Corresponding author: Peter H. Hovenkamp (
Academic editor: T. Ranker
The Asiatic species of
Virtually all authors who have dealt with the genus
Two genera have been described that are now universally included in
The characters of
There is as much unanimity on the distinctness of the genus as there is uncertainty on the distinctness of species in
Much of the variability between species in
The anatomy shows a variably, but often very strongly developed peripheral sclerified sheath, a ground tissue with or without scattered sclerenchyma strands, and a dictyostele. When aerial parts develop, they tend to be more strongly sclerified.
The rhizome is covered with, usually persistent, rhizome scales with a peltate attachment. The scales are often strongly thickened near the attachment, and the margin can be nearly entire or densely set with woolly hairs (best visible in young scales) or sessile glands. The scales are strongly appressed or spreading to recurved - in the latter case the recurved parts tend to disappear on older rhizomes, giving the impression of a cover of short, appressed scales.
Roots arise mostly from the ventral side of the rhizome, and may be unbranched for a considerable length. The long unbranched parts have been described as rhizophores, but they were identified as real roots by
Fronds arise on the rhizome without any apparent regularity, sometimes clustered, sometimes more regularly spread over the length of a creeping rhizome. They do not appear to grow in regular rows, but are inserted more or less dorsally on creeping stems, and often on all sides on aerial stems. At a variable position on the stipe, there is a distinct articulation point, where old fronds abscise cleanly, with a plane of dehiscence that is perpendicular to the stipe. The part below the abscission point might be called a phyllopodium, the part above it the stipe, but the upper part of the phyllopodium is in all structural details similar to the stipe, while basally it shows a gradual transition to the rhizome. A stipe-like phyllopodium like this is restricted, in ferns, to
The lamina is uniformly simple in all species, and varies little in shape, except in
The morphology of the spores of
Two distinct types of perispore morphology can be distinguished. The first type occurs in all species studied except
The second type occurs exclusively in
The exospore is smooth in all cases where it has been observed. Spore size variability was assessed based on SEM observations, with length of the spore measured including the perispore (
List of specimens (all L.) of which spores were studied (see figs. 9, 10).<br/>
|
|
|
Kato et al. B 9511 |
|
2 |
Geesink & Santisuk 5384 |
|
3 |
Schmutz 6086 |
|
3 |
Ting & Shih 796 |
|
1 |
Davidse & Sumithraarachchi 7965 |
|
5 |
Holstvoogd 472 |
|
6 |
Brooks |
|
4 |
Kato, M. et al. C 4121 |
|
2 |
Kato, M. et al. C 1365 |
|
4 |
Clunie et al. LAE 63399 |
|
4 |
Degener 14279 |
|
3 |
Siew 125 |
|
3 |
Gaerlan et al. PPI 13079 |
|
5 |
Kato et al. B 7901 |
|
4 |
Kato et al. 1160 |
|
5 |
Croft 66 |
|
4 |
Craven & Schodde 133 |
|
4 |
Brass 29706 |
|
6 |
Elmer 11451 |
|
2 |
Hennipman 5430 |
|
2 |
Kato et al. C 7480 |
|
1 |
Sledge 1790 |
|
1 |
Hennipman 3334 |
|
4 |
Maxwell 74/907 |
|
2 |
Banoc 3 |
|
3 |
Van Steenis 20870 |
|
4 |
De Haas 2622 |
|
4 |
Van Royen & Sleumer 5959 |
|
5 |
Braithwaite RSS 4045 |
|
2 |
Distribution of spore lengths in
Distribution of spore lengths in
Data on chromosome numbers for species of
Of the Asiatic species,
The simple morphology of
This study is based on material from B, BISH, BM, BO, K, KEP, KLU, L, P, PE, PNH, MICH, SING, UC (abbreviations follow Index Herbariorum, Thiers 2011). All specimens cited were seen except where noted otherwise. Specimens seen only as on-line images (provided either directly through the database of the holding institute or via JSTOR,
Terrestrial, epilithic or epiphytic, creeping or scrambling ferns. Rhizome scaly, roots scattered, often with long rhizophore-like proximal parts, fronds scattered or in whorls, on stipe-like phyllopodia, dehiscing at a slightly thickened articulation point. Fronds stipitate, lamina simple, margin entire, veins distinct, somewhat raised on both sides, 1–2 ´ forked at or near the costa, costa often with narrow scales, lamina and veins often with acicular or capitate hairs. Sori in one, often irregular row on each side of the costa, with a more or less reniform, glabrous or hairy indusium. Sporangia stalked, stalk often with a number of sessile or stalked glands below the sporangium, sporangium body glabrous, spores monolete, perispore with broad wings, sometimes highly perforate, or echinate, massive.
1 | Rhizome with stiff, erect to pendent rootless aerial branches | 2 |
– | Rhizome creeping | 4 |
2 | Fronds strongly dimorphic, scattered on the rhizome or somewhat clustered on short side branches | 9 |
– | Fronds monomorphic or slightly dimorphic, often in whorls of 5–10 fronds | 3 |
3 | Lamina thick, coriaceous, costa with copious, conspicuous, 3–4 mm long pale to brown scales on the abaxial surface | 1 |
– | Lamina thin, papyraceous when dry, costa mostly with few or inconspicuous scales on the abaxial surface | 4 |
4 | Rhizome in older parts not entirely covered with scales; scales with squarrose acumen and entire or distinctly glandular margin | 5 |
– | Rhizome entirely covered with overlapping scales; scales with appressed or spreading apex, usually with non-glandular cilia | 6 |
5 | Rhizome scales with gradually narrowed apex, stipes 0.5–4.5 cm long, costa and stipe often with distinct dark colouration on the abaxial surface | 5 |
– | Rhizome scales with abruptly narrowed apex, stipe to 2–3 mm long, costa and stipe without dark colouration on the abaxial surface | 7 |
6 | Phyllopodia , inconspicuous, 2–5 mm, rarely 1 cm long, much shorter than the stipe, sori mostly in a closely costal single row | 7 |
– | Phyllopodia, conspicuous, 2–10 cm long, often as long as or longer than the stipe, position of sori costal to medial | 8 |
7 | Rhizome scales squarrose, costa and stipe usually with dark colouration, frond apex distinctly apiculate | 8 |
– | Rhizome scales appressed, costa and stipe without dark colouration, frond apex acute to acuminate | 3 |
8 | Rhizome scales spreading, long triangular with a wide acumen, brown, central part not conspicuously thickened, roots branching with root hairs over their entire length; lamina glabrous on upper surface and margin | 6 |
– | Rhizome scales appressed to spreading, narrowly ovate-lanceolate with long narrow acumen, central part dark, thickened, roots often with glabrous, unbranched part (“rhizophore”), lamina hairy or glabrous | 2 |
Distribution of
Brunei, Indonesia: Kalimantan Timur; Malaysia: Sarawak.
E
Terrestrial in montane forest, mainly on ridges and in summit vegetation, 1100–2200 m.
Creeping and rooting parts of the rhizome are absent in all collections seen, but presumably present, as in
Rhizome short- to long creeping, 3–8 mm thick, sometimes white waxy in the older parts, little branched and not forming extensive stands, in cross-section with or without scattered sclerified strands; roots scattered, sometimes with unbranched aerial parts; phyllopodia scattered or more or less tufted, (1–)3–10 cm long. Scales persistently covering the rhizome, peltate, 4–9 × 0.5–1.5 mm, appressed, acumen with dark center and lighter acumen and margin, margin ciliate especially when young. Fronds monomorphic, stipe 2–12 cm long, without dark colouration, glabrous or hairy with catenate to acicular up to 2 mm long hairs, lamina 12- 40 × 2–4.5 cm, base narrowly cuneate to truncate, apex acute to long-acuminate, texture thin-chartaceous, both surfaces and margin with catenate or acicular hairs 0.2–1 mm long, usually more densely on lower surface, costa without dark colouration, on lower surface without or with few, pale to dark scales. Sori close to or scattered up to 2 mm from the costa, indusium distinct, 1–2 mm wide, densely hairy with short or long hairs. Sporangial stalk with glands below the sporangium. Spores with broad or narrow confluent ridges, surface variably ornamented with small pustules to narrow spines, perispore hollow, with internal baculae, outer layer not or finely perforated, sometimes fissured along the ridges.
China: Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou; Laos; Thailand (Peninsular); Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Indonesia: Flores; Timor Leste; Philippines: Luzon.
Distribution of
Terrestrial or on rocks, cliffs and roadsides in open forest, sea level to c. 1200 m.
Contrary to
South China, Southern India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia: Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi; Philippines: Luzon, Australia: Queensland.
Mostly terrestrial or on rocks, less often as low trunk epiphyte, in various types of forests, often disturbed, sea level to c. 2000 m.
ICN 60.8 specifies that the spelling of the original epithet “musaefolia” should be corrected to “musifolia”.
India (Himalayas), China (Xizang), Malesian archipelago to Australia, Pacific Islands (Fiji, Samoa).
Distribution of
Terrestrial or epiphytic, in various types of forests, in open places, often making up a significant part of summit or ridge scrub. Sea level to 2200 m.
The epithet
With its wide-creeping and persistent rhizome,
The following characters or character complexes, some of which have been used to distinguish species, are variable in particular:
1 Place of the stipe articulation. The phyllopodium may be distinctly longer than the very short stipe (
2 Length and density of lamina hairs. Although the presence or length of lamina hairs is usually highly variable, some forms have constantly and distinctly longer hairs.
3 Location of soral zone. Sori may be located in a narrow zone close to the costa (
4 Indusium. The presence of an indusium is rarely constant over an area. It may vary from distinct and often firm (
5 Costal scales: Some forms have uniformly pale and flat costal scales, some have almost uniformly narrow, dark scales, and there are forms that vary in this character.
Over most of the distribution area, two forms can often easily be distinguished locally, on basis of the relative length of phyllopodium and stipe. Stipitate forms have short phyllopodia, elongated stipes (thus the articulation is positioned at the base of the phyllopodium/stipe), the lamina gradually narrowed towards the base, and sori relatively close to the costa (
Copeland (1958) distinguishes
Stipitate form description: Phyllopodia to 2 mm, stipes to c. 7 mm, lamina and margin hairy with highly variable density, costa mostly with many pale scales, sori not closely costal to medial or submarginal, indusia glabrous, often small, indistinct. Sessile form description (
Stipitate form description: Phyllopodia 1–5 mm, stipes 8–25 mm, lamina base gradually narrowed, costal scales pale except near base of lamina, lamina setose, lamina hairs relatively long, margin often distinctly fimbriate with hairs shorter or equal to those on lamina, sori costal, indusia firm, with wide sinus, usually glabrous.
Sessile form description: Phyllopodia 5–15 mm, stipes very short to occasionally 3 mm long, lamina base narrowed to ultimately cuneate, not distinctly lyrate, lamina indument often long, conspicuous on all veins, margin often distinctly fimbriate with hairs similar to these on the lamina, costal scales few or absent, dark, sori narrowly costal, indusium distinct and persistent but not firm, often with narrow sinus, sometimes setose.
Kato (1989) distinguishes the specimens from Ceram with a very small, setose indusium as
Fiji form description (see also
Samoa form description: Phyllopodia 1–7 mm, stipes 2–28 mm, lamina base gradually narrowed, costal scales brown to dark, lamina glabrous or setose, with hairs to 0.5 mm long on the lamina, 1–2 mm long on the margin, sori costal or subcostal leaving a sterile zone of 0.5–3 mm wide, indusia distinct, glabrous or setose.
Stipitate form description (see also
Sessile form description (see also
Eastern Malesia to Pacific Islands. Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak, Philippines: Mindanao; Indonesia: Sulawesi; Moluccas, Papua; Papua New Guinea; Solomon islands; Vanuatu; Tahiti and Marquesas: Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tahuata, Ua Huka and Ua Pou; Western Samoa: Savaii; Fiji.
Distribution of
Epiphytic, epilithic, or less commonly terrestrial (most often at elevations over 1500m), commonly collected from mossy forests, climbing or sprawling among bryophytes and other epiphytes, or pendulous from mossy tree branches, to 600 m (Marquesas and Tahiti); or from 1000 to 3000 m (elsewhere).
The dark colour on the abaxial surface of the costa is often very conspicuous, extending on the stipe, thus rendering the stipe conspicuously bicolorous.
Burma, Laos, Thailand, China: Yunnan. Mostly below 1000 m.
In open or deciduous forests, often disturbed; terrestrial or epilithic, rhizome subterraneous, on rocks or in crevices, mostly on granite.
New Guinea, at 975 m.
Distribution of
Scandent on trunk of Sago palm in garden, or in forest.
Taingelem (Wapi language, Miwaute)
Himalayas to Northern Thailand, Yunnan and Taiwan, 1600 to 3600 m. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan, Taiwan), Thailand.
Mostly epiphytic, on mossy trunks, also on cliff faces or boulders.
Indonesia (Maluku, Papua); Papua New Guinea; Vanuatu.
Commonly epiphytic, on trunks or in crowns, less often terrestrial or on rocks, erect, scrambling or pendent, in various types of forests, most frequently in montane or mossy forests, on ridges, up to c. 2000 m.
As in
Hairiness is very variable, and while there is no sharp distinction between hairy and glabrous forms, it is noteworthy that hairy forms tend to occur at especially the Western extreme of the distribution area, with less hairy forms near the Eastern extreme and glabrous forms mostly on the mainland of New Guinea.
We are grateful for the directors of the herbaria of BISH, BM, MICH, PNH, SING, UC for the loan of material, and of B, BM, BO, K, KEP, KLU, P, PE for the permission to study their collections. The contributions of many staff members in L, but in particular Peter van Welzen and Niels Raes, to the georeferencing of collecting localities and thus to the maps presented here are gratefully acknowledged.
Abbe, L.B.; Abbe, E.C. 9650 : 4; 9805 : 4; Abdul Samat, A. 118 : 4; Adelbert, A.G.L. 128 : 4; 252 : 4; 490 : 4; Aet; Idjan 324 : 4; Ajoeb 265 : 4; Allen, B.M. 1427 : 4; 1779 : 4; Alston, A.H.G. 16962 : 4; Anderson, J.A.R. S 18570 : 4; Andrews, S.B.; Stocker, G. 283 : 3; Ashton, P.S. 242 : 4; 424 : 1.
Backer, C.A. 12576 : 3; 23016 : 4; 25877 : 4; 36909 : 3; Bakhuizen v.d. Brink, R.C. 1539 : 4; 2777 : 4; 3208 : 4; 4482 : 4; 7677 : 4; Balgooy, M.M.J. van 1887 : 5; 5037 : 4; 5223 : 4; Balgooy, M.M.J. van; Wiriadinata, H. 2865 : 4; Bamler, G. 31 : 4; Bamler, M.G. ROS 132 : 4; Banoc, L.M. 3 : 6; 58 : 6; Banying ak Nyudong S 17211 : 4; S 19419 : 4; Barcelona, J.F. 2040 : 4; Barcelona, J.F.; Busemeyer, D.T. 717 : 4; Barcelona, J.F.; Busemeyer, D.T.; Ippoli, A. 575 : 4; 622 : 4; Bartlett, H.H. 15759 : 4; Beaman, J.H. 6957 : 4; 8027 : 4; 9605 : 4; 9921 : 4; 10332 : 4; Beusekom, C.F. van; Beusekom, R.J. van 1542 : 3; Beusekom, C.F. van; Charoenphol, C. 1690 : 3; Beusekom, C.F. van; et al. 4517 : 3; 4526 a: 3; 4813 : 6; Beusekom, C.F. van; Phengkhlai, C. 2431 : 8; Bor, S. 767 : 8; Borssum Waalkes, J. van 1290 : 4; 2824 : 4; Braithwaite, A.F. 4216 : 9; R.S.N.H. 2370 : 5; RSNH 2087 : 4; RSNH 2110 : 4; RSNH 2436 : 4; RSS 4045 : 9; RSS 4174 : 4; RSS 4471 : 9; RSS 4676 : 5; Brass, L.J. 2916 : 9; 3032 : 4; 3341 : 4; 3893 : 4; 7115 : 4; 11266 : 5; 11870 : 4; 12109 : 5; 12158 : 5; 12841 : 9; 12842 : 4; 13002 : 4; 13214 : 9; 13215 : 4; 13323 : 4; 23016 : 4; 23174 : 5; 24907 : 4; 25803 : 4; 25805 : 4; 26074 : 4; 26087 : 4; 29706 : 5; 31944 : 4; 32064 : 9; Britton, B.B. 326 : 4; Brooke, W.M.A. 8590 : 4; Brooks, C.J. 115 : 4; 263 s: 4; Brown, E.D.W. 980 A: 5; 980 B: 5; 980 C: 5; 980 D: 5; 980 E: 5; Brownlie, G. 1717 : 4; Bünnemeijer, H.A.B. 675 : 4; 3875 : 4; 4127 : 4; 4238 : 4; 5494 : 4; 8969 : 4; 11481 : 3; 12161 : 3; Burkill, I.H. 12904 : 4; SFN 8497 : 4; Buwalda, P. 3640 : 4; 5171 : 4; 6622 : 4; 8063 : 4.
Caerlan; Sageed; Romero PPI 13079 : 4; Carr, C.E. 13428 : 4; 13552 : 5; 13981 : 9; 14419 : 5; 14831 : 9; Carrick, J. JC 102 : 4; Chai, P. S 37561 : 4; S 39456 : 4; Chao Yu Zhang 21441 : 8; Charoenphol, C. 4241 : 3; Cheesman, L.E. 128 : 4; 1199 : 9; Chen Nian-qu 40930 : 2; Cheng Shu-Zhi; Li Bosheng 1015 : 8; 5250 : 4 Chew, W.L. 942 : 4; 1273 : 4; Chew, W.L.; Corner, E.J.H.; Stainton, A. 298 : 4; 1461 : 4; Chin, S.W. 28 : 4; Ching, R.C. 25432 : 8; Christophersen, E. 15 : 4; 125 : 4; 520 : 4; 826 : 5; 866 : 4; 2138 : 5; 3095 : 5; Christophersen, E.; Hume, E.P. 2305 : 4; Chun, N. 40930 : 2; Cicuzza, D. 178 : 4; Clarke, C.B. 42231 A: 6; Clemens, J. 421 : 4; 4534 : 9; 32552 : 5; 32871 : 5; Clemens, J.; Clemens, M.S. 27210 : 4; 28337 : 4; 28763 : 4; 30705 : 4; 30902 : 4; Clemens, M.S. 9114 : 5; 11053 : 4; 16494 : 4; 41009 : 5; Clunie, N.M.U. LAE 63276 : 9; LAE 63380 : 9; LAE 63399 : 4; Co, L. 3197 : 4; Coert, J.H. 644 : 4; 1497 : 4; Collecteur de Darjeeling 109 : 8; Coode, M.J.E. 6498 : 4; NGF 32846 : 4; Coode, M.J.E.; et al. 7548 : 4; Copeland, E.B. 137 : 4; 1381 : 4; 1474 : 4; 1766 : 4; 1804 : 2; 2016 : 4; ppe 56 : 4; Cox, P.A. 224 : 4; 345 : 4; 838 : 4; Craven, L.A. 1123 : 5; 1269 : 5; Craven, L.A.; Schodde, R. 133 : 4; 287 : 9; Croft, J.R. 34 : 4; 66 : 4; 224 : 9; 817 : 4; 821 : 4; 1223 : 4; 1897 : 9; 1987 : 9; Croft 11 : 5; Croft 875 : 5; Croft 1508 : 5; LAE 65781 : 5; LAE 65822 : 5; LAE 68337 : 5; LAE 68911 : 4; LAE 71012 : 4; LAE 71112 : 4; Croft, J.R.; Katik, P. NGF 14933 : 4; Croft, J.R.; Lelean, Y. LAE 65642 : 4; Croxall, J.P. 6016 : 5; Cuming, H. 60 : 2; 94 : 4; Curry, P. 1644 : 4; Curtis, C. 160 : 4.
Damas, K. LAE 58855 : 4; Danser, B.H. 5971 : 4; Darbyshire, P.J. 226 : 7; 325 : 9; Darnaedi, D. 1554 : 5; 2362 : 4; 2725 : 3; Davidse, G.; Sumithraarachchi, D.B. 7965 : 3; Davis, A.P. 464 : 4; 814 : 5; 814 : 5; Degener, O. 14279 : 4; Docters van Leeuwen, W.M. 10942 : 4; Dodd, J. E 10 : 9; Dransfield, S. 976 : 4.
Ecology Highland Group 14053 : 8; Edaño, G.E. 26 : 4; 71 : 4; 303 : 4; 637 : 4; 647 : 4; 796 : 4; 806 : 4; 1540 : 4; 2596 : 4; 5922 : 4; 6260 : 4; 8031 : 4; pnh 17267 : 4; Edwards, P.J. 724 : 1; 1988 : 4; 2141 : 4; Elbert, J. 1650 : 3; Elmer, A.D.E. 7940 : 4; 9069 : 4; 9959 : 4; 10908 : 4; 11451 : 5; 14140 : 4; 14149 : 4; 17694 : 4; 17964 : 4; Endert, F.H. 3030 : 4; 4244 : 4; Evans, J.H.N.; Gordon, W. 998 : 2; Eyma, P.J. 1664 : 5; 4484 : 9; 4726 : 4.
Fallen, M.E. 437 : 5; Faurie, U. 611 : 8; Florence, J. 3634 : 5; 4336 : 5; 6780 : 5; 7498 : 5; 9623 : 5; 9770 : 5; Forbes, H.O. 662 : 3; 884 : 3; 3482 : 2; Foreman, D.B. LAE 59150 : 9; NGF 45759 : 4; forest production group 84422 : 2; Forrest, G. 11799 : 8; 18581 : 8; 24238 : 8; 26691 : 8; Fosberg, F.R. 62670 : 5; Foxworthy, F.W. 72 : 4; 77 : 4; 359 : 4; Fu Guoxun 415 : 8; Fuchs, H.P.; Collenette, S.H. 21671 : 4.
Gaerlan, F.J.M.; Sagcal, E.; Romero PPI 10874 : 4; PPI 13079 : 4; Gagné, B.H. 1113 : 5; 1580 : 5; BHG 2318 : 5; Garber, D.W. 724 : 4; 1046 : 4; Gawi, M. 11 : 5; Gebo, A. 1619 : 4; Geesink, R.; Santisuk, T. 5384 : 2; Ghose, G. 11 : 3; Gideon, O. LAE 57504 : 4; Gideon, O.; Silu, J. LAE 76918 : 4; Gillespie, J.W. 2748 : 4; 3249 : 4; 3815 : 4; 4110 : 5; Gillett, G.W. 2174 : 5; Gong Wu Su 479 : 8; Graeffe 1078 : 4; Grant, M.L. 3704 : 5; 4095 : 5; Gravendeel, B. 593 : 4; Grey; Wilson, E.H.; Phillips 289 : 3; Gurung, V.L. 55 : 2; Gwynne Vaughan, D. 431 : 4.
Haas, J.H. de 2622 : 8; Hallier, H. 418 : 4; 1699 : 4; 3297 : 4; Hansen, B.; Smitinand, T. 11846 : 2; Hansen, C. 1128 : 4; Hardeveld, C. van 318 : 3; Hartley, T.G. 11417 : 4; Harvey, H.D. 1668 : 4; Hassan Flora Project 579 : 3; 692 : 3; 887 : 3; Henderson, M.R. 11197 : 4; 17879 : 4; Hennipman, E. 3092 : 3; 3334 : 6; 3334 A: 2; 3334 B: 6; 3413 : 8; 3568 : 3; 3655 : 3; 5370 : 5; 5430 : 5; 5518 : 4; 6158 : 4; Henry, A. 9484C : 2; 9484 : 8; Hirano, M.; Hotta, M. 1522 : 4; Hirschland, J.G. 2 : 4; Hochreutiner, B.P.G. 1755 : 4; 3326 : 4; Hodel, D.R. 1373 : 5; Höft, R. 2260 : 5; 2733 : 5; 2953 : 5; 3659 : 5; Holstvoogd, C. 471 : 4; 472 : 3; 847 : 3; 848 : 3; Holttum, R.E. 1668 : 4; 20580 : 4; 31319 : 4; N.G.F 40181 : 5; SFN 10686 : 4; SFN 11403 : 4; SFN 14852 : 2; SFN 25723 : 4; SFN 39209 : 3; Hoover, W.S. 434 : 9; Hortus, Bogor 57 : 4; 177 : 4; Hosokawa, Takahide 8677 : 4; Hotta, M. 14797 : 1; Hou, D. 213 : 4; Hovenkamp, P.H. 527 : 4; 05 05 : 4; Huang, T.C.; Kao, M.T. 1730 : 8; Hume, H.L. 7174 : 4.
Investigation team in western Yunnan 11416 : 8; Iwatsuki, K. 484 : 8; 531 : 3; B 1870 : 4; B 2495 : 4; B 2505 : 4; C 921 : 9; P 597 : 3; Iwatsuki, K.; Fukuoka, N. T 3424 : 6.
Jaag, O. 1110 a: 3; 1170 : 3; 1960 : 4; Jacobs, M. 7948 : 4; Jacobson, E. 2549 : 4; Jermy, A.C. 3488 : 5; 13677 : 4; 14420 : 1; Jiang Xinglin 35239 : 8; John, H.; St 17025 : 5; Johns, R.J. 7369 : 4; 7986 : 5; 9023 : 5; 9091 : 5; 10303 : 4; 10329 : 5; Jones, W.B. 1798 : 5.
Kadim bin Tassim K 491 : 2; Kajewski, S.F. 874 : 4; 2691 : 4; Kalkman, C. 4005 : 4; 4379 : 5; 4469 : 5; Kathmandu Expedition KE 1067 : 8; Katik, P. LAE 56318 : 4; Kato, M. 822 : 9; B 3674 : 4; B 6042 : 4; B 7667 : 4; B 7901 : 4; B 9511 : 1; B 9569 : 1; B 9813 : 1; B 10920 : 1; B 11131 : 4; C 1278 : 9; C 1365 : 4; C 1729 : 4; C 1945 : 4; C 2907 : 4; C 4121 : 4; C 5058 : 4; C 7412 : 9; C 7480 : 5; C 11656 : 4; C 12846 : 5; C 12965 : 4; C 13351 : 4; C 14279 : 4; C 14361 : 5; C 14446 : 4; Kato, M.; Setoguchi, H.; Darnaedi, D. 1160 : 4; Kato, M.; Wiriadinata, H. B 4749 : 4; B 4924 : 4; B 5283 : 4; B 5931 : 4; Kaudern, W. 86 : 4; Keenan 1386 : 6; Kerr, A.F.G. 9363 : 6; 9645 : 3; Kessler, P.J.A. 2857 : 4; Keysser, C. II 74 : 5; Kinbag, F. 013 : 5; King’s collector 2424 : 4; Kog, P. 004 : 5; Koorders, S.H. 14942 B: 4; 19832 b: 3; 36678 B: 4; Koster, C. BW 13848 : 4; Kostermans, A.J.G.H. 2280 : 4; 5549 : 4; 6513 : 4; Kostermans, A.J.G.H.; Soegeng, W. 509 : 4; Kostermans, A.J.G.H.; Wirawan, N. 747 : 3; Kuhl, H.; Hasselt, J.C. van 7 : 4; Kurz, S. 203 : 3.
Lace, J.H. 4227 : 6; LAE 65715 : 4; Lai, J.; Enjah S 64162 : 4; Lam, H.J. 537 : 4; 1449 : 4; 1856 : 5; 1943 : 5; 6897 : 4; Lang Kai-Yong; Zhang Yongtian 3360 : 8; Larsen, K. 44 : 3; 964 : 3; 2689 : 6; 8936 : 6; 10678 : 3; 31861 : 6; Larsen, K.; Larsen, S.S. 30713 : 3; Lau S.K. 1490 : 2; 3108 : 2; 27368 : 2; Lavarack, P. NGF 31446 : 5; Lavarack, P.; Ridsdale, C.E. NGF 31444 : 9; LeBronnec, G. 809 : 5; Ledermann 7652 : 7; Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. 3 : 4; Li Bosheng 14023 : 8; Li Hua Hou 1009 : 2; Li Yang Yi; Li Bosheng 13537 : 8; Liu Bingrong 5064 : 2; 5065 : 2; Lorence, D.H. 6094 : 5; Lörzing, J.A. 728 : 3; 5202 : 4; 6890 : 4; 14050 : 4; Luang Winit-Wanadorn 47 : 6; Luang, Winit 1003 : 3; Ludlow, F. 6496 : 8; 6685 : 8; Ludlow, F.; Sherriff, G.; Hicks, J.H. 17008 : 8; 17416 : 8; 17499 : 8; 17536 : 8; 17540 : 8; 19563 : 8; 20909 : 8; Luerssen 3766 : 4; 9902 : 4.
M. K. Li 450 : 2; MacDaniels, L.H. 1531 : 5; Main 261 : 4; Mamit, J.D. S 34391 : 4; Mangen, J.M. 2227 : 4; Manickam, V.S.; Matthew, K.M. RHT 34242 : 3; Manner; Street 346 : 4; 592 : 4; Manseima, J. 011 : 5; Martellino, A.; Edaño, G.E. BS 35643 : 4; Maxwell, J.F. 85-194 : 4; 74 777 : 3; 74 907 : 6; 76 571 : 3; 78 167 : 4; 85 495 : 4; 87 227 : 2; 87 641 : 6; 89 858 : 6; 91 495 : 6; 92 716 : 6; 93 774 : 3; 93 1359 : 6; 94 1030 : 8; 94 1303 : 6; 95 919 : 6; 96 1265 : 3; 97 720 : 6; 97 1082 : 6; 98 636 : 6; McClure, F.A. 20061 : 2; McGregor, R.C. BS 10316 : 4; McKee, H.S. 3054 : 5; Meebold 7512 : 6; Mei Fung 4879 : 8; Meijer, W. 69 : 3; 905 : 4; 9473 : 4; 10341 : 3; Mendoza, D.R.; Convocar, P. 712 : 4; 748 : 4; Merrill, E.D. 624 : 4; 3238 : 4; 5937 : 4; 6682 : 2; Sp. Blan 490 : 4; Middleton, D.J.; Meng Monyrak 617 : 4; Millar N.G.F. 15745 : 5; Mogea, J.P.: Wilde, W.J.J.O de 3715 : 4; Mohd Haniff SFN 8019 : 4; Mohd Nur SFN 34358 : 4; Mohd Shah MS 656 : 4; MS 2803 : 4; Molesworth Allen, B. 4574 : 2; Moulton, J.C. SFN 6764 : 4; Moysey, L. 31884 : 4; Mumford, E.P. 472 : 5; Murata, G. J 890 : 4; T 16057 : 8.
Nakaike, K. 558 : 5; native collector 2222 : 4; SFN 4179 : 2; Neervoort, A.M. 253 : 4; Nitta, A. 15091 : 3; Normal School Students 12691 : 4; Norris, W. 856 : 4.
Oliver, R.L. 3109 : 5; Ooststroom, S.J. van 14090 : 3.
Pacific Entomological Survey 474 : 5; Ex 472 : 5; Palmer, W. 512 : 4; Palmer, W.; Bryant, O. 254 : 3; Parks, H.E. 20759 : 4; 70904 : 4; Parris, B.S. 7913 : 5; 10550 : 4; 11252 : 4; 11331 : 4; Parris, B.S.; Croxall, J.P. 5968 : 4; Parris, B.S.; Edwards, P.J. 10479 : 2; Parry Hance 1998 : 2; Pearce, K.G.; Serukit, D. S 95467 : 1; Perlman, S. 10118 : 5; Petrmitr, O. 164 : 6; 397 : 6; Phengkhlai, C. 283 : 2; 305 : 6; Phoon, S.N. FRI 53265 : 4; Pierre, L. 5713 : 4; Piggott, A.G. 2187 : 4; Pleyte, D.R. 343 : 4; Poilane, E. 4219 : 3; 9540 : 6; 12673 : 8; 15805 : 2; 23031 : 4; Polak, A.M. 931 : 4; Polak, E. 2048 : 4; Pooma, R. 4830 : 6; Pooma, R.; et al. 4373 : 4; Posthumus, O. 2429 : 4; 4058 : 4; Price, M.G. 1157 : 4; 2691 : 4; Price, M.G.; Hernaez, B.F. 701 : 4; Pulle, A.A. 113 : 4; 484 : 4; 596 : 4; 722 : 5; 1086 : 5; Pullen, R. 7738 : 4; 8069 : 4.
Qi Xinping Q 77 : 8; Qinghai-Tibet Team 4427 : 8; 4920 : 8; 8673 : 8; Qiu Yun 52907 : 8; Quayle, E.H. 61 : 5; 1145 : 5; 1258 : 5.
Raap, H. 218 : 4; 227 : 4; Rachmat 496 : 4; Ramos, M. 14881 : 4; Raynal, J. 17073 : 4; Raynal, J.; Schmid, R. RSNH 16123 : 4; Reinecke, F. 108 : 4; Reinecke, F.? 94 : 4; Reynoso; Garcia; Sagcal, E. PPI 14300 : 4; Ridley, H.N. 571 : 2; 5171 : 2; 5172 : 2; 7832 : 4; Riswan, S.; Afriastini, J.J. J 075 : 4; Robinson, H.C. 6024 : 4; Rock, J. 2026 : 6; Römer, L.S.A.M. von 770 : 4; Royen, P. van 3644 : 4; 3842 : 4; 3870 : 5; 7373 : 5; Royen, P. van; Sleumer, H.O. 5959 : 9; 6344 : 4; 7485 : 4; 7651 : 4; Rutten 1567 : 4; 2047 : 9; 2198 : 9; 2244 : 4.
S. Y. Dong 136 : 3; Sachet, M.-.H. 1021 : 5; Saigol, P. SAN 93067 : 4; Saldanha 17990 : 3; Sands, M.J.S. 6399 : 4; Sauveur; Sinke 2516 : 4; Schiffner, V. P 209 : 4; Schlechter, R. 16689 : 9; 18572 : 4; 19626 : 4; Schmutz, E. 59 : 3; 636 : 3; 2282 : 3; 6086 : 2; F 24 : 2; Schnell, R. 10176 : 3; Schwartz, A. 2448 : 4; 2795 : 3; 2822 : 4; Scortechini, B. 394 : 4; Seimund, E. 236 : 4; Setchell, W.A. 398 : 4; Shimizu, T. M 13244 : 4; T 8959 : 2; T 11457 : 3; T 22791 : 2; Shui Yumin 3730 : 8; Sidiyasa, K.; Arifin, Z. 1586 : 4; Siew Wei Hoe 125 : 4; Simpson, D.A. 2306 : 4; Sinclair, J. SFN 38688 : 4; Sino-Japanese expedition 9391 : 8; T 273 : 8; Sino-Soviet joint mission in Yunnan 2439 : 8; 3798 : 8; 4494 : 8; Sledge, W.A. 1106 : 3; 1790 : 5; Sleumer, H.O.; Vink, W. BW 14084 : 4; BW 14245 : 4; Smith, A.C. 283 : 4; 1870 : 4; 1975 : 4; 4695 : 4; 4811 : 4; 5162 : 4; 5163 : 5; 5423 : 4; 6104 : 4; 8369 : 4; 8502 : 4; 8678 : 4; Smith, E. 894 : 4; 1073 : 3; 1074 : 3; 1281 : 6; 1283 : 6; Smith, L.S. 4602 : 3; Soegeng, W. 433 : 4; Soejarto, J.J.; Fernando, O.; Sagcal, E. 8874 : 4; Soepadmo, E.; Mahmud 1091 : 4; Steenis, C.G.G.J. van 3688 : 4; 18293 : 3; 18504 : 2; 18505 : 4; 20870 : 8; Stevens, P.F. LAE 50373 : 4; LAE 58317 : 9; LAE 58759 : 9; Stevens, P.F.; Lelean, Y. LAE 58693 : 4; Stewart, R.R. 15949 : 8; Stone, B.C.; Price, M.G. 12190 : 4; Stone, B.C.; Reynoso; Sagcal, E. PPI 447 : 4; Streimann, H. N.G.F. 35860 : 5; NGF 28939 : 4; Streimann, H.; Kairo, A. NGF 39009 : 4; NGF 44042 : 9; Stresemann, E. 9 : 4; 12 : 9; 365 : 9; 405 : 9; 405 a: 5; Strugnell, E.J. 14611 : 4; Sulit, M.D. 1211 : 4; 5376 : 4; Sun Hong Fan Herb 9434 : 3; Surbeck, H. 152 : 4; 600 : 3; 1036 : 4; 1093 : 4; Survey team who collected herbs in Tibet 1102 : 8; 1102 : 8; 1139 : 8; Swart, J.W. 2448 : 4.
Tagawa, M. 542 : 8; T 634 : 3; T 646 : 2; T 1524 : 3; T 9311 : 3; Takeuchi, W. 5340 : 9; 5390 : 9; 6229 : 4; 6317 : 9; 6318 : 4; 8920 : 4; 9234 : 4; 10703 : 5; 10758 : 4; 10775 : 4; 10814 : 9; 11714 : 4; 12970 : 4; Takeuchi, W.; Towati, A.; Ama, D. 19917 : 5; Teck, L.S. S 68652 : 4; Thwaites, G.H.K. CP 1378 : 3; Ting, K.C. 796 : 2; Topping, D.L. 450 : 4; 850 : 4; 1338 : 4; 1856 : 4; Tsiang, Y. 4731 : 2; Tsoong, K.K. 1284 : 2; Turnau, E.A. 846 : 4.
Ueda, K.; Darnaedi, D. B 8941 : 4; University of San Carlos 79 : 4; 120 : 4; Unknown 46-2 : 4; 56 : 8; 60 : 2; 4699 : 8; 13924 : 4; 15513 : 4; Utteridge, T.M.A. 381 : 5.
Vaupel, F. 337 : 4; Vegetation team Qinghai-Tibet group 2503 : 8; Veldkamp, J.F. 8446 : 4; Versteeg, G.M. 1335 : 4; Versteegh, C. BW 10299 : 4; BW 10419 : 4; BW 10420 : 5; BW 10424 : 9; BW 12561 : 4; Vink, W. 17596 : 5; Vogel, E.F. de 1939 : 4; Vogel, E.F. de; Vermeulen, J.J. 7310 : 4; 7561 : 4; Voogd, C.N.A. de 128 : 4; 2498 : 3; Vriese, W.H. de 6 : 3; 25 : 3; 26 : 4; 28 : 3; 35 : 4; 66 : 4; 342 : 3.
Wagner, W.L. 6225 : 5; Waitz, F.A.C. 27 : 4; Walker, T.G. 8042 : 9; 8265 : 9; T 7541 : 5; Wallich, N. 373 : 8; Wang, C.W. 39287 : 3; 39445 : 8; 74763 : 6; 78515 : 3; 87504 : 2; Wang, W.T. 10419 : 6; Wang, Z.R. C 621 : 2; Watthana, S. QBG 21791 : 3; Webster, G.L.; Hildreth, R. 14181 : 4; Werner, E. ROS 28 : 9; Western China Academy of Sciences 4699 : 8; Whistler, A. 3549 : 4; Whitford, H.N. 999 : 4; 2248 : 4; Whitmore, T.C. BSIP 997 : 9; BSIP 2133 : 9; Whitmore, T.C.; Womersley, J.S. BSIP 688 : 9; Widjaja, E.A. 4207 : 4; Wilde, A.G. de; Vervoort, W. 530 : 4; Wilde, W.J.J.O. de; Wilde-Duyfjes, B.E.E. de 12942 : 4; 13787 : 4; 15022 : 4; Williams, K. 1981 : 4; Wilson, E.H. 5246 : 8; Winckel, W.F. 967 B: 4; 1359 : 4; 1656 B: 4; Winkler, H. 467 : 4; 1078 : 4; Wiriadinata, H. 144 : 4; Womersley, J.S.; Millar, A. NGF 7775 : 4; NGF 8377 : 4; Wong, K.M. 459 : 4; 1122 : 4; 1444 : 4; FRI 32229 : 4;; Wood, K.R. 4442 : 5; 4583 : 5; 6387 : 5; Worthington, R.D. 12919 : 4; Wray, L. 585 : 4; 1601 : 4; 3729 : 4; 5357 : 4; Wuzhishan Fern Survey 217 : 3; Wyatt-Smith, J. KEP 78837 : 4.
Xinggong Xia Xia 5419 : 8; 5520 : 8; Xu 4 : 8.
Y. Tsiang 11574 : 8; Yahud; Mahmud; S 88396 : 1; Yates, H.S. 2899 : 4; Yii Puan Ching SAR 48495 : 4; Yoshida, S. 1552 : 4; Yan Yue-Hong 3101 : 2; 12943 : 2; Yu, T.T. 16648 : 8; 17303 : 8; 17305 : 8.
Zhang Xian-Chun 106 : 2; 2355 : 3; Zhang Xian-Chun; Chen Zhen Chuan 3781 : 2; Zhang Xian-Chun; Dong Shiyong 1404 : 6; 1423 : 6; Zhongshan University 23749 : 8; Zhu Taiping 189 : 6; 476 : 6; Zhu Weiming 2705 : 8; Zollinger, H. 507 : 3; 1306 : 4; 1306 ?: 4; 1306 a: 3; 1306 B: 4; 1993 : 3.