Corresponding author: Joeri S. Strijk (
Academic editor: H. Schaefer
A new species is described,
Strijk JS, Sirimongkol S, Rueangruea S, Ritphet N, ChamchumroonV (2013)
Previous studies and the most recent treatment for Thailand have recovered 57 species of
THAILAND, Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary, Mueang district, Phang Nga Province,
Small-medium sized tree, up to 15 m tall.
Flowering unknown, but thought to be around November-January. Infructescences on the ground in July, fruiting commencing possibly as early as April-May.
This species is only known from Thailand, and has not been recorded outside Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary, Mueang district, Phang Nga Province. During our field survey, we found only one individual tree, located on a gentle sloping section of closed dense forest. Additional survey work will have to be undertaken to determine the actual population size of this species within the wildlife sanctuary.
This species grows in dense hillside forest at an elevation of around 450 m.
Unknown.
Thailand has a total of 121 species, 2 subspecies and 2 varieties of
During our field survey, we encountered and collected additional
When looking at the
This species is endemic to Thailand and is currently only known from one location in Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary covers a region of low-lying forested mountains with a total area of approximately 100,000 ha at the southern end of the Phuket mountain range. As such it is an integrated part of the Southern Forest Complex of Thailand. The sanctuary is popular for its rich bird- and wildlife (e.g. Blue-banded Kingfisher (
Morphological differences between
Characters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Nut wall | Free from the cup | Free from the cup | Free from the cup | Fused to the cup |
2. Cupule enclosure | Almost complete, but small apical pore showing flat umbo remains (≤5%). Indehiscent. | Almost complete, but raised umbo free (±5-10%). Easily dehiscent in irregular parts. | Almost complete, but raised umbo free (±5-15%). Indehiscent. | Enclosure complete. Indehiscent. |
3. Nut shape | Orbicular. | Ovoid to globose. | Broadly conical. | Ovoid, usually depressed to one longitudinal side. |
4. Cup surface | Spines absent. Small, flattened scales present. Irregularly intersecting lines present.<br/> Old acorns pubescent with short (occasionally long), greyish-yellow indumentum. | Spines and scales absent. Wall smooth, densely greenish-brown hairy. | Alternate pseudo-spines and free scales present; pseudo-spines incurved or erect. | Sparsely covered with short, woody spines, 2-3 branched reclining and decurved. |
5. Acorn shape | Orbicular, symmetric; young fruits occasionally slightly skewered in young and dense infructescences | Ovoid or turbinate. | Broadly ovoid. | Obovoid, always asymmetric, usually flattened adaxially. |
6. Leaf margin | Entire throughout. | Entire throughout. | Entire throughout. | Entire or serrate in the upper half. |
7. Scar position, shape and size | Orbicular, covering ≥95% of the fruit, from the base upward. | Basal, slightly concave, ca. 1 cm in diameter. | Basal, concave, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter. | - (nut fused to wall). |
8. Nut indumentum | Glabrous. | Greyish pubescent. | Sparsely sericeous then dull brown. | - (nut fused to wall). |
Following the treatment of
(based on vegetative characters and acorns)
1 | Outer surface of cupules with annular or lamellate markings or markings lacking | |
2 | Cupules without lamellae, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, enclosing nearly all of the nut, more or less dehiscent when mature | |
3 | Cupules weakly dehiscent from the apex, cupule surface distinctly undulate with vertical and horizontal lines | |
4 | Cupule urn-shaped | |
5 | Cupule base broadly conical, much broader than apex, skin distinct with many vertical filiform lines or without. Nut conical | 5. |
5 | Cupule base obconic, much narrow than apex, surface distinct with 3-4 horizontal filiform lines. Nut obconical | 33. |
4 | Cupule top or globe shaped | |
6 | Cupule top-shaped, enclosing 4/5 of nut, surface with 2–6 distinct horizontal, filiform lines | 30. |
6 | Cupule globe-shaped, enclosing nut completely, except for a tiny section at the apex, surface with distinct irregularly placed scales along 5–9 horizontal and vertical lines | 36. |
3 | Cupules readily dehiscent into irregular parts from the top, surface with 2–5 filiform, undulate, horizontal lines | |
7 | Cupules with 2 or 3 such lines | 18. |
7 | Cupules with 4 or 5 such lines | 37. |
2 | Cupules with distinct lamellae, coriaceous, enclosing a variable amount of the nut, indehiscent | |
8 | Cupule enclosing not less than 1/2 of the nut | |
9 | Cupule enclosing about 1/2 of the nut | |
10 | Nuts ovoid to conical at apex, scar shallowly concave or flattened | 24. |
10 | Nuts subhemispheric or depressed at apex, scar deeply concave | 8. |
9 | Cupule enclosing not less than 3/4 of the nut | |
11 | Cupules obconic, enclosing nut almost completely except around the umbonate apex | |
12 | Nut longer than broad, ca. 1 by 0.7 cm | 26. |
12 | Nut shorter than broad, 1–2.7 by 2–3 cm | 32. |
11 | Cupules saucer-shaped, enclosing ca. 3/4 of the nut | 1. |
8 | Cupule enclosing not more than 1/4 of the nut | |
13 | Nuts hemispheric or depressed on both sides | |
14 | Cupule enclosing 1/5 to 1/4 of the nut | 39. |
14 | Cupule enclosed only the base of the nut | |
15 | Acorns sessile. Scar deeply concave | 15. |
15 | Acorns with stalk up to 0.5 cm long. Scar slightly concave | 6. |
13 | Nuts conical to broadly ovoid, or with a dome-shaped apex | |
16 | Cupule enclosing only the base of the nut | |
17 | Acorns sessile. Leaves oblanceolate | 29. |
17 | Acorns with fruit-stalk up to 0.5 cm long. Leaves oblong | 43. |
16 | Cupule enclosing ca. 1/4 of the nut | |
18 | Nut with one horizontal ring around equator. Leaves ensiform to linearlanceolate | 28. |
18 | Nut without horizontal ring. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or narrowly elliptical | |
19 | Nut ovoid or conical. Cupules cup or saucer-shaped. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, apex caudate | 3. |
19 | Nut broadly ovoid. Cupules slightly obconical to saucer-shaped. Leaves narrowly elliptical | 41. |
1 | Outer surface of cupules with alternate lamellae (resembling fish scales) or pseudospines | |
20 | Mature cupules of one infructescence more or less fused together | |
21 | Acorns broader than long, depressed both on top and at base. Cupules saucer- or cupshaped or obconic, some hardly distinct from each other through fusion | |
22 | Infructescences with densely arranged cupules | |
23 | Cupules barely distinct, resembling a large gall | 13. |
23 | Cupules distinct, saucer-shaped | |
24 | Nut flattened or apiculate at apex, to 2.2 cm diam. Leaves cuneate at base | 16. |
24 | Nut retuse at apex, not less than 3 cm diam. Leaves auriculate at base | 2. |
22 | Infructescences with spaces between cupules | |
25 | Rachis of infructescence always with sub-branches. Acorns stalked | 34. |
25 | Rachis of infructescence without sub-branches | |
26 | Acorns sessile | 24. |
26 | Acorns stalked | 50. |
21 | Acorns longer than broad, conical, ovoid or turbinate. Cupules cup-shaped or cylindric | |
27 | Rachis of infructescence always with sub-branches. Acorns stalked, nuts shining | |
28 | Acorn up to 1 cm high. Rachis up to 4 mm in diam. | 7. |
28 | Acorn not less than 1 cm high (to 2.5 cm). Rachis not less than 4 mm in diam | 40. |
27 | Rachis of infructescence without sub-branches. Acorns sessile, nuts more or less shining | |
29 | Twigs glabrous or sparsely pubescent then glabrous | |
30 | Cupules cup-shaped, enclosing up to 1/2 of the nut | 12. |
30 | Cupules turbinate, enclosing the whole nut, open only around umbo | 53. |
29 | Twigs ferruginous or tomentose | |
31 | Leaves glabrous except along midrib. Cupules enclosing up to 1/3 of the nut | 25. |
31 | Leaves densely tomentose especially on lower surface. Cupules enclosing 1/2 of the nut | 27. |
20 | Mature cupules of one infructescence, free, not fused | |
32 | Acorn longer than broad, conical, ovoid or obconical. Cupules cup- or saucer-shaped or obconic | |
33 | Cupules enclosing nut completely or 2/3 of the nut | |
34 | Cupules enclosing ca. 2/3 of the nut | |
35 | Cupules slightly obconical-shaped, nuts hairy at style apex (if persistent) | 45. |
35 | Cupules cup or saucer-shaped | 16. |
34 | Cupules enclosing nut completely, or up to the apex of the nut | |
36 | Cupules dehiscent, obconic or ovoid | |
37 | Cupules obovoid, sessile, surface with dense, long and narrow recurved pseudospines | 42. |
37 | Cupules ovoid, fruit stalk 2–3 mm long, surface finely ornamented with thin, triangular lamellae throughout | 35. |
36 | Cupules indehiscent, ovoid, surface clothed with dense, triangular lamellae | |
38 | Infructescences up to 18 cm long. Leaves up to 16 cm long | 9. |
38 | Infructescences not less than 20 cm long. Leaves not less than 20 cm long | 19. |
33 | Cupules enclosing up to 1/2 of the nut | |
39 | Acorns stalked | |
40 | Cupules slightly obconic. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or obovate | 48. |
40 | Cupules cup-shaped or saucer-shaped | |
41 | Cupules cup-shaped. Leaves lanceolate to lanceolate oblong | 47. |
41 | Cupules saucer-shaped to flattened. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate | 10. |
39 | Acorns sessile | |
42 | Acorns (mature) not less than 3.5 by 2.2 cm | |
43 | Cupule lamellae bearing pseudo-spined reflexed towards the base. Leaves acute to obtuse at apex | 46. |
43 | Lamellae curved towards the cupule apex. Leaves acuminate at apex | 20. |
42 | Acorns (mature) up to 3 by 2.2 cm | |
44 | Infructescence with acorns in clusters, but not fused | |
45 | Nuts ovoid. Leaves usually curved to one side | 54. |
45 | Nuts strongly apically depressed, occasionally conic. Leaves not curved | 51. |
44 | Infructescence with acorns solitary, with spaces between them | |
46 | Cupules saucer or cup-shaped, limb recurved. Leaves not less than 12 cm long | 21. |
46 | Cupules obconical, limb not recurved. Leaves up to 11 cm long | 4. |
32 | Acorns broader than long, hemisphaeric-depressed | |
47 | Cupules enclosing the nut completely or up to the apex of the nut | |
48 | Cupules more or less up to the apex of the nut, lamellae with erect or reflexed pseudospines which are not fused | |
49 | Pseudo-spines erect or spreading. Leaves oblanceolate. Scar nearly 1/2 of the nut | 14. |
49 | Pseudo-spines reflexed. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate | |
50 | Infructescence with acorns packed close together, but not fused. Leaves slightly cuneate at base | 23. |
50 | Infructescence with acorns solitary, with spaces between them. Leaves obtuse at base | 54. |
48 | Cupules enclosing the nut completely, except the umbo | |
51 | Lamellae pointed, with narrowly pseudospines. Infructescence with acorns packed close together, but not fused | 57. |
51 | Lamellae flattened and imbricate. Infructescence with acorns solitary, with spaces between them | |
52 | Lamellae fused on lower half, the upper half free and adaxially curved | 22. |
52 | Lamentas fused almost to apex, only a short free lobe adaxially curved | 52. |
47 | Cupules enclosing up to 1/2 of the nut | |
53 | Acorns stalked, cupules enclosing only base of the nut | |
54 | Stalk up to 1 cm long. Leaves glaucous on lower surface, petiole up to 1 cm long | 49. |
54 | Stalk not less than 1 cm long. Leaves pale on lower surface, not glaucous, petiole not less than 1 cm long | 31. |
53 | Acorns sessile, cupules enclosing up to 1/2 of the nut | |
55 | Acorns not less than 2 by 2.5 cm | |
56 | Cupules slightly obconical. Leaves oblong, acute to caudate at apex, margin not revolute, petiole not less than 1 cm | 11. |
56 | Cupules saucer-shaped. Leaves obovate, obtuse at apex, margin revolute, petiole up to 0.6 cm long | 44. |
55 | Acorns up to 1.5 by 2 cm | |
57 | Nuts convex at the apex | |
58 | Cupules saucer-shaped to flattened and discoid. Leaves not whorled | |
59 | Lamellae usually fused throughout. Leaves up to 15 cm long | 38. |
59 | Lamellae fused at base only, apices free. Leaves not less than 18 cm long | 17. |
58 | Cupules cup-shaped. Leaves usually whorled at the twig tips | 58. |
57 | Nuts flattened at the apex. Cupule cup-shaped, enclosing 1/5 to 1/2 of the nut. Leaves with unequal sides, usually curved to one side | |
60 | Leaves oblong, elliptic oblong, not less than 10 by 3.5 cm, with 14–20 pairs of lateral nerves | 55. |
We are grateful to staff of the Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary for assistance in the field. We thank R. Pooma and staff of the Forest Herbarium (BKF) for access to collections. Finally, we would like to acknowledge S. Suddee and A. Sinbumroong for advice in identification and the preparation of this manuscript. The first author was supported by a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2011–2014).