3 urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F7FCE910-8E78-573F-9C77-7788555F8AAD urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:66878968-5FA3-48E4-A0CA-743FBBB0315D PhytoKeys PK 1314-2011 1314-2003 Pensoft Publishers 10.3897/phytokeys.279.206429 206429 Research Article Salicaceae Taxonomy Cenozoic Mesozoic Asia Casearia napoensis (Salicaceae), a new species from Guangxi, China Xu Ting https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-0387 1 2 Conceptualization Writing - original draft Data curation Formal analysis Investigation Methodology Visualization Ouyang Zilong https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0787-2615 1 2 Writing - review and editing Funding acquisition Investigation Methodology Project administration Resources Supervision Su Zhiyong https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3180-4496 1 2 Data curation Investigation Yang Mei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-166X 1 3 Writing - review and editing Investigation Methodology Supervision Jia Xianglu https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9143-8885 1 2 Investigation Gong Li 2007gongli@163.com https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3886-561X 1 2 Conceptualization Writing - review and editing Data curation Funding acquisition Investigation Methodology Project administration Resources Nanning Botanical Garden, Nanning 530002, China Nanning Botanical Garden Nanning China Nanning Qingxiu Mountain Scenic Area Tourism Development Co., Ltd., Nanning 530004, China Nanning Qingxiu Mountain Scenic Area Tourism Development Co., Ltd. Nanning China Nanning Horticultural Expo Garden Administration Center, Nanning 530021, China Nanning Horticultural Expo Garden Administration Center Nanning China

Corresponding author: Li Gong (2007gongli@163.com)

Academic editor: Hanno Schaefer

 2026 30 09 2026 279 267 272 37534E3D-37DC-5154-8560-C60A69F780B2 06 07 2026 04 09 2026 Ting Xu, Zilong Ouyang, Zhiyong Su, Mei Yang, Xianglu Jia, Li Gong This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Casearia napoensissp. nov. a new species from Guangxi, Southern China, is described and illustrated. The new species exhibits several distinguishing features: capsule 2.2–3 cm, spherical, leathery, orange-red at maturity, 4- or 5-valved, valves fleshy, 0.5 cm thick. Seeds up to 15–16 per fruit. The relationships among C. napoensis, C. membranacea and C. tardieuae are shortly discussed. The new species is endemic to limestone mountain forests of Western Guangxi, with its known distribution largely confined to the Guangxi Laohutiao Nature Reserve. On the basis of the IUCN criteria, it is assessed as Critically Endangered.

 Casearia Guangxi morphology new species Salicaceae 2024 Central Financial Forestry and Grassland Ecological Protection and Restoration Fund Project: In-situ Conservation and Propagation of Vatica guangxiensis (Notice No 72 issued by the Forestry Bureau of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region regarding forest protection in 2024) and the 2025 Central Financial Forestry and Grassland Ecological Protection and Restoration Fund Project: Collection and Preservation of Germplasm Resources of Nationally Key Protected Wild Plants in Guangxi (Notice No 2 issued by the Forestry Bureau of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region regarding forest protection in 2025 Introduction

Casearia Jacq. is a pantropical woody genus comprising approximately 200 species, with its greatest diversity occurring in the Neotropics (de Mestier et al. 2023). It is generally placed in Salicaceae (Chase et al. 2002; APG IV 2016), though Alford (2005) proposed a plausible classification that would segregate Casearia and about a dozen other genera of Salicaceae into Samydaceae (Philpott and Applequist 2023). Casearia comprises seven species in China, these seven species are characterized by: flowers arranged in axillary glomerules; disk lobes in same row as stamens; style entire; capsule fleshy (Flora of China Editorial Committee 2007).

Recent discoveries of new Casearia species have been largely concentrated in Southeast Africa (Philpott and Applequist 2023), Central America (de Mestier et al. 2023), South America (Marquete and Torres 2022) and West Africa (Breteler and Baldé 2024). Since the publication of the Flora of China, the taxonomy of Casearia in China has remained static, with no new species having been published in the past 20 years. In this paper, we describe a new species of Casearia endemic to Southern China, Casearia napoensis T. Xu, L. Gong, Z. L. Ouyang & Z. Y. Su.

 Materials and methods

From 2024 to 2026, the research team conducted a total of 13 field surveys at the type locality. Morphological observations and measurements of the new species were carried out on both living plants in the field and herbarium specimens. Comparisons among the Casearia species distributed in China were made using relevant literature and digital images of specimens housed at institutions such as AU, BJFC, CSFI, FJSI, GXMG, HITBC, HUH, IBK, IBSC, IMDY, KUN, NAS, P, PE, SWFC, SZG and WUK. In addition, type specimen images were consulted via JSTOR Global Plants. [https://plants.jstor.org] and Chinese Virtual Herbarium Website [http://www.cvh.ac.cn/]. The voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Nanning Botanical Garden (NNBG), the Herbarium of Chenshan Botanical Garden (CSH) and the Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences (GXMI). The Nanning Botanical Garden collected seeds and successfully raised seedlings from them for ex-situ conservation.

 Taxonomic treatment Plantae Malpighiales Salicaceae 94396E47-1B4E-5FCE-ADC4-8AB18324BFCF Casearia napoensis urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77399863-1 T.Xu, L.Gong, Z.L.Ouyang & Z.Y.Su sp. nov. Figs 1 , 2 Type.

China • Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Baise City, Napo County, Pingmeng Town, Nianjing Village (Guangxi Laohutiao Nature Reserve), 22°58.97'N, 105°50.60'E, 1200 m, a.s.l., 30 August 2024, XT et al. 20240830-01, • the same location, 12 May 2026, XT et al. 260512-07 (holotype, NNBG!; isotype, CSH!, GXMI!, NNBG!).

10.3897/phytokeys.279.206429.figure1 4BAB3514-D968-55DF-AB5E-899BCF029A83

Casearia napoensis. A. Habitat; B. Fruiting plant in habitat; C. Bark; D. Twig and stipules; E. Front side of the leaf; F. Back side of the leaf; G. Inflorescence; H. Flower, views from side; I, J. Flower, front view. Photo (G) by L. Gong; Photos (A–F, H–J) by T. Xu, photo correction and design by T. Xu. Scale bars: 5.0 cm (E, F); 5.0 mm (H, I, J).

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1794070 10.3897/phytokeys.279.206429.figure2 26DA1B44-75EB-59C0-AFF8-A9318C6AA7A1

Casearia napoensis. A, B. Fruiting branch; C, D. Ripe fruit; E. Dehiscent capsule; F. Seeds. Photos (A, C, F) by L. Gong; Photos (B, D) by Z.L.Ouyang; Photo E by T. Xu, photo correction and design by T. Xu. Scale bars: 5.0 cm (E); 1.0 cm (C, F).

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1794071 Diagnosis.

Similar to C. membranacea and C. tardieuae, but differs mainly in the stamens 6–9, ca. 2–3 mm, filaments sparsely pubescent. Capsule 2.2–3 cm, spherical, leathery, orange-red at maturity, 4- or 5-valved, valves fleshy, 0.5 cm thick. Seeds up to 15–16 per fruit.

 Vernacular name.

Chinese: 那坡脚骨脆 (nà pō jiăo gŬ cuì).

 Description.

Trees or shrubs, 4–8 m tall; trunk straight; bark grayish white. Young branches longitudinally ridged, exfoliating in flakes, grayish-white, glabrous. Stipules narrowly triangular, ca. 3 mm, entire, caducous; leaves alternate, thinly leathery, obovate-oblong, 11–15(–16) × 3.5–5.6(–6) cm, apex acuminate, acumen ca. 1 cm, base cuneate, margin entire, occasionally with sparse small glandular teeth on the upper portion, adaxially bright green, abaxially pale green, drying blackish-brown, both surfaces glabrous; lateral veins 8–10 pairs, arching upward, prominent abaxially; petiole 0.7–1.5 cm, glabrous. Flowers small, bisexual, green, 3–4 clustered in leaf axils, without peduncles, with scale-like bracts at the base; flower diameter ca. 4 mm; pedicels slender, ca. 3 mm long, glabrous; sepals 5, ovate, ca. 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, margin membranous and ciliate; petals absent; stamens 6–9; filaments sparsely pubescent, ca. 2–3 mm; anthers oblong-ellipsoid; disk lobes oblong, flattened, densely pubescent. Capsule 2.2–3 cm, spherical, leathery, surface smooth, orange-red when ripe, 4- or 5-valved, valves fleshy, 0.5 cm thick, dried fruit severely shrunken, pericarp thin, dark brown, with 5 longitudinal ridges; seeds 15–16, white, pale brown when dry, droplet-shaped, 5–7 mm. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Aug–Nov.

 Etymology.

The specific epithet is derived from the county name of the type locality (Napo).

 Distribution and habitat.

Casearia napoensis is only known from the type location, Guangxi, Southern China. Growing in the limestone mountainous area at an altitude of 1200 meters.

 Conservation status.

Casearia napoensis is endemic to the Guangxi Laohutiao Nature Reserve, with a restricted distribution. From May 2024 to May 2026, we conducted 13 field surveys in this area but did not discover any additional localities for the species, suggesting that its distribution is extremely limited. At present, seventeen individuals of C. napoensis have been found, including two mature ones. According to the Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2024), C. napoensis should be assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) based on criteria D1.

 Discussion

Casearia napoensis is distinguished by capsule 2.2–3 cm, spherical, leathery, orange-red at maturity, 4- or 5-valved. Among the recorded species of Casearia, this new species is similar to C. membranacea and C. tardieuae. But both species have 3-valved capsules, which distinguishes them from the new species. The main differences among the three species are summarized in Table 1. In the protologue of C. tardieuae, the description states: Ovarium conicum, 2 mm altum. Fructus carnosus ellipsoidalis, 3.5 × 2.5 mm, plus minusve verrucosus (Lescot and Sleumer 1970). This may be a typographical error; the fruit size should probably be 3.5 × 2.5 cm. The two species differ in whether the pericarp is verrucosus, allowing easy distinction from C. napoensis. Bao (1983) published C. calciphila as a new species. This taxon was later synonymized under C. tardieuae in Flora of China (Flora of China Editorial Committee 2007); however, material of C. tardieuae was not seen by the authors of that flora. According to the Editorial Committee of Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (1999), the capsule of C. calciphila is described as ellipsoid, ca. 1.2 cm long, which also serves to differentiate it from C. napoensis.

Morphological comparisons among Casearia napoensis, C. membranacea and C. tardieuae.

Characters C. napoensis C. membranacea C. tardieuae
Branches Young branches ridged, grayish-white, exfoliating in flakes, Young branches ridged, green Young branches wrinkled, brownish-gray, older ones flaky
Stipules Narrowly triangular, ca. 3 mm Ovate, ca. 1 mm Triangular, ca. 2 mm
Leaf blade Thinly leathery Papery, sometimes thinly so, or slightly leathery Leathery to thickly leathery
Lateral veins 8–10 pairs 5–7(–10) pairs 6–8 pairs
Sepals 5, ovate, 3 mm, glabrous 5, broadly elliptic, obovate, or obovate-oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, outside rarely sparsely puberulous 5, ovate, 3.5–4.5 mm, glabrous except for sparsely ciliate margin
Stamens 6–9; ca. 2–3 mm; filaments sparsely pubescent 8–10; 1–2 mm; filaments usually glabrous, rarely puberulous 8; ca. 2 mm; filaments sparsely pubescent, glabrescent or glabrous
Disk Lobes oblong, flattened, densely pubescent Lobes oblong or triangular, adaxially glabrous, apex densely hairy, hairs white or reddish, long Lobes oblong, hairy at apex
Capsule 2.5–3 cm, spherical, leathery, pericarp smooth, 4- or 5-valved 1–1.5(–4) cm, ellipsoid to oblong, leathery, 3-valved 3.5 × 2.5 mm (may be a typographical error, correct: 3.5 × 2.5 cm), ellipsoid, fleshy, verrucose, 3-valved
Seeds 15–16, 5–7 mm, red aril. Several, 4–5 mm, pale yellowish aril. Not documented
Key to the <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Casearia">Casearia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> species of China
1 Stipules narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1.5–10 mm 2
– Stipules broadly triangular or broadly ovate, minute, 1–2 mm 3
2 Stipules narrowly lanceolate, 5–10 mm, early caducous, on young growth leaving a large conspicuous pale brown scar; leaves with 10–14 pairs of lateral veins; in dried material pellucid dots and streaks throughout leaf blade usually clearly visible at × 10 C. graveolens
– Stipules linear-lanceolate, 1.5–3 mm, persistent for some time; leaves with 5–8 pairs of lateral veins; in dried material pellucid dots and streaks throughout leaf blade not clearly visible at × 10 mag. without holding leaf up to light, nor reddish brown C. flexuosa
3 Abaxial surfaces of mature leaves pubescent, at least along midvein and lateral veins 4
– Abaxial surfaces of mature leaves glabrous 5
4 Pedicels 2–4 mm in flower, 5–6 mm in fruit C. velutina
– Pedicels 5–8 mm in flower, ca. 10 mm in fruit C. kurzii
5 Leaves leathery 6
– Leaves papery to membranous 7
6 Capsule 2- or 3-valved C. tardieuae
– Capsule 4- or 5-valved C. napoensis sp. nov.
7 Terminal bud, pedicel, and calyx hairy, stamen filaments usually hairy (rarely nearly glabrous); capsule slightly to not at all ridged, pericarp veined, vesicled, vesicles black and shiny in cross-section C. glomerata
– Terminal bud hairy or glabrous, pedicel, calyx, and stamen filaments usually glabrous (rarely puberulous); capsule usually strongly ridged, pericarp veined but not conspicuously vesicled C. membranacea
Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. Dan Liang (Guangxi Institute of Botany) for providing critical photographic material and to the Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences (GXMI) for granting access to specimen collections for examination in June 2026.

 References Alford MH (2005) Systematic studies in Flacourtiaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca. APG IV [Angiosperm Phylogeny Group] (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Bao SY (1983) Some new plants of Casearia from Yunnan. Kunming Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica (04): 375–378. Breteler FJ, Baldé A (2024) Casearia septandra (Salicaceae), a new tree species from the mountains of Guinea, West Africa. Kew Bulletin 79: 341–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-024-10166-8 Chase MW, Zmarzty S, Lledó MD, Wurdack KJ, Swensen SM, Fay MF (2002) When in doubt, put it in Flacourtiaceae: a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid rbcL DNA sequences. Kew Bulletin 57: 141–181. https://doi.org/10.2307/4110825 de Mestier A, Campos Pineda E, Cedeño Fonseca M, Ortiz OO (2023) A new species of Casearia Jacq. (Salicaceae) from Central Panama and insights into its phylogenetic position within the genus. PhytoKeys 236: 97–112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.236.108651 Editorial Committee of Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (1999) Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, vol. 52(1), Science Press, Beijing, 75 pp. Flora of China Editorial Committee (2007) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, 133 pp. IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2024) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 16. https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf [Accessed on 17.06.2026] Lescot M, Sleumer H (1970) À propos de deux nouveaux Casearia du sud-est asiatique: C. annamensis (Gagnep.) Lescot et Sleum. et C. Tardieuae Lescot et Sleum. Adansonia, sér. 2, 10(2): 289. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.296614 Marquete R, Torres RB (2022) A new species of Casearia Jacq. from Brazil. Rodriguésia 73. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202273056 Philpott L, Applequist WL (2023) Casearia razakamalalae (Salicaceae), a new species endemic to southeastern Madagascar. Candollea 78: 27–32. https://doi.org/10.15553/c2023v781a4 Additional information Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

 Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) use

The authors accept full responsibility for the content of the manuscript, including the disclosure of any use of AI.

No AI tools were used in the preparation of this manuscript.

 Funding

2024 Central Financial Forestry and Grassland Ecological Protection and Restoration Fund Project: In-situ Conservation and Propagation of Vatica guangxiensis (Notice No 72 issued by the Forestry Bureau of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region regarding forest protection in 2024) and the 2025 Central Financial Forestry and Grassland Ecological Protection and Restoration Fund Project: Collection and Preservation of Germplasm Resources of Nationally Key Protected Wild Plants in Guangxi (Notice No 2 issued by the Forestry Bureau of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region regarding forest protection in 2025.

 Author contributions

Conceptualization: LG, TX. Data curation: TX, LG, ZS. Formal analysis: TX. Funding acquisition: OZ, LG. Investigation: TX, LG, ZO, ZS, MY, XJ. Methodology: LG, TX, OZ, MY. Project administration: OZ, LG. Resources: OZ, LG. Supervision: OZ, MY. Visualization: TX. Writing – original draft: TX. Writing – review and editing: LG, MY, ZO.

 Author ORCIDs

T. Xu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-0387

Z. Ouyang https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0787-2615

Z. Su https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3180-4496

M. Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-166X

X. Jia https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9143-8885

L. Gong https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3886-561X

 Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.