Corresponding author: Marco Octávio de Oliveira Pellegrini (
Academic editor: P. Boyce
A synopsis for the genus
Pellegrini MOO, Forzza RC (2017) Synopsis of
The state of Rio de Janeiro is entirely placed within the Atlantic Forest domain (
The descriptions and phenology of the species were based on herbaria, spirit, fresh material, field data, and literature. All species were studied in the field and had their descriptions complemented with field notes, photographs, and cultivated specimens, gathered between the years of 2010–2016. Live specimens collected by the authors were kept in cultivation at the greenhouse of the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, in order to better observe, photograph and analyze fresh flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as other phenological data. Specimens from the following herbaria were also analyzed: ALCB, BHCB, BHZB, BM, BOTU, CEPEC, CESJ, CGE, CNMT, CVRD, ESA, FCAB, FLOR, FURB, GUA, HAMAB, HAS, HB, HBR, HRB, HSTM, HUEFS, HURB, IAC, ICN, JOI, K, MBM, MBML, PMSP, R, RB, RFA, RFFP, SP, SPF, UEC, UPCB, and US (herbaria acronyms according to Thiers, continuously updated). While specimens of the following herbaria were analyzed using high-resolution images available on-line: B, BRIT, C, CAL, F, INPA, L, MG, MO, MY, NY, P, U, and WAG. The classification of the vegetation patterns follows IBGE (2012). The indumenta and shapes terminology follows
1 | Inflorescences predominantly axillary and leaf-opposed, long pedunculate (peduncle the same length or longer than ½ length of the spathe); medial petal clawed |
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– | Inflorescences terminal or apparently so, short-pedunculate to sessile (peduncle shorter than ½ length of the spathe); medial petal sessile |
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2 | Spathe base free, |
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– | Spathe base connate, |
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3 | Leaf-sheaths hirsute throughout, hairs rusty to rusty-brown, blades lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, hispid on both sides, hairs hyaline, sparsely hirsute along the midvein and near base, hairs rusty to rusty-brown, base cuneate, apex acute |
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– | Leaf-sheaths glabrous, margin glabrous to setose, hairs rusty to rusty brown, blades ovate-elliptic to ovate, glabrous, base round to obtuse, apex acuminate to caudate |
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4 | Leaf-sheaths with auriculate margin; upper cincinnus aborted, included; medial petal hyaline; capsules 3-seeded, dorsal locule commonly verrucous, rarely smooth; testa smooth |
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– | Leaf-sheaths with patent and erect margin; upper cincinnus present, exerted; medial petal slightly paler to concolorous with the paired petals; capsules 5-seeded, dorsal locule smooth; testa ornate |
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5 | Leaves subpetiolate; spathe transversally rhomboid; cleistogamous subterraneous flowers present, medial petal trullate, ovary minutely pilose, stigma capitate; capsules ellipsoid; seeds black, testa shallowly reticulate |
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– | Leaves sessile; spathe depressed ovate to subcordate; cleistogamous subterraneous flowers absent, medial petal obovate to oblong obovate, ovary glabrous, stigma trilobate; capsules obovoid; seeds dark-brown, testa shallowly foveolate, foveolate or rugose foveolate |
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6 | Leaf-sheath margin densely bearded with rusty to rusty brown hairs; petals white, paired petals broadly rhomboid to rhomboid-reniform, medial petal cucullate, biauriculate; ovary and capsules with black papillae, 1–2 capsules per spathe; seeds with peach-colored farina, dorsal locule seed testa shallowly foveolate |
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– | Leaf-sheath margin with light to dark brown to atro-vinaceous hairs; petals blue to light-blue to lilac to pale lilac, paired petals broadly ovate to broadly ovate-reniform, medial petal involute, entire; ovary and capsules smooth, 5–7 capsules per spathe; seeds with white-farinose, dorsal locule seed testa rugose-foveolate |
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(conserved and designated by
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Angra dos Reis, Ilha Grande, matas da praia de Abraão, 18 Apr 1987, L.C. Giordano 277 (RB). Armação de Búzios, 19 Aug 1998, D. Fernandes 19 (R). Cabo Frio, 22 Oct 2013, H.F. Uller s.n. (RB 612224). Campos dos Goytacazes, Morro do Itaoca, Pedra Negra ponto 1, 13 Oct 2009, L.P. Mauad & I.O.R. Areias 20 (RB). Casimiro de Abreu, Praião, Avenida Oceânica, 24 Jun 2012, A.J. Castelo 39 (RB). Iguaba Grande, Km 94, 1981, H. Barreto s.n. (RB 275353). Macaé, Córrego de Ouro, Fazenda Vitória, Morro do Oratório, 2 May 1971, J.P.P. Carauta 1364 (RB, U n.v.). Niterói, Itaipuaçu, próximo ao Canal da Costa, 18 Sep 2004, T.T. Carrijo 143 (RB). Resende, margem da rodovia Dutra, Km 302 sentido RJ, ao lado da Light, próximo ao Rio Paraíba do Sul, 9 Jun 2012, M.O.O. Pellegrini et al. 233 (RB). Rio de Janeiro, Morro do Rangel, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, 31 May 1973, D. Sucre 10005 (RB, US). São José de Ubá, 14 May 2014, T.M. Scarponi s.n. (RB 612228). Saquarema, Tingui em Sampaio Correia, 14 Apr 1995, J.A. Lira Neto 56 (RB). Silva Jardim, Próximo a sede da REBIO, 29 Oct 1997, J.A. Lira Neto 719 (RB).
Tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the state of Rio de Janeiro it is especially common in disturbed areas of drier regions inland or near the coast, being common in
Throughout the year, but especially in the rainy season.
It is a weed of worldwide distribution being very common in sunny disturbed areas and in agricultural fields. Following the
The underground cleistogamous flowers and fruits seem to be produced only in areas where the soil is soft. The flower morphology differs from the aerial chasmogamous in pigmentation (being paler), while the fruits are sub-globose (due to larger seeds).
INDIA. Coromandel, s.dat., D. Outgaerden s.n. (G barcode G00360106!).
Distribution map of
Tropical and subtropical regions of the world, being very common in shady disturbed areas such as road sides, gardens and forest margins, and in agricultural fields. It is also found growing on the edge of wet paddy fields, ponds, ditches and stream sides (Fig.
Throughout the year, but especially in the rainy season.
Following the
The specimens from the state of Rio de Janeiro usually show a staminode malformation,
(designated by
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Araruama, 20 Apr 2008, A.C.S. Cavalcanti 139 (SPF). Armação de Búzios, loteamento de João Fernandes, quadra A, rua I, lote 10, 27 Jul 2013, M. Furtado 28 (RB). Arraial do Cabo, Praia do Pontal, 31 Jul 1953, F. Segadas Vianna s.n. (US barcode US 2283943.2455262). Cabo Frio, Peró, Sítio Guriri, 21 Jul 2003, G.S.Z. Rezende 191 (RB). Campos dos Goytacazes, Feb 1918, A.J. Sampaio 2813 (R). Carapebus, 23 Mar 1996, V. Esteves 947 (R). Macaé, Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, margem da estrada principal, entre a praia e as moitas, próximo a Lagoa Cabiúnas, 23 Jun 2013, L.S.B. Calazans 219 (RB). Mangaratiba, Ilha da Marambaia, Praia Grande, 15 Jan 1986, E.M. Occhioni 484 (RB). Maricá, 16 Feb 2005, A.T.A. Rodarte 195 (RB). Niterói, Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, Pedra de Itacoatiara, 16 Feb 2000, M.C.F. Santos 496 (RB, RFFP). Paraty, Parati Mirim, Fazenda Parati-Mirim, propriedade da Flumitur, s.dat., C. Almeida 1931 (RB). Rio de Janeiro, Urca, 10 Jan 2012, M.O.O. Pellegrini et al. 181 (RB). Santo Antônio de Pádua, Monte Alegre, Mar 1927, J. Vidal s.n. (R 205994). São Gonçalo, Paraíso, Faculdade Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20 Oct 2006, N. Coqueiro 297 (RB, RFFP). São João da Barra, Restinga de Iquipari, 11 Dec 2002, M.C. Gaglione 8 (RB). Saquarema, 21 Feb 1996, A.Q. Lobão 76 (RB).
Tropical and subtropical regions of the world, being common in disturbed areas of drier regions inland or near the coast, commonly found in
Throughout the year, but especially in the rainy season.
Following the
There seems to be some doubt regarding
After analyzing the original descriptions and the type specimens, it became clear that
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, subida para o brejo da Lapa, beira de estrada, fl., fr., 24 January 2012, M.O.O. Pellegrini & L.S. Sylvestre 191 (RB!; isotypes: SPF!, US!).
This species is named after the British botanist Dr. David R. Hunt, in honor of his extensive contribution to
It was found in bloom from November to June and in fruit from December to March, rarely in June.
Despite the wide
Distribution map of
(designated by
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Guapimirim, trilha das Andorinhas, 20 Dec 1995, J.A. Lira Neto 145 (RB). Itatiaia, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, parte baixa, atrás da casa do pesquisador, 21 Jan 2012, M.O.O. Pellegrini & L.S. Sylvestre 188 (RB). Nova Friburgo, Macaé de Cima, Reserva Ecológica Municipal de Macaé de Cima, estrada de terra próximo ao Hotel São João, 19 Jan 1999, J. Anderson et al. 9912 (UEC). Nova Iguaçu, Serra do Tinguá, Reserva Biológica do Tinguá, 13 May 1943, Guerra s.n. (NY 498159). Paraty, Fazenda São Lourenço, 17 Nov 1993, E. Martins s.n. (UEC 29410). Petrópolis, Quitandinha, Pedra do Quitandinha, 2 May 2010, M.O.O. Pellegrini 2 (RFA). Resende, margem da rodovia Dutra, Km 302 sentido RJ, ao lado da Light, próximo ao Rio Paraíba do Sul, 9 Jun 2012, M.O.O. Pellegrini et al. 231 (RB). Silva Jardim, 31 Jan 2015, L.S.B. Calazans 485 (RB). Teresópolis, Serra dos Órgãos, 26 Oct 1949, E. Pereira 635 (RB, US).
Mexico to Argentina being very common in shady disturbed areas such as road sides, gardens and forest margins, and in agricultural fields. It is less commonly found growing in drier regions and rocky outcrops (Fig.
Throughout the year, but especially in the rainy season.
Following the
A great deal of morphological variation can be observed in
Mexico to Southeastern Brazil, being found in the understory of preserved rainforests, in the Amazon and Atlantic domains, as well as in gallery forests in the Cerrado biome. It is a rare species in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes, with most of its collections being from the Amazon Forest.
As abovementioned,
We currently accept two varieties within this species (sensu Faden & Hunt 1987). The floral morphology of both varieties of
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Cardoso Moreira, Fazenda Santa Rosa, 11 Jan 2014, I.G. Costa 319 (RB). Santa Maria Madalena, Parque Estadual do Desengano, Serra da Agulha, Fazenda Agulha do Imbé, between Santa Maria Madalena and Santo Antônio do Imbé, 23 February 1983, T.C. Plowman & H.C. Lima 12933 (US).
Few collections of this variety are known for the Southeastern region of Brazil, with several specimens previously identified as
(designated here). BRAZIL. São Paulo: s.loc., 1817, C.F.P. Martius 76 (M barcode M0210921!). Epitype (designated here). BRAZIL. São Paulo: Bertioga, estrada Bertioga/São Sebastião, bairro São Rafael, 25 Oct 2007, R.C. Forzza et al. 4823 (RB barcode RB00515585!)
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Duque de Caxias, Reserva da Petrobrás, trilha para a barragem, 28 August 1997, J.A. Lira Neto et al. 696 (RB). Magé, 1 November 1983, R.R. Guedes et al. 537 (RB). Sapucaia, estrada que liga Sapucaia das Terras Frias até o Rio Vermelho, 13 March 1981, M.G.A. Lobo 223 (RB). Silva Jardim, Reserva Biológica de Poço das Antas, Juturnaíba, trilha Rodolfo Norte, caminho para a Pelonha, 18 August 1995, J.M.A. Braga et al. 2735 (RB). Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, trilha para a Pedra do Sino, da entrada até a primeira cachoeira, 14 Jul 2011, J.A. Lombardi 8616 (HRCB, UPCB)
When describing
Apart from the obvious difference in indumenta, the leaves of
After a thorough analysis of Vellozo’s description and original illustration for
(designated here). [illustration] Original parchment plate of Flora fluminensis in the Manuscript Section of the Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro [mss1095062_080] and later published in Vellozo, Fl. flumin. Icon. 1: t. 76, pro parte, flowers and inflorescence only. Epitype (designated here). BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Área do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, fl., fr., 21 Dec 1995, J.A. Lira Neto 194 (RB 2ex, barcode RB00685321!).
Vellozo’s plate for
Our work has reaffirmed the importance of thorough descriptions, fieldwork, photographs, spirit collections, and cultivation of specimens to better understand the taxonomy and systematics of intricate genera such as
Characters such as inflorescence position and morphology, spathe shape and conation, petal and fruit morphology, and seed ornamentation play important roles in species distinction and delimitation, in
MOOP would like to thank CAPES for his current Ph.D. scholarship, besides Fundação Flora de Apoio à Botânica and Smithsonian Institution for his REFLORA grant. RCF would like to thank CNPq for her research fellowship. The authors would also like to thank Lana S. Sylvestre for field support; Luana Silva Braucks Calazans and Rafael Felipe de Almeida for suggestions on an early version of the manuscript; Robert Edwards for reviewing the English and for suggestions on the manuscript; Claudia Gonçalves for sending the image of type of