a Orange-breasted sunbird (Anthobaphes violacea) visiting the bird-pollinated Erica viscaria b honeybee (Apis mellifera) visiting the bee-pollinated Erica ericoides c long-proboscid fly (Prosoeca westermanni) visiting the LP fly-pollinated Erica ampullacea d mean (±95% confidence interval) pollen deposition for Erica species in relation to their type of pollinator after adjusting for pollen removal. Means that share letters are not significantly different. Scale bars: 40 mm (a); 5 mm (b); 15 mm (c).