﻿Taxonomic revision of the native Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) species of Brazil

﻿Abstract The genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) has a wide and disjunct geographic distribution ranging from Eastern and South Asia to Malaysia, extending across the Neartics and reaching into the Neotropics. Regarding its infrageneric classification, the genus is divided into three subgenera: Yulania, Gynopodium and Magnolia, the latter including the section Talauma in which the native Brazilian taxa are classified. The species of Magnoliasect.Talauma can be recognized by two parallel longitudinal scars on the petiole formed by the shedding of the stipules, in addition to a woody syncarp that breaks into irregular plates at dehiscence. Currently, in Brazil, species recognition is not clear on national platforms that are widely used by the Brazilian botanical community (e.g. Flora do Brasil), with only two native Magnolia species being accepted: M.amazonica and M.ovata. The lack of knowledge about the species and their respective characteristics has resulted in many identification errors in Brazilian herbaria, which contributes to the lack of knowledge about their current conservation status. We conducted a complete taxonomic revision based on extensive fieldwork, a herbarium survey, along with literature study. Based on this, we propose to recognize three previously described species, supporting the acceptance of five native Magnolias occurring in Brazil, namely: M.amazonica, M.brasiliensis, M.irwiniana, M.ovata and M.sellowiana. However, we follow the Flora do Brasil in maintaining M.paranaensis as a synonym of M.ovata. Additionally, we designate a lectotype for M.sellowiana. We present morphological descriptions and the geographic distribution for each species, in addition to an identification key to all of these plus the two introduced ornamental species from Asia and North America, illustrations, photographs, ecological data, updated conservation status and taxonomic notes.

Despite its scientific and economic relevance, the taxonomy of Magnolia is incomplete, and so far, few in-depth studies have been conducted to understand all variation in its morphological characters, despite the recognition of moderate phenotypic plasticity in Magnoliaceae (Vázquez-García et al. 2014;Gutiérrez-Lozano et al. 2021).Among the studies conducted within the genus, those combining morphological and molecular data to compare individuals of widely distributed species stand out (e.g.Arteaga-Rios et al. 2020).Such studies highlight significant morphological variations and mostly conclude that different species may be confused as a single widely conceptualized species, with a large variation in occurrence and morphology (Arteaga-Rios et al. 2020).This shows the need for further research to clarify the taxonomy of this genus, especially regarding species delimitation.
Regarding its infrageneric classification, Magnolia is divided into three subgenera (Figlar and Nooteboom 2004) (subgen.Magnolia, subgen.Yulania (Spach) Rchb.and subgen.Gynopodium (Dandy) Figlar and Noot.) and 15 sections (Wang et al. 2020).Magnolia sect.Talauma belongs to the subgenus Magnolia and is the richest section in terms of species number, with nearly 130 taxa (Pérez-Castañeda 2015;Aldaba Núñez et al., unpublished data).All native Magnolia species occurring in Brazil belong to section Talauma subsection Talauma.Its species are characterized as perennial trees with stomata grouped in numbers of two, three, or five (Figlar and Nooteboom 2004;Wang et al. 2020).The stipules are fused to the petiole, leaving two parallel longitudinal scars after shedding (Fig. 1).The flowers are terminal, protected by one or two bracts, here referred to as 'perula' (Treseder 1978) (Fig. 2), with three sepals, six or seven petals, usually white or yellow, thick and fleshy.In a considerable number of species, the sepals and petals are not differentiated and are named tepals (Beentje 2010).The androecium has 20-220 stamens, and the carpels in the gynoecium can be few or numerous, free or, predominantly in South American species, fused, with each carpel having two ovules (Fig. 3).The fruit is apocarpous, multifollicular, or, in the South American species, a woody syncarp that splits into irregular plates upon dehiscence, exposing seeds with reddish or orange sarcotesta, which are individually pendulous by a funiculus (Fig. 4) (Law 1984;Lozano-Contreras 1990;Vázquez-García et al. 2016;Mello-Silva et al. 2023).
Eichler (1864) recognized two species of Magnoliaceae for Brazil: Talauma ovata A. St.-Hil. and T. dubia Eichler. Lozano-Contreras (1990), in a more comprehensive study on the family in Brazil, recognized four species for the country: T. amazonica Ducke, T. irwiniana Lozano, T. ovata (synonymizing T. dubia, due to  their similarity in their leaf blade shape, number of carpels, syncarp morphology and because they do not present an indument on any of their structures), and T. sellowiana A.St.-Hil. Vázquez-García et. al (2013)  ovata, as native to the country, and M. champaca L. and M. grandiflora L., both introduced and cultivated.They synonymized M. brasiliensis with M. amazonica, and M. irwiniana, M. paranaensis, and M. sellowiana with M. ovata, without further explications.In the "Magnoliaceae Red List" (Rivers et al. 2016), as well as on platforms where the accepted names of Magnolia for Brazil are found, such as SpeciesLink ( 2023), there are differences in species determinations, which evidences divergence in their delimitation among different authors, causing confusion in the identification of material collected throughout the country.
In 2018, Azevedo and colleagues realized that some paratypes of M. brasiliensis, initially identified as M. ovata by Pirani and De Mello-Silva (1996) in their revision of Magnoliaceae in Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, did not provide information on important characters that could help distinguish the species, such as the number of stamens and carpels.Although M. ovata is included as one of the species within the section Talauma in Wang et al. (2020), the specimen used for this phylogenetic analysis was R. , the same material used by de Azevedo et al. ( 2018) to describe M. brasiliensis.This is a good example of the widespread misidentification of distinct species as M. ovata.
The difficulties in delimiting the species that are addressed in this work not only affect the taxonomic scope, where identification errors are leading to wrong interpretations in broad studies, but also have consequences for the assessment of the conservation status of the taxa involved.With only two species without conservation problems, while the rest are Endangered or Data Deficient, conservation actions are urgently needed.The conservation status of the Brazilian Magnolia species, mentioned by Rivers et al. (2016) Taxonomic disagreements, such as the delimitation of species and the number of accepted names by different authors, have a significant impact on our understanding of the actual distribution and current conservation status of Magnolia species, especially regarding the supposedly widely distributed M. ovata.This study aims to expand the taxonomic knowledge of Magnolia in Brazil, focusing on the native species, and contribute to the conservation of the genus' diversity in the Neotropical region.

Materials and methods
To perform the analysis of botanical material, protologues and images from type collections in virtual databases such as Tropicos (2023) and JSTOR (2023) were consulted, in addition to visits to seven herbaria (HEPH, HUFSP, RB, SP, VIC, SPSF, MBM, ESA) (Thiers continuously updated).A total of approximately 100 specimens were analyzed physically, supplemented by field observations of species' populations in their natural habitats, and approximately 180 specimens were studied in databases such as Flora e Funga do Brasil (2023) and SpeciesLink network (2023), provenant from 24 herbaria (CEN, ESA, F, FURB, G, HEPH, HJ, HUEFS, IAN, ICN, JOI, MBM, MO, NY, P, RB, S, SP, SPSF, UB, UEC, UPCB, US, VIC) (Thiers , continuously updated).All material collected during fieldwork was herborized following traditional techniques as described in Mori (1989), and samples were deposited in the HUFSP and SP herbaria.Measurements were obtained from the examined specimens, considering the smallest and largest structure analyzed, when available.In addition, tables with morphological characters (e.g., leaf shape, petiole scars, pubescence, fruits), protologue descriptions, the reference work by Lozano-Contreras (1990), and observations made, were used to complement the descriptions of each species and for further understanding the genus, such as the study of ecology and distribution.Definitions of botanical characters and terms were taken and adapted from Radford et al. (1974), Howard (1948) and Lozano-Contreras (1990).
A database of distribution records was constructed from specimens with confirmed identifications by the first author of this paper, with additional records extracted from the Flora e Funga do Brasil (2023) and SpeciesLink network (2023) databases, where the species identification was possible based on morphological and distributional information.Distribution maps were produced using QGIS software v. 3.28.3 (QGIS Development Team 2015).The Brazilian regions mentioned in the work follow those of the IBGE (2017) on the regional divisions and subdivisions of Brazil.
Geospatial analyses were conducted to determine the Area of Occupancy (AOO) and the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) using the online Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (GeoCAT) software (Bachman et al. 2011) (http:// geocat.kew.org/editor).The IUCN categories and criteria (2022) were used to assess the preliminary conservation status for each of the species studied.

Results
Seventeen morphological characteristics were obtained for analysis and preparing the descriptions and the identification key.Ten locations were visited in the Southeast, South and Central-West regions of Brazil.
Five species of Magnolia native to Brazil are here recognized: M. amazonica, M. brasiliensis, M. irwiniana, M. ovata and M. sellowiana, whereas M. pa-ranaensis is considered a synonym of M. ovata.Most species occur in riparian forests and rainforest, with the exception of M. brasiliensis, which is found in semi-deciduous seasonal forest (Rizzini 1979).

Taxonomic treatment
Magnolia L.
Distribution and habitat.Magnolias tend to occur at higher altitudes, mostly in high and humid forests.Preference and resistance in environments with varying temperatures and precipitation depend on the species (Song et al. 2019;Aldaba Núñez et al., unpublished data).Its distribution ranges from Eastern and South Asia to Malaysia, extending across the Neartics (Canada and USA) and reaching into the Neotropics (Stevens 2001;Aldaba Núñez et al., unpublished data).In Brazil, it is found in North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South regions, at elevations approximately ranging between 200 and 1400 m.It occurs in anthropized areas, riparian forest, 'terra firme' forest, 'várzea' forest, and rainforest (Rizzini 1979;Eiten 1983).
We here provide an identification key to distinguish all Brazilian Magnolias, including both native and cultivated species.
Distribution and habitat.Magnolia amazonica is the only Brazilian Magnolia known from the Amazon region.In Brazil, it is found in the North (Amazonas and Pará) and Southeast (Rio de Janeiro) regions, and it is also known from the tropical forests of Peru and Bolivia (Lozano-Contreras 1990), although other species have been recently described there, being segregated from this spe- cies, e.g.M. peruviana A. Vázquez.As a consequence, the presence and distribution of M. amazonica in that country needs further investigation.Magnolia amazonica is a perennial tree that grows up to 20 m tall in Amazon rainforest.
Phenology.Its creamy-white flowers open at night and were collected in mid-January.Its fruits were observed in mid-July (Ducke 1925).
Preliminary conservation status.This species has previously been assessed as Least Concern (LC) (Khela 2014).However, in this analysis (Brazilian specimens) its area of occupancy (AOO) is about 44.000 km 2 and it is considered to be Endangered (EN) B2b (i,ii) (IUCN 2022).It is likely that this species is declining due to deforestation and land use changes, especially in the northern region of the country, where unfortunately there are flawed laws regarding preservation (Gonçalves et al. 2010).In addition, with the recent description of a Magnolia species in its distribution area in Peru (M.peruviana), the delimitation of M. amazonica may be narrowed in the future, with further studies.Therefore, the conservation status will also likely need to be updated.
Specimens Notes.Magnolia amazonica is recognized by its puberulent-tomentose pubescence (on several of its structures, e.g., branches, stipules, petioles (Table 1), and can be found in the Amazon region of the country.
The specimen A.S.L. Silva 3967 in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro (RB787799) had been erroneously identified as M. ovata, likely because of the similarity in the leaf shape between both species.However, they can be differentiated by the absence of trichomes in M. ovata (vs.trichomes present on petiole and branches in M. amazonica) and the number of carpels: 144-150 in M. ovata vs. 98-102 in M. amazonica.Description.Trees 10-20 m tall; branches cylindrical, blackish when dried, with sparse lenticels, glabrous.Stipules adnate to petiole, 4-5 mm long, green, oblong to conical, apex obtuse, base truncate, deciduous, glabrous.
Distribution and habitat.Magnolia brasiliensis is an endemic species that has been found in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, typically at 900-1300 m elevation (de Azevedo et al. 2018).In Bahia, it occurs in Mata de Cipó, in semi-deciduous seasonal forest, in the transition between Caatinga and Atlantic Forest.In Serra do Espinhaço, in Minas Gerais, M. brasiliensis is always associated with watercourses and riparian forests (de Azevedo et al. 2018).
Phenology.The species was observed flowering between October and December and fruiting between January and March.
Preliminary conservation status.This species has been assessed as Endangered (EN) (Lamarche and de Azevedo, 2021), which is confirmed in this analysis, despite a few additional records.The area of occupancy (AOO) is about 24.000 km 2 and it is thus considered to be Endangered (EN) B2b (i,ii) (IUCN 2022), mainly taking into account its low occurrence number in current localities, and the possible risk of degradation of its natural habitat in the state of Bahia.Notes.Magnolia brasiliensis is easily distinguished from other species of the genus occurring in Brazil due to its vegetative characteristics (Table 1).The species has elliptic leaves with entire margins, glabrous, coriaceous and smaller (7.5-15.2cm × 3.5-7.1 cm) (vs.differently shaped, undented, membranous and larger leaves) when compared to other Magnolia species from Brazil.Another interesting character is the short strigose pubescence on its fruit, with linear distribution along its furrows, different from other species where the pubescence is broader and denser (e.g. in M. amazonica) (Figs 7,11).Moreover, M. brasiliensis is the only representative of the genus known from Bahia.
Distribution and habitat.Magnolia irwiniana occurs in tropical deciduous and riparian forests (next to watercourses).During collecting expeditions, it was found exactly in a saturation area, on waterlogged soil.It occurs in the Southeast (São Paulo, Minas Gerais) and Central-West (Goiás) regions.
Phenology.The species was found with flowers between October and January and immature fruit was observed in mid-October and March.
Preliminary conservation status.This species has been assessed as Endangered (EN) (Global Tree Specialist Group, 2014), which is here confirmed.The area of occupancy (AOO) is about 96.000 km 2 and it is thus considered to be Endangered (EN) B2b (i,ii) (IUCN 2022).Despite having a reasonable number of locations, it was observed during expeditions that the sites where the species was found were degraded or extremely fragmented (in one case having only one adult individual in an area), which exemplifies the serious decline in habitat.
Specimens   Description.Trees ca.20 m tall; branches cylindrical, with sparse lenticels, glabrous.Stipules adnate to petiole, 0.5-4 cm long, green, oblong to conical, apex obtuse, base truncate, deciduous, glabrous.Petioles 2.5-5 cm long, stipular scar along their entire length (100%), glabrous.Leaf blades 12.7-29.07cm × 7.8-16.5 cm; ovate-elliptic, apex and base rounded or obtuse, margin entire, papyraceous, venation pinnate, brochidodromous, 8-13 pairs of secondary veins, glabrous.Peduncle cylindrical, glabrous, annular scars present.Flowers terminal, solitary, flower bud ovoid, 3.1 × 3.7 cm, white, glabrous, protected by the perula which is enclosing and protecting the flower bud, perula concave, brownish when dried ; outer sepaloid tepals 3, 4.5-4.8cm × 3.5-3.8cm, broadly elliptic, base truncate, apex apiculate, glabrous, cream-colored; inner petaloid tepals 6, 3.0-3.8cm × 2.4-3.2cm, navicular to obovate, fleshy, base truncate, apex apiculate, cream-colored; stamens 144-150, 1.2 cm × 0.2-0.3mm, Notes.Several Brazilian Magnolia species have been synonymized under M. ovata, but one of the main characteristics that differentiate it from the majority of the other taxa is the absence of trichomes in its structures, being the only species native to Brazil without this feature (Table 1).Magnolia paranaensis, previously described as a new species to Paraná, and synonymized with M. ovata in the Flora do Brasil (Mello-Silva et al. 2023), does not contain distinguishing features to separate it from M. ovata; both have glabrous structures and similar leaf shapes and sizes.The type of M. paranaensis was originally identified as Talauma amazonica, but as stated in the abovementioned description of M. amazonica, the species can be differentiated by the absence of trichomes in M. ovata (vs.trichomes present on the petiole and branches in M. amazonica) and the number of carpels: 144-150 in M. ovata vs. 98-102 in M. amazonica.
Distribution and habitat.An endemic species growing in the Southeast (São Paulo, Minas Gerais), and Central-West (Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul).Found, as most species of the genus in Brazil, in riparian forest.
Phenology.The species was found flowering between March and December and with immature fruits between January and July.
Preliminary conservation status.The species has previously been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) (Khela 2014a).In this analysis, the area of occupancy (AOO) is about 92.000 km 2 and is thus considered to be Endangered (EN) B2b (i,ii) (IUCN 2022).As a species that occurs in regions like Goiás, which has high rates of forest fires and in regions like São Paulo that suffers from high real estate pressure, M. sellowiana needs urgent conservation attention, reforestation in protected areas is suggested.
Lozano-Contreras (1990) indicated that one of the P specimens is the holotype, and the remainder the isotype.However, as no details of each specimen are indicated, it is not clear to us which sheet he selected as holotype.Although P00734795 is indicated in the P herbarium database and JSTOR as holotype, we have not found information in the literature that formally proposes this particular sheet as the holotype.Therefore, we have proposed a lectotypification to formally address this issue.
Lozano-Contreras (1990) also mentioned that he had realized that a specimen deposited at P, originally from B, labeled as Sellow 1, was identified as T. ovata.However, this material is almost identical to the type of T. sellowiana and does clearly belong to this species and not to T. ovata.The misidentification of Sellow 1 as T. ovata could be what has led authors to consider the two species as identical, and therefore, synonyms.

Discussion
The main objective of this study was to present the taxonomic revision of the genus Magnolia in Brazil, which had been scarcely documented.For the first time, a thorough taxonomic evaluation has been carried out of the majority of herbarium specimens of native Magnolias, collected in Brazil, including type material of all species.Furthermore, targeted fieldwork was conducted, leading to an updated delimitation of the previously accepted taxa for the country and thus changing the number of accepted species for the region.In the context of conservation, these updated species delimitations, based on the morphological study of an extensive number of specimens, are highly significant.
The protologues of most species are short and without much information about the morphological characters.Similar to the descriptions by Lozano-Contreras (1990), we prioritized that the descriptions made here integrated not only the reproductive characteristics but also the vegetative ones, taking into account that the flowers and ripe fruits are difficult to see in herbarium records of Magnolia species.Pubescence was a character used, together with  reproductive and distribution characteristics, to aid in the separation of species, with trichomes on the fruit being a novel character recognized for M. brasiliensis, and that was here described for the first time.
Regarding the synonimization of M. paranaensis with M. ovata, analysis of specimens in the herbarium and field observations in Paraná supported this decision.The herbarium of the state of Paraná, where the species occurs, was visited, 19 specimens that occur in the region were analyzed, in addition to field work carried out to search for the species.This species was described based on one specimen only, because of the lower carpel number.However, our ongoing research into Neotropical Magnolias shows the importance of taking into account a wide range of characters to distinguish between species, in which the carpel number is important but not defining, as it generally concerns a broad range for each species.Hence, it is important to count the number of carpels on many specimens, to be able to include a range rather than a single number.The currently available material for M. paranaensis does not allow for that, and therefore, further research is needed to confirm that it is indeed a separate species.
The counting of the number of structures as well as the observation of particular characters need to be carried out during particular developmental phases for both male and female parts.Several chemical studies on the stamens of Magnolia species show their importance both in releasing the aroma (Wang et al. 2011) and in understanding stamen development (Nie et al. 2022).It is important to highlight that the stamens of Magnolia section Talauma are deciduous in the male phase and shed easily, a known characteristic of the genus that aims to better disperse pollen, being a highly specialized evolution (Figlar and Nooteboom 2004;Canright 1952).The presence or absence of dehiscence of this structure is a taxonomic factor that can separate sections (Kim et al. 2002;Wang et al. 2020).However, quickly shedding structures make accurate counting difficult and, therefore, it is recommended to count the stamens while still in the flower bud.
In fruits, it was not possible in some cases to obtain exsiccates with mature fruit for analysis.Although we can achieve a delimitation using vegetative characters and immature material, it is extremely important to have mature material so that we can analyze the shape of the carpels and characteristics that can change during maturation (e.g., presence of trichomes).It is suggested that a sampling be carried out focused on looking for these characteristics.
Unfortunately, about 190 digital records of Brazilian Magnolias did not contain photos of the specimens, and more than about 42,1% (80 specimens) of these could not be identified, mainly for the following reasons: herbarium specimens lack reproductive parts, leaves were crumpled or broken, or reproductive parts were poorly mounted on the specimens, making it impossible to visualize trichomes and carpels.Moreover, about 10 specimens could not be identified, because their characters did not coincide with any of the described native Brazilian Magnolia, evidencing that new species may be discovered based on herbarium specimens, and that further exploration in the field is required.These are currently being analyzed for future descriptions.Nevertheless, ca. 300 specimens that could be studied in detail allowed us to present a representative study of the genus in Brazil.
As a consequence of our taxonomic study, five native Brazilian species of Magnolia are recognized here and their known distribution areas are updated (Table 1).Prior to this study, two widely distributed native Magnolia species were recognized in Brazil, M. amazonica and M. ovata, both species of Least Concern (Khela 2014;CNCFlora 2016), and are here proposed to be Endangered.The recognition of M. brasiliensis, M. irwiniana and M. sellowiana directly affects knowledge about the distribution and conservation status of M. ovata, up to now considered widely distributed.This widespread perception is due to the many herbarium specimens that were misidentified.Many of the previously known locations for M. ovata are, in fact, areas where we know instead that M. brasiliensis, M. irwiniana and M. sellowiana occur.Therefore, despite some species having their conservation status published on the IUCN Red List, these assessments did not take into account the number of records that were being collected and recognized as M. ovata.
There is currently only a good overview of the population health and threats (e.g.current population trend and continuing decline of mature individuals) of the recently described M. brasiliensis.None of the other native Brazilian Magnolia species has precise population data, although preliminary fieldwork in (type) localities or areas by the first author of this paper shows that the number of individuals is apparently very low.For instance, in Conceição do Mato Dentro, state of Minas Gerais, only one adult individual of M. irwiniana was identified despite the apparent suitability of the habitat.In contrast, in regions like Chapada dos Veadeiros, state of Goiás, and Viçosa, Minas Gerais, several young and adult individuals of M. irwiniana and M. sellowiana were found in small areas.It is important to note that the presence of a nearby mining company and pipeline may exert ecological pressure on the forest and dispersers.
Studies like this are of utmost importance for the understanding of poorly studied and highly relevant genera such as Magnolia.We conclude that not only M. amazonica and M. ovata do occur in Brazil, but that M. brasiliensis, M. irwiniana, and M. sellowiana are distinct and valid species that should be recognized in this country.This knowledge assisted in assessing the conservation status of each species and understanding the distribution of M. ovata throughout the country.
To advance the understanding of the ecology and distribution of species, especially M. irwiniana and M. sellowiana, which sometimes overlap (in terms of distribution and morphological characteristics), molecular studies are suggested, particularly in population genetics (Aldaba Núñez et al. 2021).The main difficulty in collecting species and attempting to conserve Magnolia is the fact that its species are part of threatened, small, fragmented and declining tropical ecosystems.More in-depth molecular studies on genetic differentiation that would help in the analysis of gene flow and possibilities of inbreeding, can help us carry out guided reforestation and the implementation of conservation actions.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.A branch with alternate leaves, present stipules, and terminal flower, v. detail of central vein, vb.detail of brochidodromous venation B detail of the branch showing scars C adnation of the stipule (which later falls) on the petiole, a characteristic of Magnolia section Talauma; ca.Annular scar; cp.Petiolar scar (resulting from stipule fall).Photos: A, v, vb, ca, cp: D.A. Zavatin; B-C: J. C. J. Barbosa.
described Magnolia paranaensis as a new species for Brazil, based on new records, restricted to the Serra do Mar (Paraná).de Azevedo et al. (2018) described M. brasiliensis C.O. Azevedo, A.F.P. Machado & A. Vázquez, based on material collected in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, which were the first records of Magnoliaceae for the Northeast region of Brazil up to that point.However, considering a broader concept of species, the authors of the Flora do Brasil 2023 treatment (Mello Silva et al. 2023) only accepted four species: M. amazonica (Ducke) Govaerts and M.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Fruit stages A partially open syncarpous fruit B detail of the inner woody part of the fruit C 1-2 seeds per carpel D mature fruit, with open woody masses (seeds already fallen from the fruit) Photos: J. C. J Barbosa.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Geographical distribution of Magnolia species in Brazil.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.A leaf blade Magnolia amazonica B trichomes from the petiole of M. amazonica C Magnolia brasiliensis D fruit with trichomes in M. brasiliensis E leaf blade M. brasiliensis F Magnolia ovata showing perule G floral bud of M. ovata H leaf blade of M. ovata I M. ovata mature fruit.(A-B: A.M Barreto 30; C-E: A.A. Grillo & M. Sztutman s.n.; F-G: E.P. Heringer, 8726; H: R.R. Rodrigues et al. 161; I: based on photographs of J. C. J Barbosa.) Drawing prepared by Klei Souza.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.A Magnolia irwiniana B presence of flower bud in M. irwiniana C leaf blade of M. irwiniana D detail of branch and stipule with trichomes in M. irwiniana E detail of the trichomes on the petiolar scars F immature fruit of M. irwiniana G detail of the puberulent trichomes on the fruit H Magnolia sellowiana I leaf blade M. sellowiana.(A: based on photographs of D. A. Zavatin; B: based on photographs of J.C.J. Barbosa C-G: H.F Leitão Filho et al. 34821; H: based on photographs of D. A. Zavatin; I: M. Kuhlmann 1809) Drawing prepared by Klei Souza.