The hidden Heuchera: How science Twitter uncovered a globally imperiled species in Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract The genus Heuchera is recognized as one of the most diverse endemic radiations of Saxifragaceae in North America, yet species delimitation and geographic distribution within the group remain controversial. Many species remain difficult to identify, including Heuchera alba, a narrow Appalachian endemic and globally imperiled (G2) taxon recorded only from West Virginia and Virginia that occurs in sympatry with H. pubescens and H. americana. A recent survey of the cliffside flora of the Shikellamy Bluffs, PA recorded dozens of Heuchera individuals that, through the use of social media, were positively identified as H. alba. Aided by examination of historical herbarium records, subsequent searches of similar habitats in Pennsylvania led to the discovery of seven more populations and established a significant range expansion for this rare species. The uncovering of H. alba in Pennsylvania is an exciting conservation outcome and an example of what can happen when botanists embrace a combination of modern and classical approaches to discovery and collaboration.


Introduction
The genus Heuchera represents one of the most diverse endemic radiations of family Saxifragaceae in North America, with approximately 43 species (~10 in eastern North America). Its species are persistently difficult to identify (Wells and Shipes 2009), not least due to frequent introgressive hybridization throughout its history (reviewed in Folk et al. 2017). Despite substantial past taxonomic efforts, species delimitation and geographic distributions remain controversial and poorly resolved in this group, with the result that six species (14% of the genus) have been described in the last decade, in addition to several dramatic species re-circumscriptions Freudenstein 2015, Folk andAlexander 2015).
Heuchera alba Rydb. (white alumroot, Saxifragaceae) was first described in 1926 based on a collection made in 1925 from Snowy Mountain in Pendleton County, West Virginia (Rydberg 1926). Since that time, both major monographs of Heuchera covering the eastern United States (Rosendahl et al. 1936;Wells 1984) reduced H. alba to synonymy with H. pubescens Pursh (1814), the only other large-flowered species known from the northern Appalachians. In the Flora of North America treatment of Heuchera (Wells and Shipes 2009), H. alba was again recognized at the species level, although no rationale for the shift in taxonomic concept was given. Recent morphological and molecular analyses of Heuchera Freudenstein 2014, Folk et al. 2017, Folk andStubbs in review) are consistent with this recent recognition of H. alba at the species level and its sister relationship to H. pubescens. To date, its documented range is restricted to high elevation acidic sandstone ridges and outcrops in the Ridge-and-Valley province of West Virginia and Virginia. Due to its narrow distribution and low number of populations, Heuchera alba is considered a globally imperiled (G2) species with 23 extant population occurrences (i.e. those observed since 1990), consisting of a total of 1500 individual plants throughout its entire range. Critically, fewer than 15 of the populations are considered viable and many of them are under threat from trampling and/or housing developments on high mountain ridges (NatureServe 2017).
In the summer of 2017, a group of scientists and students conducted a survey of the cliffside flora above the bank of the West Branch Susquehanna River in the Shikellamy Overlook area of Shikellamy State Park, just across the river from the town of Northumberland, PA. The primary goal of the survey was to assess the status of the golden corydalis (Corydalis aurea subsp. aurea Willd., Papaveraceae), a state-endangered species only known in Pennsylvania from this single site, as part of a new episode of the YouTube video series, "Plants are Cool, Too!" (Martine et al. 2018). During the course of the survey, numerous specimens were identified as Heuchera americana L. (American alumroot) using the Plants of Pennsylvania flora (Rhoads and Block 2007), a resource recognizing H. americana L. and H. pubescens as the only Heuchera species present in the state. A photo of one specimen was posted to Twitter, initiating an electronic discussion that led to a series of new collecting trips and establishment of the first confirmed state records in Pennsylvania for Heuchera alba. Here, we re-evaluate the resurrection of H. alba from synonymy and review variation in Heuchera species recorded beyond the borders of Pennsylvania to present conclusive evidence that H. alba should be added to the flora of the state. We discuss the extent of H. alba in Pennsylvania and the impact of this discovery on both our understanding of the overall distribution of this Appalachian endemic and its current conservation status.

Methods
Survey Sites. Visits to eight known Heuchera locations in the Ridge-and-Valley Ecoregion were made to collect fresh specimens for identification and determine population sizes. Based on herbarium label data and the habitat at Shikellamy State Park, a search image of potential suitable habitat was established to guide the surveys. GPS coordinates were recorded and geo-referenced images taken of the plants at each location. Using these data along with GPS data from annotated specimens, a map was generated in ArcGIS® Pro 2.0.1 (ESRI Redlands CA USA 2017) to illustrate the range expansion of H. alba into Pennsylvania. A general assessment of the habitat and site condition was performed to determine plant community associates and geological affinities.
Taxonomic Identification. Representative specimens were collected from each of the visited locations and deposited at the Wayne E. Manning Herbarium at Bucknell University (BUPL) and the Carnegie Museum Natural History Herbarium (CM). These specimens were used to make species determinations. Specimens were identified using the Flora of North America treatment for Heuchera, the Flora of Virginia, and a taxonomic key for Heuchera that is soon to be published in the revision of the Gleason and Cronquist Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Shipes 2009, Weakley et al. 2012, Folk andStubbs in review). Consequent examinations of Heuchera specimens identified as H. americana and H. pubescens, housed in the Manning Herbarium, revealed four specimens of Heuchera alba, all collected in Union County between 1905 and 1949 from the cliffs at and around Shikellamy State Park.
Conservation Rank Assessment. A standardized rank assessment method used by all heritage programs to assist with determining conservation statuses for species of concern is encapsulated in a rank calculator tool that analyzes populations at regional and global scales (NatureServe 2015). A population is defined as a collection of individuals of a species that is separated from the next collection of individuals by a minimum of 1 kilometer. An exception to this definition is those species that populate river corridors where the minimum separation distance is 10 kilometers. Using this definition, eight extant populations of Heuchera alba in Pennsylvania were analyzed to determine the state conservation status. The following parameters were used for the rank calculation. Range Extent: 5,000-20,000 km 2 , Area of Occupancy: 1 (4 km 2 grid cell), Number of Occurrences: 6-20, Population Size: 250-1,000 individuals, Viability: 4-12 occurrences with good viability, Environmental Specificity: Narrow (specialist with key requirements), Threat Impact: Low.

Results
Pennsylvania populations of Heuchera alba grow primarily on exposed rock outcrops on cliffs and in shale woodland and barrens plant communities. Populations are found on four different acidic sandstone geologies, including Burgoon Sandstone, the Catskill and Foreknobs formations, and the Hamilton Group of siltstone (Table 1). With the exception of the Burgoon sandstone, which is Mississippian, the other populations are all found over Devonian geology (Miles and Whitfield 2001). These different sandstones are considered to have acidic pH ranges.
The eight extant populations of H. alba total between 250-1,000 individuals and range widely from northeastern Bedford County to southeastern Union County, but occupy <4 km 2 over that range extent in Pennsylvania (Figure 1). These populations extend the known range for H. alba approximately 200km northward in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley Ecoregion ( Figure 1) The population at Shikellamy State Park is by far the most robust with between 400-800 individuals over a 0.7 km 2 area, while the remaining populations have fewer than 50 individuals. The Gundy's Farm and Woy Bridge populations have fewer than 15 individuals. All factors, including potential threats, together yield a rank of critically imperiled at the state level (S1). However, uncertainty about the number of misidentified specimens in herbaria and the amount of unexplored available habitat in Pennsylvania suggests that a range rank of critically imperiled to imperiled (S1S2) is the more appropriate rank (Table 2).   Calculated Rank: S1 Assigned Rank: S1S2 Assigned Rank Reasons: Given the extensive available potential habitat in Pennsylvania further survey work in addition to in-depth herbarium studies are needed to determine full range extent and area of occupancy necessary for more confident ranking. Until then a range rank of S1S2 is recommended for this newly reported species to Pennsylvania.

Discussion
The Plants of Pennsylvania flora (Rhoads and Block 2007) (Fig. 3). The "discovery" of Heuchera alba in Pennsylvania is especially illustrative as a case study for the potential benefits of merging classical botanical studies with modern modes of information sharing, particularly non-traditional scientific communication through the use of social media networks. The identification of H. alba at Shikellamy State Park was only incidentally facilitated because C. Martine (@MartineBotany) posted an image of a specimen on Twitter (Martine 2017) while filming part of the YouTube science outreach program, "Plants are Cool, Too!" (Martine et al. 2018). Within hours of the initial Tweet going live, R. Folk (@ry_folk) had replied to the post, suggesting that what had been identified as H. americana was probably H. alba -an inference made with confidence stemming, in part, from the fact that S. Schuette (@mossman2000) had recently posted a likely H. alba image from another Pennsylvania locality on iNaturalist. org (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2825610). Unequivocal support for the identification required the collection and examination of specimens, however, including inspection of sheets held at the Wayne E. Manning Herbarium (BUPL) at Bucknell University. BUPL holds a handful of records for H. alba that had until now been identified as either H. americana or H. pubescens, including a specimen collected at the Shikellamy Bluffs by W. Manning in 1946 and another collected by a student ca. 1905 from a site (then known as "Gundy's Farm") just about a half-mile from the Bucknell campus. Importantly, the knowledge gleaned from the new and historical collections coupled with statewide bedrock maps (Berg et al. 1980) allowed the authors to make predictions about additional cliffside habitats in the region where H. alba might occur, leading to many of the new geographic records shown in Figure 1. Additional herbarium work at CM and PH is necessary to determine the number of misidentified specimens that may point to new locations for this imperiled species in Pennsylvania.
This discovery may also serve as a cautionary tale of relying entirely for plant identification on floras which, through no fault of their own, become incomplete or 'static' over time (both relative to taxonomic circumscriptions and also taxon distributions) and have the mixed benefit / danger of including only the species known at their time of writing to be in the geographic area of the flora. While the exclusion of species known from nearby (but outside the area covered) simplifies keys and makes identification easier, it can also decrease the likelihood of the discovery of range extensions.
The likelihood of additional populations of H. alba existing in Pennsylvania is quite high, but confusion between this species and the state's other two might hamper the ease of discovery. Until the new treatment of Heuchera is published in the revision of the Gleason and Cronquist Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, using the identification key for Heuchera in the Flora of Virginia (Weakley et al. 2012) or the FloraQuest app (Weakley and Lee 2018) will facilitate quick determinations of species within the genus. We present a set of illustrations and photographs (Figs 2, 3) comparing H. alba, H. americana, and H. pubescens, plus the occasional hybrid between the latter two species (Heuchera × hispida Pursh.). Although the distributions of these taxa overlap in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Virginia, there are clear differences in substrate specificity between H. alba and the other two species. Acidic rock outcrops are the preferred habitat and substrate for H. alba, while H. americana grows in rich woods over base-rich granite and gneiss or shallow, rocky soils, and H. pubescens grows on circumneutral rock outcrops, ledges, and rock cuts (Wells and Shipes 2009). Local sympatry is rare across the range of these species, yet sympatric populations of H. alba and H. pubescens at the Shikellamy Bluffs location, together with the weak reproductive barriers present in this group (Wells 1979), raise questions about the potential for hybridization and the subsequent impacts to the population genetics of both species at this key site.
The preponderance of H. alba localities now recorded for Pennsylvania underlines the need to continually assess imperiled taxa with integrative field surveys and taxonomic methods, and might further suggest that the species is not quite as globally rare as previously understood. This assumption should be made with caution, however, based on two observations: 1) The Pennsylvania populations are all relatively small (see above) and restricted to specific and uncommon habitat conditions, and 2) Most populations suffer from incursions of exotic invasive species. For example, the "Gundy's Farm" population mentioned above consists of just 12 individuals on a low cliff face inundated with Lonicera morrowii A. Gray, Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande, Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb., and other invaders. While it consists of many more individuals, the Shikellamy Bluffs population also suffers from invasion -largely because mowing and weeding of the parkland above it consistently sends weedy debris and seeds over the edge of the cliff. This latter locality is particularly critical to the status of H. alba in Pennsylvania given its size and status as a protected area; and preservation of the population there was made more certain following recent efforts to nearly double the amount of protected bluffs habitat led by the Merrill W. Linn Land and Waterways Conservancy.

Conclusion
The conservation needs for Heuchera alba will become more apparent as new population locations are revealed following a thorough review of existing Heuchera collections from the Ridge-and-Valley region of Pennsylvania. In the meantime, the Twitter-fueled identification of this species in Pennsylvania is an exciting outcome that provides a model for the sorts of strides we can make when botanists embrace a combination of modern and classical approaches to discovery and collaboration. through private property to reach the initial survey sites. Jeff Trop provided expertise in geology. Funding was provided by the David Burpee Endowment at Bucknell and the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program at Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. A. McDonnell provided comments on the manuscript.