amazonian region.
A very distinctive species because of the subcapitate inflorescence with persistent lanceolate to ovate bracteoles, densely pilose sepals, and globose capsule. However, it is extremely variable especially in indumentum and leaf shape so it is difficult to believe all specimens belong to the same species unless a range of specimens is examined. Leaves vary from ovate, cordate with rounded auricles to lanceolate sagittate with simple or bifurcate acute auricles. Margins may be entire or with one or more irregular large teeth. Indumentum varies from simply pubescent to densely tomentose. Consequently we can see no reason to maintain
BOLIVIA. Velasco, Flor de Oro,
Slender twining herb of unknown height; stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 1.5–2.7 × 0.4–1.2 cm, lanceolate-deltoid, obtuse to acute, mucronate, base cordate, auricles variable, rounded, acute, or rounded with a prominent tooth, adaxially tomentose, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 3–7 mm, densely pubescent. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate axillary flowers; peduncles 2–3 mm, densely pubescent; bracteoles 3–4 × 0.5–1 mm, filiform, tomentose, persistent, ±appressed to calyx; pedicels 0–1 mm; sepals subequal, 7–8 × 1–1.5 mm, lanceolate, acute, densely pubescent, inner slightly narrower with scarious glabrous margins; corolla 2–2.5 cm long, pale pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb c. 1 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Endemic to the Noel Kempff Mercado National Park and only known from the type. It grows in seasonally flooded pampa.
This very slender species is unlike any
Based on
Perennial herb; stems trailing, rooting at the nodes, glabrous, up to 5 m long. Leaves petiolate, slightly succulent, 1.5–3 × 0.8–2 cm, rather small and variable, linear, lanceolate or characteristically shortly oblong (± rectangular) or 3–5-lobed with the terminal larger than the laterals, apex obtuse or retuse, base truncate or very shallowly cordate, margin entire, undulate; petioles 0.5–4.5 cm. Flowers solitary (rarely 2–3), axillary, pedunculate; peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, caducous; pedicels 8–15 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, oblong-oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, outer 7–12 mm, mucronate with mucro bent outwards, inner sepals 12–15 mm, pale and somewhat scarious; Corolla 3.5–4 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with a yellowish tube, glabrous, limb unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 10–12 mm, glabrous; seeds 7–8 × 4 mm, tomentose with longer hairs on margins.
Pantropical on sand by the sea but rather scattered in occurrence. In the Americas on the Pacific coast from Ecuador and the Galapagos north to Mexico (Baja California and Sonora), thus avoiding the relatively cool Peruvian coast; on the Atlantic coast from Rio Grande do Sul north to Georgia in the United States and the Bahamas; also in the Caribbean but not recorded from most smaller islands.
A very distinctive species because of its habitat (maritime sands), whitish corolla and unusual, although very variable, small leaves.
••• Clade E (species 389–392; Figure
Icon in Plumier, Codex Boerhaavianus, t. sub n. 851 (lectotype, designated by
Vigorous, glabrous trailing or climbing perennial, stems woody to 10 m. Leaves petiolate, 5–16 × 5–14 cm, ovate to suborbicular (rarely 3-lobed), shortly acuminate, mucronulate, base cordate with rounded auricles, glabrous, prominently reticulate below; petioles 3.5–11 cm. Flowers opening at night, usually solitary (rarely up to 3), pedunculate from the leaf axils, peduncles 2.5–10 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 2–4 cm, noticeably thickened upwards; sepals subequal, 16–23 mm, suborbicular to elliptic, obtuse, sometimes mucronulate, glabrous; corolla hypocrateriform, with long cylindrical tube 5–9 cm in length and spreading limb c. 4–8 cm diam., white except for yellow lines on lobes, glabrous, stamens included or shortly exserted. Capsules 20–25 mm, compressed globose, glabrous; seeds 10–12 × 8 mm, blackish, puberulent except for shaggy hairs on the margins.
Figures
Photographs of
Pantropical on or near seashores, growing in mangrove swamp and less commonly on beaches. In the Americas, scattered and never very abundant but most common around the Caribbean. Nearly absent from the Pacific coast, including the Galapagos Islands, and only present in the Choco of Colombia.
Despite the epithet
ECUADOR. Galapagos Islands, Hood [Española] Island,
Scrambling liana with white latex, to c. 8 m in height; stems stout, woody, glabrous. Leaves characteristically held erect, petiolate, 6–15 × 1.8–3.5 cm, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute and long-mucronate, base broadly cuneate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially reticulate; petioles 2.2–6.5 cm. Inflorescence of 1-several flowers in axillary compound cymes, peduncles 1–6 cm, stout, occasionally with reflexed spinules; bracteoles not seen; pedicels 8–22 mm long, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 1.2–2 × 0.7–0.8 cm, ovate, obtuse, mucronulate, inner 1.6–2.3 cm, oblong-ovate, truncate, margins scarious; corolla opening at night, glabrous, tube cylindrical, 7–9 cm long, c. 0.7 cm wide, greenish, limb 4 cm–6 cm, white, undulate. Capsules 2.2 × 1.4 cm, ellipsoid, beaked, glabrous; seeds 11 × 7 mm, densely pilose on the margin with brownish hairs c. 5 mm long.
Figures
Endemic to the Galapagos Islands.
Its nearest relative appears to be
YEMEN. Zabid,
Aquatic perennial, stems floating or creeping over mud and rooting at the nodes, several metres long, hollow, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–12(–17) × 1–6 cm, deltoid, lanceolate, ovate or oblong, acute to acuminate, base hastate to weakly sagittate, the auricles usually acute, sometimes bifid, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 3–12(–17) cm. Inflorescence of lax, few-flowered, pedunculate axillary cymes, peduncles 1.5–9 cm, glabrous except for pilose base; bracteoles 1–2 mm, ovate; pedicels 2–5 cm, slender and very variable in length in the same plant; sepals subequal, outer 7–8 mm, elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, inner sepals c. 8 mm, ovate-elliptic, acute, margins sometimes scarious; corolla 4–5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale pink or lavender with darker centre, occasionally white, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam. Capsules ovoid to subglobose, shortly rostrate, c. 10 × 8 mm, woody, glabrous, tardily dehiscent; seeds densely pubescent.
Pantropical plant of Old World origin growing in muddy swamp and on lake margins. In the Americas it is well naturalised and sometimes regarded as invasive, as in Florida, Cuba and Guyana, but not recorded from many areas where it might be expected including the Dominican Republic.
Popular in SE Asia as a stir-fried vegetable but not generally eaten in the Americas. White and pink flowered varieties are sometimes noted.
Usually easily identified by its aquatic habitat. The stems root at the nodes on mud but become free-floating on water. The leaves are variable but often narrowly lanceolate and sagittate.
Based on
Twining perennial herb to 3 m, stems glabrous, often muricate. Leaves petiolate, digitately divided into 5–7 leaflets, the laterals sometimes joined at base, leaflets 1–5 × 0.3–1 cm, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute and mucronate, glabrous; petioles with stipule-like outgrowths at base, 1–5 cm. Flowers usually solitary, sometimes in shortly pedunculate, 2–3-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 0.3–1 cm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, oblong, caducous; pedicels 0.3–2.5 cm; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous with scarious margins, outer 5–7 × 4 mm oblong-ovate, acute, often abaxially rugose, inner 6–8 mm, broadly ovate-elliptic, obtuse; corolla 4.5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous, limb 4 cm diam., unlobed. Capsules 1–1.3 cm, subglobose, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm, tomentellous with longer caducous marginal hairs, rarely subglabrous.
A species of Old World origin, now widespread throughout tropical and subtropical regions up to least 2600 m, but much more common in some regions than others, such as northern Argentina, eastern Paraguay and southern Brazil; unexpectedly absent in others, such as Hispaniola (
Readily identified by the 5–7-foliolate leaves and the nearly unique, stipule-like outgrowths at the base of the petiole. It is, however, extremely variable, especially so in Hawaii. Many plants from Hawaii have elliptic leaflets up to 3.5 cm wide and correspondingly robust pseudo-stipules. There also occurs in Hawaii a
We have found a specimen (
••• Species 393–419 This is the large, essentially Old World Clade (OWC), containing a small number of naturally occurring New World species as well as several Old World species which are ancient or recent introductions to the New World.
Based on
Twining liana climbing to several metres, stems, stout, white-sericeous, latex white. Leaves petiolate, large, 9–17 × 8–15 cm, ovate cordate, apex acute to rounded and shortly mucronate, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially white tomentose; petioles 3–10 cm, white sericeous. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate, bracteolate cymes, often compact; peduncles 15–21 cm, sericeous; bracteoles 2.5–6 × 1.8–3.2 cm, ovate, to broadly oblong-elliptic, long-acuminate, papery, pale yellow-green, sericeous, deciduous; secondary peduncles 1 cm; pedicels 2–6 mm, sericeous; sepals 12–16 × 10–11 mm, elliptic-obovate, mucronate, sericeous; corolla 5–6 cm long, dark pink, sericeous, abruptly widened above a short basal tube, funnel-shaped; limb lobed, c. 4 cm diam. Capsules c. 2 × 1.5 cm, subglobose, glabrous, partially enclosed by the strongly accrescent sepals, which can reach up to 2.5 × 2.5 cm; seeds 6 × 4 mm, shortly tomentose.
Native of Asia of imprecise origin. Most records even from the Old World are of cultivated plants. In the Neotropics it is sometimes cultivated for its flowers, principally around the Caribbean and is occasionally reported as an escape.
This is the only representative of the large, entirely Old World
• Species 394–397 form a clade of morphologically very similar species, native to the neotropics. Molecular studies using
Based on
Liana climbing high over shrubs to 7 m, stems white-tomentose, especially when young, roots tuberous. Leaves petiolate, 3–10 × 3–11 cm, broadly ovate, base truncate to subcordate, apex retuse, rounded or obtuse, adaxially pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles (1–)3–6(–10) cm, pubescent to tomentose. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal cymes, the later compound and often paniculate or racemose in form, sometimes distinctly leafy; peduncles 2–11 cm, tomentose; bracteoles 2–9 mm, linear, tomentose, soon caducous; short (c. 5 mm), secondary and tertiary peduncles often present; pedicels 5–25 mm, tomentose; calyx narrow and ±cylindrical, sepals subequal, 10–14 × 4–7 mm, oblong-obovate, obtuse to rounded, drying brown, glabrous or nearly so, inner c. 2 mm longer than outer, the margins broad and scarious; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent in bud, glabrescent, limb 4–5 cm, weakly lobed. Capsules glabrous, ovoid, 14–17 × 6–7 mm; seeds reported as usually solitary, 9–10 mm long, minutely tomentellous.
Figure
Scattered in seasonally dry tropical forest below 1000 m in tropical South America, most common in the Chiquitano dry forest of eastern Bolivia, around Guayaquil and in northern Colombia and Venezuela.
This species is distinguished from
Based on
Liana climbing high over shrubs to 7 m, stems white-tomentose, especially when young, latex white. Leaves petiolate, 4–8 × 8–9 cm, broadly ovate, apex acute and mucronate or (less commonly) obtuse or retuse, base truncate to shallowly cordate, adaxially glabrous, glabrescent or shortly pubescent, abaxially grey-sericeous with long silky hairs; petioles 1–6 cm, tomentose. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes, these often leafy and appearing to be side branches; peduncles 3–13 cm; bracts resembling small leaves; bracteoles c. 5 mm long, linear-lanceolate, abaxially sericeous, caducous; secondary peduncles up to 9 cm long; pedicels 6–32 mm; sepals unequal, outer 8–10 × 3–4 mm, oblong, obtuse and sometimes mucronate, sericeous, inner 11–14 × 6 mm, elliptic-obovate, rounded, mucronate, sericeous, the margins broad, scarious, glabrous; corolla 5–7 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, sericeous with long silky hairs, limb c. 5 cm diam., shallowly lobed. Capsules ovoid, 14–18 × 7–10 mm, glabrous; seeds 1–2, narrowly ellipsoid, 8–10 mm, tomentellous.
Figures
Restricted to scattered locations in Brazil and Bolivia. In Brazil it is far more common than
Records from Peru (
PERU. [Cusco/Apurimac], common in the valley of the Apurimac, 8–9000 ft, [Jan. 1867],
Shrub 2–3 m high, white latex present; stems woody, sericeous. Leaves petiolate, 4–9 × 4–12 cm, broadly ovate, very shortly acuminate, base shallowly cordate to subtruncate, margin white-ciliolate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially grey sericeous-tomentellous, veins prominent; petioles 3.5–6 cm, sericeous. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 4–12 cm, white-sericeous; bracteoles 1.3–2.7 × 0.4–0.5 cm. lanceolate, finely acuminate, boat-shaped, adaxially glabrous, abaxially grey-sericeous; secondary peduncles 4–12 mm; pedicels 6–25 mm, white-sericeous; outer sepals oblong, cuneate at base, acute and strongly mucronate, 18–25 × 7–8 mm, densely sericeous becoming less so marginally, inner sepals 20–22 × 7 mm oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, the midrib and mucro sericeous, the margins nearly glabrous; corolla 5–6 cm long, pink, sericeous in bud, funnel-shaped, filaments pink. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Almost endemic to the Apurimac Valley in Peru at about 2100 m where it grows on steep slopes in dry forest.
This is a poorly known species close to
BRAZIL. Maranhão: Mun. Grajaú, 4 km W of Mondelandia on path to Rio Grajau,
Perennial climber, stems relatively stout, silky-velutinous. Leaves petiolate, 5–9 × 4–8 cm, ovate, apex acute, mucronate, base very broadly cuneate to subtruncate with rounded auricles, margin undulate, adaxially softly and densely pubescent, abaxially velvety-grey; petioles 2.5–4.5 cm, velvety-grey. Inflorescence of compound axillary cymes, these often racemose in form and sometimes distinctly leafy; peduncles 2.5–5 cm, velvety-grey, often extended as a rhachis and reaching 15 cm; secondary peduncles 0.5–2 cm, velvety-grey; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 10–12 mm, puberulent; sepals subequal, 7–8 × 6–8 mm, outer ovate, obtuse, inner suborbicular, rounded, abaxially velvety-grey, adaxially glabrous; corolla 4.5–6 cm long, sericeous, funnel-shaped, exterior white, interior pale pink; ovary pubescent.
Figure
Amazonian forest in disjunct locations of Brazil and Peru.
This species was described by Wood & Scotland in
This species appears to be related to
Its placement here is unconfirmed.
AUSTRALIA.
Annual herb, stems twining or prostrate, pubescent or hispid, up to 2 m long. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–8 × 0.8–5 cm, ovate to narrowly oblong, base usually subhastate with rounded auricles, apex acute, both surfaces pilose to glabrescent; petioles 1–6 cm. Inflorescence of axillary subsessile or shortly pedunculate compact cymes; peduncles 0–15 mm; bracteoles linear; pedicels 2–5 mm; sepals subequal, 8–9 × 3–4 mm, ovate, acuminate, hispid-pilose, spreading in fruit; corolla 6–9 mm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, white, pink or mauve, hirsute, limb c. 1.5 cm diam. Capsules globose, 5–7 mm diam., pubescent, often enclosed by the calyx; seeds 2.5 mm, black, glabrous, punctate.
A common Old World weedy species recorded as an adventive in the Caribbean region.
A rather distinct Old World annual species because of its small hirsute flowers, ovate acuminate sepals that are spreading in fruit, and hirsute capsule. It is the only representative of an Old World Clade found in the Neotropics.
INDIA.
Twining perennial herb, stems tomentose, to several metres long. Leaves petiolate, 4–8 × 3–5 cm, ovate-deltoid, often shallowly 3-lobed, cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute, adaxially pubescent, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 2–4 cm, grey-tomentose. Inflorescence of compact, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 3–12 cm, densely woolly-pilose; bracteoles 3–7 mm, linear, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present) 2–3 mm; pedicels 5–17 mm, pilose; sepals somewhat unequal, outer (8–)10–14 mm, accrescent to 16 mm in fruit, ovate-deltoid, acute (or obtuse), pilose, inner sepals 8–12 mm, obtuse, pilose, margins scarious; corolla 4–5.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, sericeous-pubescent, limb 4–5 cm diam. Capsules globose, 8–13 × 11–12 mm, enclosed by sepals, glabrous; seeds 5–6 mm long, pilose.
A pantropical species originally described from India but with every appearance of being native in parts of the New World especially in the basin of the Paraguay-Paraná Rivers. It is a plant with a very distinct ecology, growing at low altitudes beside slow-moving tropical rivers, streams and small lakes but is very scattered in its distribution, being rare or absent from many parts of the neotropics, particularly north of the Isthmus of Panama.
This superficially appears to belong to the
• Species 400–417 form a neotropical clade nested within the Old World Clade (OWC). Although several species show obvious similarities to others in the clade, there is no obvious single over-riding morphological feature which characterises the group. It is noteworthy that
MEXICO. Veracruz,
Vigorous twining perennial to 8 m; stems pubescent or glabrous, wiry, woody. Leaves rather shortly petiolate, 2.5–9.5(–16) × 1.5–8.5 cm, ovate, apex finely acuminate, mucronulate, often falcate, base shallowly cordate with rounded auricles, margins often somewhat undulate, abaxially paler, the veins prominent, usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent; petioles 1.7–8.5 cm, conspicuously slender, usually glabrous. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes, sometimes subumbellate and sometimes developing on small side shoots; peduncles 0–15 mm; bracteoles not seen; pedicels 7–27 mm; sepals slightly unequal, outer 5–15 × (2–)3.5–5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, margins scarious, glabrous, inner 10–18 × (2–)6 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse to rounded, margins scarious; corolla 5–6 cm long, bluish or white to lemon-yellow, fragrant, narrowly funnel-shaped, ventricose above a short basal tube 1–1.5 cm long, glabrous except short hairs on the margins of the lobes, limb c. 4 cm diam. sometimes dark pink. Capsules 12–14 × 8–10 mm, broadly ovoid, glabrous, the style persistent as a 4–6 mm long mucro; seeds 6–7 × 3.5 mm, dark brown with long whitish or brownish hairs on margins.
Figure
Widely distributed in moist forest from the northern Andes of Peru, Colombia and Venezuela through Central America to southern Mexico, with isolated populations in Bolivia, Peru and Jamaica. It is found up to about 2000 m but most records are from below 1500 m.
Generally nearly glabrous but the type of
The collection from Bolivia is a fruiting specimen but appears correctly named. The record from Ecuador (
Based on
Twining perennial to c. 5 m; stems with long, white, stiff, spreading hairs. Leaves petiolate, 6–12 × 5–10 cm, ovate, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed or with a single lateral lobe, shortly acuminate and mucronate, cordate with rounded auricles, margin often undulate, glabrous, paler beneath, thin in texture, main veins prominent beneath; petioles 4–4.5 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of 1(–2)-flowered, axillary, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 0.4–2.5 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 2–4 cm, darker than peduncle, conspicuously thickened upwards, glabrous; sepals subequal, 23–28 × 10 mm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, margin broad, scarious; corolla 7.5–11 cm long, glabrous, broadly funnel-shaped, the tube white, limb blue, deeply lobed. Capsules ovoid, c. 2 cm long, glabrous; seeds 10–13 × 5 mm, shortly tomentose but with long yellowish marginal hairs.
Figures
Scattered in disturbed bushy places in areas of good rainfall at low altitudes up to just over 1000 m along the Andean chain from northern Bolivia to southern Mexico:
An unmistakeable species because of its large blue flowers and pilose stems with very long white hairs.
PERU. Cusco, Anta, Sisal, Limatambo,
Twining perennial of unknown height; stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 3–6 × 3–6.5 cm, 3–5-lobed, lobes elliptic in outline, apex acuminate to an an obtuse mucronate tip, base shallowly cordate, margin weakly crenate, both surfaces glabrous, abaxially paler with prominent whittish veins; petioles 1.3–3 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with up to c. 7 flowers; peduncles 4–6 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 8–20 mm; calyx narrowly ovoid, sepals somewhat unequal, outer sepals 20–22 × 10 mm, ovate to ovate-elliptic, shortly mucronate, glabrous, margins scarious; inner sepals 15 × 8 mm, ellipsoid, mucronate, the scarious margins broad; corolla c. 6.5 cm long, campanulate, glabrous, deep pink, limb 3–4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Endemic to dry forest and scrub at 2300–2700 m in southern Peru.
The deep pink or purple corolla is very striking.
Based on
Liana climbing to about 7 m over shrubs and small trees; stems woody, usually glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–10 × 3–9 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, narrowed to an obtuse, shortly mucronate apex, glabrous or (rarely) pubescent, abaxially paler; petioles 2–5 cm. Inflorescence of lax compound cymes terminal on the main stem and on lateral branchlets 5–20 cm long; secondary peduncles 1–5 cm; bracteoles c. 2 mm, scale-like; pedicels 7–17 mm; sepals slightly unequal, oblong, obtuse, nearly completely scarious, glabrous, outer 10–11 mm, inner 11–14 mm; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, campanulate, cream with dark centre and yellow midpetaline bands, glabrous, limb c. 1.5–2 cm diam. Capsules narrowly ovoid, 11–14 × 3–4 mm, glabrous, style persistent; seeds 1–2, 4–5 mm diam., subglobose, tomentose.
Widespread throughout tropical America and introduced into the Old World but of uncertain status in several countries. It is locally frequent in disturbed bushy places usually near settlements at altitudes below about 1200 m but uncommon in much of South America, apparently absent from the Guianas and many Caribbean Islands, almost so from Paraguay and with few records in Colombia and Brazil. This patchy distribution suggests that it is not native throughout all of its range.
The protologue of
A conspicuously woody liana with a campanulate corolla and oblong scarious sepals, the inflorescence often subracemose or corymbose in appearance. The ripe fruit is distinctive as the sepals are persistent, become papery and spread outwards so aiding dispersal by the wind. The seeds have hallucinogenic properties (
BRAZIL.
Liana to 10 m; stems subtomentose, woody. Leaves petiolate, 3–11 × 2.5–8 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate with broad sinus, adaxially green, tomentellous, abaxially grey-tomentose; petioles 1.5–5 cm, tomentellous. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes, peduncles 2–5.5 cm, white-tomentellous; bracteoles 5–7 mm, oblong-lanceolate, white-tomentellous, tardily deciduous; secondary peduncles up to 1.5 cm; pedicels (5–)15–45 mm, often long and straight, white-tomentose; outer sepals unequal, outer 10–15 × 6–7 mm, ovate, acute, abruptly narrowed to subtruncate at base, often undulate to fimbriate-margined, white-tomentose, inner sepals 16–17 × 7 mm, broadly oblong, obtuse, tomentellous with broad scarious margins; corolla hypocrateriform, with cylindrical basal tube 3.5–4.5 cm in length and spreading, deep pink, lobes, pilose on the exterior, especially on tube and midpetaline bands, limb 5.5–6 cm diam.; stamens exserted, equal. Capsules 16 × 12 mm conical, shortly rostrate, tomentellous; seeds 8–9 × 5 mm, long-pilose.
Figure
Endemic to the cerrado biome in Brazil, where it is common in Minas Gerais and Goiás.
This species has long been known as
A very distinctive species because of its liana habit, hypocrateriform corolla, exserted stamens and tomentellous ovary and capsule. It is the only species we have observed in which the lower half of the style is pubescent.
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, Serra Farmarati, 1832,
Perennial twining or trailing herb to 3 m, stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 8–15 × 10–12, ovate, acute with a prominent mucro up to 6 mm long, base cordate, adaxially pubescent, abaxially paler and densely pubescent; petioles 4–9 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles1.5–11 cm, pilose; bracteoles 12–20 mm, linear-filiform, deciduous; pedicels 1–6 cm, pilose; sepals slightly unequal, outer 21–34 × 7–8 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, ciliate and pilose towards base, inner slightly broader, ovate, mucronate, glabrous, with scarious margins; corolla 8–10 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, glabrous; limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules 12 × 15, compressed globose, rostrate; seeds not seen.
A Brazilian endemic principally recorded from around Rio de Janeiro in disturbed bushy places.
This species is distinctive because of its very long pedicels and, especially, the elongate sepals.
BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Velasco, 6–10 km N de San Rafael en el camino a San Miguel,
Very slender, possibly annual, twining herb reaching no more than 1 m in height, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–5.5 × 1.5–4.5 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, becoming truncate upwards, apex acute and minutely mucronate, margin entire, adaxially thinly pilose, abaxially glabrous; petioles, 0.5–3 cm long, diminishing in length upwards, pubescent. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate 1–2-flowered cymes from the leaf axils; peduncles 3–7 mm, elongating in fruit to 20 mm, glabrous; bracteoles filiform, 1 mm; pedicels 3–7 mm, pubescent; sepals subequal, 5–6 × 2.5 mm (accrescent to 6.5 mm), ovate, acute terminating in an aristate point, pilose with scattered long multicellular hairs, margins slightly paler, inner sepals slightly shorter and paler, nearly glabrous; corolla c. 2.2 cm long, uniformly pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, midpetaline bands ending in a small white tooth; Capsules 6 × 3 mm, glabrous, ovoid, rostrate, the style base persistent as a pyramidal point 1.5 mm long.
Figure
Granite rock platforms at low altitudes in two very disjunct regions in Brazil and Bolivia.
BRAZIL. Alagoas, Quebrangulo, REBIO Pedra Talhada, 6 Sept. 2012,
Slender twining herb of unknown height; stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 4.5–10 × 3.5–8.5 cm, ovate and entire, undulate to shallowly 3-lobed, base cordate with rounded auricles, apex shortly acuminate, obtuse and mucronulate, adaxially thinly pubescent, abaxially paler, glabrous; margins ciliolate; petioles 1–8.5 cm pilose. Inflorescence of solitary, pedunculate flowers from the leaf axils; peduncles 3–11 mm; bracteoles 1–2 mm, lanceolate; pedicels 9–13 mm, thickened upwards, slightly winged, often recurved, thinly pubescent; sepals subequal, 7–8 × 1.75 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent and ciliate; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, pink, narrowly funnel-shaped, apparently glabrous, midpetaline bands ending in small teeth, limb c. 1.5 cm diam.; style globose. Capsules 10 × 7 mm, ovoid, shortly rostrate, glabrous; seeds 4, 5 × 2.5 mm, grey, densely tomentose.
Endemic to Mata Atlântica in NE Brazil.
This species has been interpreted as a form of
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso,
Twining perennial herb, stems glabrous or puberulent. Leaves petiolate, 3–9 × 3–9 cm, broadly ovate, cordate with broad sinus, acuminate, glabrous or shortly adpressed pubescent; petioles 1–6 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 0.5–8 cm; bracteoles very variable sometimes small, linear, caducous, sometimes large, expanded and leaf-like; secondary peduncles (if present), 2–6 mm; pedicels 8–21 mm; sepals slightly unequal, oblong-ovate, acute, covered in soft spines otherwise glabrous, puberulent, or, frequently, farinose, outer 12–14 × 4–5 mm, inner 14–15 × 5–6 mm, the scarious margins and upper part spineless; corolla 5.5–8 cm long, pink, glabrous outside, limb 4–5 cm, unlobed. Capsules ovoid, glabrous, 14–15 × 12 mm with stout rostrate apex 5 mm long; seeds c. 5 mm long, flattened ellipsoid, minutely tomentellous with long, dense, brownish marginal hairs.
A species with an amphitropical distribution being found in Mexico as well as in South America, where it has a typical Chaco distribution. In South America, it is characteristic of Chaco forest and scrub.
The presence of soft spines on the sepals makes this species unmistakeable and only likely to be confused with the following four species. From
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa,
Twining perennial herb reaching 4 m; stems thinly to densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 7–20 × 6–15 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate, both surfaces pubescent but abaxially more densely so and paler; petioles 5–18 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of 1–3-flowered, axillary cymes; peduncles 0–4 mm; bracteoles deltoid, up to 8 mm long; pedicels 15–40 mm, unequal in length, thinly pilose; sepals unequal, outer 15–25 × 3–4 mm, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, acuminate, covered in soft spines, which diminish towards the apex, thinly pilose with white hairs, inner sepals 12–16 mm, lanceolate, terminating in a long mucro, thinly pilose but nearly spineless, margins scarious; corolla c. 7 cm long, funnel-shaped, cream or white, glabrous outside, limb slightly lobed, c. 5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Central Brazil and Bolivia, apparently infrequent in both countries.
Obviously related to
GUATEMALA. Santa Rosa, Río de Las Cañas,
Twining perennial herb, stems glabrous or puberulent. Leaves petiolate, 3–12 × 3–11 cm, broadly ovate, cordate with broad sinus, acuminate, adaxially glabrous or shortly adpressed pilose, abaxially densely adpressed pilose; petioles 1–8 cm. Inflorescence of pedunculate 2-flowered cymes, borne on short branchlets 0.5–1.5 cm long with reduced leaves; peduncles 0–4 mm, tomentose; bracteoles 5–6 mm, filiform, caducous; secondary peduncles (if present), 2–6 mm; pedicels 20–40 mm; sepals unequal, outer 30–35 × 4–5 mmlanceolate, acuminate, covered in soft spines but apically spineless, pilose throughout with white hairs, inner 20–23 × 5–6 mm, margins broad, scarious, the spines restricted to the midrib area; corolla 7–8 cm long, pink, glabrous outside, limb 4–5 cm, unlobed. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Woodland borders at around 1000–1500 m in Central America, apparently common in Honduras and Guatemala.
The plate accompanying the protologue is incorrect and is of
Very similar to
PERU. Cusco, Paucartambo, Chontachaca a Pillahuata, 700 m,
Twining perennial herb 1–2 m high, growing over shrubs; stems pilose. Leaves petiolate, 7–11 × 7–9.5 cm, 3–lobed to half way or slightly less, base cordate with rounded auricles, lobes ovate, apex shortly acuminate and mucronate, both surfaces densely pubescent with somewhat asperous long hairs; petioles 4–12 cm, pilose. Inflorescence of up to 5-flowered axillary cymes; peduncles 1.3–5.3 cm, pilose; bracteoles 3–11 × 0.5–1 mm, filiform to linear, pilose; secondary peduncles (if present) 8–10 mm; pedicels 22–33 mm, pilose; sepals unequal, outer 14–17 × 5–6 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse, abaxially covered in scattered long white hairs mixed with soft spines, both 3–4 mm long, inner sepals 11–13 × 4–5 mm, ovate, mucronate, glabrous and spineless, margins scarious; corolla c. 5 cm long, funnel-shaped, white, glabrous; limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
A plant of lowland forest areas, endemic to the upper Amazon watershed on the borders of Peru and Brazil.
Clearly part of a complex of species with
Based on
Twining or trailing perennial herb; stems rather slender, pubescent but usually glabrescent, up to 2 m long. Leaves petiolate, 2–7 × 1.3–6 cm, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, glabrous or shortly pubescent on the veins; petioles 0.7–3.2 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence of few-flowered, shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 1–4 cm, glabrous, pubescent or thinly pilose; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, lanceolate; secondary peduncles 0.5–1.5 cm; pedicels 7–22 mm, often bent or recurved, glabrous or, less commonly, pubescent or pilose; sepals 5–6 × 2–3 mm, glabrous, often wrinkled/muricate, margins scarious, usually glabrous but occasionally pilose with long white trichomes, slightly unequal, outer ovate, acute to shortly acuminate or mucronate, inner ovate-elliptic obtuse, occasionally mucronate; corolla 3–4 cm long, pale yellow with purple base to the inside of the tube, narrowly funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb often weakly lobed, 3–4 cm diam. Capsules 10 × 7 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 4 × 2.5 mm, minutely tomentellous, sometimes glabrous (
Generally thought to be an African species introduced to the Caribbean region and locally common in disturbed places, especially in Cuba and Jamaica.
Plants from Cuba and Jamaica with glabrous seeds have been treated as
Based on
Twining or trailing perennial herb; stems rather slender, pilose or glabrescent, up to 1.2 m long. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–9 × 0.5–7.5 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, rarely sagittate (
Generally thought to be an African species introduced into the Caribbean region.
This hardly differs from
HONDURAS. Valle, Gulf of Fonseca,
Twining herb or liana to 6 m, stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–10.5 × 2–9.5 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate with rounded auricles (rarely 3-lobed), glabrous or pubescent, abaxially paler; petioles 3–7.5 cm. Inflorescence of subumbellate, branched, usually many-flowered axillary cymes, peduncles 2.5–6 cm, often stout; bracteoles caducous; secondary, tertiary and quaternary peduncles often present, always short, 0.5–1.5 cm; pedicels 15–45 mm, often long; sepals unequal, glabrous, outer 5–8 × 4 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, often muricate or midvein forming a narrow wing near base, inner 7–10 mm, ovate, obtuse or rounded, scarious upwards; corolla 6–8 cm long, broadly funnel-shaped, red to pale pink, pubescent at the apex of the midpetaline bands; limb wide, 6–7 cm diam. Capsules 15 × 12–13 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds 7 mm long, minutely pubescent.
Figure
From northern Mexico south to El Salvador and Honduras, principally in drier areas mostly between 200 and 1200 m. It mostly grows by streams or in gallery forest in deciduous tropical forest.
The outer sepals are often muricate and the inflorescence has distinctive long pedicels, similar in form to
MEXICO. Oaxaca,
Perennial herb, stems glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 6–11 × 2.5–6.5 cm, ovate, long-acuminate, cordate, glabrous, paler beneath; petioles 3.5–8 cm. Inflorescence of long-pedunculate solitary flowers; peduncles 7–12 cm; bracteoles caducous, not seen; pedicels 45–75 mm, noticeably thicker than peduncles and widened below calyx; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6–7 × 4.5 mm, ovate, obtuse, covered in soft fleshy spines on the abaxial surface, but otherwise glabrous, inner c. 8 × 5 mm, obovate, truncate, shortly mucronate, scarious-margined, soft spines only present near base; corolla 6–6.5 cm long, deep pink, glabrous, funnel-shaped, limb unlobed, 4–5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Pine woodland from 1500 to 2000 m. Endemic to Oaxaca.
Resembling
BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Caldas,
Twining perennial herb, stems thinly pubescent to densely long-pilose, older parts sometimes with flaking bark. Leaves petiolate, 4–15 × 3–12 cm, ovate to suborbicular, cordate with rounded auricles, shortly acuminate to an obtuse and mucronate apex, adaxially thinly puberulent to subtomentose, abaxially weakly to densely tomentose; petioles 1.5–11 cm, thinly pubescent to tomentose. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary, many-flowered umbellate cymes, peduncles (0.3–)1–5.5 cm; bracteoles 1.5–2 mm, lanceolate, caducous; secondary peduncles 6–8 mm; pedicels 8–45 mm, relatively long, glabrous or pilose; sepals slightly unequal, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse and broadly mucronate to acuminate, pale green, thinly to densely pubescent, outer 7–11 × 1–3 mm, margins often ciliate, the inner 9–13 × 3–4 mm, often with scarious margins; corolla 5–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or violet, densely short pubescent, limb c. 4 cm diam. Capsules subglobose to ellipsoid, 9–12 × 7–9 mm, rostrate (mucro 5 mm), glabrous; seeds 6 mm, pubescent on the angles (immature).
Widely distributed in moist forest regions of tropical America below about 1500 m from Bolivia north to Guatemala, but principally in the Andean foothills, and apparently relatively rare elsewhere as in Brazil and Central America.
Usually readily identified by the pubescent leaves and corolla, combined with the narrow, lanceolate, obtuse sepals and many-flowered pedunculate inflorescence.
We have united
BRAZIL. Bahia, Bonito, estrada Bonito para o assentamento Eugênio Lira,
Twining perennial herb to 2 m; stems glabrous or thinly hirsute with short spreading hairs, less commonly tomentose. Leaves petiolate, 2–9(–13) × 1–4(–6) cm, narrowly (or rarely broadly) ovate, acute or acuminate and mucronate, base cordate with a narrow sinus and rounded auricles, both surfaces glabrous or tomentellous on the veins, adaxially with scattered hairs or hair bases only on both surfaces, rarely both surfaces tomentose; petioles 0.5–5 cm, the indumentum similar to that of the leaves. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely paired) axillary flowers; peduncles 0–5 mm often completely suppressed, glabrous to tomentose; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent; pedicels 11–30 mm, thickened upwards, glabrous to tomentellous; sepals subequal, narrowly oblong-elliptic, acute and shortly mucronate, densely but very shortly puberulent, the margins slightly scarious, outer 7–11 × 3–3.5 mm, inner 9–13 × 4 mm, obtuse to rounded and mucronate; corolla 4.5–5(–7) cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, puberulent; limb 3.5(–5) cm diam., undulate. Capsules 10–11 × 7–9 mm, ovoid, rostrate, the style base 4–5 mm long, glabrous; seeds 7 × 4 mm, densely white-tomentose.
Figure
Endemic to the Chapada Diamantina in Bahia where it occurs along the borders of caatinga and cerrado vegetation.
Very distinctive is the usually 1-flowered inflorescence with the peduncle almost completely suppressed so the bracteoles appear to be stipules. This serves to separate this species easily from
Based on
Twining liana to c. 12 m in height; stems densely white-pubescent/floccose when young, glabrescent, somewhat woody when old. Leaves petiolate, 5–15 × 4.5–15 cm, suborbicular to subreniform, apex rounded to retuse, sometimes mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially pubescent to puberulent, grey-green, abaxially dotted with dark glands, densely and softly white-pubescent when young, somewhat glabrescent and becoming greenish; petioles 5–15 cm, densely pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary (rarely 2–3) pedunculate flowers from the leaf axils; peduncles 1–9 cm, pubescent, somewhat glabrescent; bracteoles caducous; secondary peduncles 2–3 mm, white tomentose; pedicels 8–20 mm, elongating to 2.5 cm in fruit, shortly white-tomentose; sepals subequal, pubescent, broadly ovate, suborbicular, 11–15 × 11 mm, markedly accrescent in fruit to 40 × 35 mm and somewhat glabrescent; corolla 5.5–9 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, pubescent towards the tips of the midpetaline bands; limb weakly lobed, 4.5–5 cm diam. Capsules 1.5–2 × 2–2.5 cm, compressed globose, indehiscent, enclosed by accrescent sepals; seeds ellipsoid, 9 × 6 mm, shortly but densely puberulent to subtomentose.
Native of tropical Asia but long naturalised throughout the tropics, particularly on the shores of oceanic islands. In the New World reported as well-naturalised in the Galapagos Islands and near the sea in Central America and on some Caribbean Islands as well as Hawaii. Some of the records below may be of cultivated plants.
There are no extant original specimens of
NIGERIA, Oware,
Variable trailing or twining annual or short-lived perennial herb; stems rather slender, pubescent to asperous-pilose in all parts. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–6(–10) × 1.5–5(–8.5) cm, ovate, acute or obtuse and mucronate, cordate with rounded auricles, both surfaces pubescent to tomentose, abaxially paler; petioles 2–7 cm, pubescent. Inflorescence of axillary pedunculate, involucrate heads; peduncles 2.5–10 cm, densely pubescent to tomentose; outer bracteoles united at base to form a boat-shaped involucre around the flowers, sessile, 2.5–6.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm, each ovate, acuminate, folded, pubescent; inner bracteoles much smaller, obovate to linear-oblong; pedicels very short; flowers few to many; sepals unequal, 6–15 × 1.5–4 mm, acute to acuminate, pubescent to setose, outer lanceolate, inner 2–3 mm shorter, ovate; corolla 3.5–4.5 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink, less commonly white, pubescent; limb 3–4 cm diam., entire. Capsules 6 mm, globose, glabrous; seeds glabrous or shortly pubescent, c. 4 mm long.
Common in West and Central Africa but a recent introduction in the neotropics in a Colombian oil palm plantation.
Probably an adventive in the New World but may become established.
We have not seen
••• The following four species are unplaced within
PARAGUAY. Caazapá, Castor Cue,
Trailing herb, probably perennial; stems thinly pilose with white hairs. Leaves petiolate, 4–6.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm, slightly oblique, oblong, base cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate, margins ciliate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pilose on the veins; petioles 7–8 mm, thinly pilose. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes with 1–4 flowers borne on long secondary peduncles; primary peduncles 0.3–1.2 cm; secondary peduncles 7–12 cm, thinly pilose; bracteoles 9–12 × 1 mm, filiform, persistent until anthesis; pedicels 8–15 mm, pilose; sepals 10–14 × 3–4 mm, ovate, finely acuminate to a mucronate apex, base rounded to truncate, outer sepals pilose except at margins, inner sepals slightly shorter with glabrous, scarious margins; corolla c. 5.5 cm long, broadly funnel-shaped, glabrous in bud, pink, limb c. 3.5 cm diam. Capsules and seeds unknown.
Figure
Only known from the type collection which was found in “praderas”, presumably some kind of cerrado grassland in eastern Paraguay.
This species bears a strong superficial resemblance to
MEXICO. Guerrero, Mun. Chilpancingo de los Bravos,
Slender annual night-flowering twining herb, stems glabrous, up to 5 m long. Leaves petiolate, 6–10 × 4–7 cm, ovate, acuminate and mucronate, base cordate with obtuse auricles, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 3–5 cm long, setose below the junction with the leaf. Inflorescence of pedunculate, axillary 2-flowered cymes; peduncles up to 9 cm long, setose at the base, gland-dotted, sticky; bracteoles ovate, c. 1.5 mm long, caducous; secondary peduncles 5–13 mm; pedicels 7–8.5 mm, somewhat accrescent in fruit, sticky-glandular, otherwise glabrous; receptacle forming a swollen disc at base of flowers; sepals subequal, 4–5 × 2–2.5 mm, ovate-deltoid, acute, glandular, becoming reflexed in fruit; corolla 4.5–5.3 cm long, cylindrical-hypocrateriform, greenish-white, glabrous, limb c. 5 cm diam., unlobed; stamens weakly exserted. Capsules ovoid, c. 2 × 1.5 cm, rostrate, glabrous; seeds c. 10 × 7 mm, ellipsoid, pubescent and with long white marginal hairs 11–12 mm long.
Endemic to Mexico growing at around 800–1000 m in semi-deciduous forest.
Very distinctive because of the setose peduncles and the disc-like receptacle. The peduncles, pedicels and sepals are reported to be sticky glandular. The annual habit combined with the hypocrateriform white corolla is also unusual.
BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Agrestina, Inselberg Pedra Cabeça de Velho,
Climbing perennial, stem minutely puberulent, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.5–5.5 × 2.4–5 cm, ovate, cordate with rounded auricles, apex acute, margin undulate to minutely denticulate, both surfaces shortly puberulent but more densely so on the abaxial veins, abaxially paler; petioles 1–4.5 cm, thinly puberulent. Inflorescence of pedunculate axillary cymes reduced to pedunculate clusters; peduncles 3.5–5.5 cm, puberulent; bracteoles 5 × 1.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, caducous; pedicels 1–3 mm, pubescent; sepals slightly unequal, glabrous; outer 5–6 × 3 mm, ovate, mucronate, abaxially slightly muricate, margin scarious, inner 6–8 × 4–6 mm. oblong-elliptic, rounded and mucronate, entirely scarious except central area; corolla c. 5 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3 cm diam.; stamens included; longer filaments 12–15 mm, shorter c. 10 mm. Capsules ovoid, rostrate, 5 × 3 mm with 1 mm long mucro, glabrous; seeds not seen.
Figure
Only known from a single inselberg in north eastern Brazil.
Distinct because of clustered flowers, prominently mucronate, small, scarious sepals and small, rostrate capsules.
BRAZIL. Espirito Santo, Pancas, Pedra da Colina,
Liana of unknown height; stems woody, pale grey, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 4–7 × 3–5 cm, ovate, shortly acuminate, base cordate with rounded auricles, margin undulate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially paler, somewhat reticulate, the main veins obscurely puberulent; petioles 1.5–2.5 cm, glabrous or obscurely puberulent upwards. Inflorescence borne on woody branchlets, the axillary cymes subracemose in form, apparently arising after the leaves have fallen; peduncles 6–7 mm long, somewhat woody, glabrous apart from a few scattered hairs; bracteoles deltoid, c. 1 mm long, glabrous, caducous; secondary peduncles 2–7 mm long; pedicels 6–10 mm long, glabrous; sepals slightly unequal, outer 6–7 × 3–3.5 mm, broadly lanceolate, subacute, glabrous, margin scarious, inner similar but obtuse and with broader scarious margins; corolla 3.5–4 cm long, suburceolate, glabrous, reported to be “white”, tube subcylindrical, c. 4 mm wide at base, widened to 10 mm in the middle, constricted upwards, c. 6 mm wide at mouth, lobes broadly ovate, c. 2 × 3.5 mm; ovary presumably glabrous, style c. 2.2 cm, stigma biglobose. Capsules and seeds not seen.
Figure
Only known from a single granite sugarloaf inselberg in Espirito Santo State in Brazil.
Species of
BRAZIL. Ceará, Sobral, on the ascent of Meruoca Mountain,
Liana to 6 m, roots tuberculate. Leaves petiolate, 3.5–18.5 × 2.7–14.8 cm, ovate, 3.5–18.5 × 2.7–14.8 cm; adaxially sparsely pubescent to glabrescent, abaxially paler, sparsely pubescent or with hairs restricted to the veins, deciduous at anthesis; petiole 2–11.5 cm long,pubescent or glabrescent. Inflorescence of compound cymes with up to 25 flowers; peduncles 3–20.5 cm, canescent, glabrescent; bracteoles 10–15 mm long, often deciduous; pedicels 5–10 mm long, canescent; sepals equal, 6–8 × 5–7 mm, ovate, oblong to elliptic, slightly convex, apex obtuse to rounded, canescent; corolla 2.3–4.5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped, white, midpetaline bands canescent, greenish; anthers held at mouth of corolla; ovary ca. 3mm long, conical, glabrous, 4-locular with the loci uniovulate. Capsules 0.9–1 cm long, ellipsoid, glabrous; Seeds 6–7 mm long, with hairs 3–5 (−8) mm, restricted to the margins and dorsal region.
Endemic to the caatinga region of NE Brazil.
We have not had the opportunity to evaluate specimens of this species and have not carried out any molecular sequences. The description of the species suggests it is closely related to
J.A.
Perennial twining herb with wiry stems to 1.2 m, latex white, rootstock swollen, purplish. Leaves petiolate, 2–3.8 × 0.3–1 cm, lanceolate, base rounded to cuneate, apex acute and aristate, both surfaces glabrous; petiole 4–10 mm, weakly winged near base. Inflorescence of very shortly pedunculate axillary cymes with up to 4 flowers; peduncles 3–5 mm long, muricate; bracteoles not seen; pedicels 10–15 mm long; sepals unequal, coriaceous, glabrous, outer 5–10 mm, ovate, obtuse, inner oblong, rounded, 8–12 × 4–6 mm; corolla 5.5–6 cm long, deep pink, hypocrateriform, limb 4–5 cm diam., anthers exserted. Capsules 5–10 × 8–15 mm, compressed-globose; seeds 3–5 × 5–10 mm, pubescent.
Endemic to the Marañon valley where it grows in seasonally dry deciduous scrub at 2360 m.
The roots are eaten raw by people in the neighbourhood of the collection locality.
The following list does not include species treated as synonyms of recognised species of
Uncertain species, presumably an
Uncertain species. A plant from Clade A2 resembling
While the two specimens filed at BR under the name
Unknown species presumably from Uruguay. The description as “loculis monospermis” suggests this is
Unknown species
Uncertain species of the
Uncertain species, possibly not of American origin. The description is too vague to allow identification.
This African species is reported to occur as an adventive in Hawaii and The United States (St John, 1973), but no specimens have been traced and no mention of this species is made in later publications, such as
Unknown species with yellow flowers and two black seeds, possibly
An uncertain species of Clade A2, possibly
No specimen of
Uncertain species, probably
Uncertain species. Choisy based his description solely on the painting prepared by Sessé and Moçiño and saw neither the original specimen (now lost) nor Sessé and Moçiño’s manuscript description of
A slender erect, subscapose herb 3–5 cm high with a pubescent stem. Leaves mostly at base of stem, 0.7–1.5 × 0.6–1.1 cm, ovate, cordate, obtuse, margin undulate, glabrous, abaxially punctate; petioles 2–5 mm, pubescent. Inflorescence of solitary, pedunculate axillary flowers; peduncles 1.5–3.5 cm; bracteoles and pedicels apparently absent; sepals 3 × 0.5 mm, oblong, acute, green and foliose in texture, sparsely and minutely hispidulous; corolla broadly funnel shaped, 1 cm long, ?white, glabrous apart from a few hairs at apex of midpetaline bands.
Uncertain species only known from fragile type collections. We have not been able to revise the pollen or see the stigmas clearly, so it is difficult to evaluate its generic position. However, it is quite unlike any
An uncertain species but probably
An uncertain species, but very probably
Uncertain species. The 5-lobed dentate leaves suggest this is a species of
Uncertain species, the protologue is insufficient to suggest a possible identification.
Uncertain species. A slender annual herb with palmately 5-lobed leaves, sepals ciliate, corolla red. Possibly
An uncertain species, possibly
An uncertain species but probably
Uncertain species.
An uncertain species. We have not been able to trace a specimen and the description lacks sufficient detail to allow identification. Although Choisy states that
Uncertain species. The type is a sterile shoot and no flowering or fruiting material has ever been found and it cannot even be certain that it is a species of
Uncertain species, possibly
A glabrous plant with simple linear-filiform leaves, the margins incurved, but otherwise similar to the variable
Uncertain species.
An unidentified species of
Uncertain species. The description of an erect, sericeous plant with oblong-obovate, mucronate leaves, 3-flowered peduncles, a rounded, sericeous calyx and a terminal, inflorescence of pale rose flowers and pilose seeds strongly suggests a cerrado species such as
Uncertain species, possibly
Uncertain species. The description in the protologue of “an erect, hirsute plant covered in white hairs with decussate, lanceolate, subsessile, obtuse leaves, short 1–5-flowered peduncles, pilose, obovate, acute sepals and purple flowers” suggests this might be
Uncertain species.
Uncertain species. The type is a relatively unremarkable sterile shoot. While this could be a species of
Uncertain species, possibly
If this specimen is B-W03763-01, this species is
Uncertain species with no extant type.
An uncertain species, but the description of shortly petiolate, ovate, basally rounded and abaxially pilose leaves with solitary flowers suggests it could be
Uncertain species with orbicular, pubescent leaves and blue flowers.
Uncertain species. The description of a plant with stellate hairs indicates that this must either be
Uncertain species. The description of a glabrous prostrate plant with shortly petiolate, elliptic, rounded leaves combined with a pubescent calyx and large solitary flowers does not fit any Paraguayan species known to us.
Uncertain species, possibly
Uncertain species, possibly related to
Uncertain species. Probably a form of
An
Uncertain species, possibly
Uncertain species of Clade A1. It is described as having tuberous ovoid-fusiform roots with oblong pendulous secondary tubers, oblong-cordate, acute, shortly petiolate leaves, a scabrous calyx with a truncate base, solitary sericeous flowers borne on short peduncles equalling the petioles
Uncertain species. A sterile plant with 3-lobed leaves, possibly not
Uncertain species. The plant has cordate, acuminate, abaxially sericeous-tomentose leaves, a white corolla with a green base borne in 5-flowered cymes. Based on
Described as a liana with glabrous stems, ovate-deltoid leaves with a truncate to cordate base and an inflorescence of many-flowered cymes, the peduncles 3–15 cm and the pedicels 15–20 mm. The bracteoles are noted as leaf-like, the sepals glabrous, rounded and very unequal, the outer 4–6 mm, the inner 7.5–8 mm, the corolla 5 cm long, funnel-shaped with an entire limb and the capsule globose with shortly tomentose seeds with pilose margins. It was reported to be close to
Uncertain species, possibly a form of
Excluding the ovary and style the plant could be
Inevitably, a monograph of this size could not have been written without the help of many individuals and institutions. Perhaps our greatest debts are to our artists, Rosemary Wise (Oxford) and Eliana Calzadilla (Santa Cruz, Bolivia) who have drawn over 200 species of
The basionym of
The nom. nov.
The combination
We thank Jonathan Krieger (International Plant Names Index at Kew) for help with these issues.